DC-DC CONVERTERS

What are DC-DC converters ?

• Dc-dc converters are power electronic circuits that convert a dc voltage to a different dc
voltage level, often providing a regulated output.

• Linear voltage regulators

• Switching power converters

• Switched- capacitor converters

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Linear voltage regulators

The output voltage is

By adjusting the transistor base current, the output voltage may be controlled over a range
of 0V to roughly Vs.

The base current can be adjusted to compensate for variations in the supply voltage or the
load, thus regulating the output.

The transistor in effect operates as a variable resistance.

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Linear voltage regulators

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

An efficient alternative to the linear regulator

Transistor operates as an electronic switch by

being completely on or completely off
(saturation or cutoff for a BJT triode and cutoff
regions of a MOSFET).

This circuit is also known as a DC chopper.

The average or DC component of the output voltage is :

Duty ratio D is the fraction of the switching period that the switch is closed

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

BUCK (Step-down) regulator

The objective is to produce an output that is purely dc

LC low-pass filter is added after the switch

The diode provides a path for the inductor current when the switch is opened and is
reverse-biased when the switch is closed.

This circuit is called a Buck converter or a step-down converter because the output
voltage is less than the input.

If the low-pass filter is ideal, the output voltage is the average of Vx which is
the input voltage to the filter.
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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

BUCK (Step-down) regulator

The objective is to produce an output that is purely dc

LC low-pass filter is added after the switch

The diode provides a path for the inductor current when the switch is opened and is
reverse-biased when the switch is closed.

This circuit is called a Buck converter or a step-down converter because the output
voltage is less than the input.

If the low-pass filter is ideal, the output voltage is the average of Vx which is the input
voltage to the filter.
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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

BUCK (Step-down) regulator

Inductor Current

Continues current mode or

Continues Conduction Mode (CCM)

Discontinues current mode or

Discontinues Conduction Mode (DCM)

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Buck converter properties in steady-state

1. The inductor current is periodic.

2.The average inductor voltage is zero

3.The average capacitor current is zero

4. The power supplied by the source is the same as the power delivered to the load.
For nonideal components, the source also supplies the losses.

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Buck converter properties in steady-state

1. The inductor current is periodic.

2.The average inductor voltage is zero

3.The average capacitor current is zero

4. The power supplied by the source is the same as the power delivered to the load.
For nonideal components, the source also supplies the losses.

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Boost converter

The output voltage is larger than the input

The analysis assumes the following:

1. Steady-state conditions exist.

2. The switching period is T, and the switch is closed for time DT and open for (1-D)T.

3. The inductor current is continuous (always positive).

4. The capacitor is very large, and the output voltage is held constant at voltage Vo.

5. The components are ideal.

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Boost converter

The output voltage is larger than the input

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Boost converter
Analysis for the Switch Closed

The change in inductor current is :

Solving for ΔiL for the switch open

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Boost converter
Analysis for the Switch Open

The voltage across the inductor is :

The change in inductor current is :

Solving for ΔiL for the switch closed :

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Boost converter For Steady – State Operation

Method #1: the net change in inductor current must be zero.

Method #2: The average inductor voltage must be zero for periodic operation.

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Boost converter
For Steady – State Operation

The boost converter produces an output voltage that is greater than or equal to the input
voltage.

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Boost converter For Steady – State Operation

Output power is :

Input power is :

Equating input and output powers and using :

By solving for average inductor current and making various substitutions,

IL can be expressed as

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Boost converter For Steady – State Operation

Maximum and minimum inductor currents are :

For CCM operation, Imin>0 . Therefore, the boundary between continuous and
discontinuous inductor current is

The minimum combination of inductance and switching frequency for continuous current in
the boost converter is therefore

From a design perspective, it is useful to express L in terms of a desired ΔiL,

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Boost converter For Steady – State Operation

Output Voltage Ripple

An expression for ripple voltage is then

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Buck - Boost converter

The output voltage of the Buck-Boost converter can be either higher or lower
than the input voltage.

Assumptions:
1. The circuit is operating in the steady state.

2. The inductor current is continuous.

3. The capacitor is large enough to assume a constant output voltage.

4. The switch is closed for time DT and open for (1-D)T.

5. The components are ideal.

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Buck - Boost converter
Analysis for the Switch Closed

The voltage across the inductor is :

ΔiL when the switch is closed gives

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Buck - Boost converter
Analysis for the Switch Open

The voltage across the inductor is :

ΔiL when the switch is open gives

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Buck - Boost converter For steady-state operation

Metheod 1 : the net change in inductor current must be zero over one period.

Output voltage magnitude of the Buck-Boost converter can be less than that of the
source or greater than the source, depending on the duty ratio of the switch

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Buck - Boost converter For steady-state operation

Methode 2 : Average inductor voltage is zero for periodic operation

Note that the source is never connected directly to the load in the buck-boost
converter.

Energy is stored in the inductor when the switch is closed and transferred to the load
when the switch is open.

Hence, the buck-boost converter is also referred to as an indirect converter.

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Buck - Boost converter Waveforms

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Buck - Boost converter Waveforms

Power absorbed by the load must be the same as that supplied by the source

Average source current is related to average inductor current by

resulting in :

Substituting for Vo using and solving for IL, we find

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Buck - Boost converter

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

Buck - Boost converter Output Voltage Ripple

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

The C’UK Converter

Output voltage magnitude can be either larger or smaller than that of the input, and there is
a polarity reversal on the output.

The inductor on the input acts as a filter for the dc supply to prevent large harmonic content.

Unlike the previous converter topologies where energy transfer is associated with the
inductor, energy transfer for the C´uk converter depends on the capacitor C1.

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

The C’UK Converter

Assumptions

1.Both inductors are very large and the currents in them are constant.

2. Both capacitors are very large and the voltages across them are constant.

3. The circuit is operating in steady state, meaning that voltage and current waveforms are
periodic.

4. For a duty ratio of D, the switch is closed for time DT and open for (1-D)T.

5. The switch and the diode are ideal.

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

The C’UK Converter

The average voltage across the inductors is Equivalent circuit for the switch closed
zero for steady-state operation, resulting in :

With the switch closed :

With the switch open :
Equivalent circuit for the switch open

For periodic operation, the average capacitor current is zero.

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

The C’UK Converter

Next, the average power supplied by the source Equivalent circuit for the switch closed
must be the same as the average power
absorbed by the load,

Equivalent circuit for the switch open

The relationship between the output and input voltages is using

The negative sign indicates a polarity

reversal between output and input.

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

The C’UK Converter

Note : The components on the output (L2, C2, and R) are in the same configuration as the
buck converter and that the inductor current has the same form as for the buck converter.

Therefore, the ripple, or variation in output voltage, is the same as for the buck converter:

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DC-DC CONVERTERS

Basic switching converter

The C’UK Converter

The fluctuations in inductor currents

For inductor L1 (switched is closed)

Inductor voltage :

For inductor L2 (switched is open)

Inductor voltage :

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