METABOLISM OF

CARBOHYDRATES IN
RUMINANT AND
NON RUMINANT

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 Digestion of Carbohydrates in the rumen

• Carbohydrates are digested by rumen microbes and

converted into volatile fatty acids and these are the
primary energy source for ruminants. Most sugars are
100 percent digested within the rumen.
• The volatile fatty acids are absorbed from the rumen into
the blood stream and transported to body tissues where
they are used as sources of energy for maintenance,
growth, reproduction, and milk production.
• During the microbial fermentation of carbohydrates, up to
10% of the gross energy is lost in the form of methane.

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 Digestion of Carbohydrates in the rumen

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 Carbohydrate Metabolism

• In nonruminants, glucose is
absorbed through the intestine and
is the major source of metabolic
energy and short carbon chains.

• In ruminants, fermentation of dietary

carbohydrate in the rumen results in
formation of volatile fatty acids
(VFA's): Especially, acetate,
propionate, and butyrate.

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 Pathways of
carbohydrate metabolism
by bacteria in the
ruminant forestomach

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 DEGRADATION OF CELLULOSE

THREE MAIN ENZYMES :

1. ENDO-1,4- - GLUCANASE RANDOMLY
ATTACKS THE CELLULOSE, RAPIDLY
DECREASING THE CHAIN LENGTH TO
PRODUCE CELULO-OLIGOSACHARIDES.
2. CELLOBIOHYDROLASE DEGRADES THE
CELLULOSE BY RELEASING CELLOBIOSE
UNITS AT THE NON-REDUCING ENDS OF THE
CHAIN.

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3. - GLUCOSIDASE HYDROLASES
CELLOBIOSE AND THE SOLUBLE
OLIGOSACCHARIDES WITH A LOW LEVEL OF
POLYMERISATION INTO GLUCOSE

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DEGRADATION OF HEMICELLULOSE

• HEMICELLULOSE ARE HYDROYSED BY :

L-ARABINASES, D- MANNANASES,
D-GALACTANASES, D-XYLANASES
• ENDO-D-XYLANASES ATTACK THE INSIDE
OF THE MOLECULES
• EXO-D-XYLANASES HYDROLYSE XYLAN
FROM THEIR NON REDUCING END

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• EXO-D-XYLANASE HYDROLYSE THE
XYLANS INTO XYLOSE, XYLOBIOSE,
XYLOSE OLIGOMERS AND L-ARABINOSE.
• -XYLOSIDASE, - GLUCOSIDASE, -L-
ARABINOFURANOSIDASE DEGRADE THE
OLIGOMERS

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 DEGRADATION OF PECTIN

PECTOLYTIC ENZYMES :
• ESTERASES CATALYSE THE
SEPARATION OF METHANOL
• HYDROLASES OR LYASES
DEPOLYMERIZE PECTIN

ENDO AND EXO ENZYMES

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 DEGRADATION OF STARCH

• -AMYLASE RANDOMLY CLEAVES INTERNAL

-1,4 LINKAGES OF BACKBONE
• ISOAMYLASE CLEAVES THE -1,6-BRANCH
POINTS OF AMYLODEXTRIN
• GLUCOAMYLASE CLEAVE AMYLOSE FROM
THE REDUCING TERMINUS
• MOST AMYLOLYTIC MICROORGANISMS
POSSES AN -GLUCOSIDASE

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 -AMYLASE

• HIGHLY ACTIVE ENZYME

S. bovis. the enzyme degraded both potato
and corn starch
• LOWER ACTIVITY ENZYME
B.amylophilus the enzyme had relatively
little activity on potato starch

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 Microbial colonization
• Starts soon after introduction plant
tissue.The number of bacteria increases
after a meal with doubling time 3.2 h
• Initial colonization determined neither by
the quantity of feed /synchronicity of
degradation of N and CHO.
• Microbial density after 3 h of incubation
related to the cell wall content of the feed
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 Microbial density on the substrate

• Initially increases, then plateau or

declines
• Maximal concentration ranged 10 – 15
of particle DM
• It increases due to an increasing of
microbial population, decreasing
quantity of remaining substrate or
both.
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 The flow of nutrients from feed products in non ruminant

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 The flow of nutrients from feed products in ruminant

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