GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, NANDED

MICRO PROJECT

Academic Year : 2022-2023

TITLE OF PROJECT
Deforestation causes effects and control and
Prevention of water pollution
Program: Information tech. Program code: IF5I
Course : EST Course Code :

Name of Student: Vishal Kotnod, Saurabh Kothurwar

Name of Guide: M. Mohsin Shaik
 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that Roll No. 1563,1562 of fifth Semester of Diploma in Information

Technology Engineering of Institute, GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, NANDED has

completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject- EST- ( ) for the academic year 2022-

2023 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place : Nanded
Date : Exam Seat No.: 308964

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

M.Mohsin Shaikh S.N. DHOLE Dr.G.V.Garje
 ANEXURE ll
Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project
Academic Year : 2022-2023. Name of the Faculty: Mohsin Shaik
Course: Envirnmental Studies Course Code: Semester : V
Title of the Project: Deforestation causes effects and control and preventation of water pollution
Cos address by Micro Project:

Major learning outcomes achieved by the students by doing the project.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Roll No. Student Name Marks out of 6 for Marks out of 4 for Total out
performance in group performance in of 10
activity oral/presentation
(D5 Col.8) (D5 Col.9)
1563 Kotnod Vishal

1562 Kothurwar Saurabh

(Signature of Faculty)

Mohsin Shaik
 WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT

TITLE OF THE MICRO PROJECT:- : Deforestation causes effects and

control and prevention of water pollution
WEEK ACTIVITY PERFORMED SIGN OF DATE
GUIDE
1st Discussion and finalization of Topic
2ND Discussion and finalization of Topic
3RD Preparation and submission of Abstract
4TH Literature Review
5TH Collection of Date
6TH Collection of Date
7TH Collection of Date
8TH Collection of Date
9TH Discussion and Outline of Content
10TH Formulation of Content
11TH Editing and 1st proof Reading of Content
12TH Editing and 2nd Reading of Content
13TH Compilation of Report and Presentation
14TH Seminar
15TH Viva-voce
16TH Final submission of Micro project

Sign of the Students Sign of the Faculty

1563 : Kotnod vishal S haik Mohsin
1562:Saurabh Kothurwar
 INDEX:
Sr. No. Content Page No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
 Summary
Deforestation occurs deliberately, naturally, or accidentally, and
can happen anywhere trees densely populate land.
Water pollution can be defined as the contamination of a stream, river,
lake, ocean or any other stretch of water, depleting water quality and
making it toxic for the environment and humans.
water pollution, the release of substances into subsurface
groundwater or into lakes, streams, rivers, estuaries, and oceans to
the point where the substances interfere with beneficial use of the
water or with the natural functioning of ecosystems. In addition to
the release of substances, such as chemicals, trash, or
microorganisms, water pollution may also include the release of
energy, in the form of radioactivity or heat, into bodies of water .
Deforestation:

Deforestation means cutting down the trees to a large

extent be it forests, any barren land or trees we see on our
way to school every day. Natural forests are being
destructed to use the land for cultivation, building houses,
factories, logging, making space for cattle grazing,
extraction of oil, mining, construction of dams or to obtain
wood for making furniture and using it as fuel.

Deforestation, clearance, clearcutting or clearing is the

removal of a forest or stand of trees from land which is
then converted to a non-forest use. Deforestation can
involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or
urban use. The most concentrated deforestation occurs in
tropical rainforests.”
Over the last century, the forest cover around the globe
has been significantly compromised, leaving the green
cover down to an all-time low of about 30 percent.
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), an estimated 18 million acres (7.3
million hectares) of forest are lost each year.
What Causes Deforestation
Deforestation occurs deliberately, naturally, or
accidentally, and can happen anywhere trees densely
populate land. The following are causal examples of
deforestation:

• Volcanic eruptions

• Hurricanes

• Avalanches

• Temperature/Climate change
• Drought

• Disease

• Severe insect infestation

• Agricultural,
residential, commercial, and industrial land
development
• Logging

• Strip mining
• Wartime/Human activities
 Volcanic eruptions - Deforestation refers to the decrease
in forest areas across the world that are lost for other uses
such as agricultural croplands, urbanization, or mining
activities. Greatly accelerated by human activities since
1960, deforestation has been negatively affecting natural
ecosystems, biodiversity, and the climate.
 Hurricanes- Hurricanes are one of nature’s most powerful
storms. They produce strong winds, storm surge flooding,
and heavy rainfall that can lead to inland flooding,
tornadoes, and rip currents
 Avalanches - Avalanches can be set off spontaneously, by
such factors as increased precipitation or snowpack
weakening, or by external means such as humans,
animals, and earthquakes. Primarily composed of flowing
snow and air, large avalanches have the capability to
capture and move ice, rocks, and trees.
Temperature/Climate change - Contemporary climate change
includes both global warming and its impacts on Earth's
weather patterns. There have been previous periods of climate
change, but the current changes are distinctly more rapid and
not due to natural causes.[2] Instead, they are caused by the
emission of greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide (CO2) and
methane. Burning fossil fuels for energy use creates most of
these emissions. Agriculture, steelmaking, cement production,
and forest loss are additional sources. Greenhouse gases are
transparent to sunlight, allowing it through to heat the Earth's
surface. When the Earth emits that heat as infrared radiation
the gases absorb it, trapping the heat near the Earth's surface.
As the planet heats up it causes changes like the loss of
sunlight-reflecting snow cover, amplifying global warming.
 Drought - Drought is understood from dry weather which
persists long enough to produce a serious hydrological
imbalance, leading to damage of plants, animals and
human life. Droughts are classified into four types:
Meteorological Drought occurs when the total amount of
rainfall is less than 75% of normal rainfall.
Disease - There are many different types of environmental
disease including: Disease caused by physical factors in the
environment, such as skin cancer caused by excessive exposure
to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. Disease caused by exposure
to toxic or irritant chemicals in the environment such as toxic
metals.

Severe insect infestation - Accordingly to the Integrated

Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) programme, insect infestation
is classified as biological hazard and described as the pervasive
influx, swarming and/or hatching of insects affecting humans,
animals, crops, and perishable goods. Examples are locusts,
plague and African Bees (IRDR).

Agricultural, residential, commercial, and industrial land

development - Agriculture

contributes to a number larger of environmental issues that

cause environmental degradation including: climate change,
deforestation, biodiversity loss, dead zones, genetic
engineering, irrigation problems, pollutants, soil degradation,
and waste.
Wartime/Human activities - Study of the environmental
impact of war focuses on the modernization of warfare and its
increasing effects on the environment. Scorched earth
methods have been used for much of recorded history.
However, the methods of modern warfare cause far greater
devastation on the environment. The progression of warfare
from chemical weapons to nuclear weapons has increasingly
created stress on ecosystems and the environment. Specific
examples of the environmental impact of war include World
War
I, World War II, the Vietnam War, the Rwandan Civil War, the
Kosovo War and the Gulf War.
 • Deforestation Effects
While studies continue on the grave effects of
deforestation, there is much that is already known. The
following are effects or consequences induced by continued
deforestation:

1. Atmospheric Effects of Deforestation — Forests are

carbon sinks that sequester carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere and release oxygen in its place. The
rainforests of South America are responsible for 20%
of Earth’s breathable oxygen.As trees are cut down,
the carbon dioxide they have sequestered is
subsequently released back into the atmosphere,
increasing the quantity of greenhouse gasses in our
atmosphere.

2. Atmospheric Water — Trees help control the level of

water found in the atmosphere. As trees are cut
down, there is less water in the air to return to the
soil. The result of deforestation is dryer soil that
eventually will no longer support agriculture or cattle
ranching.
 3. Loss of Habitat — Eighty percent of Earth’s known
animal and plant species reside in forests.
Forest trees provide shelter, while the canopy helps
regulate light and temperatures. As these trees are
removed, temperature variations, increased sunlight,
and vulnerability could prove fatal for all forest plant
and animal species

This loss of habitat can result in the endangerment or

extinction of known species, and more tragically, the loss
of unknown species.
4. Flooding and Soil Erosion — Underground, tree, shrub, brush,
and grassroots all work together to prevent soil erosion.
Without trees, precious topsoil erodes and washes away,
leaving the land sterile and more prone to flooding.Soil
erosion on deforested farmland only serves to perpetuate
deforestation. As
5. Deforestation Solutions

There are many ways to look at potential solutions for

deforestation. The obvious answer is to stop the human
activities that are causing it. However, with an increasing
population of people comes an increase in demand for the
commodities grown on deforested land.

Plant a Tree — Every tree planted and cared for abates the
effects of deforestation
.

By learning about organizations fighting deforestation and its

global effect, you can gain insight on ways to help slow and
eventually stop deforestation.
• WWF — For more than 50 years, the World Wildlife
Federation has worked with government entities,
companies, and communities promoting certification for
responsible forest management practices, combating
illegal logging, reforming trade policies, protecting
forested land, and much more.
• IUCN — Since 1948, the International Union for
Conservation of Nature has been a membership Union
composed of government and civil organizations. By
providing public, private, and non-governmental .
Prevention of waterPollution-

Brief Introduction:

water pollution, the release of substances into subsurface groundwater

or into lakes, streams, rivers, estuaries, and oceans to the point where
the substances interfere with beneficial use of the water or with the
natural functioning of ecosystems. In addition to the release of
substances, such as chemicals, trash, or microorganisms, water
pollution may also include the release of energy, in the form of
radioactivity or heat, into bodies of water.

Types and sources of water pollutants :

Water bodies can be polluted by a wide variety of substances, including

pathogenic microorganisms, putrescible organic waste, fertilizers and
plant nutrients, toxic chemicals, sediments, heat, petroleum (oil), and
radioactive substances. Several types of water pollutants are
considered below.
Solid waste

The improper disposal of solid waste is a major source of water

pollution. Solid waste includes garbage, rubbish, electronic waste,
trash, and construction and demolition waste, all of which are
generated by individual, residential, commercial, institutional, and
industrial activities. The problem is especially acute in developing
countries that may lack infrastructure to properly dispose of solid waste
or that may have inadequate resources or regulation to limit improper
disposal. In some places solid waste is intentionally dumped into bodies
of water. Land pollution can also become water pollution if the trash or
other debris is carried by animals, wind, or rainfall to bodies of water.
Significant amounts of solid waste pollution in inland bodies of water
can also eventually make their way to the ocean. Solid waste pollution
is unsightly and damaging to the health of aquatic ecosystems and can
harm wildlife directly. Many solid wastes, such as plastics and electronic
waste, break down and leach harmful chemicals into the water, making
them a source of toxic or hazardous waste.
Toxic waste

Waste is considered toxic if it is poisonous, radioactive, explosive,

carcinogenic (causing cancer), mutagenic (causing damage to
chromosomes), teratogenic (causing birth defects), or
bioaccumulative (that is, increasing in concentration at the higher
ends of food chains). Sources of toxic chemicals include improperly
disposed wastewater from industrial plants and chemical process
facilities (lead, mercury, chromium) as well as surface runoff
containing pesticides used on agricultural areas and suburban lawns
(chlordane, dieldrin, heptachlor). (For a more-detailed treatment of
toxic chemicals, see poison and toxic waste.)

Sediment

Sediment resulting from soil erosion or construction activity can be

carried into water bodies by surface runoff. Suspended sediment
interferes with the penetration of sunlight and upsets the ecological
balance of a body of water. Also, it can disrupt the reproductive cycles
of fish and other forms of life, and when it settles out of suspension it
can smother bottom-dwelling organisms.
Thermal pollution

Heat is considered to be a water pollutant because it decreases the

capacity of water to hold dissolved oxygen in solution, and it increases
the rate of metabolism of fish.
Valuable species of game fish (e.g., trout) cannot survive in water with
very low levels of dissolved oxygen. A major source of heat is the
practice of discharging cooling water from power plants into rivers; the
discharged water may be as much as 15 °C (27 °F) warmer than the
naturally occurring water. The rise in water temperatures because of
global warming can also be considered a form of thermal pollution.

Petroleum (oil) pollution

Petroleum (oil) pollution occurs when oil from roads and parking
lots is carried in surface runoff into water bodies. Accidental oil spills
are also a source of oil pollution—as in the devastating spills from
the tanker (which released more than 260,000 barrels in
Alaska’s Prince William Sound in 1989) and from the Deepwater
Horizon oil rig (which released more than 4 million barrels of oil into the
Gulf of Mexico in 2010). Oil slicks eventually move toward shore,
harming aquatic life and damaging recreation areas.
Effects of water pollution on groundwater and oceans
Groundwater—water contained in underground geologic formations
called aquifers—is a source of drinking water for many people. For
example, about half the people in the United States depend on
groundwater for their domestic water supply. Although groundwater
may appear crystal clear (due to the natural filtration that occurs as it
flows slowly through layers of soil), it may still be polluted by dissolved
chemicals and by bacteria and viruses. Sources of chemical
contaminants include poorly designed or poorly maintained subsurface
sewage-disposal systems (e.g., septic tanks), industrial wastes disposed
of in improperly lined or unlined landfills or lagoons, leachates from
unlined municipal refuse landfills, mining and petroleum production,
and leaking underground storage tanks below gasoline service stations.
In coastal areas, increasing withdrawal of groundwater (due to
urbanization and industrialization) can cause saltwater intrusion: as the
water table drops, seawater is drawn into wells.