VACHANA FOUNDATION ACADEMY®

BOARD+NEET-JEE PUC I & II

JEWARAGI COLONY-KALABURAGI-585102. PH: 9738457830
==================================================================================================

CHAPTER 3 CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Blue Print

Teaching Marks 1 3 Mark (SA- 5 5

hours allotted Mark 2) Mark Mark
MCQ Understand (LA) (NP)
Hots
15 14 1 1 1 1

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ)

1. When the length and area of cross-section both are doubled, then its resistance

(a) Will become half (b)Will be doubled

(c) Will remain the same  (d)Will become four times
2. The resistivity of a wire
(a) Increases with the length of the wire
(b) Decreases with the area of cross-section
(c) Decreases with the length and increases with the cross-section of wire
(d) None of the above statement is correct
3. Ohm's law is true
(a) For metallic conductors at low temperature 
(b) For metallic conductors at high temperature
(c) For electrolytes when current passes through them
(d) For diode when current flows
4. The example for non-ohmic resistance is
(a) Copper wire (b) Carbon resistance
(c) Diode (d) Tungston wire
5. Drift velocity v d varies with the intensity of electric field as per the relation
1
(a) v d  E  (b) v d 
E
(c) v d = constant (d) vd  E 2

6. On increasing the temperature of a conductor, its resistance increases because

(a) Relaxation time decreases
(b) Mass of the electrons increases
(c) Electron density decreases
(d) None of the above
7. The positive temperature coefficient of resistance is for
(a) Carbon (b) Germanium
(c) Copper (d) An electrolyte

Prof.Veeresh Kalkori M.Sc.Ph.D (VTU) 1

8. An electric wire is connected across a cell of e.m.f. E. The current I is measured by an ammeter
of resistance R. According to ohm's law
(a) E = I 2 R (b) E = IR 
(c) E = R / I (d) E = I / R
9. The resistances of a wire at temperatures tC and 0 C are related by
(a) R t = R0 (1 +  t)  (b) Rt = R0 (1 −  t)
(c) R t = R 02 (1 +  t) (d) R t = R 02 (1 −  t)

10. For which of the following the resistance decreases on increasing the temperature
(a) Copper (b) Tungsten
(c) Germanium (d) Aluminium
11. If n, e,  and m respectively represent the density, charge relaxation time and mass of the
electron, then the resistance of a wire of length l and area of cross-section A will be
ml m 2 A
(a)  (b)
ne A
2
ne 2 l
ne 2 A ne 2 A
(c) (d)
2ml 2 m l
12. The relaxation time in conductors
(a) Increases with the increase of temperature
(b) Decreases with the increase of temperature
(c) It does not depend on temperature
(d) All of sudden changes at 400 K
13. For a metallic wire, the ratio V / i (V = the applied potential difference, i = current flowing) is
(a) Independent of temperature
(b) Increases as the temperature rises
(c) Decreases as the temperature rises
(d) Increases or decreases as temperature rises, depending upon the metal
14. Which of the following has a negative temperature coefficient
(a) C (b) Fe
(c) Mn (d) Ag
15. The reciprocal of resistance is
(a) Conductance  (b) Resistivity
(c) Voltage (d) None of the above
16. All of the following statements are true except
(a) Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance and is measured in Siemens
(b) Ohm's law is not applicable at very low and very high temperatures
(c) Ohm's law is applicable to semiconductors
(d) Ohm's law is not applicable to electron tubes, discharge tubes and electrolytes
17. The resistance of a discharge tube is
(a) Ohmic (b) Non-ohmic
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Zero
18. The resistivity of a wire depends on its
(a) Length (b) Area of cross-section
(c) Shape (d) Material
19. The conductivity of a superconductor is
(a) Infinite  (b) Very large
(c) Very small (d) Zero
20. Conductivity increases in the order of
Prof.Veeresh Kalkori M.Sc.Ph.D (VTU) 2
 (a) Al, Ag, Cu (b) Al, Cu, Ag 
(c) Cu, Al, Ag (d) Ag, Cu, Al
21. The drift velocity does not depend upon
(a) Cross-section of the wire (b) Length of the wire
(c) Number of free electrons (d) Magnitude of the current
22. By increasing the temperature, the specific resistance of a conductor and a semiconductor

(a) Increases for both

(b) Decreases for both
(c) Increases, decreases
(d) Decreases, increases
23. Which of the following is vector quantity
(a) Current density (b) Current
(c) Wattless current (d) Power
24. The resistance of a conductor increases with
(a) Increase in length
(b) Increase in temperature
(c) Decrease in cross–sectional area
(d) All of these *
25. When a current flows through a conductor its temperature
(a) May increase or decrease
(b) Remains same
(c) Decreases
(d) Increases
26. The electric resistance of a certain wire of iron is R. If its length and radius are both doubled,
then
(a) The resistance will be doubled and the specific resistance will be halved
 (b)The resistance will be halved and the specific resistance will remain unchanged
(c) The resistance will be halved and the specific resistance will be doubled
(d) The resistance and the specific resistance, will both remain unchanged
27. The electric field E, current density J and conductivity  of a conductor are related as

(a)  = E / j (b)  = j / E 
(c)  = jE (d)  = 1 / jE
28. A cell of e.m.f. E is connected with an external resistance R , then p.d. across cell is V . The
internal resistance of cell will be
( E − V )R ( E − V )R
(a) (b) 
E V
(V − E)R (V − E)R
(c) (d)
V E
29. Kirchhoff's first law i.e . i = 0 at a junction is based on the law of conservation of
(a) Charge  (b) Energy
(c) Momentum (d) Angular momentum
30. Kirchhoff's second law is based on the law of conservation of
(a) Charge (b) Energy
(c) Momentum (d) Sum of mass and energy

31. The figure below shows currents in a part of electric circuit. The current i is

Prof.Veeresh Kalkori M.Sc.Ph.D (VTU) 3

 (a) 1.7 amp 2amp
1amp

(b) 3.7 amp 1.3amp

(c) 1.3 amp 2amp

(d) 1 amp i
32. The terminal potential difference of a cell is greater than its e.m.f. when it is
(a) Being discharged
(b) In open circuit
(c) Being charged 
(d) Being either charged or discharged
33. When cells are connected in parallel, then
(a) The current decreases (b) The current increases
(c) The e.m.f. increases (d)The e.m.f. decreases
34. The internal resistance of a cell depends on
(a) The distance between the plates
(b) The area of the plates immersed
(c) The concentration of the electrolyte
(d) All the above
35. n identical cells each of e.m.f. E and internal resistance r are connected in series. An external
resistance R is connected in series to this combination. The current through R is
nE nE
(a)  (b)
R + nr nR + r
E nE
(c) (d)
R + nr R +r
36. A cell of internal resistance r is connected to an external resistance R. The current will be
maximum in R, if
(a) R = r  (b) R  r
(c) R  r (d) R = r / 2
37. Emf is most closely related to
(a) Mechanical force (b) Potential difference
(c) Electric field (d) Magnetic field
38. Electromotive force is the force, which is able to maintain a constant
(a) Current (b) Resistance
(c) Power (d) Potential difference
39. Kirchoff’s I law and II law of current, proves the
(a) Conservation of charge and energy 
(b) Conservation of current and energy
(c) Conservation of mass and charge
(d)None of these

40. Current provided by a battery is maximum when

(a) Internal resistance equal to external resistance 
(b) Internal resistance is greater than external resistance
(c) Internal resistance is less than external resistance
(d) None of these
41. In the given current distribution what is the value of I
(a) 3A 4A

I 2A
(b) 8 A
3A
(c) 2A 
5A
(d) 5A
Prof.Veeresh Kalkori M.Sc.Ph.D (VTU) 4
42. In the circuit given, the correct relation to a balanced Wheatstone bridge is
P R
(a) = P R
Q S
P S G
(b) =
Q R
S Q
P S
(c) = 
R Q
(d) None of these

43. Which of the adjoining graphs represents ohmic resistance

 (a)V V
(b)

I I

(c) V
(d) V

I I

THREE MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1.State Ohm's law.[ JULY 2018,MARCH 2022]

 Ohm’s law states that “the current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference (V) applied across its ends, provided the temperature and other physical
conditions remain constant”.
Let V be the potential difference and I be the current through it
According to ohm’s law,
I V  V ∝ I
V = IR
where ‘R’ is electrical resistance of the conductor.
2.Define conductance of a material. Give its SI unit.
 Conductance. It is the reciprocal of resistance of material.
 The SI unit of conductance is ohm-1 or mho or Siemens (S)
3. Define conductivity of a material. Give its SI unit.
 Conductivity. The reciprocal of the resistivity of a material is called its conductivity.
 The SI unit of conductivity is ohm-1 m-1
4.What are ohmic and non-ohmic devices? Give an example each.
 Ohmic devices: The devices which obey Ohm’s law are called ohmic devices.
Example: Galvanometer, ammeter.
 Non-ohmic devices: The conductors which do not obey Ohm’s law are called non-ohmic
devices.
Example: Semiconductor diode, electrolytes.
5.Define drift velocity of electrons. Write the expression for drift velocity in terms of current,
explain the terms used. [JULY 2014, MARCH 2018,19 JULY 2020]
 “The average velocity with which electrons get drifted in the direction opposite to electric field is
called drift velocity”.

Prof.Veeresh Kalkori M.Sc.Ph.D (VTU) 5

 I = neAvd
Where I= Current flowing through the conductor, e= charge of electron, A=area of cross
section of the conductor, Vd= drift velocity of the electrons
6.Derive the relation 𝑗⃗ = 𝜎𝐸⃗⃗ with terms have their usual meaning. [JULY 2017]
Relation between current density and conductivity 𝑗⃗ = 𝜎𝐸⃗⃗
Let E be the magnitude of electric field in a conductor of length l, then the potential difference
across its ends is
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑙-------------------(1)
From Ohm’s law, we can write
𝜌𝑙
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 (∵ 𝑅 = )
𝐴
𝐼𝜌𝑙
𝑉= 𝐴
-------------------(2)
From equation (1) & (2)
𝐼
𝐸𝑙 = 𝐴 𝜌𝑙 or 𝐸 = 𝑗𝜌

As the direction of current density j is same as that of electric field E , we can write the
above equation as
1
𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝜌𝑗⃗ or 𝑗⃗ = 𝜎𝐸⃗⃗ (∵ 𝜎 = 𝜌)
The above equation is the vector form of Ohm’s law. It is equivalent to the scalar form, V = IR

7.Give any two limitations of Ohm's Law.[JULY 2014,MARCH 2015, JULY 2015,2019,MARCH
2020]
 Limitations of Ohm’s law:
1. Ohm’s law applicable only for good conductors.
2. Ohm’s law applicable only, when the physical conditions like temperature, pressure and
tension remains constant.
3. Ohm’s law is not applicable at too low temperature and too high temperature.
4. Ohm’s law is not applicable for semiconductors, thermistors, vacuum tubes, discharge
tubes.
8.a) Graphically represent the variation of resistivity of a semiconductor with absolute
temperature. [MARCH 2020]

Fig: Temperature dependence of resistivity for a typical semiconductor.

b) Represent graphically the variation of resistivity with absolute temperature for copper and
nichrome metals. [ JULY 2018] OR draw the curve to show the variation of resistivity as a
function of temperature for copper. [ JULY 2022,1M] OR Show with schematic graphs,

Prof.Veeresh Kalkori M.Sc.Ph.D (VTU) 6

 variation of resistivity with absolute temperature for (a) Nichrome and (b) Silicon. [MARCH
2022]

Fig: Resistivity ρT of nichrome as a

Fig: Resistivity ρT of copper as a
function of absolute temperature T.
function of temperature T.

9.Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor. [MARCH 2016]
Arrive at an expression for drift velocity. [JULY 2016] OR derive the expression for the drift
velocity of electrons in a conductor in terms of their relaxation time. [MARCH 2022]

 “The average velocity with which electrons get drifted in the direction opposite to electric field is
called drift velocity”.
If τ is the average time between two successive collisions and the acceleration experienced by
the electron in an electric field 𝐸⃗⃗ is then the drift velocity is given by,

𝑣𝑑 = 𝑢 + 𝑎 τ (∵ 𝑢 = 0)
𝑣𝑑 = 𝑎 τ (1)
The force experienced by the electron of mass m is
F = ma
F
a=
m

−Ee
a=
m
Substituting in equation (1)
𝐸𝑒 τ
𝑣𝑑 = −
𝑚
The magnitude of drift velocity is given by
𝐸𝑒 τ
𝑣𝑑 =
𝑚
10.Derive the expression for current in terms of drift velocity. [JULY 2022]

Consider a metallic conductor through which current I is flowing

𝑙 → length of the conductor
A → area of cross section of the conductor

Prof.Veeresh Kalkori M.Sc.Ph.D (VTU) 7

 n → free electron density
e → charge on the free electron
E → electric field setup in the conductor
𝑣𝑑 → drift velocity of free electron
The total charge in the conductor q = (nAl) e ----(1)
The time taken by the charge to travel the length of the conductor t = 􀯟
distance l
t= = ---------------(2)
velocity  d
𝑞
 Current, I= -----------(3)
𝑡

Substituting equations (1) and (2) in equation (3)

𝑞 𝑛𝑒𝐴𝑙
I= 𝑡
= 𝑙/𝜐𝑑

I = neAvd

11.State and explain Kirchhoff’s current law for electrical circuits and explain it giving
illustrations. Kirchhoff’s first law or junction rule.

Kirchhoff’s first rule (Current rule or Junction rule)

“At any junction, the sum of the currents entering the junction is
equal to the sum of currents leaving the junction”
Or
“The algebraic sum of currents at a junction is zero”.
Mathematically,  I = 0
Applying junction rule to the junction J.
By sign convention currents entering the node are taken to be positive and currents leaving
the node are taken to the negative
 I1 + I2 = I3 + I4
i.e., Incoming current = Outgoing current

12.State and explain Kirchhoff’s voltage law for electrical network with illustration.
Kirchhoff’s second law or loop rule:
“It states that in a closed circuit the algebraic sum of the products of the current and resistance
of each part of the circuit is equal to the total emf included in the circuit.”
Or
“The algebraic sum of changes in potential around any closed loop involving resistors and cells
in the loop is zero”.
Mathematically,  𝜺 = IR
Explanation:
Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to closed path ABCFA, we
get
By sign convention emf of the cell is taken to be positive if
it tends to send the current in the direction of traverse
otherwise it is taken to be negative. IR product is taken
to be positive if current flows in the direction of traverse otherwise it is negative
 E1 − E2 = I1 R1 − I 2 R2

This rule is based on the law of conservation of energy.

13.a) State Kirchhoff's junction rule. [JULY 2017]

Prof.Veeresh Kalkori M.Sc.Ph.D (VTU) 8

 “At any junction, the sum of the currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of currents
leaving the junction”
Or
“The algebraic sum of currents at a junction is zero”.
b) What is the significance of junction rule?
 Conservation of charge.
c) What is the significance of loop rule?
 Conservation of energy.
14.Write differences between electromotive force and potential difference. (any three)
Differences between electromotive force and potential difference.

Electromotive force Terminal Potential difference

It is the work done by a source It is the amount of work done in

1 in carrying a unit charge all carrying a unit charge from one
round the circuit. point of the circuit to another.

It is equal to the maximum

Potential difference may exist
potential difference between
2 between any two points of a
the two terminals of the source
closed circuit.
when it is in an open circuit.

It exists even when the circuit It exist only when the circuit is
3
is not closed. closed.

Emf is the cause for terminal

4 Terminal p.d is the effect of emf.
p.d.

It is equal to the sum of

potential difference across all
Every circuit component has its
the components of a circuit
5 own potential difference across
including the p.d. required to
its ends.
send current through the cell
itself.

FIVE MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Assuming the expression for drift velocity, derive the expression for conductivity of material
𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏
σ= 𝑚
where symbols have usual meaning. Define the term mobility of electron. [JULY 2015]
Derives an expression for conductivity of a material where the symbols have the usual
meaning. [JULY 2018,MARCH 2020]
 Suppose a potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length l and of uniform
cross-section A.

The electric field E set up inside the conductor

is

V
E=
l

Prof.Veeresh Kalkori M.Sc.Ph.D (VTU) 9

 Under the influence of field 𝐸⃗⃗ , the free electrons begin to drift in the opposite direction of 𝐸⃗⃗
with an average drift velocity d. Let the number of electrons per unit volume or electron density
=n
Charge on an electron = e
Number of electrons in length l of the conductor = n x volume of the conductor = n Al
Total charge contained in length l of the conductor is q = ne Al = 𝑛𝑒𝐴𝑙
All the electrons which enter the conductor at the right end will pass through the conductor
at the left end in time,
distance l
t= =
velocity  d
𝑞 𝑛𝑒𝐴𝑙
 Current, I= 𝑡
= 𝑙/𝜐𝑑
I = nAevd ……………………………………………(1)
eE eV
But d = =
m ml
Thus, by substituting value of  d in Equation (1) we get
 Current, I = nAevd
eV
I = neA ×
ml
V ml
= 2
I ne A
𝑚𝑙
𝑅 = 𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏𝐴
𝑙 𝑚𝑙
𝜌 =
𝐴 𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏𝐴
𝑚
𝜌 = 𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏
1
𝜎 =𝜌
𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏
 =
𝑚

Mobility of electron: The mobility is defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity per unit
electric field.
2. Derive an expression for the equivalent emf and equivalent internal resistance of the series
combination of two cells. [JULY 2020]
Consider two cells of emfs ε1 and ε2 and internal resistances 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 are connected in series
between points A and C as shown in figure. Let I be the current flowing through the series
combination.

Let VA, VB and VC be the potentials at points A, B and C respectively. The potential differences
across the terminals of the two cells will be
VAB = VA – VB = ε1 – I𝑟1 and VBC = VB – VC = ε2 – I𝑟2
Thus the potential difference between the terminals A and C of the series combination is
VAC = VA – VC = (VA – VB) + (VB – VC) = ε1 – I𝑟1 + (ε2 – I𝑟2 )
Or VAC = (ε1 + ε2 ) – I (𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )) ………. (1)
If we wish to replace the series combination by a single cell of emf ε𝑒𝑞 and internal resistance
req, then
VAC = ε𝑒𝑞 – Ireq …….… (2)
Comparing (1) and (2)
ε𝑒𝑞 = ε1 + ε2 and 𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
For a series combination of n cells,
Prof.Veeresh Kalkori M.Sc.Ph.D (VTU) 10
 ε𝑒𝑞 = ε1 + ε2 + ε3 +. . . . . . . . . +ε𝑛

𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟3 +. . . . . . . . . . . . . . +𝑟𝑛

3. Obtain the expression for the effective emf and effective internal resistance of two cells
connected in parallel such that currents are flowing in the same direction. [MARCH
2018,2019]
Two cells of emf E1 and E2 and internal resistance r1 and r2 are connected in parallel such that
they send current in same direction. Derive an expression for equivalent resistance and
equivalent emf of the combination. [MARCH 2019]

 Consider two cells of emfs 𝜀1 and 𝜀2 and internal resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel
between two points as shown in figure. Suppose the currents I1 and I2 from the positive
terminals of the two cells flow towards the junction B1 and current I flow out. Thus at junction

I = I1 + I2

As the two cells are connected in parallel between the same two points B1 and B2, the potential
difference V across both cells must be same.
The potential difference between the terminals of first cell is
𝜀1 −𝑉
V = VB1 – VB2 = 𝜀1 – I1r1  I1 = 𝑟1
The potential difference between the terminals of 𝜀2 is
𝜀2 −𝑉
V = VB1 – VB2 = 𝜀2 – I2r2  I2 =
𝑟2
Since I = I1 + I2
𝜀 −𝑉 𝜀 −𝑉 𝜀 𝜀 1 1
= 1𝑟 + 2𝑟 = ( 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) − 𝑉 (𝑟 + 𝑟 )
1 2 1 2 1 2
𝑟 +𝑟 𝜀 𝑟 +𝜀 𝑟
V ( 1 2) = 1 2 2 1 − 𝐼
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟2
𝜀1 𝑟2 +𝜀2 𝑟1 𝑟 𝑟
V = − 𝐼 1 2 ………………..(1)
𝑟1 +𝑟2 𝑟1 +𝑟2
If we wish to replace the parallel combination by a single cell of emf Eeq and internal resistance
req, then
V = 𝜀𝑒𝑞 – Irp………………….. (2)
Comparing (1) and (2), we get

𝜀1 𝑟2 +𝜀2 𝑟1 𝑟1 𝑟2
𝜀 eq = 𝑟1 +𝑟2
and req = 𝑟1 +𝑟2
We can express the above results in a simpler way as follows:
𝜀𝑒𝑞 𝜀 𝜀 1 1 1
𝑟𝑒𝑞
= 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 and 𝑟𝑒𝑞
=𝑟 +𝑟
1 2 1 2
For a parallel combination of n cells, we can write
𝜀𝑒𝑞 𝜀 𝜀 𝜀
𝑟
= 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 +. . . . . . . . + 𝑟𝑛
𝑒𝑞 1 2 𝑛
1 1 1 1
and 𝑟𝑒𝑞
= 𝑟1
+ 𝑟2
+. . . . . . . + 𝑟
𝑛
4. Derive the condition for balance of wheat stone bridge using Kirchhoff laws. [JULY 2014,
MARCH 2016, JULY 2016, MARCH 2017, JULY 2019, MARCH 2022, July 2022]
Wheatstone’s bridge
It is an arrangement of four resistances used to determine one of these resistances in terms of
the remaining three resistances.

Prof.Veeresh Kalkori M.Sc.Ph.D (VTU) 11

  A Wheatstone bridge consists of four resistances P, Q R
and S; connected to form the arms of the quadrilateral
ABCD. A battery of emf  is connected between points A
and C and a sensitive galvanometer between B and D, as
shown in fig.
 Applying Kirchhoff’s first law, the currents I1 -
Ig through Q and I2 +Ig flows through the
resistance S.
 Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to the loop
ABDA, we get
I1 P + Ig G – I2 R = 0 ………… (1)
Where G is the resistance of the galvanometer.
Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to the loop BCDB,
we get
(I1 – Ig) Q – (I2 + Ig) S – IgG = 0 ………… (2)
In the balanced condition of the bridge, Ig = 0. The
above equations become
I1P – I2R = 0
I1P = I2R …(3)
I1Q – I2S = 0
I1Q = I2S …(4)
On dividing equation (3) by (4), we get
𝑃 𝑅
𝑄
= 𝑆
This proves the condition for the balanced Wheatstone bridge.

ONE MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1.Define Electric current.
 The rate of flow of electric charge is called electric current.
2.Give the SI unit of current.
 SI Unit of current is ampere.
3.Define ampere.
 One ampere is that steady current, which flows in each of two infinitely long straight
conductors separated by 1 metre in vacuum produces between them a force of 2 × 10−7 newton
per metre length of each.
4.Define resistance.
 It is the ratio of the potential difference applied across the conductor to the current flowing
through it.
5.Define Ohm.
 The resistance of a conductor is one ohm if a current of one ampere flows through it on applying
a potential difference of 1 volt across its ends.
6.Define current density.
Electric Current per unit area of cross section of the conductor is called current density.
7.Is current density a scalar or a vector?
 It is a vector.
8.How does resistance of conductor vary with temperature?
 Resistance of conductor increases with increase in temperature.
9.How does resistivity of conductor vary with temperature?
 Resistivity of conductor increases with increase in temperature.
10.How does resistance of semiconductor vary with temperature?
 Resistance of semiconductor decreases exponentially with increase in temperature.
11.Define relaxation time.

Prof.Veeresh Kalkori M.Sc.Ph.D (VTU) 12

 The average time between two successive collisions is called the relaxation time.
12.What is internal resistance of a cell?
 The resistance offered by the cell to the flow of current between its electrodes is called internal
resistance of the cell.
13.Define electrical resistivity of material of a conductor. [MARCH 2019]
 The resistivity of material of a conductor at a given temperature is equal to resistance of unit length
of the conductor having unit area of cross section.
14.How does the resistivity of a conductor vary with temperature?
 Resistivity of conductors is directly proportional to absolute temperature
T
15.How does resistance of a conductor vary with its length? [JULY 2019]
 Resistance of conductor increases with increase in temperature.
16.Define mobility of electron. [MARCH 2014,2017, JULY 2020,2022]
 The mobility is defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity per unit electric field.
17.Define temperature coefficient of resistivity of a conductor and name its SI unit.
 It is defined as the ratio of increase in resistivity per degree rise in temperature to its resistivity
at 𝑇0 .
 The SI is Per kelvin or per degree celcius
18.Define mobility of electron. Mention its SI unit. [JULY 2016]
 The mobility μ defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity per unit electric field.
 The SI unit of mobility is 𝑚2 /Vs
19.Define mobility of electron. Mention its SI unit. [JULY 2016]
 The mobility μ defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity per unit electric field.
 The SI unit of mobility is 𝑚2 /Vs

20.How does the resistance of a conductor vary with length and area of cross section?
 Length. The resistance R of a conductor is directly proportional to its length
i.e. R  l

 Area of cross-section. The resistance R of a conductor is inversely proportional to its

1
area of cross-section A, i.e., R 
A
21.Write an expression for Power dissipated in a conductor and mention the symbol used.
V2
P = VI or P = or P = I 2 R
R
Where, P =Power dissipated, I =Current through conductor
V =Potential difference across conductor, R = Resistance of conductor.
FIVE MARKS NUMERICALS
1.A battery of internal resistance 3 Ω is connected to 20 Ω resistor and a potential difference
across the resistor is 10 V. If another resistor of 30 Ω is connected in series with the first
resistor and battery is again connected to the combination. Calculate the emf and terminal
potential difference across the combination. [MARCH 2014]
2.Two cells of emf 2V and 4 V and internal resistance 1 Ω and 2 Ω respectively are connected in
parallel so as to send the current in the same direction through an external resistance of 10Ω.
Find the potential difference across the 10 Ω resistor. [MARCH 2015]
3.Two identical cells either in series or in parallel combination gives the same current of 0.5 A
through external resistance of 4 Ω. Find emf and internal resistance of each cell. [JULY 2015]

Prof.Veeresh Kalkori M.Sc.Ph.D (VTU) 13

4.A wire having length 2 m, diameter 1.0 mm and resistivity 1.96×10-8 Ω m connected in series
with a battery of emf 3 V and internal resistance 1 Ω. calculate the resistance of the wire and
current in the circuit. [JULY 2016]
5.100 mg mass of nichrome metal is drawn into a wire of area of cross section 0.05 mm 2. Calculate
the resistance of the wire this wire. Given density of nichrome 8.4×103 kg m-3 and the resistivity
of the material as 1.2 × 10-6 Ω m.[MARCH 2018]
6.In the given circuit, calculate the current through the galvanometer. [JUL 2020]

7.Two cells of emf 3 V and 4 V and internal resistance 1 Ω and 2 Ω respectively are connected in
parallel to send the current in the same direction through an external resistance of 5 Ω. Find
the potential difference across 5 Ω resistor. [MQP 2022]

8.In the following circuit, find the current I [MARCH 2022]

9.Two cells of emf 2v and 4v and internal resistance 1Ω and

2Ω respectively are connected in parallel to send the
current in the same direction through an external resistance of 10 Ω. Find the potential
difference across 10 Ω resistor. [JULY 2022]

Prof.Veeresh Kalkori M.Sc.Ph.D (VTU) 14