ood cells? Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs).

Where does hematopoiesis occur? Mostly in the bone marrow and peripheral lymphatic
tissue.

What is the main aim of repopulation in To regenerate blood cells.

hematopoiesis?

How long is the lifespan of RBCs? 120 days.

What happens to RBCs after their lifespan ends? They die.

Why is the presence of stem cells important for the Without stem cells, RBCs will not regenerate.
regeneration of RBCs?

What are Totipotential Stem Cells? Cells present in the first few hours after an ovum is
fertilized that can develop into any human cell type,
including development from embryo to fetus.

What are Pluripotential Stem Cells? Cells present several days after fertilization that can
develop into any cell type, except they cannot
develop into a fetus.

What are Multipotential Stem Cells? Cells derived from pluripotent stem cells that are
found in adults, but they are limited to specific types
of cells to form tissues.

What is the difference between Totipotential and Totipotential stem cells can develop into any human
Pluripotential Stem Cells? cell type, including development from embryo to
fetus, while pluripotential stem cells cannot develop
into a fetus.

Answer: 2ζ & 2Υ – Portland 2ζ & 2ε - Gower I; 2α & 2ε - Gower II

What is the difference between Red Marrow and Red Marrow is haematopoietically active and
Yellow Marrow? responsible for producing blood cells, while Yellow
Marrow is haematopoietically inactive and found in
adipocytes.

What is the normal ratio of fat to hematopoietic Yellow Marrow has a fat ratio of 10-50%, while Red
elements in Yellow Marrow and Red Marrow? Marrow has a hematopoietic element ratio of
40-60%.
What is retrogression in bone marrow? Retrogression is the replacement of active bone
marrow by adipocytes or fat cells.

What are the sites for Red Marrow in children and In children, Red Marrow is found in the skull,
adults? clavicle, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, and long
bones of arms and legs. In adults, it is found in flat
bones and proximal ends of long bones.

What are the hematopoietic functions of the liver in The liver has hematopoietic functions in adults and
adults? is a major site for hepatic hematopoiesis in fetuses.

What are Porphyrias? Porphyrias are hereditary or acquired defects in the

enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis, resulting in
the accumulation of various intermediary porphyrins
and disruption in hematopoiesis.

What are Storage Diseases? Storage Diseases are caused by enzyme

deficiencies in monocytes/macrophages (Kupffer
cells), leading to hepatomegaly with liver
dysfunction.

What is Extramedullary Hematopoiesis? Extramedullary Hematopoiesis is a response to

infectious agents or pathologic myelofibrosis of the
bone marrow.

What is the role of Bilirubin conjugation Fe++ Bilirubin conjugation Fe++ storage is important in
storage in severe hemolytic anemias and RBC severe hemolytic anemias and RBC dysplasia as it
dysplasia? helps to store excess iron and prevent iron
overload.

1. What is Extramedullary Hematopoiesis?

2. What are the functions of the spleen?

3. What is Splenomegaly?

4. How does Splenectomy affect platelets in the

bloodstream?

5. What are the two basic processes in removing

RBCs?

6. What is Hypersplenism?
7. What are the functions of lymph nodes?

8. What are the two types of lymphocytes?

What is the function of lymph nodes? Formation of new lymphocytes, processing of

specific immunoglobulins, and filtering particulate
matter, debris, bacteria entering via lymph.

What is adenitis? Infection of lymph nodes.

What happens when malignant cells infiltrate lymph Malignant cells will travel to your lymph nodes.
nodes?

What is the thymus? A lymphatic system organ that atrophies with age
but is efficient and well-developed at birth.

What is the pathophysiology of non-developmental Lack of T-lymphocytes, uncontrolled infections, and

thymic disturbance? can lead to death.

What is the pluripotential stem cell theory? One cell gives rise to the varied blood cells (E, L, M)
and is a widely accepted theory.

What are the characteristics/fates of stem cells? Capable of self-renewal, give rise to differentiated
progeny, able to reconstitute the hematopoietic
system of an irradiated host, and undergo
apoptosis.

What are committed stem cells? They give rise to descendants or progeny cells that
eventually become restricted to a specific cell line
development.

What are cytokines? Cytokines are substances that can help blood cells
to grow.

What is the function of cytokines? Cytokines regulate the proliferation, differentiation,

and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells.

What are Colony Stimulating Hormones (CSFs)? Colony Stimulating Hormones (CSFs) are
substances produced by many cells that have high
specificity to target cells and are active at low
concentrations.
What is the primary target of G-CSF? The primary target of G-CSF is granulocyte.

What is the synergistic effect of IL-3 and G-CSF? IL-3 and G-CSF have a synergistic effect on
megakaryocyte colony stimulation.

What are interleukins? Interleukins are a group of specific glycoproteins

that are numbered in order of identification.

What is the pneumonic for remembering the The pneumonic for remembering the interleukins is
interleukins? HOT (fever) T (T-cells) Bone (Bone Marrow) Steak.

What are the characteristics of interleukins? Interleukins are proteins that exhibit multiple
biologic activities, have synergistic interactions with
other cytokines and growth factors, and are
effective at very low concentrations.

Where does erythropoiesis occur? Erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow.

What gives rise to the earliest identifiable erythroid CFU-GEMM gives rise to the earliest identifiable
precursor? erythroid precursor.

What is erythropoiesis? Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells

that occurs in the bone marrow.

What is the function of BFU-E? BFU-E gives rise to CFU-E, which has many EPO
receptors and is responsible for the production of
erythrocytes.

What is the mechanism of action of EPO? EPO induces hemoglobin synthesis.

What is leukopoiesis? Leukopoiesis is the production of white blood cells.

What are the major categories of leukopoiesis? The major categories of leukopoiesis are
myelopoiesis (granulocytes) and lymphopoiesis
(agranulocytes).

What cytokines are involved in leukopoiesis? The cytokines involved in leukopoiesis are
GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-3, IL-5, and IL-11.

What is the stimulating hormonal factor for The stimulating hormonal factor for
megakaryopoiesis? megakaryopoiesis is TPO (thrombopoietin).
What is the function of TPO? TPO is responsible for the production of platelets
and is mainly produced by the liver.

What are the earlier influences of The earlier influences of megakaryopoiesis include
megakaryopoiesis? GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-6, IL-11, kit ligand, and EPO
(erythropoietin).

What is the function of megakaryopoiesis? Megakaryopoiesis is involved in hemostasis and

thrombus development.