1. The challenges and opportunities of online and hybrid learning in Pakistan.

INTRODUCTION:

In 2020, a survey conducted by Pakistan's leading real estate portal, Zameen.com, revealed
that 62% of respondents preferred online education over traditional methods, while 38% held the
opposite view. The survey also unveiled that 52% faced internet connectivity issues, 48% grappled with
power outages, and 44% encountered a lack of proper guidance when studying online in Pakistan. In this
context, online learning, delivered entirely over the internet, and hybrid learning, combining both online
and in-person elements, have become essential aspects of the educational landscape in Pakistan.
However, Pakistan faces a multitude of challenges in making online and hybrid learning accessible and
effective. These include technology gaps, inadequate training, gender disparities, social divides, limited
analytical capabilities, ethical concerns, and a lack of clear government policies. On the flip side, there
are significant opportunities for Pakistan to compete on the global stage in technology and education,
offering access to the modern world, promoting education for all, facilitating cultural exchange, and
reaching marginalized communities. Pakistan has initiated programs such as the 'Teleschool' program,
'Ehsaas' education stipend, 'Virtual University,' and the 'Digital Pakistan' initiative to advance online
learning. Nevertheless, the realization of this vision depends on advanced pedagogical approaches,
hands-on learning, and careful planning. The implementation of specific measures, such as infrastructure
development, equal internet access, digital libraries, digital literacy training, public-private partnerships,
and the collaboration of teachers and students, is essential. With numerous challenges to overcome, it is
high time for Pakistan to transition from traditional learning to online systems, which can be a game-
changer in its technological development and educational advancement.