LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (7 Marks)

DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM
2n
n 1 2n n
***1. i) If n is an integer then show that 1  i   1  i   2 cos (Mar-09)
2
n2
n n  n 
ii) If n is a positive integer show that 1  i   1  i   2
2
cos  
 4 
 1 1    
Ans. (i) 1  i   2 i   2  cos 4  i sin 4  (2 M)
 2 2  
divide with a 2  b 2  1  1  2
2n
2n     
 1  i    2  cos  i sin  
  4 4 
 n n 
 2n  cos  i sin  ---------(1)
n
  cos  i sin    cos n  i sin n (1 M)
 2 2 
2n
2n       n n 
Similarly  1  i    2  cos  i sin    2n  cos  i sin  ------(2) (2M)
  4 4   2 2 

2n 2n n  n n n n 
Now adding (1) and (2), 1  i   1  i   2 cos  i sin  cos  i sin
 2 2 2 2 
 n   n 1 n
 2 n  2 cos 2 cos (2M)
 2  2
 1 1    
(ii) 1  i   2 i   2  cos 4  i sin 4  (2M)
 2 2  
divide with a 2  b 2  1  1  2

n
n     
 1  i    2  cos  i sin  
  4 4 
n
 n n  n
 2 2  cos  i sin  ---------(1)   cos   i sin   cos n  i sin n (1M)
 4 4 
n n
n      2 
n n 
Similarly 
 1  i   
 2 cos  i sin   2  cos  i sin  ------(2) (2M)
  4 4   4 4 
n
n n  n n n n 
Now adding (1) and (2) 1  i   1  i   2 2 cos  i sin  cos  i sin
 4 4 4 4 
n  n  2
 n   n 
 2 2  2cos   2 2
cos   (2M)
 4   4 
***2. If cos   cos   cos   0 = sin   sin   sin  . Then
2 2 2 3
Prove that cos   cos   cos    sin 2   sin 2   sin 2  (May-09)
2
Sol.  cos   i sin     cos   i sin     cos   i sin   
 cos   cos   cos    i  sin   sin   sin    0  i0
 cos   i sin     cos   i sin     cos   i sin    0 -------(1) (1M)
Let x  cis , y  cis  , z  cis , then x  y  z  0 (by(1)), then
squaring on both sides  ( x  y  z )2  x 2  y 2  z 2  2 xy  2 yz  2zx

(x+y+z)2=0
2 2 2 1 1 1
 x  y  z  2  xy  yz  zx   2 xyz  x  y  z 
 
 2 xyz  cos   i sin   cos   i sin   cos   i sin  
 2 xyz  cos   cos   cos    i  sin   sin   sin   

 2xyz  0  i0  0 ( from given)

 x2  y2  z 2  0 (2M)
2 2 2
  cos   i sin     cos   i sin     cos   i sin    0

 cos 2  i sin 2  cos 2  i sin 2  cos 2  i sin 2  0 (cos  i sin)n  cos n  i sinn
  cos 2  cos 2  cos 2   i  sin 2  sin 2  sin 2   0
 cos 2  cos 2   cos 2  0 (2M)
 2 cos 2   1  2 cos 2   1  2 cos 2   1  0  cos 2  2cos2   1
 2 cos 2   2 cos 2   2 cos 2   3  0
 2  cos   cos   cos    3
2 2 2

3
 cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   (1 M)
2
3
1  sin 2   1  sin 2   1  sin 2    cos 2   sin 2   1
2
3 3
 sin 2   sin 2   sin 2   3   (1 M)
2 2
***3. If cos   cos   cos   0  sin   sin   sin  then show that
i) cos 3  cos 3  cos 3  3cos       (May-2008, Mar-2008)
ii) sin 3  sin 3  sin 3  3sin      
iii) cos(   )  cos(    )  cos(   )  0
Sol. i) Let a  cis  , b  cis  , c  cis  (1 M)
 a  b  c  cis   cis   cis 
 (cos   cos   cos  )  i (sin   sin   sin  )  0  i 0  0
a  b  c  0  a 3  b3  c3  3abc (2 M)
 (cos   i sin  )3  (cos   i sin  )3  (cos   i sin  )3
 3(cos   i sin  ) (cos   i sin  ) (cos   i sin  )
 (cos   i sin  )n  cos n  i sin n
 (cos 3  cos3   cos 3 )  i (sin 3  sin 3   sin 3 )
 3cos(     )  3i sin (     ) (2 M)
Comparing real and imaginary parts on both sides
 cos 3  cos 3  cos 3  3cos(     )
ii) and sin 3  sin   sin 3  3sin(     ) (2 M)
1 1 1
iii) a  cis , b  cis  , c  cis ,  cis ( ),  cis (  ),  cis ( )
a b c
a  b  c  cis  cis   cis  0 (1 M)
1 1 1
   cis (  )  cis (  )  cis ( )  0
a b c
 from given  (1 M)

1 1 1 1
consider ab  bc  ca  abc      abc(0)  0   cis(  ) (1 M)
c a b cis
 cis .cis   cis  .cis  cis .cis  0
 cis      cis       cis       0  cis .cis   cis (   ) (2 M)
 cos      i sin      cos       i sin       cos       i sin       0
  cos      cos       cos       i  sin      sin       sin       0  0  i0
compare the real part
 cos      cos       cos      =0 (2 M)
***4. If n is an integer then show that
n n n1 n    n 
1  cos   i sin    1  cos   i sin   = 2 cos   cos   (March-10, May-11)
1)
 2  2 
n n
Sol. 1  cos   i sin    1  cos   i sin  
n n
       
  2 cos 2  2i sin cos    2 cos 2  2i sin cos  (2 M)
 2 2 2  2 2 2
  
 1  cos   2cos2 , sin   2sin cos
2 2 2
 n n
n n    n n   
 2 cos  cos  i sin   2 cos  cos  i sin  (1 M)
2 2 2 2 2 2
 n n n n   n 
 2n cos n  cos  i sin  cos  i sin   2 n cos n  2 cos  (4 M)
2 2 2 2 2  2 2 

n
 2n 1 cos n cos
2 2
***5. If n is a positive integer, show that
1
1/ n 1/ n 1 Q
 P  iQ    P  iQ   2  P 2  Q 2  2 n cos  tan 1 
n P
 P Q 
2 2
Sol. Let P  iQ  P  Q   i.  (1 M)
 P Q
2 2
P  Q2
2 
 
(  multiplying and dividing by P2  Q2 )
P  iQ  r (cos   i sin  )
P Q
Let cos  2 2
, sin   and
P Q P  Q2
2

Q
r  P2  Q2 , tan   (1 M)
P
1/ n   
( P  iQ)1/ n  r1/ n (cos   i sin  )1/ n  r  cos n  i sin n  ............ (1) (1 M)
 
P  iQ  r (cos   i sin  )  r (cos( )  i sin( ))  cos(  )  cos  , sin(  )   sin 

( P  iQ)1/ n  r1/ n (cos( )  i sin( ))1/ n

     
 r1/ n  cos     i sin     n
  cos   i sin    cos n  i sin n
  n  n 
  
 r1/ n  cos  i sin  ..................... (2) (2 M)
 n n
Now adding (1) and (2) then
( P  iQ)1/ n  ( P  iQ)1/ n
     
 r1/ n  cos  i sin   r1/ n  cos  i sin 
 n n  n n
    
 r1/ n  cos  i sin  cos  i sin  (2 M)
 n n n n
1/ n
 1 Q

 r1/ n  2 cos   2
 n
 P2  Q2  cos  tan 1 
n P
1/ 2 n 1 Q 

 2 P2  Q2  co s  A rc . tan
n

P 
(1 M)
***6. If  ,  are the roots of the equation x 2  2 x  4  0 then for any positive integer n show
n n n 1  n 
that     2 cos   (Mar-11, 2014)
 3 

2  4  16 b  b 2  4ac
Sol. x2  2 x  4  0  x   1 i 3 x  (1 M)
2 2a
Let   1  i 3,   1  i 3
n n
n  1 3    1 3 
n n
    1 i 3   n
 (1  i 3)   2   i     2  
  2 2     2 2  
i   (2 M)

 m u ltip lyin g a n d d ivid ing b y a2  b2  1 3  2 

n n
     
 2  cos  i sin   2n  cos  i sin 
n
(2 M)
 3 3  3 3
 n n n n 
 2 n  cos  i sin  cos  i sin n
 cos  i sin   cos n  i sin n
 3 3 3 3 
n n
 2n.2 cos  2n 1 cos (2 M)
3 3
8
   3
 1  sin 8  i cos 8 
***7. Show that one value of      1 (May-10,12)
 1  sin  i cos 
 8 8 

 
1  s in  i cos
8 8
Sol.  
1  s in  i cos
8 8

      3 3
1  cos     i sin    1  cos  i sin
 2 8  2 8 8 8
 
      3 3 (1 M)
1  cos     i sin    1  cos  i sin
2 8 2 8 8 8

3 3 3 3  3 3 
2 cos 2  i.2sin cos 2 cos  cos  i sin 
16 16 16 16  16 16 
 
3 3 3 3  3 3  (3 M)
2 cos 2  i 2sin cos 2 cos  cos  i sin 
16 16 16 16  16 16 

  
 1  cos   2cos 2 , sin   2sin cos
2 2 2

3
cis
 16  3 3   3  cis
 3   cis     cis     cis(   ) (2 M)
cis     16 16   8  cis
 16 
 8
   3
 1  sin 8  i cos 8  8
  3   3
 L.H.S =      cis 
    cis  1  R.H .S (1 M)
 1  sin  i cos    8 
 8 8 

***8. Find all the roots of the equation x11  x 7  x 4  1  0

Sol. x11  x 7  x 4  1  0  x 7 ( x 4  1)  1( x 4  1)  0  ( x 7  1)( x 4  1)  0
 ( x 7  1)  0 and ( x 4  1)  0 (1 M)
x 7  1  0  x 7  1  (cos   i sin  )  cis  1 (1 M)
 
 x  (cis  )1/ 7  cis (2k  1)  , k  0,1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6 (2 M)
 7

 (cos   i sin  )n  con  i sin n

and x 4  1  0  x 4  1  cos 0  i sin 0  cis0  1 (1 M)
 2 k   k 
 x  (cis 0)1/ 4  cis   , k  0,1, 2, 3  x  cis   , k  0,1, 2, 3 (2 M)
 4   2 
n
**9. Solve  x  1  x n , where n is a positive integer
n n 1 1
n  x  1  x 1  x 1 x 1
 1
n
Sol.  x  1 x  1     (1) n   ( cis 0) n
xn  x  x x
x 1  2 k  0 
 cis  , k  0,1, 2.........( n  1)  cis0  1 (2 M)
x  n 
x 1  2k 
 ci s  , k  0,1,2.........(n  1)
x  n 
 2k 
x  1  xcis   , k  0,1, 2.........(n  1)
 n 
 2k 
x  xcis    1, k  0,1, 2.........(n  1)
 n 
 2k 
x 1  cis   1, k  0,1, 2.........(n  1)
 n 
1
x , k  1, 2.........( n  1) ( K  0)
 2k 
 1  cis 
 n 
1
x , k  1, 2.........( n  1)
 2 k 2 k 
1  cos  i sin 
 n n 
1
x , k  1, 2.........(n  1)
k 2 k k (3 M)
2sin  i 2sin cos
n n n
   
 1  cos   2sin 2 , sin   2sin cos
2 2 2
1
x , k  1, 2.........( n  1)
k  k k 
2sin  sin  i cos 
n  n n 
k k
sin  i cos
x n n 1 k 
k  1  i cot  , k  1, 2.........( n  1) (2 M)
2 sin 2 n 
n
**10. Solve x 9  x 5  x 4  1  0
Sol. x 9  x 5  x 4  1  0  x 5 ( x 4  1)  1( x 4  1)  0  ( x 4  1)( x 5  1)  0 (2 M)
x 4  1  0  x 4  1  cos 0  i sin 0  cis 0
 2 k  0   k 
 x  (cis 0) 1/ 4  cis   , k  0,1, 2, 3  x  cis   , k  0,1, 2, 3
 4   2 
 (cos   i sin  )n  con  i sin n

   3 
 x  cis0, cis  , cis  , cis    1, i, 1, i (2 M)
 2 2
x5  1  0 x5  1  cos   i sin   cis   cis  1 (1 M)
 2 k   
 x  (cis )1/ 5  cis   , k  0,1, 2, 3, 4
 5 
  3 7 9
 x  cis  2k 1 , k  0,1,2,3,4  x  cis , cis , cis , cis , cis (2 M)
5 5 5 5 5

z  cis  ,

  (2 n  1)
 z 2n  1
**11. If n is an integer and   , then show that 2 n  i tan n  .
 2 z 1

Sol. Z  cis   cos   i sin  ,   (2n  1)
2
Z 2n  1 (cos   i sin  )2 n  1 cos(2n)  i sin(2n)   1
L.H .S .   2n
 (2 M)
Z 2n  1 (cos   i sin  )  1 cos(2n)  i sin(2n)   1
(1  cos(2n) )  i sin(2n) 
 (3 M)
1  cos  2n    i sin  2n 

(2sin 2 n )  i(2sin n cos n )  1  cos 2  2sin2  , sin 2  2sin cos 


2cos 2 n  i(2sin n cos n ) 1  cos 2  2cos2 

2i 2 sin 2 n  i (2sin n cos n )


2 cos2 n  i (2sin n cos n )
2i sin n {cos n  i sin n }
 , ( i 2  1) (2 M)
2 cos n {cos n  i sin n }
 i tan ( n )  R.H .S
**12. If m, n  Z and x  cos   i sin  , y  cos   i sin  then show that
m n 1
(i) x y   2 cos  m  n  and
x yn
m

m n 1
(ii) x y   2i sin  m  n 
x ynm

Sol. Given x  cos   i sin  and y  cos   i sin 

x m  (cos   i sin  ) m  cos m  i sin m  cis ( m )
n
  cos   i sin    cos n  i sin n

y n  (cos   i sin  ) n  cos n  i sin n  cis ( n ) (2 M)

Now x m y n  cis ( m ) cis ( n )  cis (m  n )  cos ( m  n )  i sin (m  n ) ..... (1)
 cis .cis  cis     (2 M)
1
and  cos (m  n )  i sin (m  n ) ............... (2)
x yn
m

(i) Adding (1) and (2) then

1
 xm yn   cos (m  n )  i sin ( m  n )  cos( m  n )  i sin (m  n )
x ynm

1
xm yn   2 cos(m  n ) (1 M)
x ynm

(ii) Now Subtrating (1) and (2)

1
 xm yn   cos ( m  n )  i sin (m  n )  cos( m  n )  i sin ( m  n )
x ynm

 2i sin( m  n ) (2 M)

*13. State & Prove De Moivre’s theorem for integral index

n
Sol. Statement: For any real number  and any integer n,  cos   i sin    cos n  i sin n
Proof : Case (i) Let n be a positive integer. We prove the theorem using the principle of
mathematical induction on N.
Let S(n) = (cos   i sin  ) n  cos n   i sin n 
If n  1 , then L.H.S  (cos   i sin  )  cos1  i sin1  R.H .S .,
hence S(1) is true. (1 M)
Assume that S(k) is true of k  N .
i.e., (cos   i sin  ) k  cos k  i sin k  (1 M)
Multiplying both the sides of the above equation with (cos   i sin  ) , we get
(cos   i sin  ) k (cos   i sin  )  (cos k  i sin k ) (cos   i sin  )
(cos   i sin  ) k 1  cos k cos   i sin k cos   i cos k sin   i 2 sin k sin 
 (cos k cos   sin k sin  )  i (sin k cos   cos k sin  )
 cos(k   )  i sin( k   )  cos(k  1)  i sin( k  1)  R.H .S (2 M)
S (k  1) is ture
By the principle of mathematical induction, S(n) is true of all positive integers n. i.e.,
 (cos   i sin  ) n  cos n   i sin n , for all n  Z  (1 M)
Case (ii) Let n  0 then L.H.S  (cos   i sin  )  1  cos 0   i sin 0   R.H .S
Hence  (cos   i sin  ) n  cos n   i sin n  in this case also
Case (iii) Let n be a negative integer and n  m, where m  Z 
1
 L.H .S  (cos   i sin  ) n  (cos   i sin  )  m 
(cos   i sin  ) m
1

(cos m   i sin m  ) (from case (i))
cos m   i sin m

cos 2 m   i 2 sin 2 m
cos m   i sin m
  cos(  m)  i sin(  m)  cos n  i sin n  R. H . S (2 M)
cos 2 m   sin 2 m

THEORY OF EQUATIONS
***14. Solve the equation x 4  10 x 3  26 x 2  10 x  1  0 (March-10,12)
Sol. Given equation is x 4  10 x 3  26 x 2  10 x  1  0 .......................(1)

a0 x n  a1 x n1  a2 x n 2  ..........  an1 x  an  0

Here a0  an , a1  an1 .....is class  I reciprocal equation

Given equation is an even degree reciprocal equation of class-I (1M)

Equation (1) is dividing with x 2
1 1
 x 2  10 x  26  10.  2  0
x x
 1   1
  x 2  2   10  x    26  0.................  2 
 x   x
1
put x   a
x
Squaring on both sides
1 1 1
 x2  2
 2 x  a 2  x2  2
 a2  2
x x x
(2)  a 2  2  10a  26  0  a 2  10a  24  0   a  4  a  6   0
 a  4 or a  6 (2M)
case(i) :- if a  4 case (ii) :-if a  6
1 1
x a x a
x x
1 1
x 4  x 6
x x
  x2  1  4 x  x2  1  6x
 x2  4 x  1  0  x2  6 x  1  0

b  b2  4ac
 ax 2  bx  c  0, x 
2a

4  16  4 6  36  4
 x  x
2 2

4  12 6  32
 x  x
2 2
 x  2 3  x  3 2 2
 2  3, 3  2 2 are the roots of given equation. (4M)

***15. Solve 6 x 6  25 x 5  31x 4  31x 2  25 x  6  0 (Model of 2005)

Sol. Given equation is 6 x 6  25 x 5  31x 4  31x 2  25 x  6  0 .....................(1)

a0 x n  a1 x n1  a2 x n2  ..........  an1 x  an  0

Here a0  an , a1  an1 .....is class  II reciprocal equation
Given equation is an even degree reciprocal equation of class II (1M)
  1 and 1 are the roots of given equation, by synthetic division

6 - 25 31 0 - 31 25 -6
-1
0 -6 31 - 62 62 - 31 6
6 - 31 62 - 62 31 -6 0
1
0 6 - 25 37 - 25 6
6 - 25 37 - 25 6 0

The reduced equation is 6 x 4  25 x3  37 x 2  25 x  6  0....................  2  (1M)

clearly equation (2) is an even degree reciprocal equation of class I, dividing with x 2
1 6  2 1   1
 2 6x2  25x  37  25.  2  0  6  x  2   25  x    37  0..............  3
x x  x   x
1
put x   a
x
Squaring on both sides
1 1 1
 x2  2
 2 x  a 2  x2   a2  2
x x x2
(3)  6  a  2   25a  37  0  6a 2  12  25a  37  0
2

 6a 2  25a  25  0  6a 2  15a  10a  25  0

 3a  2a  5   5  2a  5   0   2a  5  3a  5   0
 5 5
a or a  (2 M)
2 3
5 5
case(i):- if a  case(ii) :- if a 
2 3
1 1
x  a x  a
x x
1 5 1 5
 x   x 
x 2 x 3
x2  1 5 x2  1 5
   
x 2 x 3
 2 x2  2  5x  3x 2  3  5x
 2 x2  5x  2  0  3x 2  5x  3  0

b  b 2  4ac
 ax  bx  c  0 , x 
2

2a

5  25  4  3  3 
 2 x2  4 x  x  2  0 x 2  3

5  25  36
 2 x  x  2   1 x  2   0  x
6

5  i 11
  x  2  2 x  1  0  x
6
1
 x  2 or x 
2

5  i 11
 -1,1,2,1/2, are the roots of given equation. (3M)
6
***16. Solve 6 x 4  35 x 3  62 x 2  35 x  6  0 (Jun-2010)
Sol. Given equation is 6 x 4  35 x 3  62 x 2  35 x  6  0 ................................(1)

 a 0 x n  a1 x n 1  a 2 x n  2  ..........  a n 1 x  a n  0
Here a 0  a n , a1  a n 1 .....is class  I reciprocal equation
Given equation is an even degree reciprocal equation of class I, dividing with x 2 (1M)
1 1  2 1   1
1  6x2  35x  62  35.  6. 2  0  6  x  2   35  x    62  0 .................(2)
x  x
x x  
1
put x   a
x
Squaring on both sides
1 1 1
 x2  2
 2 x  a2  x2  2
 a2  2
x x x
 (2)  6  a  2   35a  62  0  6a 2  12  35a  62  0
2

 6a 2  35a  50  0  6a 2  20a  15a  50  0

 2a  3a  10   5  3a  10   0   3a  10  2a  5   0
10 5
a  or a  (3M)
3 2
10 5 1
Case (i): if a Case (ii): if a x  a
3 2 x
1 x2  1 5
x a   2 x2  2  5x
x x 2
1 10
 x   2 x2  5x  2  0
x 3
 3x2 3 10x  2 x2  4x  x  2  0
 3 x 2  10 x  3  0  2 x  x  2   1 x  2   0

 3x 2  9 x  x  3  0   x  2  2 x  1  0
1
 3 x( x  3)  1 x  3  0  x  2 or x 
2
  x  3 3x  1  0
1
 x  3 or x 
3
1 1
 2, ,3, are the roots of given equation. (3M)
2 3

***17. Solve the equation x 5  5 x 4  9 x 3  9 x 2  5 x  1  0 . (Mar-13)

Sol. Given equation is x 5  5 x 4  9 x 3  9 x 2  5 x  1  0 .........................(1)

 a0 x n  a1 x n1  a2 x n2  ..........  an1 x  an  0

Here a0  an , a1  an1 .....is class  II reciprocal equation
Equation (1) is an odd degree reciprecal equation of class-II.
1 is a root of given equation, by synthetic division (1M)
1 -5 9 9 5 -1
1
0 1 4 5 4 1
1 4 5 4 1 0

The reduced equation is x 4  4 x 3  5 x 2  4 x  1  0.................  2  (1M)

clearly equation (2) is an even degree reciprocal equation of class I, dividing with x 2
4 1  2 1   1
 2  x2  4 x  5   2  0   x  2   4  x    5  0 ............................(3)
x  x
x x  
 1
put x   a
x
Squaring on both sides
1 1 1
 x2  2
 2 x  a 2  x2   a2  2
x x x2
2
(3)   a 2  2   4 a  5  0  a  4 a  3  0

 a 2  3a  a  3  0  a a  3  1a  3  0

  a  1 a  3  0
 a  1 or a  3
case(i):- if a  1 case (ii) :- if a  3
1 1
x  a x a
x x
1 1
 x  1  x 3
x x
x2  1 x2  1
 1  3
x x
 x2  1  x  x2  1  3x
 x2  x 1  0  x2  3x  1  0

 b  b 2  4 ac
 ax 2  bx  c  0 , x 
2a

1 1 4 3 9 4
x   x
2 2

1 i 3 3 5
x x
2 2
1 i 3 3  5
1, , are the roots of given equation. (3M)
2 2
***18 Given that the roots of x3  3 px 2  3qx  r  0 are in
i)A.P show that 2 p 3  3 pq  r  0 (March-09, May-08)
ii)G.P show that p 3r  q3 (March-03)
iii)H.P show that 2q 3  r (3 pq  r ) (March-05, May-11)
Sol: Given equation is f (x) = x3  3 px 2  3qx  r  0      (1)
i) if roots are in A.P
Let    ,  ,    are roots of eq(1)  a  d , a, a  d are the roots in A.P (1M)

a1
s1  3 p            3 p  S1  Sum of the roots  
a0
 3  3 p    p
   p is one root of eq(1)
 (p)3 3p(p)2 3q p  r  0   p 3  3 p 3  3 pq  r  0
 2 p 3  3 pq  r  0 (1M)
ii) if roots are in G.P
 a
Let  , a, ar are the roots inG.P
 ,  ,  are roots of eq(1) r
(1M)

 S3   r
 1
  . .  r   3   r    (r ) 3
1
   (r ) 3 is one root of equation - (1)

1 3 1 1 2
  r  3   3 p  r  3   3q(r ) 3  r  0
   
2 1 2 1
r  3 p r 3
 3qr 3
 r  0  3pr 3
 3q r 3

 p 3r 2  q 3r  p 3 r  q 3 (1M)
iii) f ( x )  x 3  3 px 2  3qx  r  0 ---------(1)
1 1 1
f ( 1 )  3  3 p. 2  3q.  r  0
x x x x
1  3 px  3qx 2  rx3  0  rx3  3qx 2  3 px  1  0 --------(2) (1M)
Roots of (1) are in H.P  Roots of (2) are A.P
Let    ,  ,    are roots of equation -(2) a  d , a, a  d are the roots in A.P

3q 3q q a1
S1 =             S1  Sum of the roots  
r r r a0
 is one root 0f the equation (2)
q 3 q q  q 3 3q 3 3 pq
r( )  3q ( ) 2  3 p ( )  1  0  2  2  1  0
r r r r r r
 q 3  3q 3  3 pqr  r 2  0  2q 3  3 pqr  r 2  2q 3  r (3 pq  r ) (2M)
***19) solve 18 x 3  81x 2  121x  60  0 given that one root is equal to half the sum of the
remaining roots. (March-05, May-11)
Sol: Given equation is 18 x 3  81x 2  121x  60  0
since one root is equal to half the sum of the
remaining two roots , i.e roots are in A.P
Let    ,  ,    are the roots of given equation

81 a1
S1   S1  Sum of the roots  
18 a0
 81 9 3
         3    (2M)
18 2 2
3
  is one root of given equation
2
By synthetic division
3 18 81 121 60

2 0  27  81  60
18 54 40 0
The reduced equation is 18 x 2  54 x  40  0 (2M)
 9 x 2  27 x  20  0  9 x 2  15 x  12 x  20  0
5 4
 3 x (3 x  5)  4(3 x  5)  0  (3 x  5) (3 x  4)  0  x   3 , x   3
5 3 4
 , , are the roots of given equation. (3M)
3 2 3
20) Solve 4 x3  24 x 2  23 x  18  0 given the roots of this equation are in A.P. (Mar-2014)
Sol: Given equation is 4 x3  24 x 2  23 x  18  0
Given that roots are in A.P
Let    ,  ,    are the roots of given equation a  d , a, a  d are the roots in A.P

(24) a1
S1 =  S1  Sum of the roots  
4 a0

           6  3  6    2 (2M)
  2 is one root of given equation
By synthetic division
4  24 23 18
2
0 8  32  18
4  16  9 0
The reduced equation is 4 x 2  16 x  9  0 (2M)
 4x2 18x  2x  9  0
 2 x  2 x  9   1 2 x  9   0

  2 x  9  2 x  1  0
9 1
x or x 
2 2
1 9
 , 2 and are the roots of given equation. (3M)
2 2
***21) Solve the equation x 3  7 x 2  14 x  8  0 given that the roots are in G.P. (March-07)
Sol: Given equation is x 3  7 x 2  14 x  8  0
Given that the roots are in G.P
 a
Let ,  ,  are the roots of given equation  , a, ar are the roots inG.P
 r

a3
s3  ( 8)  S 3  Pr oduct of the roots 
a0


  . .  8   3  8    2 (2M)

   2 is one root of the given equation, by synthetic division.

1  7 14  8
2
0 2  10 8
1 5 4 0
The reduced equation is x 2  5 x  4  0 (2M)
 x 2  4 x  x  4  0  x ( x  4)  1( x  4)  0  (x-4)(x-1)=0  x = 4 , x=1
 1,2,4 are the roots of the given equation. (3M)

***22) Solve the equation x 4  6 x 3  13 x 2  24 x  36  0 , given that they have multiple roots.
(May-09,12)
Sol: Given equation is x 4  6 x 3  13 x 2  24 x  36  0
Let f ( x)  x 4  6 x 3  13x 2  24 x  36
f (x)  4x3 18x2  26x  24, f ( x)  12 x 2  36 x  26 ,
f (3)  34  6(3)3  13(3) 2  24(3)  36 = 81-162+117-72+36 = 234-234 = 0
f (3)  4(3)3  18(3) 2  26(3)  24 =108-162+78-24 =186-186 =0
f (3) 12(3) 2  36(3)  26 =108-108+26 = 26  0
 3 is a multiple (repeated)root of f ( x )  0 of order 2
i.e 3,3 are two roots of f ( x )  0 (3M)
By synthetic division
1 6 13  24 36
3
0 3 9 12  36
1 3 4  12 0
3
0 3 0 12
1 0 4 0

The reduced equation is x 2  4  0  ( x  2 i ) ( x  2 i )  0  x   2i

 3,3,  2i are the roots of given equation. (4M)
***23) Solve x 4  x 3  16 x 2  4 x  48  0 given that the product of two roots is 6.
Sol. Given equation is x 4  x 3  16 x 2  4 x  48  0
Let  ,  ,  ,  be the roots of given equation
Given that the product of two roots is 6
Let   6

 a1 a a
 s4  48  S1  , S3  3 , S4  4
a0 a0 a0

  48    8
 s1   1
        1 -------------(1)
 s3   (  4 )

        4 (2M)

 (   )   (   )  4  8(   )  6(   )  4

 8(   )  6  1  (   )  4 from(1)

8(   )  6  6(   )  4  2(   )  10      5

         1

5      1      6
2 2 2 2
 (   )  (   )  4 = 25-24 = 1 a  b   a  b   4ab

    1 (2M)

    5 and    1  2   6    3

    5    2

2 2
 (   )  (  )  4 = 36-42 = 4      2

    6 and     2  2  4     2

    6  2    6    4
  2 ,  4 , 2 , 3 are the roots of given equation (3M)
**24) Solve 8 x 4  2 x 3  27 x 2  6 x  9  0 ,given that the roots have the same absolute value,
but are opposite in sign.
Sol: Given equation is 8 x 4  2 x 3  27 x 2  6 x  9  0
Let , , , are the rooots of the given equation
Given that two roots have same absolute value, but are opposite sign
let          0
 1  S  a1 , S  a3 , S  a4
  2         2  1     1
a0
3
a0
4
a0
 s1     8 4 4
 8 
3
s3  6          
8 4
3 1 3
                 4    (0)   4    3
4  

9 9 9 3
S4       3       (2M)
8 8 8 8
2 2 2 2
           4  0  12      2 3  a  b   a  b  4ab

     0 and     2 3  2  2 3    3
             3 (2M)

2 2 1 12 1  24 25 5
             4        
16 8 16 16 4
1 5 1 5 6 3
    and      2      
4 4 4 4 4 4
1 1 3  2 1
       4  4   4     (2M)
4   2
1 3
  3,  , 3, are the roots of given equation (1M)
2 4

**25) Solve x 4  4 x 3  2 x 2  12 x  9  0 given that it has two pairs of equal roots. (Mar-03, May-11)
Sol: Given equation x 4  4 x 3  2 x 2  12 x  9  0
Given that given equation has two pairs of equal roots
Let  ,  ,  ,  be the roots of given eqation , i.e given equation have multiple roots (1M)
Let f ( x )  x 4  4 x 3  2 x 2  12 x  9
f ( x)  4 x3  12 x 2  4 x  12 , f ( x)  12 x 2  24 x  4
f (1)  1  4  2  12  9  14  14  0 , f (1)  4  12  4  12  0
f (1)  12  24  4  32  0
 1 is a multiple (repeated) root of f ( x )  0 of order 2
i.e 1,1 are two roots of f ( x )  0 , by synthetic division (2M)
1 4  2  12 9
1
0 1 5 3  9
1 5 3  9 0
1
0 1 6 9

1 6 9 0
The reduced equation is x 2  6 x  9  0  ( x  3) 2  0  x  3, 3
1,1,  3, 3 are the roots of given equation (4M)
*26) (i) Transform x 4  4 x 3  2 x 2  4 x  2  0 into one in which the coefficient of second
highest power of x is zero and also find its transformed equation.
(ii) Transform x 4  2 x 3  12 x 2  2 x  1  0 into one in which the coefficient of third
highest power of x is zero and also find its transformed equation.
Sol: Given equation is f  x   x 4  4 x3  2 x 2  4 x  2  0
To eliminate second highest power of x term in f ( x )  0 , we transform
a1 4
f ( x )  0 into f ( x  h)  0 such that h   na   = -1 (2M)
0 4.1

-a1
To eliminate second highest power h = ; Where n  deg ree of the given equation
n.a0

The required transformed equation is f ( x  1)  0

f  x  1  A0 x 4  A1 x3  A2 x 2  A3 x  A4  0 , by synthetic division (1M)

1 4 2 - 4 - 2
-1
0 - 1 - 3 1 3

1 3 - 1 - 3 1 = A 4

0 - 1 - 2 3

1 2 - 3 0 = A 3

0 - 1 - 1

1 1 -4 = A 2

0 - 1

1 = A 0 0 = A 1

The required equation is f  x  1  A0 x 4  A1 x 3  A2 x 2  A3 x  A4  0

 x4  4 x2  1  0 . (4M)
(ii) Given equation is f  x   x 4  2 x3  12 x 2  2 x  1  0

To eliminate third highest power of x term in f(x)=0 we transform f(x) = 0

f  x  h   0 such that f 
n  r 1  (1M)
 h  0
 f
4  31
 h  0 ( where n = 4 ( degree), r = 3( removed term)

 f 2  h  0

Let f  x   x 4  2 x3  12 x 2  2 x  1

f 1  x   4 x3  6 x 2  24 x  2

f 11  x   12 x 2  12 x  24
 Since f 11  h   0
i.e., 12h 2  12h  24  0
 h2  h  2  0
 h 2  2h  h  2  0
 h(h  2)  1 h  2   0   h  2  h  1  0  h  2 or h 1 (2M)
Case (i):- If h = - 2 Case (ii):-If h = 1
The required transformed equation is f(x-2)=0 The required transformed equation is f(x+1)=0
f  x  2   A0 x 4  A1 x 3  A2 x 2  A3 x  A4  0 f  x  1   A0 x 4  A1 x 3  A2 x 2  A3 x  A4  0
By synthetic division By synthetic division

1 2  12 2 1 1 2  12 2 1
2 1
0 2 0 24  52 0 1 3 9 7
1 0  12 26  53  A4 1 3 9 7  8  A4
0 2 4 16 0 1 4 5
1 2 8 42  A3 1 4 5  12  A3
0 2 8 0 1 5
1 4 0  A2 1 5 0  A2
0 2 0 1
1  A0  6  A1 1  A0 6  A
1

 Required transformed equation is x 4  6 x 3  42 x  53  0 (or) x 4  6 x 3  12 x  8  0 (4M)

*27) Find the equation whose roots are the translates of the roots of x 5  4 x 3  x 2  11  0 by -3.
Sol. Given equation is f  x   x5  4 x 3  x 2  11  0
The polynomial equation whose roots are the translates of the roots of given equation by -3 is
f  x  3  0 f  x  3   A 0 x 5  A1 x 4  A 2 x 3  A3 x 2  A 4 x  A5  0
by synthetic division (3M)

1 0 4 -1 0 11
3
0 3 9 39 114 342

1 3 13 38 114 353 = A 5

0 3 18 93 393

1 6 31 131 507 = A 4
0 3 27 174

1 9 58 305 = A 3
0 3 36

1 12 94 = A 2
0 3

1  A0 1 5  A1

The required equation is x 5  15 x 4  94 x 3  305 x 2  507 x  353  0 (4M)

 BINOMIAL THEOREM
3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9
***28. Find the sum of the series    ... (March-06,09, 11)
5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20
3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9
Sol: S    ...
5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20
3
On adding 1  both sides, we get (2M)
5
3 3 3.5 3.5.7
1  S  1    ...........
5 5 5.10 5.10.15
2 3
8 3  1  3.5  1  3.5.7  1 
 S  1          ...
5 1! 5  2!  5  3!  5 
2
p  x  p ( p  q)  x 
R.H.S is compared with 1        .............
1!  q  2!  q 

2
Where p  3; p  q  5 and x  1  q  2 and x 
q 5 5
2
p
p  x  p( p  q)  x 
1        ...........  1  x  q (3M)
1!  q  2!  q 
3 3 3
 
8 2 2 3 2 5 2
 S  1        
5  5 5 3

5 5 8
S 
3 3 5
3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9 5 5 8
    ...   (2M)
5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20 3 3 5

3 3.5 3.5.7
***29. Find the sum of the infinite series    ..... (March-11, Jun-10)
4 4.8 4.8.12
3 3.5 3.5.7
Ans: Let S     ...
4 4.8 4.8.12
3 3.5 3.5.7
Add ‘1’ on both sides  1  S  1+    ... (2M)
4 4.8 4.8.12
2 3
3  1  3.5  1  3.5.7  1 
 1          ....
1  4  1.2  4  1.2.3  4 
2 3
3  1  3.5  1  3.5.7  1 
 1         ...
1!  4  2 !  4  1.2.3  4 
2
p  x  p ( p  q)  x 
R.H.S is compared with 1        .............
1!  q  2!  q 
 x 1 q2 x 21
Where  p  3; p  q  5; 
q 4 4 2
2
p
p  x  p( p  q)  x 
1        ...........  1  x  q (3M)
1!  q  2!  q 

3/ 2 3/ 2
 1 1 3/ 2
1  S  1    1 S     1  S  2  S  8 1
 2 2
3 3.5 3.5.7
    .....  8  1 (2M)
4 4.8 4.8.12
1 1.3 1.3.5
***30. Find the sum of the series 1     ....... 
3 3.6 3.6.9
1 1.3 1.3.5
Sol: Let S  1     .......... 
3 3.6 3.6.9
2 3
 1  1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
 1  1         ........  (2M)
 3  2!  3  3!  3 
2
 x  p( p  q)  x 
R.H .S is compared with1  p       ........... 
q 2!  q 

x 1
p  1; p  q  3, 
q 3
2
q  2, x 
3
1 1
p
q  2 2 12
 S  (1  x)  1      (3M)
 3 3
1
2
S 3
1 1.3 1.3.5
1     ........   3 (2M)
3 3.6 3.6.9

1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7

***31. If x     ... then Prove that 9 x 2  24 x  11 (March-09)
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12
2 3
1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7 1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
Sol: Given x     ...        ...
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12 1.2  3  1.2.3  3 
1
Adding 1  on both sides (2M)
3
2
1 1  1  1.3  1 
1  x  1       .....
3 1!  3  2!  3 
 2
p  x  p ( p  q)  x 
R.H.S is compared with 1        .............
1!  q  2!  q 

x 1 2
p  1; p  q  3;   q  2; x 
q 3 3
2
p
p  x  p( p  q)  x 
1        ...........  1  x  q
(3M)
1!  q  2!  q 
1

4  2 2
 x  1  
3  3
1

4 1 2
x   3
3 3
2
 3x  4 
2
 
 3 3

 9 x 2  24 x  16  27  9 x 2  24 x  11 (2M)
5 5.7 5.7.9
***32. If x     ........ then find the value of x 2  4 x (Mar-13)
(2!)3 (3!)3 (4!)33
2

5 5.7 5.7.9
Ans: Given that x     ........
(2!)3 (3!)3 (4!)33
2

Multipling with 3 on both sides we get

3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9
3x     ...........
2!.3 3!.32 4!.33
3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9
x    ...........
2!.32 3!.33 4!.34
2 3 4
3.5  1  3.5.7  1  3.5.7.9  1 
x          ...........
2!  3  3!  3  4!  3 

3 1
Adding 1  1!  3  on both sides, we get (2M)
 
2 3 4
3 1 3  1  3.5  1  3.5.7  1  3.5.7.9  1 
1    x  1             .........
1! 3  1!  3  2!  3  3!  3  4!  3 
2
p  x  p ( p  q)  x 
R.H.S is compared with 1        .............
1!  q  2!  q 

x 1 2
Where p  3; p  q  5 and q   q  2 and x 
3 3
2
p
p  x  p( p  q)  x 
1       ...........  1  x  q (3M)
1!  q  2!  q 
 3/ 2 3/ 2
 2 1 3/ 2
2  x  1       3
 3 3
 2  x  (3)3/ 2 squaring on both sides
2
2  x  33
 4  x 2  4 x  27
 x 2  4 x  23 (2M)

1 1.3 1.3.5
***33. If x     ..... Then find 3 x 2  6 x (March-12, 2014 , May-11)
5 5.10 5.10.15
1 1.3 1.3.5
Sol: Given x     .....
5 5.10 5.10.15
Add 1 on both sides
1 1.3 1.3.5
 1 x  1    ..... (2M)
5 5.10 5.10.15
2
1  1  1.3  1 
 1 x  1       .....
1  5  1.2  5 
2
1  1  1.3  1 
 1      ........
1!  5  2!  5 
2
p  x  p ( p  q)  x 
R.H.S is compared with 1        .............
1!  q  2!  q 

x 1 2
Where p  1; p  q  3;   q  2 x 
q 5 5
2
p
p  x  p( p  q)  x 
1        ...........  1  x  q (3M)
1!  q  2!  q 
1 1
 22  3 2
1  x  1     
 5 5
1
 5 2
 1  x    
3
Now, Squaring on both sides
1 2
 
 5  2
      1  x2  2 x  5
2
 1  x 
 3   3
 
5 2
 x2  2x  1  x2  2x   3x 2  6 x  2 (2M)
3 3
 7 1 1.3  1  1.3.5  1  
***34. Find the sum of the infinite ser ies 1  2   4   6   ...  (Mar-05)
5  10 1.2  10  1.2.3  10  
2
1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1 1  1  1.3  1 
Sol: 1  .  .  ... =1       .......
102 1.2 104 1.2.3 106 1!  100  2!  100 
2
p  x  p ( p  q)  x 
R.H.S is compared with 1        ............. (2M)
1!  q  2!  q 
Where p  1; p  q  3; q  2
x 1 q 2
 x  
q 100 100 100
2
p
p  x  p( p  q)  x 
1        ...........  1  x  q
(3M)
1!  q  2!  q 
1 1 1 1
1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1 2  2  98  2  49  2  50  2 5 2
1 2  . 4 . 6  ...  1         
10 1.2 10 1.2.3 10  100   100   50   49  7

7 1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1 
 1  2  . 4 . 6  ...  7 . 5 2  2 (2M)
5  10 1.2 10 1.2.3 10  5 7

**35. Show that for any non-zero rational number x. (March-94)

x x  x  1 x  x  1 x  2  x x  x  1
1    ...  1    ..
2 2 .4 2 .4 .6 3 3 .6
x x  x  1 x  x  1 x  2 
Sol. LHS  1     .....
2 2.4 2.4.6
2 3
 1  x  x  1  1  x  x  1  x  2   1 
1 x         ...
2 1.2  2  1.2.3 2

n n  n  1 2
Comparing with 1  x x  ...  1  x n
1! 1.2
x x
1  1  3
Here x  ; n  x , 1     (3M)
2  2  2
x x  x  1 x  x  1 x  2 
RHS  1     ...
3 3.6 3.6.9
2 3
x  1  x  x  1  1  x  x  1  x  2   1 
 1          ...
13 1.2  3  1.2.3 3
n  n  1 2
Comparing with  1  n  x    x   ....
1.2
n 1
 1  x  Where x  ;n  x
3
 x x x
 1 2 3
 1      
 3 3 2
 LHS  RHS (4M)

***36. For n=0,1,2……..,n Prove that C0 .Cr  C1.Cr 1  C2 .Cr  2  ...  Cn r Cn  2nC nr
hence deduce that
( i )Co 2  C12  C2 2  .....  Cn 2 2 n Cn

(ii) C0 .C1  C1.C2  C2 .C3  ...  Cn 1Cn  2nC n1 (March-12)

n
Sol: Since 1  x   Co  C1x  C2 x2  ......  Cr xr  Cr 1xr 1  ..  Cn xn ... i 
n
 x  1  Co x n  C2 x n 1  C2 x n  2  ....  Cn ...  ii  (2M)
Multiply (i) and (ii)
n n
 x  1 1  x  
Co  C1 x  ...  Cr x r  Cr 1 x r 1  Cr  2 x r  2  ...  Cn x n  Co x n  C1 x n 1  C2 x n  2  ...  Cn  r x r ...  Cn 
 
Taking coefficient of x n r on both sides
n n 2n
coefficient of x n  r in L.H.S = coefficient of x n r in  x  1 1  x  = coefficient of x n  r in 1  x 
n
= 2n Cn  r ( coefficient of xk in 1  x  = nck) (2M)
2n
Given expansion 1  x 

Given them Tr 1   Cr  x
2n r

For coefficient of x n  r in (1  x) 2 n we have r  n  r

2n
 x n  r Coefficient in LHS = Cn  r
x n  r coefficient in RHS = C0Cr  C1Cr 1  C2Cr  2  ....  Cn  r Cn (1M)
 L.H.S = R.H.S
 CoCr  C1Cr 1  C2Cr 2  ...  CnrCn 2n Cnr ... iii 
i) put r  0 is eq (iii)
Co .Co  C1.C1  C2 .C2  .....  Cn .Cn  2 n Cn o  Co 2  C12  C2 2  ......  Cn 2  2 n Cn (1M)
ii) put r  1is eq  iii 
CoC1  C1C2  C2C3  ....  Cn 1Cn 2 n Cn 1 (1M)
n
***37. If the coefficient of 4 consecutive terms in the expansion of 1  x  are a1 , a2 , a3 , a4

a1 a3 2 a2
S .T
respectively then show that   (Mar-07,11, May-11)
a1  a2 a3  a4 a2  a3
n
Sol: Let Tr , Tr 1 , Tr  2 , Tr 3 are 4 consecutive terms in the expansion of 1  x 
n
given a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 are the coefficients of 4 consecutive terms in 1  x  respectively
 Let a1 n Cr 1; a2  n Cr , a3  n Cr 1 ; a4  n Cr  2 (2M)
a1 a3
LHS: = a  a  a  a
1 2 3 4

a1 a3 1 1 1 1
   n
 n  
 a   a  Cr Cr  2 n  r 1 n  (r  2)  1
a1 1  2  a3 1  4  1 n
1 n 1 1
 a1   a3  Cr 1 Cr 1 r r2

1 1 r r  2 r  r  2 2r  2 2  r  1
       (3M)
 r  n  r  1   (r  2)  n  (r  2)  1  n  1 n  1 n 1 n 1 n 1
   
 r   r2 

2 a2 2a2 2 2
R.H .S    
a2  a3  a   n
Cr 1   n  (r 1) 1 
a2  1  3  1 n  1 
 a2   Cr  r 1 

2 2  r  1
   LHS
 r  1  n  r  1  1  n 1
 
 r 1 
a1 a3 2a2
   (2M)
a1  a2 a3  a4 a2  a3
n
***38. I f the 2nd ,3rd , and 4th terms is the expansion of  a  x  are respectively
240, 720, 1080 find a,x,n. (March-06,09)
n
Sol: given expansion  a  x 
n 1 1
2nd term  T2  T11  n C1  a   x  240...  i 
n2 2
3rd term  T3  T21  n C2  a   x  720...  ii 
n 3 3
4th term  T4  T31  n C3  a   x  1080...  iii  (2M)

 ii   n
C 2 a n 2 x 2 720
  3
Step -1: n
C1 a n 1 x
i  240

 nC n  r  1 n  1 1
n r   a x  3
 Cr 1 r  2

 n 1   x  x 6
    3   ....  iv  (1M)
 2  a  a n 1

 iii   n
C3 .a n 3 x 3 1080 3
   n  2  a 1  x  3
n
 ii  C2 .a n  2 .x 2 720 2 3 2

n2  x 3
   
 3  a 2
 x 9
 ...  v  (1M)
a 2  n  2
Equating both values (iv) and (v)
6 9 2 3
  n  1  2(n  2)  4n  8  3n  3 n5
n  1 2(n  2)
x 6 x 6 3 3a
From  iv       x (1M)
a 5 1 a 4 2 2
Substitute x, n values in eq.  i 

5 51  3a 
C1  a   2   240

a 5  32  a 5  25
a  2
3a 6
Substitute a  2 in x   x 3
2 2
 a  2, x  3, n  5 (2M)

th nd n
***39. If the coefficients of r th ,  r  1 and  r  2  terms is the expansion of 1  x  are in

A.P, show that n 2   4r  1 n  4r 2  2  0 (March-08)

Sol: coefficient of Tr n Cr 1
coefficient of Tr 1  n Cr
coefficient of Tr  2  n Cr 1 (2M)
Given n Cr 1 ;n Cr ;n Cr 1 are in A.P
 2 n Cr  n Cr 1  n Cr 1 (1M)
n
cr 1 n cr 1 r n  ( r  1)  1
2 n
 n  
cr cr n  r 1 r 1

r n  r r (r  1)  ( n  r )( n  r  1)
2  
n  r 1 r 1 (n  r  1)(r  1)
2(n  r  1)(r  1)  r 2  r  n 2  nr  n  nr  r 2  r
2 nr  2n  2r 2  2r  2r  2  n 2  2nr  n  2r 2
n 2  4nr  n  4r 2  2  0
(4M)
n 2  (4r  1) n  4r 2  2  0
 n
***40. If the coefficients of x9 , x10 and x11 terms in the expansion of 1  x  are in A.P. then
show that n 2  41n  398  0
n
Sol. 1  x   n C0  n C1 x  n C2 x 2  ........  n Cn x n (1M)
Coefficient of x 9  n C9
Coefficient of x10  n C10
Coefficient of x11  n C11 (2M)

 nCr 1 ,n Cr ,n Cr 1 are in A.P .  n2  (4r  1)n  4r 2  2  0 (2M)

n 2   4.10  1 n  4 10 2   2  0

n 2  41n  398  0 (2M)

***41. If P and Q are the sum of odd terms and the sum of even terms respectively in the
expansion of ( x  a) n then prove that
(a) P 2  Q 2  ( x 2  a 2 ) n (b) 4 PQ  ( x  a) 2 n  ( x  a )2 n (March-10)
n
Sol: Given expansion  x  a   nC0 x n  nC1 x n 1a  nC2 x n 2 a 2  .....

  
 n C 0 x n  n C 2 x n  2 a 2  ....  n C1 x n 1 a  n C3 x n  3 a 3  .... 
n
 x  a  P  Q  i  (2M)
n
Let  x  a   nC0 x n  nC1 x n 1a  nC2 x n 2 a 2  nC3 x n 3a 3  ....

  
 nC0 xn  nC2 xn 2 a 2  ....  nC1 xn 1a  nC3 x n3a3  .... 
n
 x  a  P  Q   2 (2M)
n n n
i)  P  Q  P  Q    x  a   x  a   x2  a2 
n
P 2  Q 2   x 2  a 2  (1M)
2 2
ii) 4 PQ   P  Q    P  Q 
n 2 n 2
 4 PQ   x  a     x  a  
2n 2n
 4 PQ   x  a    x  a 
2n 2n
 4 PQ   x  a    x  a  (2M)
***42. If ‘n’ is a positive integer and ‘x’ is any non-zero real number, then prove that
n 1
x x2
C0  C1  C2  ....  Cn
xn

1  x   1
(March-2014, June-05)
2 3 n 1  n  1 x
x x2 xn
Sol: Let S  Co  C1  C2  ...  Cn
2 3 n 1
 multiplying both side 'x'
2
x x3 x n 1
x.S  Co x  C1  C2  ...  Cn (2M)
2 3 n 1
multiplying both side '  n  1 ' (1M)

n 1 n n 1 n 2 n 1 n 3 n 1 n n1
  n  1 x.s  . Co x  . C1x  . C2 x  ...  . Cn x
1 2 3 n 1
n 1 n

n 1
C1.x 
n1
C2 .x2 
n 1
C3.x3  .... 
n 1
Cn1.xn1
n 1
( . cr 1  cr )
r
n 1 n 1
1  x   n 1co  1  x  1
n 1

S 
1  x   1
 n  1 x
n1
x x2 x3 xn 1 x 1
Co  C1  C2  C3  ...  Cn  (4M)
2 3 4 n 1  n 1 x

11
 2 1 
***43. If the coefficient of x10 in the expansion of  ax   is equal to the coefficient of
 bx 
11
 1 
x in the expansion of  ax  bx 2  find the relation between a and b, when a and b
10
 
are real numbers. ( Model paper - 07)
11
 2 1 
Sol: step I- the general term in the expansion of  ax   is
 bx 
r
Tr 1  11C (ax 2 )11r  1 
 Tr 1 n Cr xnr ar
r  bx 

11 r
(a)
Tr 1  11C r x 223r
br
To find the coefficient of x10 in the expansion we should consider 22  3r  10 or r  4
3r  12  r  4 (2M)
11
 2 1  11 a7
Here the coefficient of x in the expansion of 
10 ax   is  C4 . 4
 bx  b
11
 1 
Step-II : the general term is the expansion of  ax  2  is
 bx 
r
11 r  1  a11 r 113r
Tr 1 11 Cr .  ax  . 2   ( 1) r 11C x
 bx  r br

To find the coefficient of x 10 in this expansion we should consider 11  3r  10

 3r  21  r  7 (2M)
  10 7 a4
Thus the coefficient of x  (  1) 11C
7 b7
From the hypothesis, these coefficients are equal. Hence from (i) and (ii) we get
11 a7 11 a4
C4 .   C7 .
b4 b7
1 11
3 
3
i.e a   C4 11 C7 
b
a 3b3  1
 ab  1a, b are real  (3M)
***44. Suppose that ‘n’ is a natural number and I, F are integral part and fractional part of
n
 7  4 3  . S.T. i) I is odd integer ii)  I  F 1  F   1
n
Sol: 
Given 7  4 3   I  F Where 0  F  1
n

Let G  7  4 3 
36  48  49
64 37
 7  4 3  6
77  74 3  76
n n
0  7  4 3 1 0  7  4 3    1 and G  7  4 3  
 0  G 1 (1M)
n
I  F  7  4 3    T1  T2  T3  T4  ....
n

G  74 3   T1  T2  T3  T4  ......

I  F  G  2T1  2T3  2T5  ....  2 T1  T3  T5  .....

2
 2  n C0  7  n C2  7  4 3  ...
n n 2
(2M)
 
 2 Some integer 
 I  F  G  Even Integer -------(1)
0  F 1
0  G 1
________
0  F G  2
 F  G  1  G  1 F (2M)
Equation 1  I  1  even int eger
I = even integer -1
 I is an odd integer
 n n
ii) L.H.S = (1+F)(1-F)   I  F  G  7  4 3   7  4 3  n
  49  48   1

  I  F 1  F   1 (2M)

**45. State and prove binomial theorem for the integral index. (March-09)
Sol. Statement x, a are two real numbers and n is a positive integer then
( x  a ) n  nC x n  nC x n 1a  nC x n  2 a 2  ..........  nCr x n  r a r  .......nCn x n (1M)
0 1 2
Proof. we can prove this theorem by using mathematical induction.
Let S (n) be the given statement
S (n) : ( x  a)n  nC xn  nC xn1a  nC xn2a2  .......... n Cr xnr ar  .......n Cn xn (1M)
0 1 2
n 1
Step 1: if n = 1 LHS =  x  a    x  a   x  a
RHS :
Co x1  C1 x11a  x  a
LHS = RHS
 S ( n) is true for n  1 (1M)
Step 2: assume that S ( n) is true for n  k

S (k ) : ( x  a) k  kC x k  kC x k 1a  kC x k  2 a 2  ..........  kC x k  r a r  .......kC x k (1M)

0 1 2 r k
Step 3: for n  k  1
( x  a) k 1  ( x  a)( x  a) k

 ( x  a)  kC x k  kC x k 1a  kC x k 2 a 2  ..........  kC x k r a r  .......kC x k 

 0 1 2 r k 

 kC x k 1  kC x k .a  kC x k 1a 2  ........  kC x ak 
0 1 2 k
k k 1 2 k 2
kC x a  kC x .a  kC x a  ....  kC a k 1
3

0 1 2 k

 1 0 2
 1

 1x k 1   kC  kC  x k .a  kC  kC x k 1a 2  ........  1. a k 1

 (k  1)C x k 1  (k  1)C x k .a  (k  1)C x k 1a 2  ........   (k  1)C a k 1

0 1 2 k 1
 S ( n) is true for n  k  1 (3M)

 by definition of mathematical induction given statement is true for all positive integers of n.
**46. Using binomial theorem prove that 50 n  49n  1 is divisible by 49 2 in all positive
integers ‘n’
Sol: 50n  49n  1  (1  49) n  49n  1 (1M)

 nC  nC 49  nC (49) 2  .........  nC (49) n  49n  1

0 1 2 n

 1  49n  (49) 2  nC  .........  nC (49) n 2   49n  1 (2M)

 2 n 
  (49) 2  nC  .........  nC (49) n  2  (2M)
 2 n 
 492  a positive int eger 
Hence 50 n  49n  1 is divisible by 49 2 for all the integers of n (2M)

2 2
 n Cr  n  n  1  n  2 
n
3
***47. If ‘n’ in positive integer, Prove that   nr   (Mar - 2013)
r 1  Cr 1  12
2
 n Cr 
n
3
Sol: L.H .S   r  n  (1M)
r 1  C r 1 
2 2
n
 n  r 1
3
n
r 3  (n  1)  r 
 r    (2M)
r 1  r  r 1 r2
n n n n
  r  (n  1) 2  r 2  2(n  1) r   ( n  1) 2  r   r 3  2( n  1) r 2 (2M)
r 1 r 1 r 1 r 1

n(n  1) n 2 (n  1) 2 n(n  1)(2n  1)

 ( n  1) 2   2(n  1)
2 4 6
 n  1 n 2(2n  1)   6n  6  3n  8n  4 
 n(n  1) 2      n(n  1) 2  
 2 4 6   12 
n(n  1) 2 (n  2)
  R.H .S (2M)
12

MEASURES OF DISPERSION
***48. Calculate the variance and standard deviation of the following continuous frequency
distribution (March-2014)

Sol. Now construct the table with given data

Class Mid
Frequency xi  65
interval Point of yi  yi2 fi yi fi yi2
( fi ) 10
(C.I) C.I ( xi )
30-40 3 35 -3 9 -9 27
40-50 7 45 -2 4 -14 28
50-60 12 55 -1 1 -12 12
60-70 15 65 0 0 0 0
70-80 8 75 1 1 8 8 (4M)
80-90 3 85 2 4 6 12
90-100 2 95 3 9 6 18
2
N = 50 fy i i  15 fy
i 1  105
 Here width of class interval  h   10 assumed mean (A) = 65

  f i yi   15 
Mean x  A   N   h  65    10   62
   50 

h2  2
2
Variance ( x ) 
N 
N f y2 
2   i i   f y  
i i (1M)

100 1
 50(105)  (15)2   5250  225  201
2500 25
Standard deviation  x  201  14.18 (approxi.) (2M)

***49. The following table gives the daily wages of workers in a factory. Compute the
standard deviation and the coefficient of variation of the wages of the workers.

Sol.

xi  A
yi 
C las s Mid po int Fr eq uen cy h
f i yi f i yi2
inter va l o f C .I x i fi x i  30 0

50
1 25-1 75 15 0 2 -3 -6 18
1 75-2 25 20 0 22 -2 -4 4 88
2 25-2 75 25 0 19 -1 -1 9 19
2 75-3 25 30 0 14 0 0 0
3 25-3 75 35 0 3 1 3 3
3 75-4 25 40 0 4 2 8 16 (4M)
4 25-4 75 45 0 6 3 18 54
4 75-5 25 50 0 1 4 4 16
5 25-5 75 55 0 1 5 5 25
N = 72  f i y i   31  f i yi2  2 39

Here width of class interval (h) = 50 and assumed mean (A) = 300

  f i yi  31  1550
Mean x  A     h  300    50  300   278.47 (1M)
 N   72  72

h2  2
2
Variance ( x )  2 
N  f i yi2    f i yi   (1M)
N  

 239 961 
 x  2500     88.52.
 72 72  72 
x 88.52
Coefficient of variation   100   100  31.79 (1M)
x 278.47
***50. Find the mean deviation about the median from the following continuous distribution

Sol.

M id
C lass Fr eque nc y c um u lativ e p oint x i  m ed  x i  4 6. 43 f i xi  m e d
inter va l fi fre qu en cy
( xi )
0-10 5 5 5 41 .4 3 2 07 .15
1 0-20 8 13 15 31 .4 3 2 51 .44
2 0-30 7 20 25 21 .4 3 1 50 .01
3 0-40 12 32 35 11 .4 3 1 37 .16
4 0-50 28 60 45 1 .43 40.04
5 0-60 20 80 55 8 .57 171 .4 (4M)
6 0-70 10 90 65 18 .5 7 185 .7
7 0-80 10 10 0 75 28 .5 7 285 .7
N = 1 00 = 1 42 8.6

N th 100
Here Observation   50th observation,
2 2
Lies in the class interval 40 – 50 this is the median class
N
 p.c. f
 Median  L  2 h (1M)
f
Here L is the lower limit of the median class = 40
p.c.f = preceding cumulative frequency of the median class = 32
f = Frequency of the median class = 28
h = with of the median class = 10
50  32 18
Median  40   10  40  10  40  6.43  46.43 (1M)
28 28
8
1
Mean deviation about median 
N
f
i 1
i xi  med

1
 (1428.6)  14.286  14.29 (Approx.) (1M)
100
***51. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following continuous distribution
Sol.

Mid point
H eight of cl ass
(C.I)
No of Boys ( fi ) interval f i . xi xi  x fi xi  x
( xi )
95-105 9 100 900 25.3 227.7
105-115 13 110 1430 15.3 198.9
115-125 26 120 3120 5.3 137.8
125-135 30 130 3900 4.7 141 (4M)
135-145 12 140 1680 14.7 176.4
145-155 10 150 1500 24.7 247
N   f i  100  fi xi  12530  f i xi  x  1128.8

x 
 f x i i

12530
 125.3 (1M)
 f i 100

1 1
Mean deviation from the mean=
N
 fi xi  x =
100
(1128.8)  11.288  11.29 (approx.) (2M)

***52. Find the mean and variance using the step deviation method, of the following tabular
data giving the age distribution of 542 members.

Sol.

C lass M id
N o of m em bers x i  55 2
Interval point yi  fi yi f i yi
( fi ) h
(C .I) (x i )
20-30 25 3 –3 –9 27
30-40 35 61 –2 –122 244
40-50 45 132 –1 –132 132
50-60 55 153 0 0 153
60-70 65 140 1 140 140
70-80 75 51 2 102 204 (3M)
80-90 80 2 3 6 18
2
N   f i  542  f i y1   15  f i y1  765

Here N  542 Assumed mean  A  55

h  width of class interval = 10

 x  A 
fi yi
Mean h (1M)
N
(15)
 55   10  55  0.28  54.72 years (1M)
542
 h2  2
2
Variance ( )  N  f i yi  (  f i y i ) 2  (1M)
N2  

100
 542.(765)  225  141.067 = 141.07 years (1M)
(542)2
***53. Find the mean deviation from the mean of the following data, using the step deviation
method

Sol. To find the required statistic, we shall construct the following table:

xi  A
M id N o. of yi  xi  x
C lass p oin t S tu d en ts h
fi yi f i xi  x
in terval ( xi ) ( fi ) x i  35  x i  33.4
yi 
10
0-10 5 6 -3 -18 28.4 170.4
10-20 15 5 -2 -10 18.4 92
20-30 25 8 -1 -8 8.4 67.2
30-40 35 15 0 0 1.6 24.0
40-50 45 7 1 7 11.6 81.2 (4M)
50-60 55 6 2 12 21.6 129.6
60-70 65 3 3 9 31.6 94.8
N = 50  f i yi   8 659.2

Here width of class interval(h) = 10 and asuumed mean (A) = 35.

Here N = 50, Mean ( x)  A 

  f y  .h
i i
 35 
( 8)10
 33.4 marks. (1M)
N 50

1 1
Mean deviation from mean 
N
 fi xi  xi  (659.2)  13.18 (nearly) (2M)
50

***54. Lives of two models of refrigerators A and B, obtained in a surver, are given below

Which refrigerator model would you suggest to purchase.

Sol. To find the mean and variance of the lives of Model A and Model B of refrigerators we shall
construct the follwoing table
 Mid Model A Model B
Class Point 2
interval x fi f i xi fi xi fi fi xi f i xi2
i
0–2 1 5 5 5 2 2 2
2– 4 3 16 48 144 7 21 63
4–6 5 13 65 325 12 60 300
6–8 7 7 49 343 19 133 931
8 – 10 9 5 45 405 9 81 729
(4M)
2 2
N = 46 212  f i xi  1221 N = 49  f i xi  297  fi xi  2025

fx i i 212
x 
f x
i i
Model A : xA    4.6
f i 46 f i

fx i i 297
x 
f x
i i
Model A : xB    6.06
f i 49 f i

2
2   fi xi 
2
2 1 1221  212 
Now  A   fi xi        5.38   A  5.38  2.319 (1M)
N  N  46  46 

2
2025  297 
  4.61   B  4.61  2.147
2
Now  B  
49  49 

A
Coefficient of variation of model A =  100  2.319  100  50.41
xA 4.6

B 2.147
Coefficient of variation of model B  x  100  6.06  100  35.43 (1M)
B

Since C.V of model B < C.V. of model A, we can say that model B is more consistent than
model A, with regard to life in years. Hence we suggest model B for purchase. (1M)

***55. An analysis of monthly wages paid to the workers of two firms A and B belonging to
the same industry gives the following data

(i) Which firm A or B has greater variability in individual wages ?

(ii) Which firm has larger wage bill?
Sol. Since variance of distribution of wages in firm A is 81   12  81   1  9
Since variance of distribution of wages in firm B is 100   22  100   2  10
 1 9
 C.V of distribution of wages of firm A  x  100  186  100  4.84 (1M)
1

2 10
C.V of distribution of wages of firm B  x  100  175  100  5.71 (1M)
2

Since C.V of firm B is greater than C.V of firm A, we can say that firm B has greater variability
in individual wages. (1M)

(ii) Firm A has number of workes i.e., wage earners (n1 )  500
Its average daily wage, say x1  Rs.186
Total wages paid
Since Average daily wage = No.of workes ,

 Total wages paid = no of workers × average daily wage (1M)

 n1 x1  500 186  Rs.93, 000
Firm B has number of wage earners (n2 )  600
Average daily wage, say x2  Rs.175 (1M)
 Total daily wages paid the workes  n2 x2  600  175  Rs.1, 05, 000 (1M)

Hence the firm B has larger wage bill. (1M)

***56. The scores of two cricketers A and B in 10 innings are given below. Find who is a
better run getter and who is a more consistent player.

sum of the scores 540

Sol. For cricketer A:x= = =54
No.of Innings 10
sum of the scores 380
For cricketer B: y = = =38
No of Innings 10

xi xi  x ( xi  x ) 2 yi yi  y ( y i  y )2
40 -14 196 28 -10 100
25 29 841 70 32 1024
19 -35 1225 31 -7 49
80 26 676 0 -38 1444
38 -16 256 14 -24 575
8 -46 2116 111 73 5329
67 13 169 66 28 784
121 67 4489 31 -7 49
66 12 144 25 -13 163 (3M)
76 22 484 4 -34 1156

 xi  540  ( xi  x ) 2  10596  yi  380  ( yi  y ) 2  10680

 1 2 10596
Standard deviation of scores of A=  x 
n
 ( xi  x ) 
10
 1059.6  32.55

1 2 10680
Standard deviation of scores of B   y 
n
 ( yi  y ) 
10
 1068  32.68

x 32.55
C .V of A   1 00  100  60.28 (1M)
x 54
 y 3 2 .6 8
C .V o f B   100   100  86 (1M)
y 38
Since x  y , cricketer A is a better run getter (scorer). Since C.V of A  C.V of B, cricketer A
is also a more consistent player (2M)

***57. From the prices of shares X and Y given below, for 10 days of trading, find out which
share is more stable?

sum of the observations 510

Sol. For share x:x= =  51
No of observations 10
1050
For share y : y   105
10

xi xi  x (xi  x )2 yi yi  y ( yi  y )2
35 -16 256 108 03 09
54 03 09 107 02 04
52 01 01 105 0 00
53 2 4 105 0 00
56 5 25 106 1 1
58 7 49 107 2 4
52 1 1 104 -1 1
50 –1 1 103 –2 4 (3M)
51 0 0 104 –1 1
49 –2 4 101 –4 16
( xi  x )2  350  ( y  y)
i
2
 40

Standard deviation of scores of x

1 350
 x 
n
 ( xi  x )2 
10
 5.91 (1M)
 Standard deviation of scores of y

1 40
 y   ( yi  y )2  2
n 10
x 5.91
Coefficient of variation of x   100   100  11.58 (1M)
x 51

y 2
Coefficient of variation of y  100   100  1.9 (1M)
y 105
Since coefficient of variance of x is greater than coefficient of variation of y
 Share of y is more stable (1M)

PROBABILITY
***58. State and prove addition theorem on probability. ( Mar 06,07,11,13,2014, May 07, 09)
Sol: Statement: Let A, B be any two events of a random experiment and P is a probability function
then  P  A  B   P  A   P  B   P  A  B  (2M)
Proof: Let A, B are any two events of random experiment and ‘P’ is a probability function.
Case(i): Suppose A  B   then P  A  B   P    0
S
A B

Now, P  A  B   P  A   P  B 

 P  A  B   P  A  P  B   0
 P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B  (1M)
Case(ii): Suppose A  B   then A  B  A   B  A and A   B  A  
S
A B

(1M)

Now P  A  B   P  A   B  A  
 P  A  P  B  A  A   B  A     (1M)
 P  A   P  B   A  B    B  A  B   A  B  
 P  A  P  B   P  A  B   If E1  E 2 then P  E 2  E1   P  E 2   P  E1  
From case(i) and case(ii),
 P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B  (2M)
***59. Define conditional probability. State and prove the multiplication theorem on probability.
(June-10)
Sol: Conditional probability: Let A and B be two events of a sample space with P  A  0 then the
probability of B after the event A has occured is called the conditional probability of B given A
and is denoted by P  B / A .
P  A  B
P  B / A 
P  A
 P  A  0  (2M)
 Multiplication theorem on probability:

Statement: Let A and B be two events of a random experiment with P(A)>0 and P(B)>0
then P  A  B   P  A  P  B / A  P  B  P  A / B  (2M)
Proof: Let A and B be two events of a random experiment with P(A)>0 and P(B)>0.
From the definition of conditional probability,
P  A  B
P  B / A   P  A  B   P  A  P  B / A     1 (1M)
P  A
P  A  B
Also, P  A / B   P  B  P  A  B  P  B P  A / B   2 (1M)

From (1) and (2) P  A  B   P  A  P  B / A  P  B  P  A / B  (1M)

***60. State and prove Baye’s theorem. (Jun05, Mar09,Mar-12)

Sol. Statement: Let E1,E2,...........,En be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events of a random
experiment with P  Ei   0 wherei  1, 2,....., n . Then for any event A of the random experiment
with P  A  0 ,
P  Ek  P  A / Ek 
P  Ek / A  n
for k  1, 2, ......, n (2M)
 PE  PA/ E 
i 1
i i

Proof: Let S be the sample space of the random experiment.

Let E1,E2,.....,En be n mutually execlusive and exhaustive events of a random experiment
with P  Ei   0 .
 Ei  E j   for i  j  The events are mutually execlusive
n

also, S   Ei [ The events are exhaustive events] (1M)

i 1
Let A be any event of the experiment
then A  A  S
 n  n
 A  A    Ei   A    A  Ei  A   B  C    A  B    A  C 
 i 1  i 1

n 
Now, P  A   P   A  Ei  
 i 1 
n
 P  A    P  A  Ei    A  Ei    A  E j   A   Ei  E j   A     for i  j 
i 1
 
 A  E i , A  E j , are mutually exclusive events
n
 P  A    P  Ei  P  A / Ei  [by multiplication theorem] --------------(1) (2M)
i 1

P  Ek  A 
now, for any event Ek, P  Ek / A   P  A  [ by conditional probability]
P  Ek  P  A / Ek 
 P  Ek / A  n
 from 1 
 P  E P  A / E  (2M)
i i
i 1
***61. Three boxes numbered I, II, III contain the balls as follows.

one box is randomly selected and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball is red then find the
probability that it is from box II.
Sol: Given that

Let B1,B2,B3 be the events of selecting the boxes I, II,III respectively.

1 1 1
 P  B1   ; P  B2   ; P  B3   (1M)
3 3 3
Let R be the event of drawing a red ball from a box.
3 1 1 3 1
 P  R / B1    ; P  R / B2   ; P  R / B3    (1M)
6 2 4 12 4

 The probability that the red ball from box-II is

P  B2  P  R / B2 
P  B2 / R  
P  B1  P  R / B1   P  B2  P  R / B2   P  B3  P  R / B3  [ by Baye’s Thorem ] (1M)

1 1 1 1 1
. .
3 4  3 4 4 1
 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1  2 11  (4M)
.  .  .     4
3 2 3 4 3 4 3 2 4 4 4
***62. Three boxes B1 , B2 and B3 contain balls with different colours as shown below

A die is thrown, B1 is choosen if either 1 or 2 turns up. B2 is choosen if 3 (or) 4 turns up

and B3 is chosen if 5 (or) 6 turns up. Having choosen a box in this way, a ball is choosen
at random from this box. If the ball drawn is found to be red, find the probability that it
is from box B2
Sol: Given that

Let A1, A2, A3 be the events of selecting the boxes B1,B2,B3 respectively.
Since B1 is choosen if either 1 or 2 turns up, B2 is choosen if 3 or 4 turns up and B3 is choosen if
5 or 6 turns up when a die is thrown,
2 1 2 1 2 1
P  A1    ; P  A2    ; P  A3    (1M)
6 3 6 3 6 3
Let R be the event of drawing a red ball from a box
2 4 2
 P  R / A1   ; P  R / A2   ; P  R / A3   (1M)
5 9 9
 The probability that the red ball from box B2 is
P  A2  P  R / A2 
P  A2 / R  
P  A1  P  R / A1   P  A2  P  R / A2   P  A3  P  R / A3  [from Baye’s theorem] (1M)
1 4 1 4 4
. .
3 9  3 9 9 20 5
 
1 2 1 4 1 2 1  2 4 2  18  20  10   (4M)
.  .  .   48 12
3 5 3 9 3 9 3  5 9 9  45

***63. If one ticket is randomly selected from the tickets numbered 1 to 30, then find the
probability that the number on the tickets is. (Mar 08)
i) a multiple of 5 or 7 ii) a multiple of 3 or 5
Sol: The number of ways of selecting one ticket from the tickets numbered 1 to 30 = 30 C1 =30. (1M)
(i) Let A, B be the events that the number on selected ticket is a multiple of 5 and 7 respectively.
A  5,10,15, 20, 25,30 , B  7,14, 21, 28
A B 
6 4
 P  A  ; P B  ; P  A  B  0 (1M)
30 30
 The probability that the number on selected ticket is a multiple of 5 or 7 is
6 4 10 1
P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B     0   (2M)
30 30 30 3
(ii) Let A, B be the events that the number on selected ticket is a multiple of 3 and 5 respectively.
 A  3, 6,9,12,15,18, 21, 24, 27,30 and B  5,10,15, 20, 25,30
A  B  15,30
10 6 2
P  A  ; P B   ; PA B  (1M)
30 30 30
 The probability that the number on selected ticket is a multiple of 3 or 5 is
10 6 2 14 7
P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B       (2M)
30 30 30 30 15
***64. Define conditional probability. Bag B1 contains 4 white and 2 black balls. Bag B2
contains 3 white and 4 black balls. A bag is drawn at random and a ball is chosen at
random from it. What is the pobability that the ball drawn is white ?(Mar-11, May-11)
Sol: Conditional probability: Let A and B be two events of a sample space with P  A  0 then
the probability of B after the event A has occured is called the conditional probability of B given
A and is denoted by P  B / A .

P  A  B
P  B / A 
P  A
 P  A  0  (2M)

let E1 , E2 be the events of choosing bags B1 , and B2 respectively

1
Then P  E1   P  E 2   (1M)
2
3 4 2
P  w / E2   ; P  w / E1    (1M)
7 6 3
i.e W  W  E1   W  E 2  and W  E1   W  E 2   
 P W   P W  E1   P W  E2   P  E1 .P W / E1   P  E2 .P W / E2 
[ by multiplication theorem]
1 2 1 3 23
 .  .  (3M)
2 3 2 7 42
***65. A, B, C are 3 newspapers from a city. 20% of the population read A, 16% read B, 14%
read C, 8% read both A and B, 5% read both A and C, 4% read both B and C and 2%
read all the three. Find the percentage of the population who read atleast one newspaper
(March-10)

Sol: Let A, B, C are events of reading three news papers A, B, C respectively..

20 16
P ( A)  , P(B)  , P ( C )  14 / 100 ,
100 100
8 5 4 2
P ( A  B)  , P( A  C )  , P( B  C )  , P( A  B  C )  (2M)
100 100 100 100
P ( A  B  C )  P ( A)  P ( B )  P (C )  P ( A  B )  P ( B  C )  P ( A  C )  P ( A  B  C ) (1M)
20 16 14  5 4 2 52 17 35
          (4M)
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
 The percentage of the population read at least one news paper is 35

**66. In a box contaning 15 bulbs, 5 are defective. If 5 bulbs are selected at random from the
box. Find the probability of the event that
i) none of them is defective ii) only one of them is defective
iii) atleast one of them is defective.
Sol: No. of bulbs =15; Non-Defective bulbs =10; Defective bulbs = 5
Sample space of experiment is selecting 5 bulbs from 15 bulbs  n  S  15 C5 (1M)
 i) Event A: none of them is defective select 5 bulbs from 10 non defective bulbs  n  A  10 C5
n A 10
C5 12
P A   15
 (2M)
n S C5 143
ii) Event B: select only one of them is defective select on bulb from 5 defective bulbs in 5 C1 ways
Select remaining 4 bulbs from 10 bulbs in 10 C4
Total no. of favourable cases 5 C1 10 C4
n  B  5 C1 10 C4
n  B  5 C1 10 C 4
P  B   15 (2M)
n  S C5
iii) Event C: select at least one of them is defective
12 131
P  C   1  P  non.of them defective  1   (2M)
143 143
**67. Two persons A and B are rolling a die on the condition that the person who gets 3 first
will win the game. If A starts the game, then find the probabilities of A and B
respectively to win the game.
Sol: Let ‘p’ be the probability of success and ‘q’ be the probability of failure when rolling a die
getting ‘3’ and not getting ‘3’ respectively.
1 5
p  , and q  1  p  q  (1M)
6 6
A B
p qp
qqp qqqp
P[A to win game] = p + qqp + qqqqp + ........ (1M)
1
p 6  a 
P  A to win game  p  q p  q p  q p  .......   6   S  1  r 
2 4 6
2
(3M)
1  q 1  25 11
36
6 5
P(B to win the game )=1-P (A to win the game)  1   (2M)
11 11
**68. In an experiment of drawing a card at random from a pack, the event of getting a spade
is denoted by A and getting a pictured card (king, queen or jack) is denoted by B. Find
the probabilities of A, B, A  B, A  B ,
Sol: The number of ways of drawing a card from a pack = 52 C1  52 (1M)
Let A, B be the events of getting a spade and a pictured card respectively
13 1
P  A   [ A pack consists 13 spade cards]
52 4
12 3
P  B   [ A pack consists 12 pictured cards in 4 suits] (1M)
52 13
3
P  A  B  [ there are 3 pictured cards in 13 spade cards] (1M)
52
13 12 3 22 11
Now P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B       (4M)
52 52 52 52 26
 1 2 3
69. In a shooting test the probability of A,B,C hitting the targets are , and
2 3 4
respectively. If all of them fire at the same target, Find the probability that (i) only one
of them hits the target (ii) atleast one of them hits the target .
Sol. Let A,B,C are three events of hitting the targets with A,B,C persons respectively in a shooting
test.
1 1 2 1 3 1
P A   P A  ; P  B   P  B   ; P C   P C  (1M)
2 2 3 3 4 4
Clearly A, B, C are independent events.
(i) Probability of only one of them hits the target  P  A  B  C   P  A  B  C   P  A  B  C 
 P  A P  B  P  C   P  A  P  B  P  C   P  A  P  B  P  C 
 1  1  1   1  2  1   1  1  3 
              
 2  3  4   2  3  4   2  3  4 
 1   2   3  6 1
       (3M)
 24   24   24  24 4

(ii) Probability of atleast one of them hits the target = 1-Probability of none of them hits the target
 1 P  A  B  C 
 1  1  1  1 23
 1  P  A  P  B  P C   1         1   (3M)
 2  3  4  24 24

RANDOM VARIABLES AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

***70. A random variable X has the following probability distributions.
X=x i 1 2 3 4 5
P(X=x i) K 2k 3k 4k 5k

find (i) k (ii) mean and (iii) variance of x (Mar-10,12,2014)

Sol:
X=x i 1 2 3 4 5
Given P(X=x i) K 2k 3k 4k 5k

(i) We know that the sum of the probabilities = 1

5

 P( X  x )  1
i 1
i (1M)

 k  2k  3k  4k  5k  1
1
 15k  1  k  (1 M)
15
5

(ii) Mean,    x i P  X  x i 
i 1

 1 k   2  2k   3  3k   4  4k   5  5k 
  1  11
 k  4k  9k  16k  25k  55k  55    3 (2 M)
 15 
5
2
(iii) Variance,    xi P  X  xi   
2 2

i 1

 12  k   2 2  2 k   32  3k   4 2  4 k   52  5k     2
= 1(k )  4(2k )  9(3k )  16(4k )  25(5k )   2
2
 11 
  k  8k  27k  64k  125k    
3
121  1  121 121 135  121 14
 225k   225     15    (3M)
9  15  9 9 9 9

***71. A random variable X has the following probability distribution

find (i) k value (ii) the mean of X and (iii) P  0  X  5  (Mar-09,June-10)

Sol:

Given

(i) We know that the sum of the probabilities = 1

7

 P( X  x )  1
i0
i (1 M)

 0  k  2k  2k  3k  k 2  2k 2  7 k 2  k  1
 10k 2  9k  1  0
 10k 2  10k  k  1  0
 10k  k  1  1 k  1  0
  k  110k  1  0
1
k  k  1 (1 M)
10

(ii) Mean,    x i P  X  x i 
i0

 0  0   1 k   2  2k   3  2k   4  3k   5  k 2   6  2k 2   7  7k 2  k 
 0  k  4k  6k  12 k  5k 2  12k 2  49k 2  7 k  66k 2  30 k
 1  1 66 300 366
 66    30       3.66 (3 M)
 100  10
  100 100 100
(iii) P  0  X  5  P  X  1  P  X  2   P  X  3  P  X  4 
1 4
 k  2k  2k  3k  8k  8    (2 M)
 10  5
***72. A random variable X has the following probability distribution. Find ‘k’ and mean, variance

of X. (March 06)

Sol:

Ginven

We know that the sum of the probabilities = 1

3

 P( X  x )  1
i 2
i (1 M)
 0.1  k  0.2  2k  0.3  k  1
 4k  0.6  1
4k  0.4
 k  0.1
(1 M)
3

Mean,    x PX  x 
i 2
i i

 2  0.1  1 k   0.  0.2   1 2k   2  0.3  3  k 

 0.2  k  0  2k  0.6  3k  4k  0.4  4  0.1  0.4  0.4  0.4  0.8 (2 M)
3
2
Variance,    xi P  X  xi   
2 2

i 2

2
 4  0.1  1 k   0  0.2   1 2k   4  0.3  9  k    0.8 
 0.4  k  0  2k  1.2  9k  0.64
 1.6  12k  0.64  1.6  12  0.1  0.64  1.6  1.2  0.64  2.16 (3 M)
***73. The range of a random variable X is 0,1, 2 given that P  X  0  3c3 ,
P  X  1  4c 10c2 , P  X  2  5c 1 (i) find the value of c
(ii) P  X  1 , P 1  X  2 and P  0  X  3 
(Mar-05, May-09, Mar-11,May-11,Mar-13)
Sol: We know that the sum of the probabilities = 1
 P  X  0   P  X  1  P  X  2   1 (1 M)
3 2
 3C  4C  10C  5C  1  1
 3C 3  10C 2  9C  2  0
by trial and error method, C = 1, by synthetic division,

1 3  10 9  2
0 3 7 2
3 7 2 0 we have to solve 3C 2  7C  2  0 (1 M)

 3C 2  6C  C  2  0  3C  C  2   1 C  2   0
 1
  C  2  3C  1  0  C  2 or C  (1 M)
3
 C =1,2 are not possible  P  X  0   1
1
C 
3
3
 1   3. 1  1
(ii) P  X  1  P  X  0   3C  3  
3 (1 M)
3 27 9
1 5 2
P 1  X  2   P  X  2   5C  1  5    1   1  (1 M)
 3 3 3
P  0  X  3   P  X  1  P  X  2   P  X  3  does not exist 
2
1 1 10 10 8
 4C  10C 2  5C  1  9C  10C 2  1  9    10    1  3   1  2   (2M)
3 3 9 9 9

***74. One in 9 ships is likely to be wrecked when they are set on sail, when 6 ships are on sail.
Find the probability for (i) atleast one will arrive safely (ii) exactly three will arrive
safely. (Mar 07)
Sol: Let p, q be the probabilites that the ship arrive safely and likely to be wrecked respectively.
8 1
P  ;q  , n  6 (2 M)
9 9
(i) The probability that atleast one ship will arrive safely
= 1- the probability that no ship will arrive safely  1  P  X  0  ; r = 0
0 6 0
6 8 1
 1  C0      P  X  r   n C r p r q nr
9 9
1
 1 6 (3 M)
9
(ii) The probability that exactly three ships will arrive safely ; r =3
3 3
68 1 83
= P  X  3  C3      20. 6 (2 M)
9 9 9

***75. In the experiment of tossing a coin n times, if the variable X, denotes the number of
heads and P(X=4), P(X=5) and P(X=6) are in A.P. Find ‘n’
1 1
Sol. Given that p  , q 
2 2
also P  X  4  , P  X  5  , P  X  6  are in A.P.  a, b, c are in A. P ., then 2b  a  c
 2. P  X  5   P  X  4   P  X  6 
 P ( X  r )  nC r P r q n  r (2 M)
here r5 r4 r6
5 n 5 4 n4 6 n6
1 1 1 1 1 1
 2. C5      n C4      n C6    
n

2 2 2 2 2 2

 1   1   1 
 2.n C5  n   n C4  n   n C6  n   2.n C  n C  n C (2 M)
2  2  2  5 4 6

n n n
C C Cr nr 1
2 n 4  n 6  n

C5 C5 C r 1 r
 5 n5 30   n  4  n  5 
2  2
n4 6 6  n  4
 12n  48  30  n 2  9n  20  n 2  21n  98  0
  n  7  n  14  0  n  7 or n  14 (3 M)
5
***76. If the difference between the mean and the variance of a binomial variate is then,
9
find the probability for the event of 2 successes when the experiment is conducted 5
times.
Sol: In binomial variate,
Mean = np, Variance = npq
5
given that np  npq  and n  5 (1 M)
9
5
 np 1  q    p  q  1, p  1  q
9
 5 p. p  5/9
2 1 1
 p   p
9 3
1 2
q  1 p  1   (2 M)
3 3
Now, The probability for the event of 2 successes is , r = 2  P ( X  r )  n C r p r q n  r
2 3
1  2 1 8 80
P  X  2  5 C2      10. .  (4 M)
3  3 9 27 243

**77. Find the probability of guessing at least 6 out of 10 answers in

(i) true or false type examination (ii) multiple choice with four possible answers.
Sol: i) If answers are in true (or) false type.
1
Probability of getting success  P  and p+q=1  q = 1–p
2
1 1
q  1   P ( X  k )  nCk Pk q nk (2 M)
2 2
Probability of guessing atleast 6 out of 10 answers is, here n = 10
10 k 10  k 10 10
1 1 1
P ( X  6)   10C k       10C k   (1 M)
k 6 2 2 k 6 2
ii) If, the answers are in Multiple choice type will 4 possible answers,
1
probability of success  P  and p+q=1  q = 1–p
4
1 3
q  1  (2 M)
4 4
Probability of guessing atleast 6 out of 10 answers is , here n = 10
10 k 10  k
1 3
P ( X  6)   10C k      P ( X  k )  nC k P k q n  k (2 M)
k 6 4 4
  k  1 C
**78. If X is a random variable with probability distribution P  X  k   , k  0,1, 2....
2k
then find C.
 k  1 C , k  0,1, 2..
Sol: given P  X  k  
2k


P X  k 1
k 0
(1 M)

 k  1
  2k .C  1
k 0

(0  1)c (1  1)c (2  1)c

    .......  1 (2 M)
20 21 22
2
 1 1 
  1  2    3    .....c 1
 2 2 
2
 1
 1   c  1  (1  x )  2  1  2 x  3 x 2  ........
 2
2
1 2
   c  1  2 c  1
2
1
 c (4 M)
4
**79. Five coins are tossed 320 times. Find the frequencies of the distribution of number of
heads and tabulate the result.
Sol. 5 coins are tossed 320 times: Here n  5, N  320
1
Probability of getting a head on a coin is
2
1 1 1
p , n  5, q  1  p  q  1   q
2 2 2
Probability of having x heads
 P  X  x   nC x p x q n  x
x 5 x 5
1 1
5 1
5
P  X  x   Cx   .   C x   , x  0,1, 2,3, 4,5
2 2 2
Frequencies of the distribution of number of heads  N .P  X  x 
 5  1 5 
 320  C x    , x  0,1, 2,3, 4,5 (2 M)
  2  
Frequency of
5
1 5 1
Having 0 heads  320  C0     320   10
2 32
5
5 1 1
Having 1 heads  320  C1     320  5  10  5  50
 2 32
5
5 1 1
Having 2 heads  320 C2    32010 1010 100
 2 32
 5
5 1 1
Having 3 heads  320  C3     320 10   10 10  100
2 32
5
5 1 1
Having 4 heads  320 C4     3205  10 5  50
 2 32
5
1 1
5
Having 5 heads  320  C5     320 1  10 (4 M)
 2 32
The table of frequencies is given by
n (H ) 0 1 2 3 4 5
f 10 50 10 0 10 0 50 10
(1M)
ck
*80. The range of ramdom variable x is {1, 2,3,....} and p ( x  k )  ( k  1, 2,3.....) find the
k!
value of C. and p (0  X  3) .


Sol.  p( X  K )  1
K 1
(1 M)

ck c1 c2 c3
 
K 1 k!
 1     ......  1
1! 2! 3!
Adding 1 on both side
c1 c 2 c3 x x2 x3
1    ......  2  ex  1    ........  
1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3!
c
 e c  2  loge e  loge 2  c = log e 2 (4M)
p (0  X  3)  p ( x  1)  p ( x  2)
1 2
c1 c 2  log e 2   log e 2 
    (2 M)
1! 2! 1! 2!
*81. Two dice are rolled at random. Find the probability distribution of the sum of the numbers
on them. Find the mean of the random variable.
Sol. When two dice are rolled , the sample space S consists of 6 x 6 = 36 sample points
S= (1,1)(1, 2).....(1, 6), (2,1)......(2, 6).......(6, 6)
n( s )  36
Let X denote the sum of the numbers on the two dice
range of X  2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10,11,12 (1 M)
X  xi 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
P( X  xi )
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 (2M)
12

Mean of X     x p( X  x )
i2
i i

1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
= 2   3   4   5   6   7  8   9  10  11  12 
 36   36   36   36   36   36   36   36   36   36   36 
1 252
= 2  6  1 2  2 0  3 0  4 2  4 0  3 6  3 0  2 2  1 2   7 (4M)
36 36
***
 SHORT ANSWRE QUESTIONS (4 Marks)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
z3  z1
***01. If z  z is a real number, show that the points represented by the complex numbers
2 1

z1 , z2 , z3 are collinear..
Sol. Let Z1  x1  iy1 , Z 2  x2  iy2 & Z 3  x3  iy3
z3  z1 ( x3  iy3 )  ( x1  iy1 )
 (1 M)
z2  z1 ( x2  iy2 )  ( x1  iy1 )


 x3  x1   i  y3  y1 
 x2  x1   i  y2  y1 
By Rationalising the Denominator
( x3  x1 )  i ( y3  y1 ) ( x2  x1 )  i ( y2  y1 )
  (1 M)
( x2  x1 )  i ( y2  y1 ) ( x2  x1 )  i ( y2  y1 )


 x3  x1  x2  x1   i  y3  y1  x2  x1   i  x3  x1  y2  y1   i 2  y3  y1  y2  y1 
2 2
 x2  x1   i 2  y2  y1 


 x3  x1  x2  x1    y3  y1  y2  y1    i   y3  y1  x2  x1    x3  x1  y2  y1  
2 2
 x2  x1    y2  y1 
z3  z1
Given z  z is real  imaginary part = 0 (2 M)
2 1


 y 3  y1  x2  x1    x3  x1  y2  y1  
0
2 2
 x2  x1    y2  y1 
 ( y3  y1 ) ( x2  x1 )  ( x3  x1 ) ( y2  y1 )  0
y3  y1 y2  y1

x3  x1 x2  x1
 z1 , z2 , z3 are collinear..

***02. If z  x  iy and if the point P in the Argand plane represents z. Find the locus of z
satisfying the equation z  3  i  4 . (March-2014, May-2008)
Sol. Given z  x  iy
Z  3  i  4   x  3   i  y  1  4 (1M)
2 2
  x  3   y  1 4  x  iy  x 2  y 2

 x 2  9  6 x  y 2  1  2 y  16 (1M)
 x2  y2  6 x  2 y  6  0
 Locus of Z represents a circle. (2M)
***03. (i) Show that the points in the Argand plane represented by the complex numbers
3 1 7
2  7i,  i , 4  3i, (1  i ) are the vertices of a rhombus.
2 2 2
(ii) Show that the four points in the Argand plane represented by the complex numbers
2  i , 4  3 i , 2  5 i , 3i are the vertices of a square.

(iii) Show that the points in the argand diagram represented by the complex numbers
2  2 i ,  2  2 i ,  2 3  2 3i are the verices of an equilateral triangle.
Sol. (i) Given
 3 1   3 1  7 7 7
A   2  7i    2,7 , B    i    ,  , C   4  3i    4, 3 , D  1 i    ,  (1 M)
 2 2   2 2 2  2 2
2 2
 Distance between two points A(x1 ,y1 ) and B(x2 ,y 2 ) is AB   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
2 2  3  1  1 169 170
AB   x2  x1    y2  y1     2    7   
 2  2  4 4 4
2 2
 3  1 121 49 170
BC   4     3     
 2  2 4 4 4
2 2
7  7  1 169 170
CD    4     3    
2  2  4 4 4
2 2
 7  7 121 49 170
DA   2     7      (2 M)
 2  2 4 4 4
2 2
AC  4  2   3  7   3 6  1 00  13 6
2 2
7 3 7 1 100 36 136
BD          
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
 AB  BC  CD  DA and AC  BD
In the rhombus all sides are equal but diagonals are not equal
 Given vertices form a rhombus (1 M)

(ii) Given
A   2  i    2,1 , B   4  3i    4,3 , C   2  5i    2,5 , D   3i    0,3 (1 M)
2 2
 Distance between two points A(x1 ,y1 ) and B(x2 ,y 2 ) is AB   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2 2 2
AB   x2  x1    y2  y1    4  2   3 1  44  8
2 2
BC  2  4   5  3  4  4  8
2 2
CD   0  2    3  5  44  8
 2 2
DA   2  0   1  3  44  8 (2 M)
2 2
AC   2  2    5  1  0  16  4
2 2
BD   0  4    3  3  16  0  4
 AB  BC  CD  DA and AC  BD
In the square all sides are equal and diagonals are also equal (1 M)
 Given vertices form a square

(iii) Given

A   2  2i    2, 2 , B   2  2i    2, 2 , C  2 3  i 2 3  2 3,2 3    (1 M)

2 2
 Distance between two points A(x1 ,y1 ) and B(x2 ,y 2 ) is AB   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2 2 2
AB   x2  x1    y2  y1    2  2    2  2   16  16  32
2 2
BC   2  
32  2 32   2  4  12   32

2 2
CA  2  2 3   2  2 3   2  4  12   32 (2 M)

 AB  BC  CA In equilateral triangle all sides are equal (1 M)

Given vertices form an equilateral triangle.

***04. The points P,Q denote the complex numbers z1 , z2 in the argand diagram. O is the
0
origin. If z1 z2  z1 z2  0 then show taht POQ  90
Sol. Let z1  x1  iy1 , z2  x2  iy2 be the po int s P, Q in the Argand diagram .
z1  x1  iy1 , z2  x2  iy2 (1 M)
 P  x1 , y1  , Q  x2 , y2  , O  0, 0 

0  y1 y1 y2  y1
Slope of OP   If A  ( x1, y1 ), B  ( x2 , y2 ) Slope of AB 
0  x1 x1 x2  x1
0  y2 y2
Slope of OQ   (1 M)
0  x2 x2
Taking , z1 z2  z1 z2  0
  x1  iy1  x2  iy2    x1  iy1  x2  iy2   0
 x1 x2  y1 y2  i  x2 y1  x1 y2   x1 x2  y1 y2  i  x1 y2  x2 y1   0
 2  x1 x2  y1 y2   0
 x1 x2  y1 y2  0
 y1 y2   x1 x2
 y1 y2
 .  1 (1 M)
x1 x2
 slope of OP  slope of OQ  1
(1 M)
 POQ  900
 z4 
***05. Determine the locus of z , z  2i , such that Re  0
 z  2i 

z4 x  iy  4  x  4   iy  x  4  iy  x  i  y  2 
Sol.    (2 M)
z  2i x  iy  2i x  i  y  2   x  i  y  2   x  i  y  2 

x 2
 4 x  y 2  2 y   i  2 x  4 y  8
= 2 (1 M)
x2   y  2

x 2
 4x  y2  2 y 

(2 x  4 y  8)
= 2 2
x2   y  2  x2   y  2 

 z4 
Hence, real part of  0
 z  2i 
x2  4x  y2  2 y
 2
0
x2   y  2

 x2  y 2  4x  2 y  0 , z  2 i (1 M)

2  11i 2  i
***06. Show that z1  , z2 
1  2i  are conjugate to each other
2
25
2  i 2  i 2  i
Sol. Z2  2   (1 M)
1  2i  1  4  4i   3  4i 


 2  i  3  4i   6  8i  3i  4  2  11i
(2 M)
9  16 25 25
 Z 2 is the conjugate of Z1 . (1 M)

1
***07(i). If x  iy  then show that  4 x 2  1  0
1  cos   i sin 
1 1 1
Sol. x  iy    (1M)
1  cos   i sin  2 cos 2   i 2 sin  cos    
2 cos  cos  i sin 
2 2 2 2 2 2

  
1  cos  2cos2 , sin  2sin cos
2 2 2

   
cos  i sin cos  i sin
 2 2  2 2  i 2  1
       2  2  
2 cos  cos  i sin    cos  i sin  2 cos  cos  sin 
2 2 2  2 2 2 2 2
    
cos  i sin cos i sin
x  iy  2 2  2  2
   (2 M)
2 cos 2 cos 2 cos
2 2 2
1 
x  iy   i tan
2 2
1
Real part x   4 x2  1 (1 M)
2
2i
(ii) If u  iv  and z  x  iy then find u, v..
z 3
2i 2i ( x  3)  iy
Given u  iv  = 
z 3 x  iy  3 ( x  3)  iy
2 x  6  2iy  ix  3i  y
= (2 M)
( x  3) 2  y 2
(2 x  y  6)  i ( x  2 y  3)
=
( x  3) 2  y 2
(2x  y  6) (x  2y  3)
u  iv  i
(x  3)2  y2 (x  3)2  y2
(2 x  y  6) x  2y  3
u , v (2M)
( x  3) 2  y 2 ( x  3) 2  y 2
 z2  
**08. If the amplitude of    , find its locus.
 z  6i  2
z  2 x  iy  2
Sol. Let z  x  iy. Then 
z  6i x  iy  6i


 x  2   iy   x  2   iy   x  i  y  6  
x  i  y  6   x  i  y  6    x  i  y  6   (1 M)

x  x  2  y  y  6 xy   x  2  y  6 
 2
i 2
 a  ib  say  (1 M)
x2   y  6 x2   y  6

x  x  2  y  y  6 xy   x  2  y  6 
Then a  2 2
,b  2 (1 M)
x   y  6 x2   y  6
But by the hypothesis, amplitude of a  ib   / 2 Hence a  0 and b  0
2 2
 x  y  2x  6 y  0 (1 M)
**09. If z  2  i 7 , then show that 3 z 3  4 z 2  z  88  0
Sol. z  2  i 7  z  2  i 7
squaring on both sides
2
  z  2   7

 z2  4z  4  7  0  (a  b)2  a 2  b 2  2ab
  z 2  4 z  11  0 (2 M)
LHS  3 z 3  4 z 2  z  88  3 z  z 2  4 z  11  8 z 2  32 z  88

 3 z  0   8  z 2  4 z  11  0  8  0   0
 RHS (2 M)

z2 2 z1  z2
***10. If z , z1  0 , is an imaginary number then find the value of
1 2 z1  z2
Z2
Sol. ,  Z1  0  is purely imaginary
Z1
Z2
We can suppose that Z  iy , y  R  0 (1 M)
1

Z2
2 
2Z1  Z 2 Z1 2  iy
 
Now 2 Z 1  Z Z2 2  iy (2 M)
2 2 
Z1

4  y2
 1  x  iy  x2  y2 (1M)
4  y2

3
**11. If x  iy  then, show that x 2  y 2  4 x  3
2  cos   i sin 
Sol. L.H.S
3 (2  cos  )  i sin  3(2  cos )  3i sin
x  iy   
(2  cos  )  i sin  (2  cos  )  i sin  (2  cos )2  sin2 
3(2  cos  )  3i sin 
x  iy 
5  4 cos 
3(2  cos ) 3sin 
x  iy  i
5  4cos 5  4cos
3(2  cos  ) 3sin 
x ; y
5  4 cos  5  4 cos 
9(2  cos  ) 2 9sin 2 
x2  y 2   (2 M)
(5  4cos  ) 2  5  4 cos   2

9(5  4cos  ) 9
x2  y2  2
 .................. L.H.S (1 M)
(5  4 cos  ) 5  4 cos 
 3(2  cos  ) 
Now R.H.S 4 x  3  4  3 (1 M)
 5  4 cos  
24  12 cos   15  12 cos  9
 
5  4 cos  5  4 cos 

 L.H.S = R.H.S
 
**12.The complex number z has argument  , 0    and satisfying the equation
2
 6
z  3i  3. Then prove that  cot     i .
 z
y x
Ans. Let z=x+iy  tan   , so cot   (1 M)
x y
Give that z  3i  3.
 x  iy  3i  3
2
 x 2   y  3  3  x  iy  x 2  y2 (1 M)

 x 2  y 2  6 y  0  x 2  y 2  6 y  (1) (1 M)
Consider
6 x 6 x 6  x  iy  x 6  x  iy 
cot       2   =i  from(1)  (1 M)
z y x  iy y x  y 2 y 6y

6 x  6( x  iy ) 6iy
  i
6y 6y

QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS
x p
***13). If the expression 2 takes all real values for xR then find the limits for ‘’p’’.
x  3x  2
(MAR-06, MAY-06,09)
x p
Sol. Let y  2  yx 2  3xy  2 y  x  p
x  3x  2
2
 yx 2  3xy  2 y  x  p  0  yx   3 y  1 x  2 y  p  0
2
 yx   3 y 1 x   2 y  p   0 . It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
Where a  y, b  3 y  1, c  2 y  p
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0
2
   3 y  1   4  y  2 y  p   0 (1M)

 9 y 2  1  6 y  8 y 2  4 py  0  y 2  4 py  6 y  1  0
2
 y  6  4 p y 1  0  x  R,sign of the expression >0, coefficient of x2  0    0

Since sign of the expression >0, coefficient of y 2  0    0

 b 2  4ac  0 , a  1, b  6  4 p, c  1 (1M)
2
  6  4 p   4 11  0  36  16 p 2  48 p  4  0
 16 p 2  48 p  32  0  p 2  3 p  2  0
  p 2  2 p  p  2  0  p  p  2   p  2  0

  p  2  p  1  0  1  p  2 or p  (1, 2)  x  x     0   x   (2M)

x 1
***14) If ‘x’ is real then prove that 2 lies between and 1
x  5x  9 11
(May-07,11,Mar-08,13, 2014)
x
SOL: Let y  2
x  5x  9
2
 x 2 y  5 xy  9 y  x  x 2 y  5 xy  9 y  x  0  yx   5 y  1 x  9 y  0
It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
Where a  y , b  5 y  1, c  9 y
2
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0     5 y  1   4 y  9 y   0 (2M)

 25 y 2  1  10 y  36 y 2  0  11y 2  10 y  1  0
 11y 2  10 y  1  0  11 y 2  11 y  y  1  0
 11y  y 1 1 y 1  0   y  111y  1  0
1
  y 1   x    x     0    x  
11
1
i.e. y lies between and 1
11
1
Hence the given expression lies between and 1 (2M)
11
x 2  34 x  71
***15) If ‘x’ is real S.T the value of the expression do not lie between 5 and 9.
x2  2 x  7
(MAY-07, MAR-12)
x 2  34 x  71
SOL. Let y  2
x  2x  7
 x 2 y  2 xy  7 y  x 2  34 x  71  x 2 y  2 xy  7 y  x 2  34 x  71  0
 y  1 x 2   2 y  34  x   71  7 y   0 It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0

Where a   y  1 , b  2 y  34, c  71  7 y
2
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0   2 y  34   4  y  1 71  7 y   0 (2M)

 4 y  1156  136 y  4  71 y  7 y  71  7 y   0
2 2

 4 y  1156  136 y  4  78 y  7 y  71  0

2 2

 4 y 2  1156  136 y  312 y  28 y 2  284  0

 32 y 2  448 y  1440  0  y 2  14 y  45  0  x    x     0  x   or x  
  y 2  9 y  5 y  45  0  y  y  9  5  y  9  0   y  9  y  5  0
 y  (,5]  [9,  )  y doe’s not lie between 5 and 9
Hence the given expression does not lie between 5 and 9. (2M)
1 1 1
***16) Prove that 3x  1  x  1   3x  1 x  1 does not lie between 1 and 4 if x is real
(MAR-05, 11, MAY-12)
1 1 1 x  1  3x  1 1
SOL. Let y = 3x  1  x  1   3 x  1 x  1 =  3 x  1 x  1   3 x  1 x  1

4x  2 1 4x 1
=  3 x  1 x  1 =  3 x  1 x  1 (1M)

4x  1
 2
3x  3 x  1x  1
4x 1
 y 2  3 x 2 y  4 xy  y  4 x  1
3x  4 x  1
2
 3 x 2 y  4 xy  y  4 x  1  0  3 yx   4 y  4 x   y 1  0
It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
Where a  3 y, b  4 y  4, c  y  1
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0 (1M)
2
  4 y  4   4  3 y  y  1  0
 16 y 2  16  32 y  12 y 2  12 y  0  4 y2  20 y 16  0
 y2  5 y  4  0  y 2  4 y  y  4  0  y  y  4   1 y  4   0
 y  1 y  4   0  y does not lies between 1 and 4  x    x     0  x   or x  
Hence the given expression does not lie between 1 and 4. (2M)
2
x  14 x  9
***17) If ‘x’ real find the maxium and minimum values of the expression (JUN-05)
x2  2 x  3
x 2  14 x  9
SOL. Let y 
x2  2 x  3
 x 2 y  2 xy  3 y  x 2  14 x  9
 x 2 y  2 xy  3 y  x 2  14 x  9  0
2
  y 1 x   2 y 14 x   3 y  9  0 It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
Where a  y  1, b  2 y  14, c  3 y  9
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0 (2M)
2
  2 y  14   4  y  1 3 y  9   0  4 y 2  196  56 y  12 y 2  36 y  12 y  36  0
 8 y 2  8 y  160  0  8 y 2  8 y  160  0
  y 2  y  20  0  y 2  5 y  4 y  20  0

 y  y  5  4  y  5  0   y  5 y  4   0   x    x     0    x  

5  y  4  maximum value is 4 , minimum value is -5 (2M)

x2
***18) Determine the range of 2 for x  R . (MAY-08, APR-09)
2 x  3x  6
x2
SOL. Let y  2  x 2 2 y  3xy  6 y  x  2
2 x  3x  6
2
2 y.x 2  3xy  6 y  x  2  0   2y x   3y 1 x   6y  2  0
It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
Where a  2 y, b  3 y  1, c  6 y  2
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0 (2M)
2
  3 y  1  4  2 y  6 y  2   0  9 y 2  1  6 y  48 y 2  16 y  0
 39 y2 10 y 1  0  39 y 2  10 y  1  0
 39 y 2  13 y  3 y  1  0  13y  3y 1 1 3y 1  0

1 1  1 1 
  3 y  113 y  1  0   y   y , 
13 3  13 3 
  x    x     0    x  

 1 1 
Hence the range of given expression is  , (2M)
 1 3 3 
x2  x  1
***19) Determine the range of the expression for x  R (MAR-10, JUNE-10)
x2  x  1
x2  x  1
SOL. Let y 
x2  x  1
2
x 2 y  xy  y  x 2  x  1  x 2 y  xy  y  x 2  x  1  0   y 1 x   y 1 x   y 1  0
It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
Where a  y 1, b   y 1, c  y 1
2
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0     y  1   4  y  1 y  1  0 (2M)
2
  y  1  4  y 2  2 y  1  0

 y2  2 y 1 4 y2  8 y  4  0  3 y 2  10 y  3  0

 3 y 2  10 y  3  0  3 y 2  9 y  y  3  0  x    x     0    x  

1 1 
 3 y  y  3  1 y  3  0   y  3 3 y  1  0   y  3  y  ,3
3 3 
1 
Hence the range of the given expression is  , 3  (2M)
3 
 2 x2  6 x  5
***20) i) If x is real number find the range of 2 (MAR-09)
x  3x  2
2x2  6 x  5
SOL. Let y   yx 2  3xy  2 y  2 x 2  6 x  5
x 2  3x  2
2
 yx 2  3xy  2 y  2 x 2  6 x  5  0   y  2 x   3 y  6 x   2 y  5  0
It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
Where a  y  2, b  3 y  6, c  2 y  5
2
since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0   3 y  6   4  y  2  2 y  5   0 (2M)

 9 y 2  36  36 y  8 y 2  36 y  40  0  y2 4  0

  y  2  y  2   0  y  , 2  2,   x   x     0  x   or x  

Hence the range of the given expression is   ,  2    2,   (2M)

 x  1 x  2  , x  R
ii) Determine the range of the expression
x3
 x  1 x  2  x 2  2 x  1x  2 x2  x  2
SOL: Let y   y  y
x3 x3 x3
 xy  3 y  x 2  x  2
 x 2  x  xy  2  3 y  0
 x 2  1  y  x   2  3 y   0
It is in the form of ax 2  bx  c  0
where a = 1, b = 1 - y, c = - 2 - 3y
Since x is real    0  b 2  4ac  0
2
1  y   4 1 2  3 y   0 (2M)

 1  y 2  2 y  8  12 y  0
 y 2  10 y  9  0
 y 2  9 y  1y  9  0
 y  y  9   1 y  9   0

  y  9  y  1  0

y  9 or y  1  x    x     0  x   or x  

Hence the range of the given expression  , 9   1,   (2M)
*21) Let a,b,c  R and a  0 such that the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 has real roots  and
 ,    then
(i) for   x   , ax 2  bx  c and a have opposite signs
(ii) for x   or x   , ax 2  bx  c and a have the same sign.
b c
SOL. Let  ,  are roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 then     ,  
a a
 b  c  2  b  c
ax 2  bx  c  a  x 2    x    a  x    x    a  x      x   
2

 a  a   a  a 

ax 2  bx  c  a  x    x       x    x     x 2      x  

ax 2  bx  c
  x    x    ---------------(1) (1M)
a
(I) given   x      x , x   i.e x   , x  
=>  x     0,  x     0   x    x    <0

ax 2  bx  c
from (i) 0  ax 2  bx  c and a have opposite signs (1M)
a
(II) Case (i) x   and we have    Case (ii): x   and   
 x  ,     x    x   and     x  
 x   0, x    0  x  , x   

  x    x     0   x    0 ,  x     0

  x    x     0

ax 2  bx  c
Hence form (i) we have 0
a
ax 2  bx  c and a have the same signs (2M)
*22) Let a,b,c,  R and a  0 then the roots of ax 2  bx  c are non real complex number if
and only if ax 2  bx  c and a have the same sign for all xR

SOL. Given quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0

suppose that the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 have non real complex roots
then   0  b 2  4ac  0
2 2
2  2 b c  2  b   b   b  c
Now ax  bx  c  a  x    x    a  x  2  2a  x   2a    2a   a 
 a a        
2
 b  4ac  b 2 
 ax 2  bx  c  a  x     (1M)
 2a  4a 2 
 2
ax 2  bx  c  b  4ac  b 2
 x  
a  2a  4a 2
2
ax2  bx  c  b   4ac  b2 
a
  x   
 2a   4a 
2 0  4ac  b 2
 0

ax 2  bx  c
 0
a
 ax 2  bx  c and a have same signs (1M)
Conversely suppose that
ax2+bx+c and ‘a’ have same sign
ax 2  bx  c
i.e.  0, x  R
a
2
ax2  bx  c  b  4ac  b2
 x    0 x  R
a  2a  4a2
b
on taking x  then
2a
4ac  b 2
 0  4 ac  b 2  0  b 2  4ac  0 0
4a 2
 ax2  bx  c  0 have non real complex roots. (2M)

*23) If the equations x2  cx  d  0 and x2  ax  b  0 have a common root and the second
equation has equal roots, then P.T 2(b+d) = ac
SOL. Given equations x 2  cx  d  0 ------(1) and x 2  ax  b  0 ------(2)
Let ‘  ’ be the common root of (1) & (2)
 2  c  d  0 ------(3) and  2  a  b  0 ------(4) (1M)
Let,  ,  are two roots of eqation ---(2)
a a b
     a  2  a    and  .   b   2  b (2M)
1 2 1
Substituting  2 ,  in equation -(3)

 a 
 b  c  2   d  0  2b  ac  2d  0  2  b  d   ac (1M)
 
 PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS
4

***24. Simplify 34C   (38  r )C (May-11,Mar-12)

5 r 0 4
4
C5   
34 38 r 
Sol. C4
r 0

nCr n Cr1 
34 n1
C5 34 C 4 35 C 4 36 C4  37 C4 38 C4 Cr
34
C5  34 C4 35 C4 36 C4 37 C4  38 C4 35 C5  35 C4  36 C4  37 C4 38 C 4
=   =  (1M)

36
C5  36 C4  37 C4  38 C4 37 C5  37 C4  38 C4 38 C5  38 C4 39
=   =  =  = C5 (3M)

4nC
2n 1.3.5......(4n 1)
***25. Prove that 2n  2 (May 08)
C n {1.3.5.......(2n 1)}

4n! 4n! 2
C 2n  4n  2n  !2n! 2n!2n!  4n!   n!
4n
n Cr 
n!
LHS 2n  
Sol.
Cn 2n! 2n!
2
 2n!  2n!  n  r  !r ! (1M)
 2n  n  !n! n!n!


 4n  4n  1 4n  2  ....5.4.3.2.1   n!
2
 2n  2n  1 2n  2  ......5.4.3.2.1  2n!


  4n 1 4n 3 ....5.3.1  4n 4n 2 ....4.2   n! 2

2 2
 2n 1 2n 3 ......5.3.1  2n 2n 2 ......4.2  2n!


  4n  1 4n  3 ....5.3.1  2(2n).2  2n  1 ....(2.1)    n ! 2

2 2 (2M)
  2n  1 2n  3 ....5.3.1  (2.n).2  n  1 ....(2.1)   2n !


  4n  1 4n  3 ....5.3.1 2  2n !   n !
2n 2

2
  2n  1 2n  3 ....5.3.1 2  n !  2n !
2n 2


  4n  1 4n  3 ...5.3.1 
1.3.5.......  4n  3 4n  1
2 2 (1M)
  2n  1 2n  3 ...5.3.1 1.3.5......  2n  3 2n  1 
***26. If the letters of the word MASTER are permuted in all possible ways and the words
thus formed are arranged in the dictionary order. Then find the rank of the word
(i) REMAST (Mar 08) (ii) MASTER (Mar 07,09,11, May 06,07,10,11)
Sol. (i) Given word REMAST;
Dictionary Order AEMRST
No of words that begin with A = 5!;
No of words that begin with E = 5!
No of words that begin with M = 5!;
No of words that begin with RA = 4!
No of words that begin with REA = 3!;
No of words that begin with REMAST = 0!=1
Rank of REMAST = 5!+5!+5!+4!+3!+0!=120+120+120+24+6+1=391 (4M)
(ii) Given word MASTER
Dictionary order AEMRST
No of words that begin with A = 5! ;
No of words that begin with E = 5!
No of words that begin with MAE = 3!;
No of words that begin with MAR = 3!
No of words that begin with MASE = 2!;
No of words that begin with MASR = 2!
No of words that begin with MASTER = 0!=1;
Rank of MASTER = 5!+5!+3!+3!+2!+2!+1=120+120+6+6+5=257 (4M)
***27. If the letters of word PRISON are permuted in all possible ways and the words thus
formed are arranged in dictionary order .Then find the rank of the word PRISON.
(March-2014)
Sol. Given word PRISON
Dictionary Order INOPRS
No of words that begin with I = 5!;
No of words that begin with N = 5!
No of words that begin with O = 5!;
No of words that begin with PI = 4!
No of words that begin with PN = 4!;
No of words that begin with PO = 4!;
No of words that begin with PRIN = 2!
No of words that begin with PRIO = 2!;
No of words that begin with PRISN = 1!
No of words that begin with PRISON = 0!=1
Rank of PRISON = 120+120+120+24+24+24+2+2+1+1 = 438 (4M)

***28. If the letters of the word EAMCET are permuted in all possible ways and if the words
thus formed are arranged in dictionary order find the rank of the word EAMCET
Sol. Given word EAMCET;
Dictionary Order ACEEMT
No of words that begin with A = 5!/2!
No of words that begin with C = 5!/2!
No of words that begin with EAC = 3!
No of words that begin with EAE = 3!
No of words that begin with EAMCET =0!=1
5!
Hence the rank of word = 2   2  3! 1  120  12  1  133 (4M)
2!
***29. Find the number of ways of permuting the letters of the word ‘PICTURE’ so that
(i) all vowels come together
(ii) no two vowels come together
Sol. Given word is PICTURE
No.of letters in the word n = 7;
No. of vowels = 3 (E,I,U)
No . of consonants = 4 (C,P,R,T)
i) All vowels come together.
Considering all vowels taken as 1 unit
4 consonants as 4 units + One unit of vowels = 5
No.of ways= 5!
3 vowels are among themselves can be permuted is 3! ways.
Hence No. of Permutations in Which the 3 vowels come together is 5! x 3! = 720 (2M)
(ii) No two vowels come together
First arrange the 4 consonants in 4! Ways. P  C  T  R 
Then we have 5 gapes in between them in these 5 gapes 3 vowels can be arranged
in 5 P3 ways.
5
 No. of ways in which no two vowels come together = 4 ! x P3 = 24 x 60 = 1440. (2M)
***30. Find the number of ways of seating 5 Indians, 4 Americans and 3 Russians at a round
table so that
(i) all Indians are sit together (ii) persons of same nationality sit together
Sol. Given there are 5 Indians, 4 Americans, 3 Rusians
i) All Indians sit together
Consider the 5 Indians as one unit, then we have
4 Americans + 3 Russians + 1 Unit of Indians = 8
They can be arranged at a round table in (8-1)! = 7 ! ways.
Now, the 5 Indians themselves can be arranged in 5! Ways.
Required no. of arrangements = 7 ! x 5 ! ways. (2M)
The number of circular permutations of n different things (taken all at a time) is  n 1 !
ii) Persons of same nationality sit together
Treat the 5 Indians as one unit;
Treat the 4 americans as one unit
Treat the 3 russians as one unit
These 3 units are arranged at round table in (3-1)! = 2!
5 Indians among themselves can be permuted in 5 ! ways.
Similarly 4 Americans in 4! Ways and 3Russians in 3 ! ways.
Required no. of arrangements = 2 ! x 5 ! x 4 ! x 3 ! (2M)
***31. Find the number of ways of arranging 6 red roses and 3 yellow roses of different sizes
into a garland. In how many of them
(i) all the yellow roses are together (ii) no two yellow roses are together
Sol. Given there are 6 red roses and 3 yellow roses.
i) All the yellow roses are together
consider 3 yellow roses as 1 object
Then we have 6 red roses and 1 units of yellow roses total 7
The circular perm utations like garlands o f flow ers, chains of beads etc.,
1
the num ber of circular perm utations of n things is  n  1!
2
  7  1!  6!
These 7 objects can be arranged in ways
2 2
Arrange 3 yellow roses internally in 3! ways
6!
Required no.of ways = 3! (2M)
2
ii) No two yellow roses are together
 6  1!  5!
By leaving 3 yellow roses , first arrange 6 red roses in a garland in ways
2 2
Arrange the 3 yellow roses in 6 empty places in 6 P3 ways.
5! 6
Required no.of ways   P3 (2M)
2
***32. Find the number of ways of arranging 6 boys and 6 girls in a row. In how many of these
arrangements.
(i) all the girls are together. (ii) no two girls are together
(iii) boys and girls come alternately ?
Sol. Given there are 6 boys and 6 girls
NO of ways of arranging 6 boys and 6 girls in a ro
N = 6 girls + 6boys = 12 persons
They can be arranged in 12! Ways
i) all the girls are together :
Treat 6 girls as 1 unit
Then n = 6 boys + 1 unit of girls = 7
They can be arranged in 7! Ways
Internally 6 girls are arranged themselves in 6! Ways
Total no.of arrangements = 7! X 6!
ii) no two girls are together:
First arranging 6 boys in a row in 6! Ways, B  B  B  B  B  B 
7 gaps are filed with 6 girls in 7 P6 ways.
The no.of arrangements = 6! X 7 P6 = 6!x 7! Ways
iii) Boys and girls sit alternately:
The row may be begin with either a boys or a girl
This can be done in a 2 ways.
The 6 boys can be arranged in 6! Ways the 6 girls can be arranged in 6! Ways
The required no.of arrangements = 2 x 6! X 6! Ways

***33. Find the number of ways of arranging 6 boys and 6 girls around a circular table so that
(i) all the girls sit together. (ii) no two girls sit together. (iii) boys and girls sit alternately.
Sol. Given 6 boys and 6 girls
i) all the girls sit together :
Consider 6 girls as one unit, then one unit of girls + 6 boys = 7
The number of circular permutations of n different things (taken all at a time) is  n 1 !
There are 7 objects in a circular table arrange these 7 objects in (7-1)!=6! Ways
Arrange 6 girls internally in 6! Ways.
Required no. of ways = 6! X 6 !
 ii) No two girls sit together :
By leaving 6 girls first arrange 6 boys in a circular table in (6-1)!=5! Ways
Now arrange 6 girls in 6 empty places in 6 P6  6! ways.
Required no .of ways = 5! X 6!
iii) boys and girls sit alternately:
Since there is no importance for the first place in a circular permutation, then arrange 6 boys in
(6-1)!=5! And arrange 6 girls in 6 places in 6 P6  6! ways.
The required no. of arrangements = 5! X 6!
***34. (i) Find the number of ways of selecting a cricket team of 11 players from 7 batsmen and
6 bowlers such that there will be atleast 5 bowlers in the team (Mar 05,June-10)

(ii) Find the number of ways of selecting 11 members cricket team from 7 batsmen, 6 bowlers
and 2 wicket-keepers, so that the team contains 2 wicket-keepers and atleast 4 bowlers.
(March-2014)
Sol. (i) Given no.of bowlers = 6
No. of batsman = 7
We can select a cricket team of 11 players where atleast 5 bowlers in the team as follows

Sno. 6 bowlers 7 batsman No.of selections

6
1. 5 6 C5  7 C 6
6
2. 6 5 C 6  7 C5 (1M)
Required no of selections 6 C5 7 C6  6 C6 7 C5 = 6  7  1 21 =42+21=63 (3M)
(ii) Given no. of batsmen = 7
no. of bowlers = 6
no. of wicket-keepers = 2
We can select a cricket team of 11 players the team contains 2 wicket keepers and atleast 4
bowlers.
Sno. 6 bowlers 7 batsman 2 wicket-keepers No.of selections
6
1. 4 5 2 C4 7 C5 2 C2
6
2. 5 4 2 C5 7 C 4 2 C 2
6
3. 6 3 2 C6 7 C3 2 C 2
(2M)
6 7 2 6 7 2 6 7 2
 Total no. of selections  C4  C5  C2  C5  C4  C2  C6  C3  C2
 15 211   6  351  1 351
 315  210  35  560 (2M)
***35. Find the number of ways of forming a committee of 5 members out of 6 Indians and 5
Americans so that always the Indians will be in majority in the committee. (Mar 08,09)
Sol. Given no.of Indians = 6
No .of Americans = 5
We can select the committee of 5 members such that the Indians will be majority in the committee,
by using the following table
 Sno. 6 Indians 5 Americans No.of selections
6
1. 5 0 C 5 5 C 0
6
2. 4 1 C4 5 C1
6
3. 3 2 C 3 5 C 2 (1M)
No .of selections = 6 C5 5 C0  6 C4 5 C1  6 C3 5 C2
  6  1  15  5    20 10   6  75  200  281 (3M)
***36. Find the number of ways of forming a committee of 5 persons from a group of 5 Indians
and 4 Russians such that there are at least 3 Indians in the committee (Mar-10)
Sol. The committee can have 3 Indians, 2 Russians or 4 Indians, 1 Russian of all 5 Indians
The number of ways of forming a committee with
Sno. 5 Indians 4Russians No.of selections
1 3 2 5
C3  4C2  10  6  60
5
2. 4 1 C4  4C1  5 4  20

3. 5 0 5
C 5  4C 0  11  1 (1M)
No of ways of forming a committee of 5 members with atleast 3 Indians is 60+20+1=81 (3M)

***37. Out of 7 gents, 5 ladies how many 6 member committees can be formed, such that there
will be atleast 3 ladies in the committee (Mar 06)
Sol. Given there are 7 gents, 5 ladies
A committee is formed with 6 members with atleast 3 ladies in a committee
Sno. 7 gents 5ladies No.of selections
7
1 3 3 C3 5 C3  35 10  350
7
2. 2 4 C2 5 C4  21 5  105
7
3. 1 5 C1 5 C5  7  1  7 (1M)
Total no. of ways = 350+105+7=462 (3M)
n
***38. (i) If 1  r  n , then Cr 1  nCr  n 1
Cr (Mar-11)

(ii) For 3  r  n , prove that n  3 C  3.n  3 C  3.n  3 C n  3 C n C

r r 1 r2 r 3 r

n! n! n!
Sol.
n n
(i) C r 1  Cr   n   r  1  ! r  1!   n  r  !r !  nCr 
 n  r  !r !
 1 1   r n  r 1 
 n !    n !  
  n  r  1 ! r  1!  n  r  !r !   n  r  1! r  1!r  n  r !r ! n  r  1 

 r   n  r  1  n ! n  1

 n  1 !  n1 C
 n !  r  n! n 1   n 1 ! (4M)
  n  r  1 !r !   n  r  1 !r !   n  1  r  !r !

(ii)  nCr  n C r 1 n1 C r (1M)

n 3
L.H.S = Cr  3.n 3 Cr 1  3.n 3 Cr  2  n 3 Cr 3
 n3 Cr n3 Cr 1  2. n3 Cr 1 n3 Cr 2  n3 Cr 2 n3 Cr 3  n  2 Cr  2.n  2 Cr 1  n  2 Cr 2

 n  2 Cr  n  2 Cr 1  n  2 Cr 1  n  2 Cr 2  n 1 Cr  n 1 Cr 1 = n Cr (R.H.S) (3M)
***39. (i) Find the sum of all 4 digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
without repetition (Mar-10)
(ii)Find the sum of all 4-digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 1,3,5,7,9 (with
out repetition) (March-2013)
Sol. (i) Given digits {1, 2, 4, 5, 6}, r = 4, n = 5

 Sum of all r digited numbers = n1Pr 1 (sum of n digits)(111......r times) (1M)

n 1
Sum of all 4 digited nos = Pr 1 (sum of n digits)(111….r times)
51 P41 1  2  4  5  6 1111  24  18  1111

= 4 P3 18 1111 = 24 x 18 x 1111 = 479952 (3M)

(ii) Given digits {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, r = 4, n = 5

 Sum of all r digited numbers = n1Pr 1 (sum of n digits)(111......r times) (1M)
n 1
Sum of all 4 digited no.s= Pr 1 (sum of n digits)(111….r times)
51 P41 1  3  5  7  9 1111
4 P3  251111  24  25  1111  6, 66, 600 (3M)

***40. Find the number of numbers that are greater than 4000 which can be formed using the
digits 0,2,4,6,8 without repetition.
Sol. Given digit 0, 2, 4, 6,8
The number of numbers greater than 4000 which can be formed using the digits 0,2,4,6,8, is
   

case (i) 4-digit number 4,6,8
The first place cannot be filled with 0,2
The first place must be filled with either 4 or 6 or 8 in 3 ways.
Remaining 3 places can be filled with remaining 4 digits in 4 P3 ways.

Number of arrangements = 3 4 P3 = 3  4  3  2  72 (2M)

    

case (ii) 5-digit number 2,4,6,8
‘0’ cannot be filled in 1st place.
1st place must be filled with either 2 or 4 or 6 or 8. in 4 ways
Remaining 4 places can be filled with remaining 4 digits in 4 P4 ways.
Number of arrangements  4 4 P4  4  24  96
 Total number of arrangements greater than 4000 is = 72 + 96 =168. (2M)
**41. Find the number of 4 digited numbers that can be formed by using the digits 1,2,3,4, 5,
6 that are divisible by (i) 2 (ii) 3 when repetation are allowed.
Sol. Given digits are {1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Here n = 6, r = 4
i) numbers divisible by 2
Take 4 blanks, for a number to be divisible by 2, the units place should be filled with an even digit.
This can be done in 3 ways (2 or 4 or 6)
Remaining 3 places can be filled in 6 ways each
Hence the No. of 4 digit numbers that are divisible by 2 is 3  63  3  216  648 (2M)
ii) Numbers divisible by 3
Fill the first 3 places with the given 6 digits in 63 ways. (since repetations are allowed)
out of six consecutive integers, only two of them are exactly divisible by 3.
Hence the units place is filled in 2ways .
Hence the no. of 4 digits numbers divisible by 3 = 2 × 216 = 432 (2M)
*42. Find the number of 4 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word
‘RAMANA’
Sol. Given word RAMANA
There are 3A’s alike and remaining 3 are different
To form 4 letter words consider 3 cases
case i) one A and 3 other letters, (A, R, M, N) A R M N
4 letters can be arranged in 4 places in 4! Ways
No.of 4 letter words formed = 4! = 24
case ii) two like latters A, A and 2 out of R,M,N A A  N , R, M 
two different letters can be choosen from 3 letters in 3 C  3 ways
2

4!
 number of 4 letter words formed  3   36
2!
Case iii) 3 A’s and 1 out of R,M,N A A A  R, M , N 
One letter can be choosen from 3 different letters in 3C1  3

4!
No.of 4 letter words formed = 3   12
3!
 Total number of 4 letter words formed from the letter of the word RAMANA
 24  36  12  72 (4M)

*43. A double decker minibus has 8 seats in thelower deck and 10 seats in the upper deck.
Find the number of ways of arranging 18 personsin the bus if 3 children want to go to
the upper deck and 4 old people can not go to the upper deck.
Sol. Allowing 3 children to the upper deck and 4 old people to the lower deck.
We are left with 11 people and 11 seats (7 in the upper deck and 4 in the lower deck).
We can select 7 people for the upper deck out of the 11 people in 11C7 ways. The remaining 4
persons go to lower deck.Now we can arrange 10 persons (3 children and 7 others) in the
upper deck and 8 persons (4 old people and 4 others) in the lowerdeck in 10! and 8! ways
respectively.
Hence, the required number of arrangements  11 C7  10!  8! (4M)
*44. Find the sum of all 4 digited numbers that can be formed using digits 0,2,4,7,8 without
repetition.
Sol. Given digits {0, 2, 4,7, 8}, r = 4, n = 5
Sum of all r digited numbers = n1Pr 1 (sum of all digits)(111...r times)  n2 Pr 2  sum of all digits  (111....  r-1 times)

(1M)
Sum of all 4 digited numbers
 (5 1) P41 (0  2  4  7  8) (1111)  (5 2) P4 2 (0  2  4  7  8) (111)
 4 P3  21 1111  3 P2  21 111
 21  ( 4 P3 1111  3 P2  111)
 21 (24 1111  6  111)
 21  (26664  666)  21 25998  5, 45, 958
*45. If a set A has 8 elements. Find the number of subsets of A containing atleast 6 elements?
Sol. We have to fix the number of subsets of A, containing 6 or 7 or 8 elements.
Number of subsets of A, containing exactly 6 elements 8 C6
Number of subsets of A, containing exactly 6 elements 8 C7
Number of subsets of A, containing exactly 6 elements 8 C8
Required number of subsets of A 8 C6  8 C7  8 C8  28  8  1  37

PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Resolve into pratial fractions
2
x 3
***46.  x  2 x 2  1
  (March-05,07,09,12) (May-09)

Sol: It is proper fraction

2
x 3 A Bx C
 
Let  x  2 x 2  1 x  2 x 2 1
 
x 2  3  A( x 2  1)  ( Bx  c)( x  2) ……….. (i) (1M)
Put x = - 2 in ………………. (i)
1
4 - 3 = A (4 + 1)  A = (1M)
5
Equating of coefficient of x2

1 = A + B  B = 1 – A B = 1 1  4 (1M)
5 5
Equating Constants
3  A  2C
1
3   2C
5
 1 16 8
 2C  3   2C  C  
5 5 5
2
x 3 1 4x  8
 
 
 x  2 x  1 5  x  2 5 x 2  1
2
  (1M)

2
2x  3x  4


***47.  x  1 x 2  2
 (March-11) (May-11)

Sol: It is proper fraction

2
2x  3x  4 A x C
  Bx  C
 2
2

 x  1 x  2 x 1
 x 2
2x2 + 3x + 4 = A (x2 + 2) + (Bx + C)(x – 1) ……….. (i)
Put x = 1
2 + 3 + 4 = A (1 + 2) + 0
9 = 3A  A =3 (1M)
Compare x2 coeffcients ……… (i)
2=A+BB=2–3B=-1 (1M)
Compare constants 2A – C = 4
 2(3) - C = 4  - c = 4 – 6  C = 2 (1M)
2
2x  3x  4 3  1 x  2
 
2

 x  1 x  2 x 1
 x 2 2 (1M)

x 1
***48. 2
 x  1  x  2
Sol: It is proper fraction
x 1 A B C
  
2 x 1 x 2  x  22
 x  1  x  2
x - 1 = A (x – 2)2 + B (x + 1) (x – 2) + C(x + 1) …………(i)
Put x = 2 in ………… (i)
1
2 – 1 = c (2 + 1)  1 = 3c c = (1M)
3
Put x = -1 in………(i)
-1–1 = A (-1 – 2)2  9A = -2A = -2/9 (1M)
Compare x2 coefficients in …….(i)
A + B = 0  A = - B  B = - A B = 2/9 (1M)
2 2 1

x 1 9  9  3

2
 (1M)
 x  1  x  2  x  1 x  2  x  2 2
 4
x x3
***49. (i)
 x  1  x  2 (March -10, 2013) (ii)
( x  1)( x  2)
Sol: The above rational fraction is improper fraction.
x 2  3 x  2) x4 ( x 2  3x  7
 x 4   3x3   2 x 2

3 2
3x  2x
3 2
 3x  9 x  6 x
2
7 x  6x
2
 7 x  21x  14
15 x  14

f x
 is im proper
4 gx
x 15 x  14
So
x  1  x  2 

 x
2
 3x  7 
2
x  3x  2
f x
 q x
f x
w h en deg f  x   deg g  x 
(1M)
g x g x

15 x  14 A B
Let  
 x  1 x  2 x 1 x 2
15x – 14 = A(x- 2) + B(x – 1)
Put x = 1, 15 – 14 = A(-1)  A  1 (1M)
Put x = 2, 30 – 14 = B(1)  B = 16 (1M)
4
x 2  1  16
  x  3x  7    (1M)
 x  1  x  2   x  1  x 2

(ii) The above rational fraction is an improper fraction

x3 x3

( x  1)( x  2) x 2  x  2

x 2  x  2) x3 (x 1
3 2
x  x  2x
 x2  2 x
 x2  x  2
3x  2

f  x
 is improper
3 g  x
x 3x  2
 ( x  1)  ....... (i) f  x  f  x (1M)
( x  1)( x  2) ( x  1)( x  2)  q  x  when deg f  x   deg g  x 
g  x gx

3x  2 A B
Let  
( x  1)( x  2) x  1 x  2
3 x  2  A( x  2)  B ( x  1) ............................ (ii)
 Put x  1 in (ii)
1
3  2  A(1  2)  1  3A  A  (1M)
3
8
Put x  2 in (ii) 6  2  B (2  1)  8  3B  B  (1M)
3
Substitute A, B in (i)
x3 1 8
  ( x  1)   (1M)
( x  1)( x  2) 3( x  1) 3( x  2)

3
x x3
***50. i ) ii )
 x a  x b  x c 
2x  1  x  2 x  3
Sol: It is improper fraction
coefficient of highest power of x in numerator 1
when k= coefficient of highest power of x in denominator 
2

f  x
 is improper
3 g  x
x 1 A B C
i)    
2x  1  x  2 x  3 2 2x 1 x  2 x 3 f  x   K  f  x  when deg f  x   deg g  x  (1M)
g  x g  x

2x 3 = (2x – 1) (x+ 2) (x – 3) + 2A (x + 2) (x – 3) + 2B (2x – 1) (x – 3) + 2C (2x – 1) (x + 2)

1
Put x = 2

2
8
 2A
5
2    5
2
A
1
50
(1M)

8
Put x = -2,  2(-8) = 2B(-5) (-5)  B =  25 (1M)
27
Put x = 3, 2(27)= 2c(5) (5)  C = 25 (1M)

x 3 1 1 8 27
 2x 1 x  2 x  3  2  50 2x 1  25 x  2  25 x  3
     
(ii) It is improper fraction
coefficient of highest power of x in numerator
when k= coefficient of highest power of x in denominator  1

f  x
 is improper
3 g  x
x A B C
 1  
x  a x  b x  c    K    when deg f  x   deg g  x  (1M)
f x f x
 x  a  x  b  x  c 
g  x g  x

x3 = (x – a) (x - b) (x – c) + A(x – b) (x – c)+ B( x – a) (x – c) + C(x – a) (x – b)……… (i)

3
a
Put x = a in (i) then A  (1M)
a  b a  c 
 3
b
Put x = b in ……(i) then B  b  a b  c (1M)
  
3
c
Put x = c in …….. (i) then C  (1M)
c  a c  b 
3
a3 b 3b c3 c
3 3
x
 1   
x  a  x  b  x  c  a b a c  x a  (bba a)(
bb c cx)(xb b) c (ac ca)(
bc x b
c)( x  c )

3 2
3x  8x  10
***51. 4 (March-06)
 x  1
Sol: It is proper fraction
Let x – 1= t  x = 1 + t (1M)
3 2 3 2
3x  8x  10 3 1  t   8 1  t   10 3(1  t 3  3t 2  3t )  8(1  t 2  2t )  10
4 = = (1M)
 x  1 t
4 t4

3 2 2
3  3t  9t  9t  8  8t  16t  10

4
t

3t 3  t 2  7t  5 3 1 7 5
   2 3 4 (1M)
t4 t t t t

3 2
3x  8x  10 3 1 7 5
    
4 x 1  x 12  x 13  x 14 (1M)
 x  1
x4
***52. 2 (March-2014)
( x  4)( x  1)
Sol. It is proper fraction
x4 x4
2 =  x  2  x  2  x  1
( x  4)( x  1)

x4 A B C
=  
 x  2  x  2   x  1 x  2 x  2
x  1

x  4  A( x 2  4)  B( x  1)( x  2)  C ( x  1)( x  2)
put x   1  3 A 1  4   A  1 (1M)
1
put x  2  2  B  2  1 2  2   B  (1M)
2
1
put x  2  6  1 2C  C  (1M)
2
x4 1 1 1
    (1M)
 x  4   x  1 x  1 2  x  2  2  x  2 
2
 x4
***53. Find the coefficient of x n in the power series expansions of 2 specifying the
x  5x  6
region in which the exapansion is valid. (June-10)
x4 A B
Sol. 2
 
x  5x  6 x  2 x  3
 x  4  A  x  3  B  x  2  .....................1

put x  2 in 1
2  4  A  2  3   2  A  A2 (1M)

put x  3 in 1

3  4  B  3  2  B  1 (1M)
x4 2 1
2
 
x  5x  6 x  2 x  3
2 1
 
 x  x (1M)
2  1   3 1  
 2  3
1 1
 x 1 x
  1    1  
 2 3 3

 x x2 xn  1  x x2 xn 
  1    ......  n  .....   1    ......  n  ....   1  x 1  1  x  x 2  x 3  .....
 2 4 2  3 3 9 3 
1 1
now coefficient of x n is n 1  n (1M)
3 2
x 2  13x  15
**54. (2 x  3) ( x  3) 2
Sol. It is proper fraction
x 2  13 x  15 A B C
2
  
(2 x  3)( x  3) 2 x  3 x  3 ( x  3) 2
2
 x 2  13 x  15  A  x  3   B  x  3  2 x  3   C  2 x  3 

3
put x 
2
9 39 9 9 A 9  78  60 9
  15  A       A= - 1 (1M)
4 2 4 4 4 4
put x  3  9  39  15  C  3 
 3C  15  C  5 (1M)
2
Equating x coefficients
A  2B  1  2B  1  A  2B  1  1  B  1
 x 2  13 x  15 1 1 5
 2
   (1M)
 2 x  3 x  3 2 x  3 x  3  x  32

x2  1
*55.
( x 2  x  1) 2
Sol. It is proper fraction

x2 1 Ax  B Cx  D f  x Ax  B
   where g  x  is irreducible
2
( x  x  1) 2 2 2
x  x  1 ( x  x  1) 2
g  x g  x

 x 2  1  ( Ax  B) ( x 2  x  1)  (Cx  D )
Equating the coefficients of x 3 , A = 0 (1M)
Equating the coefficients of x 2 , A  B  1  B  1 (1M)
Equating the coefficients of x, A+B+C = 0, => 1+C= 0, => C = -1 (1M)
Equating the constants, B+D = 1 => D = 1-B,
=> D = 1-1 => D = 0
x2 1 1 x
 2 2
  (1M)
( x  x  1) x  x  1 ( x  x  1) 2
2 2

3 x  18
*56. x 3  x  3
Sol. It is proper fraction
3 x  18 A B C D
3
  2 3 (1M)
x ( x  3) x x x x3

 3x  18  A  x    x  3   Bx  x  3   C  x  3  Dx 3 ................(1)
put x  3 in (1)
3
3  3  18  D  3
 27 D  27  D  1 (1M)
put x  0 in (1)
then 18  3C  C  6 (1M)
Equating the coefficient of x 3 in (1)
0  A D  A  D
 A  1
Equating x coefficients in (1)
2

0  3A  B B3
3x  18 1 3 6 1
 3
  2 3 (1M)
x  x  3 x x x x 3
 2x  3
*57.
5( x  2)(2 x  1)
Sol. It is proper fraction
2x  3 A B
Let   (1M)
( x  2)(2 x  1) x  2 2 x  1
2x  3 A(2 x  )  B ( x  2)

( x  2)(2 x  1) ( x  2)(2 x  1)
2 x  3  A(2 x  1)  B ( x  2) ---------------- (1)
putting x = -2 in (1)
2(-2)+3 = A(-4+1) +B(-2+2)
-4+3 = A(-3)+0
-1 = -3 A
A = 1/3 (1M)
putting x = -1/2 in (1)
 1   1   1 
2    3  A  2     1  B    2 
 2   2    2 
1  3  A( 1  1)  B (3 / 2)
3
2  0 B
2
3
2 B
2
B  4/3 (1M)
2x  3 1/3 4/3
 
(x  2)(2x  1) x  2 2x  1
1 4
 
3(x  2) 3(2x  1)

2x  3 1 1 4 
  
5( x  2)(2 x  1) 5  3( x  2) 3(2 x  1) 

1 4
  (1M)
15( x  2) 15(2 x  1)

PROBABILITY
***58. A, B, C are three horses in a race. The probability of A to win the race is twice that of
B, and probability of B is twice that of C. What are the probabilities of A, B and C to
win the race. (Mar-07,13,2014 May-09)

Sol:: Let A,B,C are three horses win the race representing as events A, B,C respectively.
Given P(A) = 2P(B) ---------------- (1)
P(B) = 2P(C) ------------------ (2)
Let P(C) = x
from (2) P(B) = 2x
from (1) P(A) = 2(2x) = 4x (1M)
 w.r.t P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1 (1M)
1
 4x  2x  x  1  7x  1 x
7
1 2 4
 P (C )  x  , P ( B)  2 x  , P ( A)  4 x  (2M)
7 7 7
***59. (i) Let A and B be independent events with P ( A)  0.2, P( B)  0.5 . Let us find
a) P(A/B) b) P (B/A) (Mar-09,12, May-11) c) P ( A  B) and d) P ( A  B )
(ii) If A and B be independent events with P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.7 then compute.
(Mar-2014)
B
a) P  A  B  b) P  A  B  c) P   d) P  Ac  B c 
 A
Sol: (i) Given A and B be independent events then P  A  B   P  A P  B 
Given that P  A  0.2; P  B   0.5

P  A  B  P  A P  B  P  A B
(a) P  A / B    = P  A = 0.2 P  A/ B  (1M)
P  B P  B P  B

P  A  B  P  A P  B  P  A B
(b) P  B / A    = P  B  =0.5 P  B / A  (1M)
P  A P  A P  A
(c) P  A  B   P  A P  B 
 P  A  B    0.2  0.5  P  A  B   0.1 (1M)
(d) P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B 
 P  A  B   0.2  0.5  0.1  P  A  B   0.6 (1M)
(ii) Given A and B be independent events then P  A  B   P  A P  B 
Given that P  A  0.6; P  B  0.7
(a) P  A  B   P  A   P  B   0.6  0.7  0.42 (1M)
(b) P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B 
 0.6  0.7  0.42  1.3  0.42  0.88 (1M)
P  A  B  P  A P  B 
(c) P  B / A   P A 
P  A  = P  B  = 0.7 (1M)
 
(d) P  AC  B C   P  AC   P  B C   1  P  A   1  P  B  
1  0.6 1  0.7    0.4  0.3  0.12 (1M)

***60. If two numbers are selected randomly from 20 consecutive natural numbers, find the
probabiity that the sum of the two numbers is
i) an even number ii) an odd number ( Mar 07)
Sol: The number of ways of selecting two numbers from 20 consecutive natural numbers  20 C2
(i) To get the sum of two numbers is an even number, we can select two numbers from 10
even numbers (or) two numbers from 10 odd numbers.
This can be done in 10 C2 10 C2 ways.
10
C2 10 C2
 The probability that the sum of two numbers is an even number  20
C2
 45  45 90 9
   (2M)
190 190 19
(ii) To get the sum of two numbers is an odd number,
We can select one number from 10 even numbers and one number from 10 odd numbers.
This can be done in 10 C1.10 C1 ways.
10
C1.10 C1 100 10
 The probability that the sum of two numbers is an odd number  20
C2
  (2M)
190 19

***61 A speaks truth in 75% of the cases and B in 80% cases. What is the probability that
their statements about an incident do not match (June-10)
Sol: Let E1, E2 be the events that A and B speak truth respectively.
75 3 3 1
 P  E1  
100 4
 
  P E1  1  
4 4
P  A  P  A  1
80 4 4 1
P  E2  
100 5
 
  P E2  1  
5 5
(1M)
 The probability that their statements about an incident do not match
       
 P E1  E2  P E1  E2  P  E1  P E2  P E1 P  E2  (1M)
3 1 1 4 3 4 7
 .  .    (2M)
4 5 4 5 20 20 20

***62. If A, B, C are three independent events of an experiment such that

1 1 1
P ( A  B c  C c )  , P ( Ac  B  C c )  , P ( Ac  B c  C c )  , then find
4 8 4
P( A), P( B) and P(C ) . (Mar-10)
C C 1 C C 1
Sol:: Given that P( A  B  C )  ..........(1) ; P( A  B  C )  .................. (2)
4 8

1  If A, B, C are independent events then

P( AC  B C  C C )  ..................... (3)
4 P  A  B  C   P  A P  B  P  C 

1
(2) P ( AC ) P ( B ) P (C C ) 1
 8 P( B) 1
2  P( BC )  2  2 P( B)  P( B )
C C C C
(3) P ( A ) P ( B ) P (C ) 1
4

2 P( B)  1  P( B) P  A  P  A  1

1 1 2
3[ P ( B )]  1  P( B)   1  P( B)  1   (1M)
3 3 3
1
(1) P ( A) P ( B C ) P (C C )
 C C C
 4 1
(3) P ( A ) P ( B ) P (C ) 1
4
P ( A)
1
P ( AC )
 P( A)  P( AC )
P ( A)  1  P ( A)  P ( A )  1  P ( A)   (1M)

1
2 P( A)  1  P( A) 
2
C C C 1
From (3)  P( A ) P( B ) P(C ) 
4
1
 1  P  A   1  P  B   1  P  C    (1M)
4
12 1
   (1  P(C )) 
23 4
3 3 1
1  P (C )   P ( C )  1   P (C )  (1M)
4 4 4
1 1 1
P( A)  , P( B)  , P(C ) 
2 3 4
1
***63. A problem in calculus is given to two students A and B whose chances of solving it are
3
1
and . Find the probability of the problem being solved if both of them try independently..
4
(March-05)

Sol: Let E1, E2 be the events of A and B to solve a problem in calculus respectively.
1 1
 P  E1   ; P  E2    P ( A )  1  P ( A)
3 4
2 3
 
 P E1  ; P E2 
3
  4
(1M)
 The probability of the problem being solved
= 1 - The probability that the problem will not be solved
 1  P  E1  E 2  (1M)
2 3 1 1
   
 1  P E1 .P E2  1 .  1 
3 4 2 2
(2M)

***64. The probability that Australia wins a match against India in a cricket game is given to
1
be . If India and Australia play 3 matches what is the probability that
3
i) Australia will loose all the 3 matches ii) Australia will win atleast one match.
Sol: Let A be an event that Australia wins a match aganist India in a cricket game
1
 P  A 
3
2
P A   3
 
 P A  1  P  A (1M)

     
(i) The probability that Australia will loose all the 3 matches = P A .P A .P A
2 2 2 8
 . .  (2M)
3 3 3 27
 (ii) The probability that Australia will win atleast one match
8 19
=1 - The probability that will loose all the three matches  1   (1M)
27 27

**65. If A and B are independent events of a random experiment then show that A and B
are also independent.
Sol: Given A, B are Independent events.

 
p A  B  p  A  B   1  p  A  B   
 P A  1  P  A (1M)

 1   p  A   p  B   p  A  B    P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B 

 1  p  A  p  B   p  A  p  B  (1M)

   
 1  p  A   p  B  1  p  A    1  p  A   1  p  B    p A . p B (1M)

A and B are also independent events (1M)

2
**66. The probability for a contractor to get a road contract is and to get a building
3
5 4
contract is . The probability to get atleast one contract is . Find the probability
9 5
that he gets both the contracts.
Sol: Let A be the event of getting road contract and B be the event of getting building contract
given probability of road contract
2
p road contract  p  A  (1M)
3
5
p  building contract  =p(B)=
9
4
p ( at least one)  p ( A  B )  (1M)
5

 P A B  P  A  P  B  P  A B (1M)

4 2 5
   p  A  B
5 3 9
2 5 4 19
p  A  B    
3 9 5 45
19
P ( both to be selected )  (1M)
45
**67. A bag contains 12 two rupee coins, 7 one rupee coins and 4 half a rupee coins. If three
coins are selected at random, then find the probability that
(i) the sum of three coins is maximum (ii) the sum of three coins is minimum
(iii) each coin is of different value
Sol: The sample space of the experiment getting 3 coins from 23 coins n  s  23 C3 (1M)
i) Event A: getting sum is maximum
12
C3
select 3 coins from 12 (two rupee) coins in C3 way  n  A  C3 ;
12 12 p  A  23 (1M)
C3
ii) Event B : getting sum minimum ; Select 3 coins from 4 half rupee coins in 4 C3 ways
4
C3
4
n  B   C3 ; p  B  23 (1M)
C3
iii) Event C: each one is of different face value; select one coin from 12 ( two rupee coins )
in 12 C1 ways select
one coin from 7 ( one rupee coins ) in 7 C1 ways select one coin from
4 ( half rupee coins ) in 4 C1 ways
n  C   12C1 7 C1 4 C1
12
C1 7 C1 4 C1
P C   23 (1M)
C3

**68. The probabilities of three events A,B,C are such that P(A)=0.3, P(B)=0.4, P(C)= 0.8,
P  A  B   0.08, P  A  C   0.28, P  A  B  C   0.09 and p  A  B  C   0.75.
Show that P  B  C  lies in the interval  0.23, 0.48 .
Sol: given p  A  0.3
p  B   0.4, p  C   0.8, p  A  B   0.08
p  A  C   0.28 ; p  A  B  C   0.09 ;
p  A  B  C   0.75 (1M)
Clearly 0.75  p  A  B  C   1 0  P  A  B  C   1

 P  A  B  C   P  A  P  B   P  C   P  A  B   P  B  C   P  C  A  P  A  B  C 

 0.75  p  A  p  B   p  C   p  A  B   p  B  C   p  A  C   p  A  B  C   1 (1M)
 0.75  0.3  0.4  0.8  0.08  p  B  C   0.28  0.09  1

 0.75  1.23  p  B  C   1
 0.75  1.23   p  B  C   1  1.23
 0.23  P ( B  C )  0.48  P  B  C    0.23, 0.48 (2M)
**69. If A, B, C are three events then show that
P  A  B  C   P  A   P  B   P  C   P  A  B   P  B  C   P  C  A  P  A  B  C  .
Sol: given A, B, C are three events
 P  A  B  P  A  P  B  P  A  B
p  A  B  C   p  A   B  C    p  A  p  B  C   p  A   B  C   (1M)
 p  A  p  B   p  C   p  B  C   p   A  B    A  C   (1M)
 p  A   p  B   p  C   p  B  C    p  A  B   p  A  C   p  A  B  C   (1M)
 p  A  p  B   p  C   p  B  C   p  A  B   p  A  C   p  A  B  C  (1M)

*70. If P is a probability function then show that for any two events A and B
P  A  B   P  A  P  A  B   P  A   P  B 
Sol: We know that
A  B  A ; p  A  B   p  A .....  i  (1M)
Clearly A  A  B , p  A  p  A  B  ....  ii  (1M)
According to additional theorem, p  A  B   p  A  p  B   p  A  B 
Clearly, p  A  B   p  A  p  B  .....  iii  (1M)
Form  i  ii  iii  p  A  B   p  A   p  A  B   p  A  p  B  (1M)

*71. Find the probability of drawing an Ace or a spade from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards.
Sol: The number of ways of selecting a card from a pack of 52 playing cards = 52 C1  52 (1M)
Let A, B be the events of drawing an ace and a spade respectively.

4 13
P  A  [ There are 4 aces in a pack], P  B   [ There are 13 spades in a pack]
52 52
1
P  A  B  [ only one ace in 13 spade cards] (1M)
52
 The probability of drawing an ace or a spade is
 P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B ) 
4 13 1 16 4
P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B       (2M)
52 52 52 52 13

*72. A pair of dice are rolled what is the probability that they sum to 7 given that neither die
shows a 2?
Sol: When two dice are rolled n  s   36
Event A: sum is 7  1, 6  2,5  4,3 5, 2  6,1 4,3  n  A   6
Event B : no dice shows number 2
(1,1)(1,3)(1, 4)(1,5)(1, 6)(3,1)(3,3)(3, 4)(3,5), (3, 6)(4,1) 
B 
(4,3)(4, 4)(4,5), (4, 6)(5,1)(5,3)(5, 4)(5,5), (5, 6)  6,1 6,3 6, 4  6,5  6, 6  
 n  B   25
A  B  1, 6  3, 4  4,3 6,1  n  A  B   4 (1M)
 4 25 P  A  B
P(A  B)  , P(B)   P  A / B  (1M)
36 36 P  B
4
p  A  B 4
Now P[sum is 7 / neither dice shows number 2 ]  p  A / B    36  (2M)
p  B 25 25
36
**73. A page is opened at random from a book containing 200 pages. What is the probability
that the number on the page is a perfect square.
Sol. Let S be the sample space of an experiment selecting a page from a book containing 200 pages.
 n  S  200 C1  200 (1M)
Let E be the event of selecting number on a page is a perfect square.
E = {1,4,9,.....,196}
n  E   14 (1M)
n  E  14 7
P E    (2M)
n  S  200 100
**74. A fair coin is tossed 200 times. Find the probability of getting a head an odd number of
times.
Sol. Let S be the sample space of an experiment tossing a fair coin 200 times.
n  S  2200 (1M)
Let E be the event of getting head an odd number of times.
n  E  200 C1  200 C3  ...........  200 C199  2199  C1  C3  C5  .....  2n 1 (1M)
n  E  2199 1
P E    (2M)
n  S  2200 2
*75. Suppose that a coin is tossed three times. Let event A be “getting three heads” and B
be the event of “getting a head on the first toss”. Show that A and B are dependent
events.
Sol. In a sample space of an experiment tossing a coin three times n  S   23  8
Let A be the event of getting three heads  A   HHH , n  A   1
n  A 1
P  A  
nS  8
Let B be the event of getting a head on first toss  B    HHH , HTT , HTH , HHT  , n  B   4
n B 4 1
P B   
n S  8 2
A  B   HHH 
1
P A B  (2M)
8
1 1 1
P  A  .P  B     (1M)
8 2 16
 A , B are indipendent events  P  A  B   P  A  P  B 

 P  A  B   P  A .P  B  (1M)
 A anb B are dependent events.
***
 VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
1. Find the additive inverse of (6, 5)  (10, 4)

Sol. 6  5i  10  4i  4  i  Additive inverse of a  ib  a  ib

 Additive inverse of 4  i is 4  i
2. If z  2  3i , show that z 2  4 z  13  0 (March-2008)
Sol. Given z  2  3i
squaring on bothsides
2 2
 z  2   3i   (a  b )2  a 2  2ab  b 2

z 2  4 z  4  9  i 2  1
z 2  4 z  13  0
3. i) If z1  1 and z2  i , then find Arg  z1 z2  (Jun-11)
1)
 z1 
ii) If z1  1, z2  i , then find Arg   (March-2009)
 z2 
Sol. (i) Z1  1  cos   i sin   ArgZ1  

        
Z 2  i  cos    i sin    ArgZ 2   
 2   2   2 
Arg  Z1Z 2   ArgZ1  ArgZ 2  Arg ( z1 . z 2 )  Argz1  Argz 2

 
  
2 2
(ii) Z1  1  cos   i sin   ArgZ1  

     
Z 2  i  cos    i sin    ArgZ 2   
2 2 2

 Z  Z 
A rg  1   A rg Z 1  A rg Z 2  Arg  1   ArgZ 1  ArgZ 2
 Z2   Z2 

 
  
2 2

 1
4. If z   cos  ,sin   , find  z  
 z
1 1
Sol. Z   cos   i sin     cos   i sin    z  cos   i sin    cos   i sin 
Z z
 2i sin 
 a  ib
5. Find the real and imaginary parts of the complex number
a  ib
2
a  ib

 a  ib  
a 2  b 2  2iab a 2  b 2 2iab
Sol. 2 2 = 2  2
a  ib  a  ib  a  ib  a b a  b a  b2
2

a2  b2 2ab
 The real part is 2 2 and imaginary part
a b a  b2
2

6. Find the multiplicative inverse of 7  24i .

7  24i x  iy
Sol. Multiplicative inverse of 7  24i is  Multiplicative inverse of x  iy is
625 x2  y2

7. Find the complex conjugate of  3  4 i  2  3i 

Sol.  3  4 i  2  3i   6  9 i  8i  12 i 2  18  i
Complex conjugate of 18  i is 18  i  conjugate of x  iy is x  iy
8. Find the square roots of (i) 7  24 i (March-2014) (ii) 47  i8 3

 a2  b2  a a 2  b 2  a 
 a  ib    i , if b  0
Sol. (i)  2 2 
 

 49  576  7 49  576  7 
7  24i    i 
 2 2 
 

 25  7 25  7 
   i     4  3i 
 2 2 

 a 2  b2  a a 2  b 2  a 
(ii)  a  ib    i , if b  0
 2 2 
 

 2209 192  47 2209 192  47 

47  i8 3    i 
 2 2 
 

 49  47 49  47 
  
2
i
2 

   1 i4 3 

9. Find the polar form of following complex numbers

i) 1  3 i  ii) z   7  i 21 (Mar-11) iii) -1 - i (iv) 1  i 3 (March-2014)

Sol.  
(i) Polar form of 1  3i  r  cos  i sin    polar form of a  ib  r (cos   i sin  )

Where r cos   1  0 and r sin    3  0   lies in Q3

 2 2
    
3

3
2
and r 2   1   3   4  If   Q3  Amp( Z )    

  2   2  

Polar form of 1 3i  2  cos 
  3 
  i sin 
 3 


(ii) Polar form of  7  i 21  r  cos   i sin  

Where r cos   7  0 and r sin   21  0  lies in Q2
 2 2 2
   
3

3
and r 2   7    21   28  If   Q2  Amp( Z )   

  2   2 
 
Polar form of  7  i 21  28  cos   i sin 
 3  3 

(iii) Polar form of 1  i  r  cos   i sin  

Where r cos  1  0 and r sin  1  0   lies in Q3
 3 2 2
      and r 2   1   1  2  If   Q2  Amp( Z )    
4 4
  3   3  
Polar form of 1  i  2  cos    i sin  
  4   4 
(iv) Polar form of 1  i 3  r  cos   i sin  
where cos   1  0
sin   3  0
   Q1
2
r  12   3  1 3  4  2

1  
 Polar form of 1  i 3  2  cos 3  i sin 3 
 
10. If z  0 , find Arg z  Arg z .

Sol. Z  x  iy , ArgZ   and ArgZ    If Arg z    Arg z  

 ArgZ  ArgZ      0
11. If 1  i  2  i  3  i  .... 1  ni   x  iy then prove that 2.5.10... 1  n 2   x 2  y 2 .
Sol. 1  i  2  i  ...1  ni   x  iy
Applying mod on both sides
 1  i  2  i  ...1  ni   x  iy  1  i   2  i  ... 1  ni   x  iy

 12  12 22  12 ... n2  12  x2  y 2  2 5... n2 1  x2  y2

 2.5... n2 1  x2  y2  x  iy  x 2  y 2
z 1
12. If the real part of is 1 then find the locus of z.
zi
Z  1  x  1  iy
Sol. Let Z  x  iy then Z  i  x  i y  1
 
 x  1  iy   x  i  y  1   x  x  1  y  y  1   i  x  1 y  1  xy 
 2
 2
 2
x 2   y  1 x 2   y  1 x 2   y  1
Given real part is 1
x2  x  y2  y
 1
x2  y 2  2 y  1

 x2  x  y 2  y  x2  y 2  2 y  1
 x  y 1
 Locus of Z is a straight line.

13. If z  x  iy and z  1 then find the locus of z.

Sol. Given Z  x  iy and Z  1

 x  iy  1  x 2  y 2  1 Which is the locus of Z.  x  iy  x 2  y 2


14. If the amplitude of  z  1 is then find the locus of z
2
Sol. Let Z  x  iy then Z  1  x  iy  1   x  1  iy

Amp  Z  1 
2
 1  y    y
i.e. tan    If z  x  iy  Arg z  Amp z  Tan 1  
 x 1  2 x

y
    x 1  0
x 1
 Locus of Z is x  1  0, y  0
 
15. If the Arg z1 and Arg z2 are and respectively then find  Arg z1  Arg z2 
5 3
 
Sol. Given ArgZ1   ArgZ1   If A rg z    A rg z   
5 5

ArgZ 2 
3
  2
then ArgZ1  ArgZ 2   
5 3 15
n
1 i 
16. Find the least positive integer n, satsifying   1
 1 i 
n
1 i 
Sol. Given   1
 1 i 
rationalise the denominator
n
 1  i  2  1  1  2i 
n

   1   1 n
 i   1
 1  1   2 
n
When the least positive integer n  4,  i   1
17. If z  ai  z  ai , find the locus of z.
Sol. Let Z  x  iy then Z  ai  Z  ai

 x  i  y  a  x  i  y  a

2 2
 x2   y  a   x2   y  a   x  iy  x 2  y 2

y  0, a  0
 Locus of Z is X-axis.
1 x y
If  x  iy  3  a  ib then prove that   4  a  b 
2 2
18.
a b
3
Sol. x  iy   a  ib 

x  iy  a 3  ib3  3a 2ib  3ab 2  (a  b)3  a 3  b 3  3a 2 b  3ab2

 x  a  a 2  3b 2  ; y  b  b 2  3a 2 

x y
 a 2  3b 2 ;  b 2  3a 2
a b
x y
then   4  a 2  b2 
a b
100
19. If  3i   2 99  a  ib  then show that a 2  b 2  4
100
Sol. 3 i  299 a  ib
100
 2 


 3 1 

2
 299 a 2  b 2  x  iy  x 2  y 2

2100  299 a 2  b 2  4  a2  b2

20. If (a  ib) 2  x  iy, find x 2  y 2 .

Sol. a 2  b 2  2abi  x  iy
Now x  a 2  b 2 and y  2ab
2
then x 2  y 2   a 2  b 2   4a 2b 2
2 2
  a2  b2   (a  b)2  4ab   a  b 

DE MOIVERE’S THEOREM
21. If A,B.C are angles of a triangle ABC such that x=cisA, y=cisB, z=cisC, then find the
value of xyz.
Ans. In ABC , A+B+C=1800
x.y.z = cisA.cisB.CisC
= cis(A+B+C)  cis cis  cis   cis (     )
= cos(A+B+C)+isin(A+B+C)
= cos1800+isin1800  A  B  C  1800
= -1
 6 1 
22. If x  cis , then find the value of  x  6  (March-2014)
 x 
Ans. x  cis  cos   i sin 
6
x 6   cis   cos 6  i sin 6  (cos  i sin  )n  cos n  i sin n
1
 cos 6  i sin 6
x6
1
 x 6  6  cos 6  i sin 6  cos 6  i sin 6 = 2 cos 6
x
23. If the cube roots of unity are 1,  ,  2 , then find the roots of the equation (x-1)3+ 8=0.
Ans. (x-1)3 + 8 = 0
3
  x  1  8  23
1
2
  x  1  2.13 = 2(1,  ,  )
 The roots of x-1 are -2, 2 , 2 2
Hence the roots of x are -1, 1  2 , 1  2 2

24. Fnd the value of the following

5 5
 3 i  3 i
(i) (1  i 3)3 (ii) (1  i )16 (iii)       
 2 2   2 2
1 3
Sol. 1 i 3  2   i
 2 2



 multiplying and dividing by a 2  b 2  1  3  2 
  
(i) 1  i 3  (2)  cos  i sin 
 3 3
3
  
(1  i 3)3  23 cos  i sin 
 3 3
     
 8 cos3    i sin 3    8  cos   i sin    8(1)  8
 3  3 
(ii) (1  i )16
 1 1  1/ 2   
1 i  2  i   2  cos 4  i sin 4 
 2 2  

 multiplying and dividing by a 2  b2  1  1  2 

16
  
(1  i)16  (21/ 2 )16  cos  i sin   polar form of a  ib  r (cos  i sin )
 4 4
 28 (cos 4  i sin 4 )  256(1  i.0)  256
5 5
 3 i  3 i
(iii)      
2 2   2 2 
 3 i   
     cos  i sin 
2 2 
 6 6
3 i  
and   cos  i sin
2 2 6 6
5 5
 3 i  3 i
Now       
 2 2  2 2
5 5
     
  cos  i sin    cos  i sin 
 6 6  6 6
            
  cos 5    i sin 5      cos 5    i sin 5   
 6  6   6  6 
 5      1
 2 i sin    2 i sin      2 i sin  2 i    i
 6   6 6 2
1/ 4
25. Find all the values of (i)  3 i  1/ 6
(ii)  i 
1/ 5
(iii)  32 
Sol.
1/ 4
(i)  3 i 
 3 i   
3  i  2     2 cos  i sin 
 2 2  6 6

 multiplying and dividing by a 2  b2  1  3  2 

     
 3  i  2  cos  2k    i sin  2k   
  6  6 
1/ 4 1/ 4     1
Hence ( 3  i )  2  cis  2k   
  6  4

 21/ 4 cis (12k  1) , k  0,1, 2,3
24
1/ 6
(ii)  i 
   
i  cos     i sin   
 2  2
   
 cos  2k    i sin  2k   , k  Z
 2  2
(4k  1) (4k  1)
 cos  i sin 
2 2
1/ 6
 (4k  1) (4k  1) 
(i)1/ 6   cos  i sin   (cos  i sin  )n  cos n  i sin n
 2 2 
(4k  1)
 cis , k  0,1, 2,3, 4,5
12
(4k  1)
The value of (1)1/ 6 are cis ; k  0,1, 2, 3, 4,5
12
1/ 5
(iii)  32 
32  32(1)  25 (cos   i sin  )
 25  cos (2k  1)  i sin(2k  1) 
(32)1/5  (25 )1/ 5 ((cos(2k  1)  i sin(2k  1) )1/5
(2k  1)
 2cis , k  0,1, 2,3, 4  (cos  i sin  )n  cos n  i sin n
5
(2k 1)
The value of (32)1/ 5 are 2 cis ; k  0,1, 2, 3, 4
5
26. If 1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity, then prove that
  1
(i)   (ii) (2   ) (2   2 ) (2  10 ) (2   11 )  49
2   1  2 1  
Sol.
  1
(i)  
2   1  2 1  
 is a cube root of unity
1     2  0 and  3  1
1 1 1  2  2  
   1     2  0 and  3  1
2   1  2 (2   ) (1  2 )
3(1   ) 3(2 ) 3 2
    
2  4    2 2 2(1   2 )  3 3
 (1   )    2 1
  
1  1  1 
(ii) (2   ) (2   ) (2   ) (2  11 )  49
2 10

1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity

 3  1 and 1     2  0
2  10  2   9 . = 2  
2  11  2  ( 3 )3 . 2  2   2
(2   ) (2   2 )  4  2  2 2   3
 4  2(   2 )  1  4  2( 1)  1  4  2  1  7 ----(1)  1     2  0 and  3  1
 (2   ) (2   2 ) (2  10 ) (2  11 )  (2   )(2   2 ) (2   )(2   2 )
 (( 2   )( 2   2 )) 2
 7 2  49 ( from (1))
2
27. If 1,  ,  are the cube roots of unity, then find the values of the following
(i) (a  2b) 2  (a 2  2b ) 2  (a  2b 2 ) 2 (ii) (1     2 )3
 a  b  c 2   a  b  c 2 
2 4
(iii) (1   ) (1   ) (1   ) (1   )8
(iv)  
2   2 
 c  a  b   b  c  a 
(v) (1     2 )5  (1     2 )5
Sol.
(i) (a  2b) 2  (a 2  2b ) 2  (a  2b 2 ) 2
(a  2b) 2  a 2  4ab  4b 2 ................ (1)
(a 2  2b ) 2  a 2 4  4ab 3  4b 2 2
 a 2 3  4ab(1)  4b 2 2  1     2  0 and  3  1
 a 2  4 ab  4b 2 2 ....................... (2)
and (a  2b2 )2  a22  4ab3  4b24
 a 2 2  4ab  4b 2 ............... (3)
By adding (1), (2) and (3)
 (a  2ab) 2  ( a 2  2b ) 2  (a  2b 2 ) 2
 a 2 (1     2 )  12ab  4b 2 (1     2 )
= a 2 ( 0 )  1 2 a b  4 b 2 ( 0 ) = 12ab
(a  2b)2  (a2  2b)2  (a  2b2 )2  12ab
(ii) (1     2 )3
(1     2 )3  (   )3  (2 )3  8 3  1      0 and   1
2 3

 8(1)  8
(1     2  0)
(iii) (1   ) (1   2 ) (1   4 ) (1   8 )
1 4  1 (3 )  1 (1)  1 
1   8  1  ( 3 ) 2  2  1  (1) 2  1   2
 (1   )(1   2 )(1   4 )(1   8 )
 (1   )(1   2 )(1   )(1   2 )
 [(1   )(1   2 )]2
 (1     2   3 ) 2  1     2  0 and  3  1
 [(1  (   2 )  1)2
 [1 (1) 1]2  (3)2  9
 (1   ) (1   2 ) (1   4 ) (1   8 )  9
 a  b  c 2   a  b  c 2 
(iv)  
2   2 
 c  a  b   b  c  a 
1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity
  3  1 and 1     2  0 .............. (1)
Now
a  b  c 2 a  b  c 2 2 (a  b  c2 ) (a  b  c2 )
  
c  a  b 2 b  c  a 2 2 (a  b2  c (a2  b  c)
 2 ( a  b  c 2 )  ( a  b  c 2 ) 2 (a  b  c2 ) (a  b  c2 )
  
a 3  b 4  c 2 a 3  b  c 2 a(1)  b(1)  c2 a(1)  b  c2
  2    1  1     2  0 and  3  1
 QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS
28) Find the quadr atic equation whose r oots ar e 7  2 5 and 7  2 5 (March-11)
1)
Sol: Let   7  2 5,   7  2 5


    7  2 5  7  2 5  14 &  .  7  2 5 . 7  2 5  29  
If  ,  are the roots then Q . E . is x 2      x    0

The required quadratic equation is x 2  14 x  29  0

29) Find the quadratic equation whose roots are 3  5i (March-07)
Sol. Let   3  5i,   3  5i
    3  5i  3  5i  6 &  .   3  5i  3  5i   9  25  34

If  ,  are the roots then Q . E . is x 2      x    0

The required quadratic equation is x 2  6 x  34  0

p  q   p  q
30) Find the quadratic equation equation whose roots are ,  p  q (March-06)
pq pq

p  q    p  q
Sol. Let   ,
pq pq
2 2
p  q   p  q  p  q   p  q 4 pq 2 2
      2  a  b    a  b   4ab
pq pq  p  q  p  q  p  q2

p  q  p  q
  .    1
p  q p q

If  ,  are the roots then Q . E . is x 2      x    0

2 4 pq
The required quadratic equation is x  x 1  0
p2  q2

p 2
 q 2  x 2  4 pqx   p 2  q 2   0

31) For what values of ‘m’ the equation  m  1 x 2  2  m  3 x  m  8  0 has equal roots .
(March-03)
Sol. Given equation is  m  1 x 2  2  m  3 x  m  8  0   m  1 x 2   2m  6  x  m  8  0

 roots are equal    0  b 2  4 ac  0

2
=>  2m  6   4  m  1 m  8   0  4 m 2  36  24m  4 m 2  36m  32  0
1
12m  4  0  1 2 m  4  m
3
 2
32) I f the equation x  15  m  2 x  8   0 has equal roots find the value of m.
(March-04,13)(May-08)
2
Sol. Given equation is x  15  m  2 x  8   0
 x 2  15  2 mx  8m  0  x 2  2 mx  8m  15  0
Given that roots are equal   0  b 2  4ac  0
2
 2 m   4  8m  15   0  4 m 2  32m  60  0  roots are equal   0  b2  4ac  0
 m 2  8m  15  0  m2 5m3m15  0
 m  m  5  3  m  5  0   m  5 m  3  0

  m  5 m  3  0  m  5 or 3
2
33) If  ,  are the roots of the equation ax  bx  c  0 find the value of
1 1 1 1
(i)  (March-10) (ii) 2
 (March-08,09)(May-12)
   2
 
(iii) 2
 2 (iv)  4  7   7 . 4
 
b c
Sol. (i) Since  ,  are roots of ax 2  bx  c  0     ;  
a a
b
1 1     a  b b c
   ;  
  =  c c a a
a
(ii) Given equation is ax 2  bx  c  0

b c b c
Sine  ,  are roots of given equation       and     ;  
a a a a
2
 b  2c b 2  2ac
  
2
     2 a a b 2  2ac
1

 2  2
1
   2  a2 
 2  2 =  2 2
2
c c2 c2
   
a a2
(iii) Given equation is ax 2  bx  c  0
b c
Since  ,  are roots of given equation     and   
a a
3
   3   3      3    
   2
3
 3   3       3    
 2 2 2 2  
 3 3
 b   c  b  b3 3bc b  3abc
   3     2
a3
 a   a  a   a 3 a 
  c2 
c2 c2
 2
a2 a2 a 
4 3
(iv)  4  7   7  4 =  4  4   3   3          3     

c
 
4

 b 3 3c  b  c 4  b3 3bc  c 4 3 abc  b 3
      4  3  2  

a  a  a  a  a  a a  a7
34) (i) Find the maxmimum (or) minimum of the expression 12 x  x 2  32 . (May-06)
(ii) Find the maximum ( or ) minimum of the expression 2 x  7  5 x 2 (March-12, 2014)
(iii) Find the maximum ( or ) minimum of the expression 3x2+2x+11.
(iv) Find the value of x at which the expression x2+5x+6 have maximum or minimum.
Sol. (i) Let f  x   12 x  x 2  32   x 2  12 x  32
Where a  1, b  12, c  32
Coefficient of x 2 is a  1  0

4 ac  b 2
 Given expression has Maximum value M axim um value 
4a
2
4ac  b 2 4(  1)(  32)  12  128  144  16
Maximum value = =   4
4a 4(  1) 4 4
(ii) Let f ( x )  2 x  7  5 x 2   5 x 2  2 x  7
Where a  5, b  2, c  7

4 ac  b 2
2
Since Coefficient of x is a  5  0 M axim um value 
4a
 Given expression has Maximum value
4ac  b 2 4  5  7   4 140  4 136 34
Maximum value =    
4a 20 20 20 5
(iii) Let f  x   3 x 2  2 x  11 where a = 3, b = 2, c = 11 Since coefficient of x2 is a=3>0

4ac  b2
 The given expression has Minimum value Minimum value at x 
4a

4ac  b 2 4  3  11  4 132  4 128 32

 Minimum value = = =  
4a 43 12 12 3
(iv) Let f  x   x2+5x+6
where a = 1, b = 5, c = 6 Since coefficent of x2 is a = 1 > 0
 b b
The given expression has minimum value at x  Minimum value at x 
2a 2a

5 5
 x 
2(1) 2
35) State the sign of the expression x 2  5 x  6 . (March-11)
Sol. Let f ( x )  x 2  5 x  6
case (i) f (x) is +ve case (ii) f (x) is -ve
2
 x  5x  6  0  x2  5x  6  0
 x 2  3x  2 x  6  0   x  3 x  2   0
 x  x  3   2  x  3  0 ( x   )( x   )  0    x  

  x  3 x  2   0  2 x3

( x   )( x   )  0  x   or x  
x  2 or x  3
i.e For x  2 or x  3 , the given expression is positive
for 2  x  3 , the given expression is negitive
36) Find the quadratic equation the sum of whose roots is one and sum of the square of the
roots 13. (March-07)
Sol. Let  ,  be the roots of required quadratic equation
From data     1 &  2   2  13
2 2 2
 2   2  13       2  13  1  2  13 a2  b2   a  b  2ab

1  2   13  2  13 1  2  12    6
The required equation is x 2      x    0

 x 2  (1) x  (6)  0 x 2  x  6  0 x 2      x    0

37) x2 6x 5  0 and x 2  3ax  35  0 have a common root then find a

Sol. Given equations are
x2 6x 5  0 --------- (1) x 2  3ax  35  0 ---- (2)
x 2  x  5 x  5  0  x 2  x  5 x  5  0   x  1 x  5  0  x = 1 (or) 5
x = 1 and 5 are common roots of eqn ---- (2)
case (i) If x = 1 is a common root
36
12  3a 1  35  0  36  3a  a   12
3
 case (ii) If x  5 is a common root
 52  15a  35  0  25  15a  35  0  60  15a  0  15a  60  a  4
38) i) x 2  bx  c  0 and x 2  cx  b  0 have a common roots then show that b+c+1=0.
(March-05)
Sol. x 2  bx  c  0 ----(1) & x 2  cx  b  0 ---(2)
Let  be a common root of (1) & (2)
 2  b  c  0 -----(3) &  2  c  b  0 -----(4)
(3) - (4)   2  b  c   2  c  b  0    b  c   c  b  0

 b  c   b  c   0   b  c   b  c     1  b  c
substitute  in (3) 1+b+c=0
ii) If the quadratic equations ax 2  2bx  c  0 and ax 2  2cx  b  0,  b  c  have a common
root, then show that a  4b  4c  0
Sol: Let  be a common root of given equations ax 2  2bx  c  0 and ax 2  2cx  b  0,  b  c 
 a 2  2b  c  0 ------(1)
a  2c  b  0 ------(2)
2

(1) - (2)  a 2  2b  c  a 2  2c  b  0

 2 (b  c )  b  c

 2  1  b  c
1
 
2
1
Sub.   in eq (1)
2
2
1 1
a    2b    c  0
2 2
a a  4b  4c
 bc  0  0
4 4
 a  4b  4c  0
39) Prove that roots of  x  a  x  b   h 2 are always real. (May-09)
2
Sol. Given equation is  x  a  x  b   h  x 2  bx  ax  ab  h 2
2 2
 x   a  b  x  ab  h  0
2
Now Discriminent,  = b 2  4ac =  a  b   4(1)(ab  h 2 )
2 2
  a  b  4ab  4h2   a  b  4h2  0    b 2  4ac
  0  roots are always real
 THEORY OF EQUATIONS

40) Form the equation whose roots are 2 3, 1  2i (March-07)

Sol: Given roots are 2 3, 1  2i

 If  ,  ,  ,  are the roots then  x    x    x    x     0

         
Required equation is  x   2  3  
  

x   2  3    x  1  2 i    x  1  2 i    0
       
   

       
 x  2   3   x  2   3   x  1  2i   x  1  2i   0

 2   2 2
 x  2  3  x 1  4i   0   x 2  4 x  4  3  x 2  2 x  1  4   0
   

x 2
 4 x  1  x 2  2 x  5   0  x 4  2 x 3  5 x 2  4 x 3  8 x 2  20 x  x 2  2 x  5  0
 x 4  6 x 3  14 x 2  22 x  5  0 .

41) If -1,2 and  are the roots of 2 x 3  x 2  7 x  6  0 then find  (March-10,12,13, 2014)
Sol. Given -1,2 and  are the roots of 2 x 3  x 2  7 x  6  0

1 a1
Now S1 = -  S1  Sumof the roots 
2 a0

1 1 1 3
 -1+2+  = -  1+  = -   = - -1   = -
2 2 2 2
42) If 1,-2,3 are the roots of x 3  2 x 2  ax  6  0 then find a. (March-04)
Sol. Given f(x)  x 3  2 x 2  ax  6  0
1,-2,3 are roots of f (x )= 0
 f(1)=0  13  2.12  a.1  6  0  If  is a root of f  x  =0  f   =0

 1-2+a+6=0  a+5=0  a= -5
43. I f the pr oduct of the r oots of 4 x 3  16 x 2  9 x  a  0 is 9, then find a. (May-12)
Sol. Let  ,  ,  are the roots of the given equation
a3
 S3     9  S3  Product of the roots 
a0

 a 
  9
 4 
 a  36
44) If 1,1,  are the roots of x 3  6 x 2  9 x  4  0 ,then find  . (May-11)
1)
Sol. Given 1,1,  are the roots of x 3  6 x 2  9 x  4  0

a1
Now S1 = 6  S1  Sum of the roots 
a0
 1+1+  = 6   = 6-2   = 4
45) If  ,  ,1 are the roots of x 3  2 x 2  5 x  6  0 then find  ,  . (March-08)(May-09)
Sol. Given  ,  ,1 are the roots of x 3  2 x 2  5 x  6  0

a1
Now S1 =2  S1  Sumof theroots 
a0

     1  2      1 ....................................(1)

a3
and S3 = -6  S3  Productof the roots 
a0

 . .1  6    6
2 2 2 2
           4 =1+24 =25  a  b   a  b  2ab

     5 ...............................(2)
(1)   2   2  6    3
     1  3    1    2
46) If  ,  ,  are the roots of x 3  2 x 2  3 x  4  0 then find
2
i)  2 ii)  2
    2
Sol. Given  ,  ,  are the roots of x 3  2 x 2  3 x  4  0

a1 a a
Now S1 =       2  S1  , S2  2 , S3  3
a0 a0 a0

S2 =       3
and S3 =   4
2
i)   2   2  2   2 2   2 2 = (     ) 2  2 (     )
= 32  2.4.2 = 9-16 = -7
2
ii)      2 =  ( 2    2 ) =   (   )
=  (   )   (   )   (   )
=  (2   )   (2   )   (2   )
= 2    2     2  
= 2(     )  3
 = 2(3)- 3(4) = 6-12 = -6 (or)
2
     2  S1S2  3S3  2.3  3.4  6  12  6
47) Find the quotient and remainder when x 4  11x3  44 x 2  76 x  48 is divided by
x 2  7 x  12
Sol. By synthetic division, we have
1  11 44  76 48
7 0 7  28 28 0
 12 0 0  12 48  48 x2  7 x  12 compare with x2  px  q
1 4 4 0 0

The required quotient is x 2  4 x  4 and the remainder is zero

48) Find the transformed equation whose roots are the the negatives of the roots of
x4  5x3 11x  3  0
Sol. Given equation is f (x)  x4  5x3 11x  3  0
Required equation is f(-x)=0  1 ,  2 , ........,  n are the roots of f (  x )  0

 ( x ) 4  5( x )3  11( x)  3  0  x 4  5 x 3  11x  3  0

49) Find the equation whose roots are reciprocals of the roots of
x4  3x3  7x2  5x  2  0 (March-05)(May-11)
Sol. Given equation is f(x)= x 4  3 x 3  7 x 2  5 x  2 =0

 1 1 1 1 1
Required equation is f    0  , , ........, are the roots of f    0
 x 1  2 n x

1 1 1 1
 4
3. 3 7. 2 5 2  0
x x x x
multiplying by x 4
1  3x  7 x 2  5 x3  2 x 4  0  2 x 4  5 x3  7 x 2  3x  1  0

50) (i) If  ,  ,  are the roots of the equation x 3  2 x 2  4 x  3  0 , find the equation whose
roots are 3 times the roots of given equation. (March-09)(May-05)
(ii) Find the algebric equation whose roots are two times the roots of
x5  2 x4  3x3  2 x2  4 x  3  0 .
Sol. (i) Given equation is f(x)= x 3  2 x 2  4 x  3  0

 x  x
 3 1 , 3 2 , ........, 3 n are the roots of f    0
Required equation is f    0
3 3
3 2
x x x
  3   2  3   4  3   3  0
 x3 x2 4 x
 2   3  0  x3  6 x 2  36 x  81  0
27 9 3
(ii) Given equation is f  x   x5  2 x 4  3 x3  2 x 2  4 x  3  0

 x  x
required equation is f    0  21 , 2 2 , ........, 2 n are the roots of f    0
2 2
5 4 3 2
x x x x  x
    2    3   2    4    3  0
2 2 2 2 2
x5 2 x 4 3x3 2 x 2 4 x
      3  0  x 5  4 x 4  12 x 3  16 x 2  64 x  96  0
32 16 8 4 2
51) Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the squares of the roots of
x3  3x 2  7 x  6  0
Sol. Given equation is f(x)= x 3  3 x 2  7 x  6  0

Required equation is f ( x )  0
2 2 2
  1 ,  2 , ........,  n are th e roo ts o f f  
x 0

 ( x )3  3( x )2  7 x  6  0  x x  3x  7 x  6  0
 x ( x  7)  (3 x  6)  Squaring on both sides
 x( x 2  14 x  49)  9 x 2  36 x  36  x 3  23 x 2  13 x  36  0
52. If  ,  ,  are the roots of x 3  2 x 2  4 x  3  0 then find the equations whose roots are
  
, , .
3 3 3

1  2 n
Sol: Required equation is f  x k   0 
k
,
k
, .....,
k
 
are the roots of f x k  0

3 2
3 x   2 3 x   4 3 x   3  0

 27 x 3  18 x 2  12 x  3  0  9 x3  6 x2  4 x  1  0
53. If  ,  ,  are the roots of x   10 x 2  6 x  8  0 then find  2   2   2 .
Sol: For the equation x   10 x 2  6 x  8  0
Now S1        10

S2        6  a1 a a
 S1  , S 2  2 , S3  3
S3     a0 a0 a0
2
 2   2   2         2        10 2  2  6   100  12  88
2
 a 2  b 2  c 2   a  b  c   2  ab  bc  ca 
 PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS
54) (i) If n p4  1680 then find ‘n’ (Mar 06, 2014)
(ii) If n p3  1320 find ‘n’ (Mar 05, 09)
Sol. (i) Given that n P4  1680
n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3) = 8 x7 x 6x 5  n P4 8 P4  n  8
(ii) Given that n p3  1320
n
p3 = 12 x 11 x 10  n p3 12 P3  n  12

( n 1)
55) (i) If P5 : n P6  2 : 7 , find n.(Mar-10)
 n 1
(ii) If P5 : n P5  3 : 2 then find n. (Mar-12)
( n 1)
Sol. (i) Given that P5 : n P6  2 : 7


 n  1 !   n  6 !  2 
n 1

2
 n Pr 
n!
 n  4 ! n ! 7  n  4  n  5 7  n r!
 7 n  7  2  n 2  9n  20   2n 2  25n  33  0
 3
 n  11 2n  3  0  n  11  n  
 2
(ii)Given that  n 1 P5 : n P5  3 : 2
 n 1 n!
P5 3  n Pr 

n
P5 2  n  r!
 n  1!  n  1 n !

 n  4 !  3  n  4  n  5!  3 n 1 3
n! 2  n! 2  n  4  2  2n  2  3n  12
 n  5!  n  5!
 n  14
56) If n P7  42. n P5 find n. (May-09, May-11)
Sol. Given that n P7  42.n P5 n!  n  n  1 n  2 n  3 .......3.2.1
n  n  1 n  2  n  3 n  4  n  5  n  6  = 42n  n  1 n  2  n  3 n  4 
  n  5 n  6   42
  n  5 n  6   7  6
 n  5  7 or n  6  6
 n  12
57) If 12 P 5  5.12 P 4  13P r find ‘r’

 n Pr  r .n Pr 1 
n 1
Sol. Given that We have 12 P 5  5.12 P 4  13P r Pr

13P  13P  r  5
5 r
58. If 10. C2  3. ( n 1)C3 then find n
n
(May-12)
Sol. Given that 10.n C2  3.( n 1) C3
n.( n  1) (n  1) n.( n  1)
 10.  3  10  n  1
1 2 1 2  3
n  9
59) If n C21 n C27 , then find 49 C n (Mar 06)
n n n n
Sol. Given that C21  C27 We have Cr  C5  r  s or n = r+s
n
C21  n C27  n  21  27  n  48

Now 49
Cn  49 C48 49 C1  49  nC r  n C nr
60) If n C5  n C6 then find the value of 13 Cn (March-13) (June-10)

Sol. Given that n C5  n C6 We have  nCr n Cs  r  s or n = r + s

 n  6  5  n 11
13 13  12
Now 13 Cn 13 C11  C 2   78 We have  nCr n Cnr
1 2
61) (i) If 12C r 1  12C 3r 5 find ‘r’ (Mar 08)
12 12
(ii) If Cs 1  C(2 s 5) (Mar-11)
(iii) If 15 C2r 1  15C(2r 4) then find r.. (March-2014)

12 12
Sol. (i) Given that C r 1  C 3 r 5

 r  1  3r  5 or r  1  3r  5  12  nCr n Cs , then r = s or r + s = n
5  1  3r  r or 4r  4  12
2r  6 or 4r  12  4
r 3 or 4r  16
r4
 r  3or 4
(ii) Given that 12 Cs 1  12
C(2 s 5)

s  1  2s  5 or s  1  2s  5  12  nC r  n C s , then r = s or r + s = n
 5  1  2s  s or 3s  4  12
s6 or 3s  16
16
s not an integer
3
s6
(iii) Given 15 C2r 1  15C(2r 4)

2r  1  2r  4  15  nC r  n C s , then r = s or r + s = n
 4r  12
r 3
62) Find the value of 10C 5  2.10C  10C (Mar-10)
4 3

Sol. Given 10C 5  2.10C  10C  nCr n Cr 1  n1

Cr
4 3
10
C5  2.10 C4 10 C3   10 C5 10 C4    10 C4 10 C3  = 11 C5 11 C4
12 12 11 10  9  8
= C5  = 792
5  4  3  2 1
63) If nP r  5040 and n Cr  210 find ‘n’ and ‘r’ (Board model paper)
Sol. Given that nP r  5040 and n Cr  210
n
5040 Pr
 210  r!  r!=24  r !  4!  r  4 n  r!
Cr

n n  n  1 n  2  n  3
C 4  210   10  7  3
4  3  2 1
n ( n  1)(n  2)( n  3)  10  9  8  7  n=10
64) Find the number of ways of arranging the letters of the word
(i) PERMUTATION (ii) INTERMEDIATE
(iii) INDEPENDENCE ( Mar 09) (iv) MATHEMATICS (Mar-11) (Mar 06)
(v) CORRUPTION (Mar-12) (vi) ENGINEERING(MARCH-2013)

Sol.
 p like things of first kind, q like things of second kind, and r alike things of third kind
n!
and the rest are different, then number of permutations is
 p ! q ! r !
(i) The given word “PERMUTATION” contains 11 letters. In which there are 2 T’s are alike,
the remaining letters are different.
11!
Required number of arrangements =
2!
ii) INTERMEDIATE: The given word INTERMEDIATE contains 12 letters in which there are
2 I’s, 2T’s, 3E’s are alike and rest are different
 12!
Required number of arrangements =
2!2!3!
iii) INDEPENDENCE: The given word INDEPENDENCE contains 12 letters in which
there are 3 N’s, 2D’s, 4E’s are alike and rest are different
12!
Required number of arrangements :
3!2!4!
iv) MATHEMATICS: The given word MATHEMATICS contains 11 letters in which there are
11!
2M’s, 2 A’s, 2 T’s and rest are different. Required number of arrangements = 2!2!2!
v) CORRUPTION: The given word CORRUPTION contains 10 letters in which there are
2R’s,2O’s and rest are different.
10!
Required number of arrangements =
2!2!
vi) ENGINEERING: The given word ENGINEERING contains 11 letters in which there are
11!
3E’s, 3N’s, 2G’s .2I’s, 1R so the required number of arrangement is
3!3!2!2!
65. Find the number of ways of arranging the letters of the word TRIANGLE so that the
relative positions of the vowels and consonants are not disturbed
Sol. Given word is TRIANGLE has 8 letters
Number of vowels = 3(I,A,E)
Number of consonants = 5
CCVVCCCV
Since the relative positions of the vowels and consonants are not distributed so that
the 3 vowels can be arranged in their relative positions in 3! Ways, and the 5 consonants can be
arranged in their relative positions in 5! Ways.
 The number of required arrangements = 3! 5 ! = 6 120  =720
66) Find the number of 4 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word PISTON
in which at least one letter is repeated.
Sol.
The number of permutations of n dissimilar things
taken 'r' things at a time with atleast one repetition is nr n Pr
The given word PISTON has 6 letters.
The number of 4 letter words that can be formed using these 6 letters.
i) When repetition is allowed is n r = 64 ii) When repetition is not allowed is n Pr = 6 P4
The number of 4 letter words in which at least one letter is repeated = 64 6 P4 =1296-360=936.
67) Find the number of ways of arranging 4 boys and 3 girls around a circle so that all the
girls sit together
Sol. The number of circular permutations of n different things (taken all at a time) is  n1 !
Number of boys = 4
Number of girls = 3
Since all girls come together so that treat all the 3 girls as one unit, then we have 4 boys and 1 unit
of girls total 5
 They can be arranged in a circle in (5-1)! = 4! Ways.
Now the 3 girls can be arranged among themselves in 3 ! ways.
The number of required arrangements = 4! X 3!= 24 x 6 = 144.
68) Find the number of ways of selecting 3 vowels and 2 consonants from the letters of the
word ‘EQUATION’ (May-11)
Sol. The given word EQUATION has 8 letters.
Number of vowels = 5(E,U,A,I,O)
Number of consonants = 3
The 3 vowels can be selected from 5 vowels in 5 C3  10 ways.
The 2 consonants can be selected from 3 consonants in 3 C2  3 ways.
The required number of ways of selecting 3 vowels and 2 consonants = 10 x 3 = 30
69) Find the number of ways of selecting 3 girls and 3 boys out of 7 girls and 6 boys. (May-09)
Sol. Number of boys = 3 and Number of girls = 3
The 3 girls can be selected from 7 girls in 7 C3 =35 ways
The 3 boys can be selected from 6 boys 6 C3  20 ways
 Total number of arrangements = 35  20  700
70) Find the number of different chains that can be prepared using 7 different coloured beeds.
( Mar 08)
Sol.
The circular permutations like garlands of flowers, chains of beads etc.,
1
the number of circular permutations of n things is  n 1 !
2
1
The number of ways of preparing a chain with 7 different coloured beads = n  1!.
2
1 1
=  7  1 !  6! =360
2 2
71) There are 5 copies each of 4 different books. Find the number of ways of arranging these
books in a shelf in a single row
Sol. Total number of books = 4 x 5 = 20
 20 !
The required number of arrangements = 5! 4
 
72) How many numbers can be formed using all the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1 such that even
digits always occupy even places
Sol. The number of ways can be formed using all the
digits 1 , 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1 such that even digits always. Occupy even places.
In the given 7 digits, there are two 1’s and two 2’s , two 3’s and one 4.
3!
The 3 even places can be occupied by the even digits 2, 4, 2 in
2!
OEOEOEO (Even places is show by E)
 4!
The remaining 4 odd places can be occupied by the odd digits 1, 3, 3, 1 in ways.
2!2!
3! 4!
The number of required arrangements. =   3  6  18 .
2! 2!2!

73) Find the number of 5 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word
NATURE, that begin with ‘N’ when repetition is allowed.
Sol. Take 5 blanks
First we can fill the first place with N in one way NXXXX
Since repetition is allowed so that the remaining 4 places can be filled with any one of the 6 letters
in 6 x 6 x 6 x 6 = 64 ways.
The number of required arrangements = 1 64  1296 .

74) Find the number of bijections from a set A containing 7 elements on to itself.
Sol.  The number of bijections from a set A to itself is n!
The number of bijections from a set A with 7 elements onto itself = n!
= 7! = 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 3 x 2 1=5040.

75) Find the number of injections from set A containg 4 elements in to a set B containing
6 elements
Sol.  The number of injections from a set A to the set B is n Pm
The number of injections from set A containing 4 elements into a set B containing 6 elements
= n Pm = 6 P4  6  5  4  3  360

76) Find the number of positive divisors of 1080

Sol. 1080 = 23.33.51

If p1 ,p2 ,.......,pK are distinct primes and 1 ,2 ,3 ,....,k are positive int egers
then the no.of positive divisors of n  p11 ,p22 ,.......,pkk is 1 12 1 .....k 1  this includes 1 and n
The number of positive divisors of 1080 = (3+1)(3+1)(1+1)= 4 x 4 x 2= 32

77. Find the number of (i) 6 (ii) 7 letter palindromes that can be formed using the latters of the
word EQUATION
Sol. Given word EQUATION has 8 letters i.e n  8
(i) here r  6 is even
 number of palindromes  n r / 2  86 / 2  83
(ii) here n  7 is odd
r 1 7 1
then number of palindromes  n 2
8 2
 84
78. Find the number of seven digited pallindromes that can be formed using 0,1,2,3,4
Sol. First can be filled in 4 ways, reamining 3 places can be filled in 5 ways each
r 1
 Number of pallindromes   n  1 n 2
 4  53 , r =7, n =5

79) If a set A has 12 elements, then find the number of subsets of A having 4 elements.
Sol. The number of subsets of A having 4 elements
 The number of different subsets of with r elements of a set containing n elements is n C r

The number of subsets of A having 4 elements = 12 C4  495

80) Find the number of ways in which 4 letters can be put in 4 addressed envelopes so that
no letter goes into the envelope meant for it.

Sol. If three are n things in a row, a permuation of these n things such that none of them occupies its
orginal position is called a derangement of n things.

1 1 1 1 1
The number of dearrangements of distinct things = n!     ......  (1)n 
 2! 3! 4! 5! n! 

1 1 1
Required number of ways  4!      12  4  1  9
 2! 3! 4! 

81. Find the number of diagonals of a polygon with 12 sides?

Sol. The number of diagonals of a polygon with n sides = nC2  n

Here n = 12,
Required number of diagonals of a polygon  12C2  12

BINOMIAL THEOREM
82) Find the number of terms in the expansion of
9
 3a b 
7
7
(i) (2 x  3 y  z ) (Mar-12,  b  c  ii    
i a 2014)
 4 2
Sol: i) The no. of terms in the expansion of
n
 The no.of terms in  a+b+c 
( n  1)( n  2) (7  1)(7  2)
(2 x  3 y  z )7    4  9  36  n  1  n  2 
2 2 is
2

9
 3a b 
ii) number of terms in the expansion of     n  1  9  1  10
 4 2
83) Find the set of values of ‘x’ for which
2 5
i   2  3x  3 is valid  ii   7  3 x  is valid (iii) (3  4 x)3/ 4 is valid (Mar-12)
2
2
2  3x  3 3x
Sol: (i) Given  2  3x  3 2 3
1   here X 
 2  2

3x 2 2 2
Binomial expansion is valid, for X  1  1  x   x
2 3 3 3

 2 2
 for x    ,  the given expansion is valid
 3 3
5
 3x  3x
(ii) Given  7  3x 
5
 7 5  1   here X 
 7  7

Binomial expansion is valid, for X  1

3x 7 7 7  7 7
 1  x    x   for x    ,  the given expansion is valid
7 3 3 3  3 3
3/ 4
 4x  4x
(iii) Given  3  4x 
3/ 4
 33/ 4 1   Here X 
 3  3

Binomial expansion is valid, for X  1

4x 3 3 3
 1  x   x
3 4 4 4

 3 3
 for x    ,  the given expansion is valid
 4 4
22 22
84) If Cr is the largest binomial coefficient in the expansion of 1  x  find the value
13
of Cr (May-11)
22
Sol: Given expanison is 1  x  here n  22 is an even integer

n 22
  'n' is even largest binom ial co-efficient is C
n/2
 C11

22
Given that 22Cr is the largest binomial co-efficient in 1  x 

 22C  22C
11 r

 r  11
13 12
13 Cr 13 C11 13 C2   78
1 2
 7
 2x2 5 
85) Find the Coefficient of x 7 in   5 (March-10)
 3 4x 
7
 2x2 5 
Sol: Given   5
 3 4x 

n
 b np  m
for x Coefficient in  ax p  q  is Tr+1 ; wherer r 
m

 x  pq
here n  7; p  2; q  5, m  7

7  2    7  14  7 21
r    3
25 7 7
7 3 3 4 3
nr r
 2 x2 
7
2
  5  7  2 x   5 
Tr 1  T31  nCr x a  C3    5   C3    5
 3   4x   3   4x 
4 3 4 3
2  5  1  2   5 
7 C3   x8   . 15 7 C3     x 7
3  4  x 3  4 
4 3
7  2   5 
7
 Coefficient of x  C3    
3  4 
86) Find the middle terms in the expansion of
10 11
3x 3 
 i    2 y  (March-12) (June-10)  ii  
 4a  b  (June-05)
 7   2 
10
 3x 
Sol: (i) Given,   2 y  n  10
 7 
Tn 2  T  T  T
 middle term if ‘n’ is even is 102 12 6
2
2 2
105
3x 5
n
Tr 1  C r x nr
a  r T6 T51 10C5    2y
7
5 5
 3x  5 3 5
 C5    2  y 5  10C5    2  x 5 y 5
10

 7  7
11
 3 
(ii) Given,  4a  b  , n  11
 2 

Tn1 , Tn3 T111 , T113 T12 , T14

 middle terms if ‘n’ is odd is   2 2
 T6 , T7
2 2 2 2
 5
11 5 3 
T6  T51  11C5  4a   b Tr1 n Cr xnr ar
2 
5 5
3  6 3
 11C5  4a   b   11C5 4   a 6b5
6

2  2
6 6 6
11 6 3  53  53 5 6
T7  T61  11C6  4a   b   11C6  4a   b   11C6 4   a b
 2   2  2
 

14 9
 3 7   2 x 2 15 
87) Find the term independent of ‘x’ in the expansion of (i)  4x  2  (ii)   
 x   5 4x 
n
Sol: (i) general term in the expansion of  x  a  is Tr 1 n Cr x nr a r

r
3 14  r
 7  14
= Cr  4 x  
14 42  3 r r 42  3r 2 r 14
 2   Cr 4 7 x x  Cr 4423r 7 r x 425 r
x
 
42
For term independent of x we have 42  5r  o  r  which is not an integer
5
 Hence term independent of x in the given expansion is zero
9
 2 x 2 15 
(ii) Given   
 5 4x 

n
 b np
for independent of x in  ax p  q  is Tr 1 ; where r 
 x  pq

(9)(2)
Here n = 9, p = 2, q = 1  r  6
2 1
Tr+1 = T6+1 = T7 is the term independent of x
3 6
9  2   15 
T7 = T6+1 = c6     Tr1 n Cr xnr ar
5  4 
88) Prove that Co  2.C1  4.C2  8.C3  ...  2 n.Cn  3n (March-07)
n
Sol: we have 1  x   Co  C1 x  C2 x 2  .....  Cn x n
Put x = 2
n
1  2   C0  C1 .2  C2 .22  .......  Cn .2n

 C0  C1 .2  C2 .22  .......  Cn .3n

 n 1
89) Prove that 2.Co  5.C1  8.C2  ......   3n  2  .Cn   3n  4  .2

n n n n n

Sol: L.H .S   (3r  2)Cr  3 r.Cr  2 Cr Cr  2n , r .Cr  n.2n1

r 0 r 0 r 0 r 0 r 0

n 1 n 1
 3.n.2 n 1  2.2n  (3n  2.2)2  (3n  4)2
(or)
 a . c 0  ( a  d ). c 1  ( a  2 d ). c 2  ....  ( a  n d ). c n  ( 2 a  n d ).2 n  1
Here a = 2, a + d = 5  d = 3
n 1 n 1
 2.Co  5.C1  8.C2  ......   3n  2  .Cn =  2(2)  n(3)  2  (3n  4).2

n 3 2
90) Find the numerically greatest term(s) in the expansion of  3x  5 y  when x  ;y
4 7
and n  17
17
17 17  5y 
Sol: Given expansion  3x  5 y    3x  1  
 3x 
17
 5y   5 y  5 2 7  40
On comparing  1   with (1
1  xX ) n  X  3 x  3 . 3  63
 3x  4

40
18.
p
 n  1 X  63  720
1 X 40 103  6.9 (not an integer) Tr1 n Cr xnr ar
1
63
T[p]+1 is the numerically greatest term  T6+1 = T7 is the numerically greatest term
6 6 11
17 17  5 y  17 6 11 17  10  9 56 911
T61  T7   3 x  . C6    C6  5 y   3x   C6   .   17 C6 6  8
 3x  7 4 7 4

3
 5x  5
91) Find the 8th term of 1  
 2 
3
 5x  5 p
Sol: Given, 1   this is in the form of 1  x  q here p  3, q  5
 2 

p  p  q  p  2q  .....  p   r  1 q   x 
r

General term Tr 1   
r! q
7
3  3  5   3  2  5    .....  3   7  1 5   5 x 2  7
T8  T7 1    = 3.8.13...........33  x 
7!  5   
  7! 2
92) Find the approximate values of i ) 5 242 ii ) 3 1002  3 998
1
1 1
 1 5 n n(n  1) 2
Sol: (i) 5
242   243  1 5   243 1 
5 1  x   1  nx  x  .............
 243  2!

 11  
1  1 1   1 1 2 
5 5  
 3 
5 5
1  .     ...
 5 243 1.2  243  
 

5
 1 2 2  1 1 5
 3 1   0.00243    0.00243 ..... Since      0.3  0.00243
 5 25  243  3 
3 6 2
 3  0.00243    0.00243   3  0.001458  0.000001417176  2.998541
5 25
 5 242  2.9985

1 1
ii ) 3 1002  3 998  1002  3   998  3
1 1
1 1
1 1  2 3  2 3
 1000  2  1000  2
3 3  1000  1 
3
  1000  3 1
 
 1000   1000 

n n(n  1) 2
1  x   1  nx  x  .............
 1 1
 2!
 10 1  0.0023  1  0.002  3  n n(n  1) 2
  1  x   1  nx  x  .............
2!

  1  2    1  2   
  1 .       
3 3 1 3 3
 10 1   0.002      0.002   ....  1   0.002      .. 
2

  3 2!   3 2! 
     

2   0.004  0.04
 10   0.002    10    0.0133  3
1002  3 998  0.0133
3   3  3
 4
93) Expand 5 5 in increasing power of
5
3 3
 
1 2  4 2
Sol: Given 5 5  51.51 / 2  511 / 2  5 3 / 2    1  
5  5

n n  n  1 n  n  1 n  2 ...  n  r  1
This is in the form of 1  x   1  nx  x2  ......  x r .....
2! r!

33  3  3  3  3 
  1 2   1  2  ...   r  1 r
3 4 22 4 2  2  2   2  4
 1 .     ......     ...
2 5 2!  5  r! 5
2 r
3  4  3.5  4  3.5.....(2r  1)  4 
 1     2    .........     .....
2  5  2 .2!  5  2r. r ! 5
94. If (1  x  x 2 ) n  a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  .......  a2 n x 2 n then find the value of
a0  a2  a4  .....  a2 n (Board model paper)
2 n 2 2n
Sol. Let (1  x  x )  a0  a1 x  a2 x  .......  a2 n x ............... (1)
Put x  1 in (1) we get
3n  a0  a1  a2  ........  a2 n  (2)
put x  1 in 1 we get
1  a0  a1  a2  a3  ...........  a2 n  (3)
adding (2) and (3) we get 3n  1  2( a0  a2  .....  a2 n )
3n  1
 a0  a2  ........  a2 n 
2
95. Find the reminder when 2 2013 in devided by 17
4 503
Sol. 2  .2
503
17  1 .2, where n  503

 n
C017 n  n C117 n 1  n C217 n  2  ........  n Cn 1.17  1 .2

2  n C 017 n  n C117 n 1  n C 2 17 n  2  ...........  n C n 117   2 = 17  q  1  15, q  z

It is divisible by 17
Remainder = 15
 2n 1.3.5........  2n  1 n
96. Show that the middle term in the expansion of  x  1 is  2x .
n!
2n 2n
Sol. Middle term of 1  x  is Cn x n

2n !
 2
xn
 n !
2n  2n  2 2n  4 ....6.4.2 2n  1 2n  3 ....5.3.1 x n

= 2
 n !
n
2n n !.1.3.5.......2n  1 x n 1.3.5.......  2n  1 2 x 
= =
n !.n ! n!
100
97) Find the number of Irrational terms is the expension of 5 6  2  1 1
8

 n  100 
Sol. Number of Rational terms =  LC    4
 . .M. of  6,8   24 
 Number of Irrational terms = Total terms - Number of rational terms
= 101 - 4 = 97
39
98) Find the sum of last 20 coefficients in the expansion of 1  x 
39
Sol. The sum of the coefficients of 1  x  is 239

 39 C0  39 C1  39 C2  .....  39 C19  39 C20  .....39 C39  239  nCr  nCnr

 39 C39  39 C38  39 C37  .....  39 C20  39 C20  .....39 C39  239

 2  39 C20  39 C21  39 C22  .....  39 C39   239

 39 C20  39 C21  39 C22  .....  39 C39  238

8
 32 3 
99) Find the 3rd term from the end in the expansion of  x  2 
 x 

n
2
3
3
Sol. Comparing the given expansion with  X  a  , we get X  x ,a  ,n  8
x2
The expansion has  n  1 terms = 9 terms. Hence the 3rd term from the end is 7th term from

the begining and T7  n C6 X n 6 .a 6  Tr 1  n C r x nr a r

8 6 4 6 6
 3   28 x 3 . 3  28  3
6
8  2 
T7  T6 1  C6  x 3   2 x12 40
  x  x3
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
100. The variance of 20 observation is 5. If each of the observations is multipled by 2, find the
variance of the resulting observations.
Sol. Variance 20 observations = 5
We know that each observation in a data is multiplied by a constant k, then the variance of
the resulting observations = k 2 times the original variance
 The variance of new observation  k 2 . (original observation)  2 2.5  20

101. (i) Find the mean deviation from the mean of the following discrete data 6,7,10,12,13,4,12,16
(March-2014)
(ii) Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following data
38, 70, 48, 40, 42, 55, 63, 46, 54, 44

Sol. Let x be the mean of the given data

sum of theobservations
x
numbers of observations

6  7  10  12  13  4  12  16 80
   10
8 8
Now calculation of mean deviation from the mean

xi xi  x  xi  10
6 4
7 3
10 0
12 2
13 3
4 6
12 2
16 6
TO TAL  xi  x  26

n n
 xi  x  x x i
26
 The mean deviation from the mean  i 1
 i 1
  3.25
n 8 8

(ii) Let x be the mean of the given data

sumof theobservations 38  70  48  40  42  55  63  46  54  44
x 
numbersof observations 10

500
x  50
10
 xi xi  x  xi  5 0
38 12
70 20
48 2
40 10
42 8
55 5
63 13
46 4
54 4
44 6
 xi  x  8 4

1 n
Mean deviation about mean  | xi  x |  101 84  8.4
n i 1

102. Find the mean deviation about the median for the following data
13, 17, 16, 11, 13, 10, 16, 11, 18, 12, 17
Sol. Arranging the data in ascending order, 10,11,11,12,13,13,16,16,17,17,18
Here numbers of observation n  11 (odd)
n  1 11  1 n 1
 i.e.,  6 Ungrouped data : Median  , if n is odd
2 2 2

 Median (b) = 6th observation is 13

Calculation of mean deviation about the median

xi 10 11 11 12 13 13 16 16 17 17 18
xi  b  xi  1 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 3 3 4 4 5  xi  1 3  2 7

 mean deviation about the median

n


i 1
x i  m e d ia n

27
 2.45
n 11

103. Find the variance and standard deviation of the follwing data 5, 12, 3, 18, 6, 8, 2, 10

Sol. The mean of given data is

5  12  3  18  6  8  2  10 64 sumof theobservations
x  8 x
8 8 numbersof observations
 xi 5 12 3 18 6 8 2 10
xi  x –3 4 –5 10 –2 0 –6 2
2
( xi  x ) 9 16 25 100 4 0 36 4
8
2
 (x  x )
i 1
i  194

1 n
 Variance ( 2
)   ( x i  x ) 2  1  194  24.25
n i 1 8

 Standard deviation ( )  24.25  4.92 (approx)

104. The coefficient of variation of two distributions are 60 and 70 and their standard deviations
are 21 and 16 respectively. Find their arithmetic means.
Sol. Given coefficient of variation of 1st distribution = 60
Coefficient of variation of 2nd distribution = 70
And standard deviation are
 1  21,  2  16
Let x1 and x2 be the means of 1st and 2nd distribution respectively
we know that coefficient of variation of 1st distribution
1 
  100 C oefficien t of variation   100
x1 x

21
 60   100
x1
21
x1  100  35
60
And coefficient of variation of 2nd distribution
2
  100
x2

16
 70   100
x2
16 160
x2   100   22.85
70 7
105. The mean of 5 observations is 4.4, their variance is 8.24. If three of the observations are
1,2 and 6. Find the other two observations.
Sol. Let the other observations are x,y. Then the series is 1,2,6,x,y
sumof theobservations
x
numbersof observations for ungrouped data
  1 2  6  x  y
Mean = x  4.4   4.4  x  y  13 —————(1)
5
2 2
1 2  
 1 
2
Variance    8.24   xi   x   8.24    xi2   x 
2
n   n  

1  4  36  x 2  y 2 2
   4.4   8.24
5
 x 2  y 2  5  8.24  19.36   41  x 2  y 2  97 ---------------------(2)
2
(2)   x  y   2 xy  97  169  2 xy  97  xy  36
Then x  y  13 and xy  36  x  9; y  4 (by observation)
 The required observations are 4, 9

106. The arithmetic mean and standard deviation of a set of 9 items are 43 and 5 respectively.
If an item of value 63 is added to that set, find the new mean and standard devation of 10
item set given.
Sol. Mean of 9 items =43  sum of 9 items = 9  43  387
Sum of 10 items = 387+63 = 450
450
Mean of 10 items =  45
10
S.D of 9 items = 5  Variance of 9 items = 25
2
1  xi2   
  sum of squares of 9 items   432  25  2   x
9 n  

 
 sum of squares of 9 items  9 25  432  9 1874  16866

sum of squares of 10 items  16866  632  20835

20835 2
Variance of 10 items =   45   2083.5  2025  58.5
10
S.D. of 10 items = 58.5  7.65
107. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following data

Sol. Calculation of mean deviation about mean

xi fi fi . xi xi  x  xi  8 fi . xi  x
2 6 12 6 36
5 8 40 3 24
7 10 70 1 10
8 6 48 0 0
10 8 80 2 16
35 2 70 27 54
N   fi  40  i i  320
f x  i i  x  140
f . x

x  
fi xi 320
Mean  8
 fi 40

n
1 1
 Mean deviation about mean 
N
f
i 1
i xi  x 
40
140  3.5

108. Find the mean deviation about the median for the following frequency distribution

Sol. Calculation of mean deviation from the median

xi fi Cumulative x i  median f i xi  median

frequency
 xi  7
5 8 8 2 16
7 6 14 0 0
9 2 16 2 4
10 2 18 3 6
12 2 20 5 10
15 6 26 8 48
N=  fi  26  fi x i  median  84

N
We have N   fi  26   13
2
 The Median is 7
n
1 1
 The M ean Deviation from the M edian  N 
i 1
f i x i  m edian 
26
 84  3.23077
 RANDOM VARIABLES AND
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
109) The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 4 and 3 respectively.
Find P  X  1 (Mar-08, 11, May 11)
Sol: Given that Mean = 4  np =4 ............ (1)
Variance = 3  npq = 3............(2)
 2  q  3 3 1
1 4  p  1 q  1  p
4 4

1
From (i) , n    4  n  16  P ( X  k )  nC k p k q n  k
 4
0 16 16
16 1 3 3
P ( X  1)  1  P  X  0   1  C0      1    , (here k=0)
4 4 4
110) A poisson variable satisfies P  X  1  P  X  2 find P  X  5 (Mar-10, 2014)
Sol: Given that

e   k
P  X  1  P  X  2   p( X  K ) 
k!
here k=1 , here k=2
e   .1 e  . 2 
   1     2
1! 2! 2
e  . 5 e2 .25 4
P  X  5    e2 ; (here k = 5)
5! 120 15
111) If the mean and variance of a binomial variable X are 2.4 and 1.44 respectively, find
P 1  X  4 ( May 06,09)

Mean  np
Sol: Mean = 2.4  np  2.4 .........(1) variance  npq
Variance = 1.44  npq  1.44 ............(2)
 2   q  0.6
1
 p  1  q  1  0.6  p  0.4

From (1), n  0.4   2.4  n  6  p( X  r )  n C r p r q n  r

4
r 6r
P 1  X  4   P  X  2   P  X  3  P  X  4    6C r (0.4) .(0.6)
r 2
112) For a binomial distribution with mean 6 and variance 2, find the first two terms of the
distribution.
Sol: Given that
Mean  np
Mean =6  np  6 ................(1) variance  npq
Variance = 2  npq  2 ............(2)
 2  q  1
1 3
1 2
p  1 q  1  p
3 3
From (i)
2
n   6  n9
3
0 9 1 8
 2 1  2 1 1 9 2 1 2
First two terms of the distribution  9C0     , 9C1     = 9 , 9  9 , 7
 3 3  3 3 3 3 3 3
113) In a city 10 accidnets takes place in a span of 50 days , assuming that the number of
accidents follows the poisson distribution, find the probability that there will be three or
more accidents in a day.
10
Sol: In a city 10 accidents take place in a span of 50 days     0.2
50

e   . k
P(X  K ) 
k!

The probability that there will be three or more accidents in a day  P  X  3

 P( X  3)  P( X  4)  P( X  5)  .......
 
k 
(0.2) k
  P ( X  k )   e    e0.2
k 3 k 3 k! k 3 k!
x
2
114. Find the constant ‘C’ F ( x )  c   , x  1, 2,3, 4..... is the p.d.f of a discrete random variable x
3


Sol:  F  x  1
x 1

 x
2
 c  1
x 1  3 
  2 1  2 2  2 3 
 c          .......  1
 3   3   3  

 2 
 
 c  3  1  a  ar  ar 2  ..... are in G . P ., S 
a 2
here a  , r 
2
2
1   1 r 3 3
 3

2
  1
 c  3  1 c
1 2
 
3
115. It is given that 10% of the electric bulbs manufactured by a company are defective. In a
sample of 20 bulbs, find the probability that more than 2 are defective.
1
Sol. p = probability of getting defective bulb =
10
1 9
q  1 p  1 
10 10
n  20
probability that more than 2 are defective is
20
p  X  2   p  X  k 
k 3

k 20  k
20 20
1 9 
20
920 k
  nCk p k q n  k   20Ck       20Ck 20
k 3 k 3  10   10  k 3 10
116 On an average, rain falls on 12 days in every 30 days, find the probability that, rain will
fall on just 3 days of a given week.
12 2
Sol: given p  
30 5
2 3
q  1 p  1  , n  7, r  3
5 5

 P  X  x   nCx px , qnx
probability for the rain fall on just 3 days of a given week is
3 7 3
7  2 3
P  X  3   C3    
5 5
35  23  34

57
117. The probability that a person chosen at random is left handed (in hand writing) is 0.1.
What is the probability that in a group of 10 people, there is one who is left handed.
1
Sol: Here n = 10 , p   0.1 , Hence q  0.9
10
We have to find P  X  1

The probability that exactly one out of 10 is left handed  P( X  k )  nCk pk qnk
9 9
P  X  1  10C1 p1q101  10  0.1  0.9    0.9 
(here k=1)

PROBABILITY
(THE FOLLOWING VSA QUESTIONS ARE NOT GIVEN IN IPE PUBLIC EXAMINATION PAPER)
118) Find the probability that a non-leap year contains
i) 53 Sundays (Mar-09,12) ii) 52 Sundays only. (Mar 2003, 2009)
Sol: A non leap year contain 365days in that 52 weeks and 1 day
i) the remaining day is S = {sun, mon, tue, wed, thu, fri, sat,}
n( S )  7
Let E be the event of getting 53 sundays, E={SUN}  n  E   1

nE 1 1
PE   ; i.e Probability of getting 53 Sundays in a non-leap year 
ns 7 7
ii) E is the event of getting 52 sundays
1
probability of getting 52 Sundays in a non-leap year is P ( E )  1  p( E )  1  = 6/7
7
119) If A and B are two events with P  A  B   0.65 , P  A  B   0.15 . Then find the value

   
of P A  P B . (Mar 05, May-11)
Sol: By addition theorem on probability
 P  A  B  P  A  P  B  P  A  B

P  A   P  B   0.65  0.15  0.8  1  P( A)  1  P( B )  0.8

 2  0.8  P ( A)  P( B )  P( A)  P( B )  1.2
120) A and B are events with P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.4 and . Find the probability that neither A nor
B occurs. (Mar-10)
Sol: P(A  B)  P(A  B)  1 P(A  B) .............(i)

 P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P( A  B)  0.5  0.4  0.3  0.9  0.3  0.6

From...........(i) P( A  B )  1  P( A  B)  1  0.6  0.4

121)  
For any two events A and B show that P A  B  1  P  A  B   P  A   P  B  (Mar 05)

Sol.  P( A  B)  P( A  B)

 1  P  A  B  =1  P  A  P  B   P  A  B   1  P  A  B   P  A  P  B 

122) If P  A  x , P  B   y , P  A  B   z then find P A  B . 

Sol: Given that P  A  x , P  B   y , P  A  B   z

 P ( A  B)  P ( A  B)  1  P  A  B   1  P  A  B   P  A   P  B   1  z  x  y
123) Two fair dice are rolled, what is the probability that the sum on the faces of the two
dice is 10. (Mar 2006)
Sol: In the experiment of two dice are rolled total out comes  n( S )  36

Let A be the event of getting the sum 10  A  (55), (6 4), (4 6)  n ( A)  3

P ( A)  3 / 36  1/12
124) Find the probability of throwing a total score of 7 with 2 dice.
Sol: let S be the sample space and A be the event of getting a total score of 7
when two dice are thrown n  s   36

A  1, 6  6,1 2,5  5, 2  3, 4  4,3 ; n  A   6

n  A 6 1
P  A   
n  S  36 6
125) Two dice are thrown. Then find the probability of getting the same number on both the
faces. (June 05)
Sol: let S be the sample space of rolling 2 dice n  s   36

Let A be event of getting same number  A  1,1 2, 2  3,3 4, 4  5,5  6, 6  ; n  A   6 ;

n  A 6 1
P  A   
nS  36 6
126) Find the probability of getting two heads and two tails when four coins are tossed at a time. (Mar 08)
Sol: let S be sample space of tossing 4 coins n  s   24  16

Let A be event of getting 2 heads and 2 tails  n( A)  4C 2

4C2 6 3
P ( A)   
16 16 8
127) Define i) mutually exclusive events ii) independent events
Sol. i) Mutually exclusive event : Two events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive.
events if A  B  
ii) Independent event : Two events A,B are said to be Independent if
 P  A  B   P  A P  B 

128) Find the probability of obtaining two tails and one head when 3 coins are tossed.
Sol: In the experiment of tossing 3 coins total number of out comes
S={HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
n ( S )  23  8
Let A be the event of getting 2 tails and one head
A = {HTT, THT, TTH}
 n( A)  3C2  3
P ( A)  3 / 8
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