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POWER SUPPLY

Article in Journal of Electrical Engineering · December 2020

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 PROJECT REPORT

POWER SUPPLY

SHEIKH MUHAMMAD IBRAHEEM BSEE02193006

2020
ABSTRACT:
The power supply is a common used electronic device in the world. Most of the
power supplies are in the from of laptop chargers, cell phone adaptors, computer
supplies and lab AC – DC supplies.
The project goal was to achieve the minimum 5V output and maximum 30V. This
variable power supply was one of its own kind. This design was independent of
MOSFET or the voltage regulator transistor. In fact simple voltage divider law was
used to get the output. The design was implanted on a 4X12 size Veroboard and the
working was successful.
This project was designed on NI Multism 14.2. The project took total of 3 months
of design and implementation

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INTRODUCTION
Power Supply is an electronic device that supplies required power to the circuitry of
the device. The purpose of a mains power supply is to convert the power delivered
to its input by the sinusoidally alternating mains
electricity supply into power available at its output in the form of a smooth and
constant direct voltage. There are three major types of power supplies
➢ Unregulated Power Supply
➢ Linear Regulated Power Supply
➢ Switching
➢ Ripple Regulated Power Supply
These power supplies convert AC input to DC output voltage. Common power
supplies of daily use include Cell Phone charging adaptors, laptop computer
charging adaptors, Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)
Computers or electronic circuits are very delicate. A heavy 220Vs of current or AC
current can damage the circuit but a constant DC current at low voltage is safe for
the electronic circuits.

THEORETICAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

So the basic purpose of a power supply is to convert and AC signal to DC Signal.
The block diagram of the power supply would be something like given below

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As said earlier electronic circuits cannot handle high voltage current.
So a transformer is used to reduced the AC input and required value and will give
the required AC voltage value.
Now to convert an AC signal to DC signal A rectifier is used. The output from the
rectifier is not a pure a DC output. In fact, it contains a lot of ripples and it is highly
not smooth.
To make the DC output smooth and remove the AC content of the rectifier a filter
circuit is used. This filter is either LC (inductor-capacitor) filter, RC (resistive –
capacitive) filter. The choice of the filter depends on the designer of the circuit and
to the type of power supply.
The output now becomes a full DC with constant signal but still it is unregulated
voltage. Meaning that a designer is receiving a higher than required voltage. So, to
get a variable (5-30V) or constant output of 5,12,24 V a voltage regulator is used.
This power supply provides the variable or constant voltage output at constant
current or it is independent of current output.

CIRCUIT DESIGNING
Circuit designing is a technique of designing modern and efficient circuits. It is the
thing which make an electrical engineer. It creates a difference between an electrical
engineer and an electrician.

3
The circuit is designed on NI Multisim 14.2. The figure below shows the circuit of
variable power supply

The circuit is designed according to the block diagram of the circuit

Circuit protection Device: A 1A fuse has been used as a circuit protection device

Transformer:
The input supply to the transformer is 220V 50 HZ but it is not good for the
electronic circuit so it must be reduced to the required output. The standard step
down transformers are 5V, 12V and 24V so
a 24V step-down simple transformer is used
to make a variable power supply ranging from
5V to 30V
𝑽𝒔 𝑵𝒔
= →𝟏
𝑽𝒑 𝑵𝒑
The equation will give us the secondary to
primary coil turn ratio of the transformer.
As the input is 220v and output is 24 vs so the
transformer turn ratio is 10:1.1
Putting input output values in equation 1
24 1.1
= → 1.1
220 10
The simple transformer is selected for the designing of the circuit instead of center
tapped transformer. The figure given below is the NI Multisim representation of the
transformer.

4
As from the figure it is clear that a simple transformer is used with turn ratio of
10:1.1 and output voltage is nearly equal to 24 volts. So the calculations and the
result from the simulations are satisfied

AC- DC Conveter:
A rectifier is an electrical device which converts and AC signal into a DC signal.
The process of conversion of AC signal to DC signal is called rectification.
There is a variety of different types of rectifiers. Some of them are given below

5
our

The three-rectifier mentioned above can easily transform the AC signal to DC signal.
But the question arises is that what type of rectifier must be used in the design of
variable power supply
• Half wave rectifier can only convert the positive half cycle of the AC signal.
Thus its efficiency and output is very low and can not be used for the
rectification. The voltage drop is half wave rectifier is 0.7V
• Full- Wave Rectifier. This can convert both positive and negative half
supplies of the AC signal to DC signal. But it is economically expensive. Here
the voltage drop is 1.4 volts
• Bridge Rectifier. This bridge rectifier is also referred as Wheatstone Bridge.
It is four diode square rectifier, which converts and AC signal to DC signal
the voltage drop across the bridge rectifier is 2.8 volts in total but its is best
for making the power supply as it is economically best.

6
The figure represents the bridge rectifier. Here fours diodes are connected in square
form and each diode is of 1N4002G
The 1N4002G is a standard 1.0A, 100V diode. The selection reason is that it is small
in appearance and efficient in working.

The input to the bridge rectifier is 24V and the total

output is 22.2 V
−𝒗𝒊𝒏 + 𝒗𝒅𝟏 + 𝒗𝒅𝟐 + 𝒗𝒅𝟑 + 𝒗𝒅𝟒 − 𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟎
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑣𝑖𝑛 − 𝑣𝑑1 + 𝑣𝑑2 + 𝑣𝑑3 + 𝑣𝑑4
As the diodes are same so voltage drop is same
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑣𝑖𝑛 − 4(𝑣𝑑)
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 24.2 − 4(0.7)
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 24.2 − 2.8
𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝑽
So it is clear from the output that both the calculations and simulation results are
nearly same.

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Filter Circuit:
A filter circuit is nothing but an RC filter or LC filter. The purpose of the introduction
of the filter in the power supply design is to smooth the output generated from the
rectifier.
The output generated from the rectifier is mixed AC and DC but this output is not
good for the usage so a filter is required to purify the output of rectifier and provide
a constant DC signal. An RC filter can easily perform the job but the problem with
this filter is that it is load dependent. As given below
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑽𝒓 =
𝒇𝑪𝑹𝒍
According to the upper formula the value of capacitance is dependent on the value
of load resistor. If the value of load resistor is changed then the ripple will be changed
and then the capacitance value also needs to be changed. This type of filter can be
used in the designing power supply.
Here the requirement is to design such kind of circuit which is not just economically
efficient but also must be easy to understand and use.
So an LC filter is used which is independent of the output. This means that no matter
whatever load is connected to the circuit. The ripple factor will not be changed and
the output will remain constant DC
𝟏
𝑽𝒓 =
𝟔√𝟐 𝒘𝟐 𝑳𝑪
So according to the above formula the ripple factor is independent of the load.
So this is the reason why I have used LC filter instead of RC filter because it is much
energy efficient and circuit efficient then RC filter.
Ripple Factor is necessary because its value will decide the value of inductor and
capacitor
𝒗𝒎√𝟐
𝑽𝒓 =
𝒗𝒎√𝟐
𝟐
𝟑. 𝟏𝟒
From this above formula I can calculate the ripple factor. The Vm value is 22.2Vs

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 22.2√2
𝑉𝑟 =
22.2√2
2
3.14
𝑽𝒓 = 𝟐. 𝟑
Put the value of Vr in above formula to calculate the value of LC filter
1
𝐿𝐶 =
6√2 𝑤 2 𝑉𝑟
1
𝐿𝐶 =
6√2 2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 502 ∗ 2.3
𝑳𝑪 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟗𝑿𝟏𝟎−𝟕
Assume that the value of inductor is 100UH then the value of C is
𝑪 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟗𝑿𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑭
So the value of capacitor is 5.19 mF. Such kind of capacitor is hard to find in the
market
The solution of the above capacitor problem is take short value capacitors and add
then to get a single capacitor
If the capacitors are joined together in parallel fashion then it will give the total
capacitance
𝑪𝒆𝒒 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝟏𝟏
Here 11 capacitors or 470 uF are used to get total equivalent capacitance of 5.17mF
𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 11𝐶
𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 11(470𝑈𝐹)
𝑪𝒆𝒒 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝑼
So by using 11 470UF capacitors I can easily get my equivalent 5.19mF capacitance

9
In the above picture it is clear that 11 470UF capacitors and 1 100UH inductor is
used in the filter design.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
Now the last part of the power supply is the voltage regulator. Here in my circuit
two resistor are used for the voltage regulation on which voltage divider law is
performed. But instead of this a variable Zener diode or LM317 MOSFET regulator
can be used. But again the job is to make energy efficient circuit and economically
efficient So I would go for a variable resistor and constant load resistor.
• Load Resistor: A 2W 1K Ohms resistor is used. The reason for using 2W
resistor is that it can easily bear the load of current flowing through it and will
not explode quickly
• Variable Resistor: This variable resistor is also referred as potentiometer. Its
resistance value is adjustable. However, a 5k potentiometer is used. This
means that at minimum resistance the output will be maximum and at
maximum resistance the output will be minimum. Let us prove it by voltage
divider law
𝑹𝒍
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝒗𝒊𝒏
𝑹𝒔 + 𝑹𝒍
Remember here Vin is nothing but the output voltage of the capacitor. Re write the
equation to find the value of Rs
(𝒗𝒊𝒏 − 𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒕)𝑹𝒍
𝑹𝒔 =
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕
The value of Vin =32.871

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 5V output
(32.871 − 5)1𝐾
𝑅𝑠 =
5
𝑹𝒔 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝑲

For 5V the value of RS is 5.5k

30V output:
(32.871 − 30)1𝐾
𝑅𝑠 =
30
𝑹𝒔 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟕
For 30V the value of Rs is 95.7V

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Market Constraints:
As the maximum value of potentiometer available in market is of 5k ohm So the
output voltage at 5k is
Minimum Practical Output:
1𝑘
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 32.871
5𝑘 + 1𝑘
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝑽
Maximum Practical Output:
1𝑘
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 32.871
0𝑘 + 1𝑘
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟏𝑽

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Average DC Load Calculation:
2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 =
3.14
Here 𝑉𝑚 = 22.2√2
2 ∗ 22.2√2
𝑉𝑑𝑐 =
3.14
𝑽𝒅𝒄 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟖
PRACTICAL DESIGNING:
After the design of the entire circuit NI Multisim now it is the time to bring it to the
reality.
➢ A Veroboard which is similar to breadboard in size and design is used for
this purpose

➢ Clean the Veroboard to remove any dust, grease or any pollutant.

➢ Place the
components on the
Veroboard.

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 ➢ Testing a circuit can be tough but circuit is fully functioning and the output
received by the DMM is the calculated and simulated output.

Thank You

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