WARM-UP

I. THE EIGHT WORD CLASSES / PARTS OF SPEECH:

1. Nouns
2. Pronouns
3. Verbs
4. Adjectives
5. Adverbs
6. Prepositions
7. Conjunctions
8. Determiners
II. Phrases & Clauses
III. Sentence Constituents and Verb Types
IV. Checkup
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 1. NOUNS
Definition: Nouns are all the words that refer to people,
things, animals, plants, ideas, states, actions, etc...
e.g. teacher, book, flower, religion, beauty, swimming, etc.

Two groups of nouns:

- Countable nouns: teachers, books, dogs, flowers
- Uncountable nouns: money, staff, swimming, equipment,
etc.

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 2. PRONOUNS
Definition: A pronoun is the word that is used to replace or refer to
the preceding noun in a passage.

Types of pronouns:
- Personal pronouns: I, you, we, they, he, she, it.
- Indefinite pronouns: any, some, none, nobody, all,
everybody, each, most, etc.
- Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those
- Interrogative pronouns: who, what, how, when, where, why,
which.
- Relative pronouns: who / whom, whose, that, which, what.

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3. VERBS
Definition: A verb is a word used with a subject to state or describe what
someone or something does, what happens to them, or to give
information about them.
e.g. go, run, love, rise, do, see, tell, make, etc.
Groups of verbs:
- Intransitive verbs: Intransitive verbs do not take an object in a
sentence.
e.g. be, go, rise, sit, become, etc.
The sun always rises in the east
subject verb
- Transitive verbs: transitive verbs do take an object in a sentence:
e.g. make, do, build, watch, tell, see, etc.
People can see the sun in the daytime
subject verb object

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4. ADJECTIVES
Definition: an adjective is a word that explains or describe features or
states of a noun.
E.g. kind, tall, beautiful, right, difficult, stubborn, etc.

An adjective can modify a noun directly or describe a subject noun as the

complement.
- Attribute: She is a kind teacher

- Predicative: My English teacher is kind

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5. ADVERBS
Definition: An adverb is a word that describes a state or an action in more
detail by indicating manner, time, place, cause, or degree .

Role: An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase,

or a clause.
- Modifying a verb: Carolyn really loves spring
- Modifying an adjective: My English teacher is very kind
- Modifying another adverb: Carolyn speaks Korean very well
- Modifying a phrase: She goes home right after class
- Modifying a clause: Finally, she has mastered Spanish.

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6. PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions: at, in, to, for, on, behind, before, after, through, during, etc.

A preposition comes before a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Together, the

preposition and its object express a time, place, reason, direction, means,
etc.

Roles:
• Expressing a time:
e.g. She always gets dressed up before playing music in front of an audience
• Expressing a place:
e.g. She plays music in the theater
• Expressing a reason
e.g. She plays music for him

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 7. CONJUNCTIONS
Definition: A conjunction is a word that connects words with words, phrases with
phrases, or clauses with clauses. Two major types of conjunctions are coordinating
conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.

• coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

• subordinating conjunctions: though, because, while, until, if, wether, etc.

1. Word with word:

e.g. She loves spring and fall.

2. Phrase with phrase:

e.g. Where is the meeting room, on the second floor or in the basement?

3. Clause with clause:

e.g. I am happy because I can enjoy the fresh green colors of spring.

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8. DETERMINERS
Definition: A conjunction is a word that gives certain information about a
noun. For example, articles give information about definiteness. Other
determiners include possessive adjectives and quantifiers.

- Articles: a, an, the

- Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
- Quantifiers: each, every, some, most , etc.

I likes to live in a place, where I can enjoy fresh things and be myself.
Unfortunately, I haven’t found any so far!

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II. PHRASES & CLAUSES
Definition:
- when more than two words are combined and represent a chunk of
meaning but don’t build the relationship between a subject and a verb,
the combination of words is called a phrase.

- When more than two words are combined that present a chunk of
meaning and one of those words is used as a subject and another is used
as a verb, it is called a clause.

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II. PHRASES & CLAUSES (cont.)
Three different roles of phrases and clauses:
- Acting as a noun:
She wants to drink a cup of coffee.
a phrase playing the role of object
I know that she wants to drink a cup of coffee.
a clause playing the role of object
- Acting as an adjective:
The coffee from the cafe tastes good.
An adjective phrase appearing after and modifying a noun
The coffee that he made for her tastes good.
An adjective clause appearing after and modifying a noun
- Acting as an adverb:
She drinks her coffee on the sofa
an adverbial phrase appearing after and modifying a verb
She drinks her coffee while she listens to music.
an adverbial clause appearing after and modifying a verb

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 III. SENTENCE CONSTITUENTS & VERB TYPES

In any sentence, at least one of the words in the sentence should play the role
of a subject and another the role of a verb. Other words also have their own
roles in the sentence. These roles are called the constituents of a sentence. In
English, there are five basic constituents of sentences: subjects, verbs, objects,
complements, and modifiers.

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III. SENTENCE CONSTITUENTS & VERB TYPES (cont.)

Main Elements of a Sentence in English

There are five main elements of a sentence in English: subject, verb, object,
complement, and modifier.
• Subject (chủ ngữ) is who or what does the action in a sentence.
• Verb (động từ) refers to the action or state of the subject.
• Object (tân ngữ) is the receiver of the action in a sentence. There are
indirect (gián tiếp) object and direct (trực tiếp) object.
• Complement (bổ ngữ) completes the meaning of a verb and adds more
information to the subject or object in a sentence. There are subject
complement and object complement.
• Modifier (trạng từ) is a word or a group of words that modify nouns,
verbs, adjectives, or a whole sentence. It is not a must, but it adds more
information to a sentence.

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III. SENTENCE CONSTITUENTS & VERB TYPES (cont.)

FIVE MAIN SENTENCE TYPES:

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 1. Sentence Structure – Structure 1
What is Structure 1?
This is the most basic structure formed by only a subject and a verb.
You are likely to see common verbs such as go, work, live, come,
arrive, sleep, rise, walk, etc. in Structure 1.

Subject + Verb
Mr. White / came.
Structure 1
The seminar / ended.
The plane / arrived.

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 1. Sentence Structure – Structure 1

Sometimes, in Structure 1, a modifier may be added to

make the sentence longer and more informative.
• Some employees / work / at home.
(Subject + verb + modifier)
• The train / left / three hours ago.
(Subject + verb + modifier)
• The museum / opens / every day.
(Subject + verb + modifier)

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A. Identify the elements in each of the following sentences and mark
 below the subject,  below the verb, and  below the modifier.

1. The store closed 30 minutes ago.

  
2. I work near downtown.
  
3. Mr. Wilson returned from his business trip.
  
4. The door opens automatically.
  
close: đóng cửa
5. Ms. Johnson works eight hours a day. near: gần
   downtown: trung tâm thành phố
return: trở lại
6. The bus leaves around noon. business trip: chuyến đi công tác
   automatically: tự động
leave: rời đi
around noon: khoảng trưa

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B. Look at the elements in each of the following sentences and
choose one correct option to complete the sentence.

1. The new employee ________ near the office.

Subject Modifier
A. he B. lives C. him D. living

2. The strategy meeting _________ in an hour.

Subject Modifier
A. they B. in the room C. it D. starts

employee: nhân viên

strategy meeting: cuộc họp chiến lược
in an hour: trong khoảng một giờ sau

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 2. Sentence Structure – Structure 2
What is Structure 2?
Structure 2 is formed by Subject + verb + subject complement. The
subject complement can be an adjective or a noun/noun phrase.
Subject + verb + subject complement

Structure 2
She / is / the new manager.
His speech / was / helpful.
The project / seemed / impossible.

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 2. Sentence Structure – Structure 2
• Common verbs in Structure 2.
Generally, you can see such linking verbs as be, become, look, seem,
remain, taste, etc. in Structure 2.
Verbs Examples
be / become The job became easy.
look / sound / feel The report looks difficult.
seem The new product seems expensive.

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A. Identify the elements in each of the following sentences and
mark  below the subject and  below the subject complement.

1. The workshop sounds boring.

 
2. They were customers.
 
3. His idea seems useless.
 
4. Some items in the store looked expensive. workshop: xưởng
  customer: khách hàng
boring: tẻ nhạt, nhàm
5. Her presentation was very useful. chán
  useless: vô dụng
item: món đồ
6. Mr. Lee became the president of the company. expensive: đắt tiền
  presentation: màn
thuyết trình
useful: hữu dụng
president: chủ tịch
B. Look at the elements in each of the following sentences and
choose one correct option to complete the sentence.

1. Mr.Kim suggestion about the problem ________ practical.

Subject Subject complement
A. the B. seemed C. very D. useful

2. The relocation of the office wasn’t _________ at first.

Subject Verb Modifier
A. easy B. easily C. seemed D. became

suggestion: đề nghị

practical: thực tế
relocation: việc di dời

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 3. Sentence Structure – Structure 3
What is Structure 3?
Structure 3 is formed by Subject + verb + object. The object can be a
pronoun or a noun/noun phrase.

Subject + verb + object

Structure 3
We / met / him.
The team / finished / the project.
The conference room / has / three tables.

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 3. Sentence Structure – Structure 3
• Confusing verbs in Structure 3.
Learners are usually confused about the verbs attend, mention, and
discuss. Be careful! An object, not a preposition, must follow right
after these verbs.
Verbs Examples
attend He attended the meeting. (o)
He attended to the meeting. (x)
mention I mentioned it. (o)
I mentioned about it. (x)
discuss They will discuss the problem. (o)
They will discuss about the problem. (x)
A. Put the words and phrases in brackets in the correct order to make
complete sentences.
1. (they, the issue, discussed)
• They discussed the issue.
2. (the contract, our team, finished)
• Our team finished the contract.
3. (my suggestion, the HR manager, liked)
• The HR manager liked my suggestion.
4. (some packages, Mr. Green, sent)
• Mr. Green sent some packages.
5. (the conference, will attend, Sam and Sara)
• Sam and Sara will attend the conference.
6. (an invitation, received, yesterday, we)
• We received an invitation yesterday.
• / Yesterday, we received an invitation.
B. Look at the elements in each of the following sentences and
choose one correct option to complete the sentence.

1. TeleCom ______ cellular phone at low prices.

Subject Verb Object Modifier
A. its B. us C. sells D. selling

2. Some of the executives will discuss ________ later this week.

Subject Verb Modifier
A. they B. them C. doing D. effective

cellular phone: điện thoại di động

executive: ban quản lý

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 4. Sentence Structure – Structure 4
What is Structure 4?
Structure 4 is formed by Subject + verb + indirect object + direct
object.

Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object

The headquarters / sent / us / the form.
Structure 4
He / gave / her / a copy of the sales report.
The secretary / offered / me / some help.

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 4. Sentence Structure – Structure 4
Transform Structure 4 to Structure 3
You can change Structure 4 into Structure 3 by reordering the indirect
object and direct object, then adding a preposition before the indirect
object.
• Verbs followed by the preposition TO: give, send, offer, show,
teach, tell, etc.
• Verbs followed by the preposition FOR: get, make, buy, find, etc.

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A. Choose the correct option given in brackets to complete
each sentence.

1. They (gave us / us gave) some documents.

2. Genie Electronics will (she offer / offer her) the
position.
3. The company sent (us some chairs / some chairs us).
4. The store offers (a free coupon new customers /
new customers a free coupon).
5. My coworker teaches computer language (for me /
to me).

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B. Look at the elements in each of the following sentences and
choose one correct option to complete the sentence.

1. The sales clerk sold ______ the copy machine.

Subject Verb Direct object
A. hers B. our C. me D. he

2. The boss _______ his staff some helpful tips.

Subject Indirect Object Direct object
A. was B. gave C. provided D. talked

sales clerk: nhân viên bán hàng

tip: lời khuyên, mẹo

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 5. Sentence Structure – Structure 5
What is Structure 5?
Structure 5 is formed by Subject + verb + object + object
complement. The object can be a pronoun or a noun/noun phrase.
The object complement can be an adjective, a noun/noun phrase, a
to-infinitive, or a bare infinitive.
Subject + verb + object + object complement
The resort / makes / guests / very comfortable.
Structure 5
They / called / it / a big success.
He / helped / me / to finish the project.
The boss / made / us / work overtime.

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 5. Sentence Structure – Structure 5
• Common verbs in Structure 5.
Common verbs in Structure 5 include make, let, have, keep, find, etc.

Verbs Examples
make / let / have The new policy will make the job hard.
keep We keep the desks clean.
find They found the machine useless.

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 A. Write which type (1-5) the sentence is.
1. The chairs in the meeting room looked new.
• Structure 2 ( S+V+OC)
2. The engineer made his colleagues an effective device.
• Structure 4 ( S+V+IO+DO)
3. I found the discussion useful.
• Structure 5 (S+V+O+OC)
4. The printer over there is not working.
• Structure 1 (S+V)
5. The company announced a new policy.
• Structure 3 (S+V+O)
6. The new cleaning company keeps the office clean every day.
• Structure 5 (S+V+O+OC)
meeting room: phòng họp work: làm việc
colleagues: đồng nghiệp announce: thông báo
device: thiết bị policy: chính sách
discussion: cuộc thảo luận cleaning company: công ty lau dọn

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B. Look at the elements in each of the following sentences and
choose one correct option to complete the sentence.

1. He ______ the company profitable.

Subject Object Object Complement
A. looked B. was C. made D. seemed

2. The employee in the Accounting Department _______ the job

Subject Object
impossible.
Object Complement
A. seemed B. worked C. became D. found
profitable: có lợi
accounting department: ban kế toán
impossible: bất khả thi
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 IV. CHECKUP
A. Write the word class for the highlighted word.
e.g. This corporation employs more than a thousand people. (noun)
1. Clara attends a weekly meeting. (Verb)
2. How many books do you read every month? (Noun)
3. She looks beautiful. (Adjective)
4. He speaks so fast. (Adverb)
5. I love spring because I can see flowers. (Conjunction)

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IV. CHECKUP
B. Write whether the underlined words are a phrase or a clause and
what role they play in the sentence.
e.g. The woman at the front desk was helpful. (phrase/adjective)
1. She bought a fancy skirt at the shop. (Phrase/ adverb)
2. It would be hard for me to write a book. (Phrase / noun)
3. I’m happy because I’m healthy. (Clause/adverb)
4. The man on the right side is my English teacher. (Phrase/ adjective)
5. He knows that I am from Korea. (Clause/ noun)

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IV. CHECKUP (cont.)
C. Write which kind of sentence constituent the highlighted words are.
Then write which type (1-5) the sentence is.

e.g. The movie starts at 7:00 in the evening. (subject/type 1)

1. We finally found our lost cat.(object/type 3)
2. She let the patient go home early.(Verb/ type 5)
3. My sister became a nurse at a dental clinic. (Subject complement/ type 2)
4. He received the package yesterday. (Modifier/ type 3)
5. My father bought me a new smartphone. (Indirect object / type 4)

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