REVISED EDITION

5
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First Published in 2018

Revised Edition 2020

ISBN: 978-93-89519-69-3

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Director Learning Solutions: Sutapa Basu
Associate Vice President: Arani Banerjee
Senior Editor: Divya Chandhok

Published by Sarvesh Shrivastava, Managing Director, Proficiency Learning Solutions Private Limited

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Eupheus Learning is the registered trademark of Proficiency Learning Solutions Private Limited.
All rights reserved.
PRE FACE
Knowing grammar is the first step towards discovering how language makes meaning.
The teaching of grammar must, therefore, focus on form and meaning simultaneously.
It must be done by making inputs realistic and comprehensible with focus on the learner as the
centre of the teaching–learning experience.

Practice exercises must be as close to the learner’s personal context as possible. The goal
of grammar instruction must be autonomous production of language by the learner.

WOW! Grammar & Composition brings together structural and functional grammar through systematic
practice and fun activities. Ideal for young learners in the early stages of English language learning, the series
is based on a unique curriculum design that recycles grammar points at every level and builds on previous
understanding. This spiralling curriculum design eases the learning curve and helps students negotiate new
grammar topics from familiar premises. The material has been thoroughly class tested and piloted by some of the
best curriculum teachers.

FEATU R ES OF THE SERI ES :

• Exhaustive practice and revision through engagingly varied task types

• Each topic is presented through real-life contexts

• Colourful boxes and tables make remembering grammar forms and rules easier

• Contextualized grammar drills seamlessly move learners from presentation and noticing tasks to
speaking and writing-based tasks

• Students also practice grammar through lively, highly illustrated games along with oral and writing
activities

• Practice in reading comprehension and guided writing tasks (mapped to major curriculums) integrate
grammar with real-life language skills

• The teacher resource packs contain lesson plans, answer keys, and revision tests for each level, and
listening texts

Available as Digital Supplement

• Scored Practice Tests

• Revision Tests (printable PDFs)

• Practice of grammar through listening tasks

• Interactive grammar practice to help students prepare

for Starters, Movers, Flyers, KET, PET, and FCE
 Contents
1. The Sentence 1
2. Subject and Predicate 7
3. Nouns 10
4. Nouns: Singular and Plural 17
5. Adjectives 22
6. Degrees of Comparison 31
7. Articles 38
8. Pronouns 45
9. Verbs 53
10. Present Tense 60
11. Past Tense 68
12. The Future 73
13. Can, May, Should, Must 78
14. Negative Sentences 82
15. Questions 86
16. Subject-Verb Agreement 92
17. Adverbs 98
18. Adverb-Comparison 103
19. Prepositions 107
20. Conjunctions 112
21. Interjections 116
22. Reported Speech 119
23. Punctuation and Capital Letters 125
24. Vocabulary 130
25. Comprehension 135
26. Composition 140
 1 The Sentence

These are sentences:

• My favourite subject is English.
• The shop stays open till 9 pm.
These are not sentences:
• English subject is
• Shop open stays

A sentence is a group of words that has a verb and makes complete sense. A sentence
always begins with a capital letter. It can end with a full stop, a question mark, or an
exclamation mark.

1. Read the beginnings. Choose appropriate endings and form complete sentences.
the capital of India. | out of the bank. | surrounded by water.
a student of Class 5? | study for the Maths test? | eight arms.

a) New Delhi is __________________________________________________________________________________________

b) An octopus has _______________________________________________________________________________________
c) An island is ____________________________________________________________________________________________
d) Are you __________________________________________________________________________________________________
e) Did you __________________________________________________________________________________________________
f) I took some money __________________________________________________________________________________

2. Write five sentences about yourself.

a) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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c) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

d) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

e) _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Read this paragraph. Circle the words that should begin with a capital letter.
Add full stops where necessary.

John woke up late on a cold January morning he sprang out

of the bed and hurriedly got ready for school it wasn’t his
lucky day the school bus left just as he reached the bus stop
dad dropped him to school on the way to work he entered his
classroom the teacher scolded him for being late as he walked
to his seat, the teacher asked everyone to take out their books John realized he forgot his
book at the bus stop in a hurry just then the alarm clock rang and John woke up from his
dream

Types of sentences
There are four kinds of sentences: assertive, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory.
Assertive sentences
• It rained a lot in June and July.
• The camel is known as the ship of the desert.
These are assertive sentences.

Assertive sentences tell us something: a fact or some information. They end with a full stop.

Imperative sentences
• Stop arguing and finish your work.
• You must watch the news every day.
• Please pass me the newspaper.
These are imperative sentences.

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 Imperative sentences give a command or make a request. They end with a full stop.

Interrogative sentences
• Are you going to sleep?
• Have you ever eaten with chopsticks?
These are interrogative sentences.

Interrogative sentences ask questions. They end with a question mark.

Exclamatory sentences
• It’s so cold!
• You’re driving too fast!
These are exclamatory sentences.

Exclamatory sentences express a strong emotion or feeling. They end with an

exclamation mark.

Now look at the table below.

TYPE OF SENTENCE DEFINITION ENDS WITH

It gives information about

Assertive Full stop (.)
something.

It gives a command or
Imperative Full stop (.)
makes a request.

Interrogative It asks a question. Question mark (?)

It expresses a strong
Exclamatory Exclamation mark (!)
emotion or feeling.

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4. Place a full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark at the end of these sentences.

a) The train will be here soon ____

b) What a beautiful day ____

c) Are you waiting for the bus ____

d) My mother is a photographer ____

e) Don’t tell him that I am here ____

f) This is the best place in the world ____

g) Can I borrow some books from you ____

h) Switch off the television and go to bed ____

i) I am looking forward to the school holidays ____

5. Choose the correct options.

a) Which of these is an assertive sentence?

i) You did a great job!

ii) Come and sit next to me.

iii) Mrs Jones is our music teacher.

b) Which of these is an interrogative sentence?

i) Please take out your books.

ii) Have you ever travelled to London?

iii) Ravi wants to be a doctor when he grows up.

c) Which of these is an exclamatory sentence?

i) I love that blue dress!

ii) My mother makes delicious cheese sandwiches.

iii) We are playing a memory game.

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d) Which of these is an imperative sentence?

i) The customer was rude to the shopkeeper.

ii) Leave your shoes outside.

iii) Do you have an extra pair of scissors?

6. Identify the correct sentence type. Write A for assertive, I for imperative, E for
exclamatory, and In for interrogative sentences.

a) Do you want pizza for lunch? ____

b) My mother is a great swimmer. ____

c) The newspaper is full of sad stories. ____

d) Look, there’s a double rainbow in the sky! ____

e) Have you seen the new Spiderman movie? ____

f) Finish your glass of milk quickly. ____

g) I really enjoyed the first day of school! ____

h) Don’t step out of the house until it stops raining. ____

7. Form as many sentences as you can using the words and symbols given below. You may
use the words and symbols more than once. Don’t forget to start your sentences with
capital letters.

he brought cooked have

meal is you flowers

a she mother what

her seen delicious for

my some cat bring

? ! .

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___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Look at the pictures. Write a sentence about each picture.

a) __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

b) __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

c) __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

d) __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

e) __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

f) __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

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 2 Subject and
Predicate

A complete sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicate.

The kite flew high in the sky. The boy put the book on the table.

SUBJECT PREDICATE SUBJECT PREDICATE

The subject is the noun, pronoun, or phrase that does the work of a noun in a
sentence. The subject performs the action of the verb.
The predicate tells us something about the subject. The predicate of a sentence
always contains a verb.

1. State whether the underlined parts are subjects or predicates. Write S for subject and P
for predicate.

a) The blue bus goes to Esplanade. ____

b) My sister is helping Mother in the kitchen. ____

c) We broke a glass pane while playing cricket. ____

d) Father travels to the USA every year. ____

e) I like to watch television in the evenings. ____

f) The teacher told us not to shout. ____

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2. Divide the following sentences into subject and predicate.

a) My family went for a picnic yesterday.

b) My cousin Johnny took his guitar.

c) We sang our favourite songs.

d) Father bought everyone ice cream on the way back.

SUBJECT PREDICATE
a) ______________________________________________________________________________________

b) ______________________________________________________________________________________

c) ______________________________________________________________________________________

d) ____________________________ __________________________________________________________

Read this sentence.

• Open the door quickly.

This is an imperative sentence.

The subject of an imperative sentence is you. We don’t always write you, but it is understood
to be the subject.
• (You) Open the door quickly.

Examples:
• (You) Sit down quietly. • (You) Finish your homework.
• (You) March forward. • (You) Shut the box.

3. Write suitable subjects for these sentences. Leave blank where a subject is
not required.

a) ____________________________ landed safely an hour ago.

b) ____________________________ wait outside. I’m coming.

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c) ____________________________ goes to office every morning.

d) ____________________________ is my favourite place to go.

e) ____________________________ has a room full of toys.

f) ____________________________ shut the windows. It’s raining.

g) ____________________________ watched a movie about aliens last week.

h) ____________________________ lives in a small hill station near Srinagar.

i) ____________________________ asked for directions from the passers-by.

j) ____________________________ don’t make noise. The baby is sleeping.

4. The subjects and the predicates do not match each other in the sentences given. Rewrite
the sentences matching the subjects with suitable predicates.

a) The sun is the capital of France.

b) Dinosaurs is setting over the horizon.

c) Emma lived millions of years ago.

d) January is the best swimmer of the class.

e) The snowman is the coldest month of the year.

f) Paris began to melt as the sun came out.

a) _____________________________________________________________________________________________

b) _____________________________________________________________________________________________

c) ____________________________________________________________________________________________

d) _____________________________________________________________________________________________

e) _____________________________________________________________________________________________

f) _____________________________________________________________________________________________

9
 3 Nouns

Read these words.

• Rajat • zebra
• hospital • balloons

Nouns are names of people, animals, places, and things.

Common nouns and proper nouns

A common noun is the general name used for persons, places, animals, or things of
the same kind.

Examples:
• girl • boy • elephant • village
• country • car • house

A proper noun is the special name used for any one particular person, place, or thing.
It always begins with a capital letter.

Examples:
• Jessica • Delhi • Eiffel Tower

1. Complete this table. One has been done for you.

PROPER NOUN COMMON NOUN

a) Japan country

b) city

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 c) August

d) movie

Abstract nouns
Read these words.

• truth • wisdom • love • youth

An abstract noun is the name used for a quality, an idea, or a feeling. Such nouns
can only be felt or imagined. Unlike in the case of common and proper nouns, we
cannot see or touch the things named by these nouns. They are uncountable nouns.

2. Circle the abstract nouns.

patience stone doctor desk

computer monkey honesty courage

laughter beauty childhood kindness

3. U
 nderline the abstract nouns in these sentences.

a) Tony sings on the stage with full confidence.

b) My sister always speaks the truth.

c) Alice has a lot of respect for her teachers.

d) Robert has a fear of closed spaces.

e) The fans felt a lot of anger after the team lost the game.

Collective nouns
Read these words.

• a crowd of people • a bundle of sticks

The highlighted words are collective nouns.

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 A collective noun is the name used for a group of persons, animals, or things. These
groups are always spoken of as one single unit.

4. Choose the correct collective nouns for these items.

class | bunch | bouquet | flock

swarm | herd | loaf | chest

a) a ____________________________ of grapes b) a ____________________________ of bread

c) a ____________________________ of sheep d) a ____________________________ of cows

e) a ____________________________ of students f) a ____________________________ of bees

g) a ____________________________ of flowers h) a ____________________________ of drawers

5. Fill in the blanks with the correct collective nouns.

gang | bunch | flock | team | army

a) The ____________________________ of players lifted the winning trophy.

b) A ____________________________ of keys was lying on the table.

c) A ____________________________ of birds flew across the sky.

d) We watched an ____________________________ of soldiers rehearse

for the parade.

e) The shopkeeper put up a brave fight against

the ____________________________ of robbers.

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6. Circle the correct:

a) abstract noun

i) friend ii) Daisy iii) friendship

b) common noun

i) crowd ii) wisdom iii) man

c) collective noun

i) Ravi ii) herd iii) sheep

Countable and uncountable nouns

Read this paragraph.
Julia wakes up at 8 every morning. She has milk and biscuits for breakfast.
She walks to school with her friend, Maria. At lunch time, Julia has an egg and cheese. Her
friend Maria has biscuits and fruit juice.
Look at the highlighted words. They are all nouns. Some of these nouns can be counted,
while others can’t.

Nouns that can be counted are called countable nouns. Countable nouns can be
singular or plural.

Examples:

biscuit biscuits egg eggs

Nouns that cannot be counted are called uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns
only have the singular form.

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Examples:

milk cheese juice

7. Sort the nouns given below into the correct columns.

pen | rice | salt | doll | butter

cloud | oil | tree | music | bird

COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE

▶▶ We write a or an before singular countable nouns.

We use a before consonant sounds and an before vowel sounds.
Examples:
• a table • an orange • a book • an inkpot

▶▶ We do not write a or an before uncountable nouns. We use the word some with
uncountable nouns.
Examples:
• some salt • some water

▶▶ We also use some with plural countable nouns.

Examples:
• some books • some girls

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▶▶ In negative sentences and yes or no questions, we use the word any.
Examples:
• Do you have any milk? • I don’t have any money with me.

▶▶ In questions beginning with would, could, will, or can we do not use any. We
use some.
Examples:
• Could I have some tea? • Can I get some help?

8. Fill in the blanks with a, an, or some.

a) ____________________________ ice cream b) ____________________________ banana

c) ____________________________ butter d) ____________________________ apples

e) ____________________________ lemons f) ____________________________ sugar

g) ____________________________ water h) ____________________________ chocolate

9. Underline the correct options.

a) Would you mind if I played some music/musics?

b) Can you pass me an apple/apples from the table?

c) I always have some tea/teas before going to bed.

d) This shop sells rice/rices and egg/eggs.

e) Sana had a sandwich/sandwiches for breakfast today.

10. Fill in the blanks with some or any.

a) I want ____________ help.

b) Do you need ____________ help?

c) There isn’t ____________ ink in my pen.

d) I have ____________ chocolates. Do you want ____________ ?

15
We can count uncountable nouns by talking about a container or expressing
a quantity. We add of with the unit of quantity.

two cups seven slices three litres three kilograms of

of coffee of bread of water rice

11. Complete the sentences with the words given below.

cups | jars | slices | boxes | kilogram

a) We ordered coffee but the waiter got us three ____________________________ of tea.

b) The children were delighted to see the ______________________ of cake arrive at the table.

c) We bought seven ____________________________ of honey at the bee farm.

d) Grandma brought five ____________________________ of chocolate from Spain.

e) Mother bought a ____________________________ of meat for making the roast.

12. I t’s Teachers’ Day and the students have decided to prepare some tasty snacks for their
teachers. The list of ingredients that will be required is given below. Work in pairs and
decide the quantity of each item. Follow the examples.

a) 5 cartons of milk _
milk ___________________________ b) 15 eggs
egg ____________________________

c) potato ____________________________ d) oil ____________________________

e) juice ____________________________ f) salt ____________________________

g) flour ____________________________ h) flour ____________________________

i) tea ____________________________ j) cheese ____________________________

k) butter ____________________________ l) pepper ____________________________

m) biscuit ____________________________ n) bread ____________________________

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 4 Nouns: Singular
and Plural

In the previous chapter, we learnt about countable nouns. Countable nouns can be one or many.

A countable noun that stands for any one person, animal, or thing is called
a singular noun.
A countable noun that stands for more than one person, animal, or thing is
called a plural noun.

Examples:

SINGULAR: one tree PLURAL: two trees

SINGULAR: one cat PLURAL: three cats

SINGULAR: one girl PLURAL: four girls

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Formation of plurals
▶▶ Adding -s: We add -s to most singular nouns to form their plurals.
Examples:
• table tables • pencil pencils

▶▶ Adding -es: We add -es to singular nouns ending in s, ss, sh, ch, and x to form their plurals.

Examples:
• bus buses • glass glasses • brush brushes
• match matches • box boxes

▶▶ Nouns ending in o: We usually add -es to singular nouns ending in o to form their plurals.

Examples:
• echo echoes • potato potatoes
However, we add -s to some singular nouns ending in o to form their plurals.
Examples:
• piano pianos • radio radios

▶▶ Nouns ending in -f or -fe: For nouns ending in -f or -fe, we usually change the -f
or -fe to -ves to form their plurals.
Examples:
• leaf leaves • loaf loaves
• wife wives • knife knives

However, we add -s to some nouns ending in -f or -fe to form their plurals.

Examples:
• roof roofs • proof proofs
• safe safes • giraffe giraffes

▶▶ Nouns ending in consonant + y: When the last two letters of a noun are a consonant + y,
we change the y to -ies to form its plural.
Examples:
• baby babies • city cities

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However, when the last two letters of a noun are a vowel + y, we add -s to form its plural.
Examples:
• monkey monkeys • valley valleys

▶▶ Irregular plurals: Some nouns have a different word for their plural forms.
Examples:
• man men • woman women
• tooth teeth • goose geese
• mouse mice • child children
• ox oxen • person people

▶▶ Same singular and plural spellings: Some nouns have the same plural form as the singular
one. These nouns do not change spellings in their plural forms.
Examples:
• one sheep two sheep • one deer three deer

▶▶ One form: Some nouns have no plural forms. They are always used as singulars.
Examples:
• rice • furniture • information
• news • luggage • money

▶▶ One form: Some nouns have no singular forms. They are always used as plurals.
Examples:
• spectacles • pants • clothes
• scissors • stockings • trousers

1. Complete the table.

SINGULAR PLURAL

fox ____________________________

____________________________ buffaloes

branch ____________________________
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 ____________________________ pens

copy ____________________________

____________________________ hobbies

roof ____________________________

thief ____________________________

____________________________ heroes

wolf ____________________________

child ____________________________

six ____________________________

____________________________ teeth

deer ____________________________

2. Fill in the blanks with the singular or plural forms of the nouns in brackets.

a) The shepherd took his ____________________________ to the field for grazing. (sheep)

b) My mother uses a very sharp ____________________________ to chop vegetables. (knife)

c) The party will have 15 ____________________________ in all. (family)

d) Grandmother knit ____________________________ for all my friends. (scarf)

e) My aunt asked me to look after her pet

____________________________while she was away. (cat)

f) When I order an ice cream sundae, I ask for three

____________________________ on top. (cherry)

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3. Rewrite the following sentences by changing the underlined singular nouns to their plural
forms. Make other necessary changes as well. One has been done for you.

a) Father told me an interesting story about a fairy.

________Father
_________told
______me
_____an
____interesting story about fairies.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

b) The girl arranged the glass on the tray.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c) The aroma of the fresh loaf of bread filled the room.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

d) We learnt about a new country in class today.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

e) The washerwoman was washing the clothes.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Rewrite the following sentences by changing the underlined plural nouns to their
singular forms. Make other necessary changes as well.

a) The mice were running all over the empty house.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) We could hear the wolves howling in the forest.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c) The old men told the children some horror stories.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

d) David wanted cucumbers in his sandwich, while his sister wanted tomatoes.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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