Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of

Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

M.Tech (Machine Learning & Data Science) Semester-I Date:10 Oct 2023
Subject Name-Data Visualization Subject : MDS-114
Submitted To D r A l k a V e r m a Submitted By Sandeep Singh
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Q1.Define Data Visualization ?
Data visualization is the graphical representation of information and data. By using visual
elements like charts, graphs, and maps, data visualization tools provide an accessible way to see
and understand trends, outliers, and patterns in data. Additionally, it provides an excellent way
for employees or business owners to present data to non-technical audiences without
confusion.
Data visualization is very critical to market research where both numerical and categorical data
can be visualized, which helps in an increase in the impact of insights and also helps in reducing
the risk of analysis paralysis.
data visualization takes the raw data, models it, and delivers the data so that conclusions can be
reached. In advanced analytics, data scientists are creating machine learning algorithms to
better compile essential data into visualizations that are easier to understand and interpret.
Specifically, data visualization uses visual data to communicate information in a manner that is
universal, fast, and effective. This practice can help companies identify which areas need to be
improved, which factors affect customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction, and what to do with
specific products (where should they go and who should they be sold to). Visualized data gives
stakeholders, business owners, and decision-makers a better prediction of sales volumes and
future growth.
Q2.Define Discrete data, continuous data, nominal data, Categorical Data
Discrete Data –
This type of data is not “continuous” (Example: Number of cars or children’s a household has).
The type of visualization techniques that are used to represent numerical data visualization is
Charts and Numerical Values. Examples are Pie Charts, Bar Charts, Averages, Scorecards, etc.
Discrete data consists of distinct, separate values or categories. It typically represents countable
and distinct items, such as the number of students in a class or the results of a survey with
predefined response options.
Continuous Data – Continuous data, on the other hand, represents measurements that can
take any value within a given range. It is often associated with numerical data and can include
values like height, weight, or temperature. It can be narrowed or categorized (Example: Height
measurements).
Categorical Data:
Categorical data is also known as Qualitative data. Categorical data is any data where data
generally represents groups. It simply consists of categorical variables that are used to
represent characteristics such as a person’s ranking, a person’s gender, etc. Categorical data
visualization is all about depicting key themes, establishing connections, and lending context.
Categorical data is classified into three categories :
Binary Data –

In this, classification is based on positioning (Example: Agrees or Disagrees).

 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering
Nominal Data –
In this, classification is based on attributes (Example: Male or Female). No rank or order colour
of hair
Ordinal Data –
In this, classification is based on ordering of information (Example: Timeline or processes).
The type of visualization techniques that are used to represent categorical data is Graphics,
Diagrams, and Flowcharts. Examples are Word clouds, Sentiment Mapping, Venn Diagram, etc.
rank and order is given size of shirt xl is larger than L.

Numerical Data :-
Numerical data is also known as quantitative data. Numerical data is any data where data
generally represents amount such as height, weight, age of a person, etc. Numerical data
visualization is easiest way to visualize data. It is generally used for helping others to digest
large data sets and raw numbers in a way that makes it easier to interpret into action.
Numerical data is categorized into two categories: eg height of family.

Q3. Classify the types of data visualizations.

Q4.Define exploratory data visualizations.

Ans:- Two forms of data visualizations
1. Exploratory visualizations
2. Communicative visualizations
Exploratory data visualizations:- Exploratory visualizations are used when you want or
need to explore data to find insights. we use these types of visualizations to help better
understand your underlying data. These visualizations are typically created during the initial
stages of data analysis to gain insights into the dataset and guide further analysis. They help
data analysts and scientists explore the data and make informed decisions about how to
proceed with their analysis.
 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

Q5. What is communicative data visualizations.

Communicative data visualization, also known as information design or data storytelling, is
the practice of creating visual representations of data that effectively communicate insights,
messages, or narratives to a specific audience. In communicative data visualization, the
focus is not only on presenting data accurately but also on making the information
accessible, engaging, and understandable to the intended viewers. Here are some key
principles and techniques associated with communicative data visualization:

Any interaction between businesses and consumers indicates signs of success between the
two parties. Communicating with the customer through visualization is one of the best
communication channels that strengthens the relationship between buyers and sellers.

Q6. Define Data visualizations? Why it is important.

 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

Data visualization is the graphical representation of information and data. By using visual
elements like charts, graphs, and maps, data visualization tools provide an accessible way to
see and understand. trends, outliers, and patterns in data. Additionally, it provides an
excellent way for employees or business owners to present data to non-technical audiences
without confusion.
Data visualization is very critical to market research where both numerical and categorical
data can be visualized, which helps in an increase in the impact of insights and also helps in
reducing the risk of analysis paralysis
Why is Data Visualization Important?

No matter what business or career you’ve chosen, data visualization can help by delivering
data in the most efficient way possible. As one of the essential steps in the business
intelligence process, data visualization takes the raw data, models it, and delivers the data
so that conclusions can be reached. In advanced analytics, data scientists are creating
machine learning algorithms to better compile essential data into visualizations that are
easier to understand and interpret.

Specifically, data visualization uses visual data to communicate information in a manner that
is universal, fast, and effective. This practice can help companies identify which areas need
to be improved, which factors affect customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction, and what to
do with specific products (where should they go and who should they be sold to). Visualized
data gives stakeholders, business owners, and decision-makers a better prediction of sales
volumes and future growth.

There are many reasons for data visualization in data science. Data visualization
benefits include communicating your results or findings, monitoring the model’s
performance at the evaluation stage, hyperparameter tuning, identifying trends, patterns
and correlation between dataset features, data cleaning such as outlier detection, and
validating model assumptions.
 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

Q7.What are the different techniques of data visualizations

1. Pie chart

A pie chart is a type of graph that represents the data in the circular graph. The slices of
pie show the relative size of the data, and it is a type of pictorial representation of data.
A pie chart requires a list of categorical variables and numerical variables. Here, the term
“pie” represents the whole, and the “slices” represent the parts of the whole.

Pie charts are one of the most common and basic data visualization techniques, used across a
wide range of applications. Pie charts are ideal for illustrating proportions, or part-to-whole
comparisons.

Because pie charts are relatively simple and easy to read, they’re best suited for audiences
who might be unfamiliar with the information or are only interested in the key takeaways.
For viewers who require a more thorough explanation of the data, pie charts fall short in their
ability to display complex information.
 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

The classic bar chart, or bar graph, is another common and easy-to-use method of data
visualization. In this type of visualization, one axis of the chart shows the categories being
compared, and the other, a measured value. The length of the bar indicates how each group
measures according to the value.

One drawback is that labeling and clarity can become problematic when there are too many
categories included. Like pie charts, they can also be too simple for more complex data sets.

Unlike bar charts, histograms illustrate the distribution of data over a continuous interval or
defined period. These visualizations are helpful in identifying where values are
concentrated, as well as where there are gaps or unusual values.

Histograms are especially useful for showing the frequency of a particular occurrence. For
instance, if you’d like to show how many clicks your website received each day over the last
week, you can use a histogram. From this visualization, you can quickly determine which
days your website saw the greatest and fewest number of clicks.
 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

Gantt charts are particularly common in project management, as they’re useful in

illustrating a project timeline or progression of tasks. In this type of chart, tasks to be
performed are listed on the vertical axis and time intervals on the horizontal axis. Horizontal
bars in the body of the chart represent the duration of each activity.

Utilizing Gantt charts to display timelines can be incredibly helpful, and enable team
members to keep track of every aspect of a project. Even if you’re not a project
management professional, familiarizing yourself with Gantt charts can help you stay
organized.

A heat map is a type of visualization used to show differences in data through variations in
color. These charts use color to communicate values in a way that makes it easy for

the viewer to quickly identify trends. Having a clear legend is necessary in order for a user
to successfully read and interpret a heatmap.

There are many possible applications of heat maps. For example, if you want to analyze
 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

which time of day a retail store makes the most sales, you can use a heat map that shows
the day of the week on the vertical axis and time of day on the horizontal axis. Then, by
shading in the matrix with colors that correspond to the number of sales at each time of
day, you can identify trends in the data that allow you to determine the exact times your
store experiences the most sales.

A box and whisker plot, or box plot, provides a visual summary of data through its quartiles.
First, a box is drawn from the first quartile to the third of the data set. A line within the box
represents the median. “Whiskers,” or lines, are then drawn extending from the box to the
minimum (lower extreme) and maximum (upper extreme). Outliers are represented by
individual points that are in-line with the whiskers.

This type of chart is helpful in quickly identifying whether or not the data is symmetrical or
skewed, as well as providing a visual summary of the data set that can be easily interpreted.
 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

A waterfall chart is a visual representation that illustrates how a value changes as it’s
influenced by different factors, such as time. The main goal of this chart is to show the
viewer how a value has grown or declined over a defined period. For example, waterfall
charts are popular for showing spending or earnings over time.

An area chart, or area graph, is a variation on a basic line graph in which the area
underneath the line is shaded to represent the total value of each data point. When

several data series must be compared on the same graph, stacked area charts are used.

This method of data visualization is useful for showing changes in one or more
quantities over time, as well as showing how each quantity combines to make up the
whole. Stacked area charts are effective in showing part-to-whole comparisons.

9. Scatter Plot
 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

Another technique commonly used to display data is a scatter plot. A scatter plot displays
data for two variables as represented by points plotted against the horizontal and vertical
axis. This type of data visualization is useful in illustrating the relationships that exist
between variables and can be used to identify trends or correlations in data.

Scatter plots are most effective for fairly large data sets, since it’s often easier to identify
trends when there are more data points present. Additionally, the closer the data points are
grouped together, the stronger the correlation or trend tends to be.

Pictogram charts, or pictograph charts, are particularly useful for presenting simple data in
a more visual and engaging way. These charts use icons to visualize data, with each icon
representing a different value or category. For example, data about time might be
represented by icons of clocks or watches. Each icon can correspond to either a single unit
or a set number of units (for example, each icon represents 100 units).

In addition to making the data more engaging, pictogram charts are helpful in situations
 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

where language or cultural differences might be a barrier to the audience’s understanding

of the data.

Q8. What is data interpretation? Explain its importance and also explain How visualization
affects data interpretation.

What is Data Interpretation?

Data interpretation is the process of reviewing data and arriving at relevant conclusions using
various analytical methods. Data analysis assists researchers in categorizing, manipulating,
and summarizing data to answer critical questions.

In business terms, the interpretation of data is the execution of various processes. This
process analyses and revises data to gain insights and recognize emerging patterns and
behaviours. These conclusions will assist you as a manager in making an informed decision
based on numbers while having all of the facts at your disposal.

1.6 Importance of Data Interpretation

Raw data is useless unless it’s interpreted. Data interpretation is important to businesses and
people. The collected data helps make informed decisions.

a) Make better decisions

Any decision is based on the information that is available at the time. People used to think
that many diseases were caused by bad blood, which was one of the four humors. So, the
solution was to get rid of the bad blood. We now know that things like viruses, bacteria, and
immune responses can cause illness and can act accordingly.

In the same way, when you know how to collect and understand data well, you can make
better decisions. You can confidently choose a path for your organization or even your life
instead of working with assumptions.

The most important thing is to follow a transparent process to reduce mistakes and tiredness
when making decisions.

b) Find trends and take action

Another practical use of data interpretation is to get ahead of trends before they reach their
peak. Some people have made a living by researching industries, spotting trends, and then
making big bets on them.

With the proper data interpretations and a little bit of work, you can catch the start of trends
and use them to help your business or yourself grow.

c) Better resource allocation

 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

The last importance of data interpretation we will discuss is the ability to use people, tools,
money, etc., more efficiently. For example, If you know via strong data interpretation that a
market is underserved, you’ll go after it with more energy and win.

In the same way, you may find out that a market you thought was a good fit is actually bad.
This could be because the market is too big for your products to serve, there is too much
competition, or something else.

No matter what, you can move the resources you need faster and better to get better results.

What are the steps in interpreting data?

Here are some steps to interpreting data correctly.

1) Gather the data

The very first step in data interpretation is gathering all relevant data. You can do this by first
visualizing it in a bar, graph, or pie chart. This step aims to analyze the data accurately and
without bias. Now is the time to recall how you conducted your research.

Here are two question patterns that will help you to understand better.

• Were there any flaws or changes that occurred during the data collection process?
• Have you saved any observatory notes or indicators?
You can proceed to the next stage when you have all of your data.

2) Develop your discoveries

This is a summary of your findings. Here, you thoroughly examine the data to identify trends,
patterns, or behavior. If you are researching a group of people using a sample population, this
is the section where you examine behavioral patterns. You can compare these deductions to
previous data sets, similar data sets, or general hypotheses in your industry. This step’s goal is
to compare these deductions before drawing any conclusions.

3) Draw Conclusions

After you’ve developed your findings from your data sets, you can draw conclusions based on
your discovered trends. Your findings should address the questions that prompted your
research. If they do not respond, inquire about why; it may produce additional research or
questions.

4) Give recommendations

The interpretation procedure of data comes to a close with this stage. Every research
conclusion must include a recommendation. As recommendations are a summary of your
 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

findings and conclusions, they should be brief. There are only two options for
recommendations; you can either recommend a course of action or suggest additional
research.

Q9. Why is Data Visualization Important in Data Science?

Importance of Data Interpretation

Raw data is useless unless it’s interpreted. Data interpretation is important to businesses and
people. The collected data helps make informed decisions.

a) Make better decisions

Any decision is based on the information that is available at the time. People used to think
that many diseases were caused by bad blood, which was one of the four humors. So, the

solution was to get rid of the bad blood. We now know that things like viruses, bacteria, and
immune responses can cause illness and can act accordingly.

In the same way, when you know how to collect and understand data well, you can make
better decisions. You can confidently choose a path for your organization or even your life
instead of working with assumptions.

The most important thing is to follow a transparent process to reduce mistakes and tiredness
when making decisions.

b) Find trends and take action

Another practical use of data interpretation is to get ahead of trends before they reach their
peak. Some people have made a living by researching industries, spotting trends, and then
making big bets on them.

With the proper data interpretations and a little bit of work, you can catch the start of trends
and use them to help your business or yourself grow.

c) Better resource allocation

The last importance of data interpretation we will discuss is the ability to use people, tools,
money, etc., more efficiently. For example, If you know via strong data interpretation that a
market is underserved, you’ll go after it with more energy and win.

In the same way, you may find out that a market you thought was a good fit is actually bad.
This could be because the market is too big for your products to serve, there is too much
competition, or something else.

No matter what, you can move the resources you need faster and better to get better results.
 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

Q10.Write short note on exploratory data visualizations and communicative data

visualizations.
Forms of visualizations
3. Exploratory visualizations

4. Communicative visualizations
Exploratory visualizations
Exploratory visualizations are used when you want or need to explore data to find
insights. You use these types of visualizations to help better understand your underlying
data.

Explanatory visualizations are used to communicate the results of your analyses. Well-
designed explanatory visualizations convey the results of your analyses in a clear
and
concise manner. The goal of explanatory data visualization is to communicate findings
and inspire action.

PREPARATION STAGE

The first three steps in the explanatory data visualization process can be thought of as
the preparation stage. Here you’re making sure you have the right data and that it
meets the criteria for the analysis. You’re also considering the purpose of the analysis
and for whom the analysis is being prepared.

Step 1: Verify the data. The importance of this can’t be overemphasized. The adage
“garbage in, garbage out” is relevant in all data analyses, including data visualization. If
the data you’re using for your visualizations is incorrect or incomplete, your
visualizations will also be incorrect and potentially misleading. Data should meet the
following criteria:

1. Accuracy: Are the data error-free?

2. Completeness: Do you have all the data?
3. Consistency: Are the data in a consistent format?
4. Freshness: Are the data the most recent data available?
 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

5. Timeliness: Will the data you need be accessible and available?

Accuracy of the data means that the data are error-free, reliable, and representative of the
phenomenon you’ll be presenting in the visualization. Completeness of data means that
you have all the data that you need and aren’t missing any data. Consistency of data means
there are no format inconsistencies. For example, dates are formatted the same way from
period to period, and values are in the same denomination across time periods.
Freshness of data means that you’re using the most recent data in your visualizations.
Finally, timeliness means that the data you need for your visualization will be available and
accessible when you need it.

Step 2: Define the purpose. Before creating your explanatory data visualizations, be sure
you have specifically identified the purpose of your analysis. During the exploratory
phase of analysis, you’ll likely have identified your overall purpose and prepared many
visualizations as part of your discovery process. It’s very tempting to use every
visualization that you created during the exploratory phase. Avoid falling into this trap.
The purpose of exploration is to find insights. Your goal is to share with your audience
the insights, not the entire journey you took to develop them.

Stephen Few, in his book Show Me the Numbers (Analytics Press, El Dorado Hills, Calif.,
2004), identifies four purposes for tables and graphs of quantitative business
information:

1. Analyzing
2. Communicating
3. Monitoring
4. Planning

Think about your purpose and choose only the visualizations that align with that purpose.
Also consider the audience for your data visualizations. For example, is the purpose to
inform the audience or to persuade the audience?
 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

Step 3: Consider the audience. When preparing visualizations, always keep in mind the
audience that will be viewing the visualization: Who will be consuming the information?
How much background do they have regarding the topic? Will they be the decision
maker?

Answering these questions will help you focus your visualizations so that they achieve
maximum impact. For example, if you prepared an analysis that will be shared internally
with colleagues who know the background information related to the analysis, you don’t
need to include a lot of background information. But if the analysis is prepared for an
audience unfamiliar with the topic, more detailed background information will need to be
provided for them to understand the analysis. An important aspect of providing an
analysis that your audience will understand is to be sure to pick an effective
visualization.

CREATION STAGE

Once you’re confident about your data, have clearly defined the purpose of the
analysis, and know your audience, you can begin to create the visualizations to convey
your results. In this stage, you’re choosing an effective visual, using best practices, and
telling a story to effectively convey your results.

Step 4: Pick an effective visual. Picking an effective visual is easier said than done.
Most of us have never been trained in data visualization and have little knowledge as
to what type of visual is most effective. It helps to break this down into the following:

 Consider the purpose of your analysis.

 Identify visuals that will meet that purpose.
 Understand the data that’s needed to create the visual you would like.
 Match the purpose and the data to the appropriate visual.
 Be sure to follow best practices for your chosen visual.

Communicative Data visualization: The best way to communicate

Instead of loading clients up with bullet points and long-winded analysis, firms should use
data visualization tools to illustrate their message.

Every business is always looking for a great way to talk to their customers. Communication
between the company’s management team and customers plays an important role.
However, the hardest part is finding the best way to communicate with users.

Although it is visible in many companies, many people do not understand the power of
visualization in the customer communication industry. This article sheds light on several
aspects of how data visualization plays an important role in interacting with clients.
 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
Faculty of Engineering Electronics & Communication Engineering

Any interaction between businesses and consumers indicates signs of success between the two
parties. Communicating with the customer through visualization is one of the best
communication channels that strengthens the relationship between buyers and sellers.

Aspects of data visualization

While data visualization is the best way to communicate, many industry players still don’t
understand the power of this aspect. The display helps the commercial teams improve the
operating mode of your customer and create an exceptional business environment.
Additionally, visualization saves 78% of the time spent capturing customer information to
improve services within the enterprise environment.

Customer Interactivity
Any business that intends to succeed in the industry needs to have a compelling for customers.

Currently, big data visualization in business has dramatically changed how business talks to
clients. The most exciting aspect is that you can use different kinds of visualization.

While using visualization to enhance communication and the entire customer experience, you
need to maintain the brand’s image. Also, you can use visualization in marketing your products
and services.

To enhance customer interaction, data visualization (Sankey Chart, Radial Bar Chart, Pareto
Chart, and Survey Chart, etc.) is used to create dashboards and live sessions that improve the
interaction between customers and the business team members. The team members can
easily track when customers make changes by using live sessions.

This helps the business management team make the required changes depending on the
customer suggestions regarding the business operations. Communication between the two
parties continues to create an excellent customer experience by making changes.

Identifying Customers with Repetitive Issues

By creating a good client communication channel, you can easily identify some of the customers
who are experiencing problems from time to time. This makes it easier for the technical team to
separate customers with recurring issues.

The technical support team can opt to attach specific codes to the clients with issues to monitor
their performance and any other problem. Data visualization helps in separating this kind of
data from the rest to enhance clients’ well-being.
 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
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or if they are experiencing any technical issue. This promotes personalized services and makes
customers more comfortable.

Through regular communication between clients and the business management team, the
brand gains loyalty making it easier for the business to secure a respectable number of
potential customers overall.
Once you have implemented visualization in your business operations, you can solve various
problems facing clients using the data you have collected from diverse sources. As the business
industry grows, data visualization becomes an integral part in business operations.

This makes the process of solving customer complaints easier and creates a continued
communication channel. The data needs to be available in real-time to ensure that the
technical support team has everything required to solve any customer problem.

Creating a Mobile Fast Communication Design

The most exciting data visualization application is integrating a dashboard on a website with a
mobile fast communication design. This is an exciting innovation that makes it easier for
the business to interact with clients from time to time.

A good number of companies and organizations are slowly catching up with this innovative
trend powered by data visualization. A business can easily showcase its stats to its customers
on the dashboard to help them understand the milestones attained by the business.

Note that the stats are displayed on the dashboard depending on the customer feedback
generated from the business operations. The dashboards have a fast mobile
technique that makes communication more convenient.

This aspect is made to help clients access the business website using their mobile phones. An
excellent operating mechanism creates a creative and adaptive design that enables mobile
phone users to communicate efficiently.

This technique helps showcase information to mobile users, and clients can easily reach out to
the business management team and get all their concerns sorted.

Product Performance Analysis

Data visualization is a wonderful way of enhancing the customer experience. Visualization
collects data from customers after purchasing products and services to take note of the
customer reviews regarding the products and services.

By collecting customer reviews, the business management team can easily evaluate the
 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, MoradabadDepartment of
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reorganize customer behavior and enhance the performance of every product.

The data points recorded from customers are converted into insights vital for the business’s
general success.