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BSNL MT Exam 2019 Test Series

Chapter 10 ‐Telecom Knowledge

CFA Module


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BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Index
x

Sr No C
Chapters
Brush UUp Topics
1 Topic 1‐ Optical Fibber Commu unications [BBasics of OF
FC]
2 Topic 2‐ Optical Fibber Commu unications‐ [[PDH & SDH H]
3 Topic 3 ‐ Optical Fiiber Commu unications‐ [DWDM]
Main TTopics
4 Chapterr 1 : Circuit Switching
5 Chapterr 2: Signallin
ng : CAS andd CCS/SSTPP
6 Chapterr 3: Point Off Interconneection
7 Chapterr 4: Packet SSwitching
8 Chapterr 5: Routingg Principle
9 Chapterr 6:Broadbaand & Multip play
10 Chapterr 7: IPV6
11 Chapterr 8: Leased Lines [MPLS VPN & ML LLN]
12 Chapterr 9: Overvieew of NGN & & IPTAX
13 Chapterr 10: SIP & IIMS
14 Chapterr 11: Landline VAS
15 Chapterr 12: CDR Billing
16 Chapterr 13: Projecct Udan & Do osti
17 Chapterr 14: NGN SDH & MSPP P
18 Chapterr 15: FTTH GPON
19 Chapterr 16:OSI Lay yers
20 Chapterr 17:LAN an nd VLAN
21 Chapterr 18: ADSL
22 Chapterr 19: Powerr Plant & SMMPS Modules
23 Chapterr 20 :Data CCenter

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Topic 1
1 – Opticcal Fiber Commu
unication
ns [Basiccs of OFC
C]
 Fiber opticss is sending signals fromm one locatiion to anothher in the fo
orm of modu ulated light
guuided throu
ugh hair‐thin fibers of gglass or plasstic.The maiin job of opttical fiberss is to guide
light waves w
with a minimum of atttenuation ((loss of sign nal).

 Optical fiber Constructtion
O
1. Core : The center of th he fiber wheere the lightt is transmittted. High reefractive ind
dex (RI)
Smaller in diameter (8 8 micro metter)
2. Cladding: Lower RI th han core, Laarger in Diammeter (125 micro meteer)
3. Coating: This is a layeer of plastic that surrouunds the core and cladd ding to reinfforce and
protect thee fibre core. (250 to 9000 microns)
4. Strengthen ning fibress :These commponents heelp protect tthe core agaainst crushiing forces
and excessive tension during insttallation. Th he materialss can range ffrom Kevlar® to wire e
strands too gel‐filled ssleeves.
5. Cable jack ket :This is tthe outer lay
yer of any cable. Most ffibre optic ccables have an orange
jacket, alth
hough somee types can h have black o or yellow jaackets.

 The differencce between the refracttive indicess of the corre and cladding causess most of
T
th
he transmittted light to bounce off the claddingg and stay w
within the core.

 Total intern
T nal reflectio
on: is a phenomenon th hat happenss when a propagating w wave
sttrikes a meddium bound ngle largerr than a parrticular crittical angle with
dary at an an
reespect to th
he normal to wave stays inside the
o the surfacee.Due to tottal internal rreflection ,w
fiiber.

 M
Mode: A sing
gle "electrom
magnetic fieeld pattern"" (think of aa ray of lightt) that traveels in fiber.

 T
Types of Op
ptical fiberss

1. Single mode Fiber

r: has a much
h smaller core, only aboutt 8‐9 micronss, so it only ttransmits onee mode.
Singlemoode is used fo
or telephony
y (long distaance, metrop politan and fiber to the home) and CATV with
laser sources at 13100 to 1550 nm very long distances at ve
m. It can go v ery high speeeds.

 Single‐Mod
S de Fiber De
esigns

T
The three pr rinciple typees of single mode fiber and their IT
TU‐T specifiications aree:
1. N
Non‐disperssion‐shifted fiber (ND DSF) [ITU G
G.652] : accoounts for grreater than 995 percent
of deployed p plant; suitab
ble for TDMM (single‐chaannel) use iin the 1310
0‐nm region n or
D
DWDM use i in the 1550 0‐nm regio on (with disppersion commpensators)). This type of fiber can
n
allso supportt 10 Gigabitt Ethernet sstandard at distancess over 300 m meters.

2. D
Dispersion‐‐shifted fibe er (DSF)[IT
TU G.653] : suitable forr TDM use in the 1550‐‐nm
unsuitable ffor DWDM in this regio
reegion, but u on.

3. Non‐zero di
N ispersion‐sshifted fibe
er (NZ‐DSF)):[ITU G.655]

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

2. Multimmode Fiber: has a largger core (alm

most alwayss 50 or 62.5 5 microns ‐ aa micron iss one one
milliontth of a meteer) and is used with lasser or LED ssources at w
wavelengthss of 850 and d 1300 nm
for shorrt distance, lower speed data netwworks like LA ANs.

 By th
his classificaation there aare three ty
ypes of fibrres :
(I) M
Multimode S
Step Index fiibre (Step In
ndex fibre)
(II) M
Multimode g
graded Indexx fibre (Graaded Index ffibre)
(III) Siingle‐ Modee Step Indexx fibre (Singlle Mode Fibrre)

 Opticcal Fibre Pa
arameters
 W
Wavelengthh: For examp ple, Red Ligght has long
ger wavelen
ngth than BBlue Light, TTypical
w
wavelength f
for fibre usee are 850nmm, 1300nm aand 1550nm m all of whicch are invisiible.

 W
Window: A nnarrow win
ndow is defined as the rrange of wavelengths aat which a fib
bre best
operates.

W
Window Operational W
Wavelength

800n
nm ‐ 900nm 850nm
m

1250n
nm ‐ 1350nm
m 1300n
nm

1500n
nm ‐ 1600nm
m 1550n
nm

 Attenuation
A n:Attenuatioon is defined
d as the losss of optical p
power overr a set distan
nce, a fibre
w
with lower aattenuation w
will allow m
more powerr to reach a rreceiver thaan fibre with h higher
atttenuation. Attenuation
n may be caategorized aas intrinsic oor extrinsic.

 In
ntrinsic Atttenuation:Itt is loss duee to inheren
nt or within
n the fibre. Intrinsic atttenuation
m
may occur as s
(1) Absorption ‐ Naatural Impurrities in the glass absorrb light enerrgy.
(2) Scattering ‐ Ligh
ht Rays Travvelling in th
he Core Refleect from sm
mall Imperfeections into
a New Pathway that may be Lo ost through the claddingg.

 E
Extrinsic Att
tenuation

It is loss due
I al sources. Extrinsic atttenuation m
e to externa may occur aas –
1. Macro
obending ‐ T The fibre is sharply ben nt so that th
he light trav
velling down
n the fibre
cannott make the tturn & is losst in the clad
dding.
2. Microbbending ‐ M Microbendin
ng or small b
bends in thee fibre caussed by crush
hing
contraction etc. Th
hese bends may not be visible with
h the naked d eye.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019


 Numericcal Aperture :Numericaal aperture ((NA) is the ""light ‐ gath hering abiliity" of a
fibre. Thee material N o the refracttive indices of the core and cladding.
NA relates to
NA
A = n12 ‐ n22
wheree n1 and n2 are refractiv
a ve indices off core and ccladding respectively

 D
Dispersion ::Dispersion is the sprea
ading of lig
ght pulse ass its travels d
down the leength of an
optical fiber
T
Types of dis
spersion :
(II) Modaal Dispersion
n
(III) Materrial dispersiion
(IIII) Waveeguide dispeersion

 There are two b
basic cable designs aree:
1. Tight Buffer
T r Tube Cable : used insside buildin
ngs.
2. Loose Buffe
er Tube Cab
ble: outside‐plant instaallations
 OFC Splicing:Splicces are permmanent con nnection beetween two fibres. The splicing inv
volves
cutting of the edges of the two
o fibres to bee spliced.
 Splicing Metthods
The following three typ
pes are wid
dely used :
1. Adhessive bondin
ng or Glue sp
plicing.
2. Mechanical spliciing.
3. Fusio
on splicing‐‐ widely useed

 The sp
plice loss ind
dicated by th
he splicing mmachine should not bee taken as a final value aas it is only
an estimated loss and so afterr every spliccing is overr, the splice loss measu
urement is to be taken n
OTDR (Optical Time D
by an O Domain Refflectometer).

 Opttical Link Budget :The "Optical Bu n OFC route planning taaking into
udget" is a teerm used in
acco
ount variouss losses of ffiber
Transmitter P Power = Losss in Cable + Splice losss + Splitte
er loss + Power requirred at
Receiver.

• Ma
ain Tests on n OFC
 Cable Loss.
 Sp
plice Loss.
 Connector Lo oss.
 Continuity off Fiber.

 Fault Localizzations/Break Fault


BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 Layin
ng of Optica
al Fiber cab
ble: OFC is eeither burie
ed or laid in
n Ducts.

 Two ccategories o
of soils are:
 Rocky: Cable
R e trench, wh hich can nott be dug witthout blastin
ng and/or cchiseling.
 Non‐Rocky:
N Other thann above incluuding murraam and soill mixed with h stone and soft rock.


 Pipess for cable llaying and protectionn
 HDPE pipe 7
H 75 mm (diam meter) lengtth 5m. (approx 18 to 20
0’ )
 HDPE pipe 5
H 0 mm (diam
meter) lengtth 5m. (approx 18 to 20
0’ )
 PLB pipe (40 0 mm. outerr diameter) length 1km m/200m ( town limits w
with rope)

 GI pipe for P
G LP 50 mm d
dia length 6 meter

 Meassurement o
of cable dep
pth: All dep
pth should b
be measured
d from the ttop of pipe.

(A) Crosss country rrout (norm
mal soil)
 Above HDPE
A E pipe :1.5 m
meter
 Trench dept
T th :1.65 meter
 In n rocky are
ea minimum m depth 0.9 m (all cablees having deepth less then 1.2 meteer should
be protectedd by RCC/GI pipes)

(B) In bu
uilt up area
a (city/tow
wn/urban a
area) :Depth
h in rocky soil may be cconsider as 0.9 to 1.0
meter

(C) On cculvert/bridge over riiver and naallah. :At the depth of 1
1.5 meter b
below the beed throw
HDPE/RRCC Pipe. Pippe length sh
hould be 2 m
meter exten nded at bothh ends.

(D)At rooad crossinng :At a dep
pth of 1.5 m meter througgh HDP pipee enclosed iin RCC pipe extended
by 3.0 m
meter to the side end of the read.

 Indicaators alongg route
 Route indica
R ator: At eveery 200 m rroute length h of showingg name of ro oute & no of
inndicators.

 Jo oint indicattor: At everry joint (Splice) generally it is placed at every
y 2 or 4 Km
m (Drum
leength)
 Branch (Roo
B ot diversion) indicato or: Providedd at route diversion or branching ffrom the
m
main root.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Topicc 2 ‐ Optiical Fibe

er Comm
municatio
ons‐ PDH
H & SDH
 P
Plesiochron
nous Digita
al Hierarchiies (PDH)

 M
Main proble
ems of PDH
H systems
 Homogeneity
H of equipmen
nt
 Problem of Ch
hannel segreggation
 The problem ccross connecction of chan
nnels
 In
nability to identify individ
dual channells in a higherr‐order bit stream.
 In
nsufficient caapacity for neetwork manaagement;
 Most PDH net
M twork managgement is pro
oprietary.
 There’s no staandardised d
definition of P
PDH bit ratess greater than 140 Mbit/
/s.

 Sy
ynchronouss Digital Hie
erarchy (SDH
H)

The basis of Synchronou
T us Digital Hierarchy (SD
DH) is syncchronous m
multiplexing
g ‐ data
frrom multiplle tributary sources is b
byte interle
eaved.

 SDH standarrd introducced with thrree major g
goals:
 Avoidd the probleems of PDH
 Achieeve higher bbit rates (Gb
bit/s)
 Better means forr Operation,, Administraation, and M
Maintenancee (OA&M)

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 SDH Advanttages

 H
High transm
mission rate
es :Transmission ratess of up to 40
0 Gbit/s can
n be achieveed in
m
modern SDHH systems.


 Simplified a
add & drop function:C
Compared w
with the oldeer PDH systtem, it is mu
uch easier
to
o extract an
nd insert loww‐bit rate cchannels frrom or into the high‐sppeed bit streeams in
SDH. It is no longer neceessary to deemultiplex aand then rem
multiplex th
he plesiochrronous
sttructure.

 Reliability:
R Modern SDHH networkss include varrious autom
matic back‐‐up and rep
pair
m
mechanism ms to cope w
with system faults.

 F
Future‐proof platform m for new services: SD DH is the ideeal platform
m for servicees ranging
f
from POTS, ISDN and mmobile radio through to data com mmunication ns (LAN, WA AN, etc.),
a
and it is able
e to handle tthe very lattest servicess, such as video on demmand and diggital video
b
broadcasting g via ATM that are grad dually becom ming establlished.

 Interconnection: The SSDH interfaaces are glob
bally stand
dardized, mmaking it possible to
c
combine nettwork elements from ddifferent manufacturerss into a netw
work. The reesult is a
r
reduction in
n equipmeent costs as compared w with PDH.

 Network Elem
N ments of SDH

1. R
Regenerators :Regenerrators have the job of rregeneratin ng the clock
k and ampllitude
re
elationship ps of the inccoming dataa signals thaat have been
n attenuated
d and distorrted by
dispersion.

2. T
Terminal M
Multiplexer : Terminal m multiplexerrs are used tto combine plesiochro
onous and
sy
ynchronou nals into higgher bit ratee STM‐N signals.
us input sign

3. A
Add/drop M Multiplexerrs(ADM) : P
Plesiochrono ous and low
wer bit rate ssynchronou
us signals
caan be extra
acted from or inserted
d into high sspeed SDH b
bit streams by means o of ADMs.

4. D DXC]:. It allow
Digital Cross‐connect [D ws mappinng of PDH trributary siggnals into v
virtual
co
ontainers aas well as sw
witching of various con
ntainers up tto and inclu
uding VC‐4.

5. N
Network Elemment Manag SDH networrk elements mentioned so far are ssoftware‐
ger:All the S
co
ontrolled. T
This means that they caan be monittored and reemotely con
ntrolled by n
network
ellement man
nager.

 SDH Rates : SDH is a tra
ansport hierrarchy baseed on multip
ples of 155.52 Mbit/s. The basic
u
unit of SDH is STM‐1. [STM ‐Synch hronous Traansport Mod dules]
Diifferent SDH rates are giv
ven below:
 STM‐1 = 155.52
2 Mbit/s
 STM‐4 = 622.08
8 Mbit/s
 STM‐16 = 2588..32 Mbit/s
 STM‐64 = 9953..28 Mbit/s

BSNL MT EXAM 2019



 STM‐1 fram
me format

It is madee up from a b
byte matrix o
of 9 rows and
d 270 colum
mns.. The frame repetition rate is 125
5 ms.

Overhead :The first 9
9 bytes in eacch of the 9 ro
ows are calleed the overheead. Two typ
pes of overheead:
ator section
regenera n overhead ((RSOH) and the multiple ex section o
overhead (MMSOH)


 Auto
omatic prottection swiitching (APS)

Two
o basic types of protectio
on architectu
ure
1. Line
ear protection :The sim mplest form
m of back‐up p is the so‐caalled 1 + 1 A
APS. Here, eeach
workking line is p
protected by y one prote
ection line. If a defect ooccurs, the p
protection aagent in thee
netwwork elemen nts at both eends switch the circuit over to the protection lline.


2. Ringg protection n: A collection of nodess forming a‐‐closed loop p whereby eeach node iss connected
to tw
wo adjacent nodes via a duplex com mmunication n facility. A ring provid
des redundaant
banddwidth or reedundant neetwork equiipment, or b both; so disttributed serrvices can be
autommatically reestored follo
owing a failu
ure or degraadation in the network k. Thus a rin
ng can be
self‐h
healing. 

Two typ
pe of ring A
Architecturees
 Two fiber unidirectional sself healing
g ring (USHR)

 Two‐‐fiber or fou
ur‐fiber, bi‐d
directionall, line‐ swittching ring
g (two‐fiber or four‐fibeer BSHR)

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 SDH Networrk Toplogie

es

 N
NG‐SDH


BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Top
pic 3 – Op
ptical Fiiber Com
mmunica
ation [DW
WDM]

 Dense wave
D elength division multiiplexing (D
DWDM) is a fiber‐optic transmissio on
teechnique th
hat employs multiple liight wavele
engths to trransmit dataa in parallell
thhrough a sin
ngle fiber.

 DWDM prom
D mises to solvve the "fibe
er exhaust" problem annd is expectted to be thee central
teechnology in
n the all‐opttical networrks of the fu
uture.

 V
Varieties of
f WDM
 WDM: Tradi
W tional, passsive WDM syystems are w
widespread d with 2, 4, 8
8, 12, and 16
6
chhannel counnts being th
he normal deeploymentss. This techn
nique usuallly has a disttance
limitation of
f less than 1100 km.

 CWDM: Coa
C arse WDM ((CWDM) typ
pically uses 20‐nm spa
acing (3000
0 GHz) of up
p to
18 channels.
1 . The CWDM grid is madee up of 18 wa
avelengths d
defined within the range 1270 nm to
o
1610 nm sp
1 nm.
aced by 20 n

DWDM :Densse WDM com
 D mmon spaciing may be 200, 100, 5 50, or 25 GH
Hz with chaannel
co 28 or more channels aat distances of several tthousand kilometers
ount reaching up to 12
w cation and rregeneration along such a route.
with amplific

 Transmissio
T on Window ws
T
The second ttransmission window ((around 130 00 nm) andd the third aand fourth
trransmission
n windows ffrom 1530 tto 1565 nm m (also calleed conventio onal band) aand from
1565 to 162 25 nm (also
o called Longg Band) aree used.

 D
DWDM Syst
tem Compo
onents

1. Transm
mitter (tran
nsmit transp
ponder):
 Changes elecctrical bits tto optical pu
ulses
 Iss frequency specific
 Uses a narro
U wband laseer to generatte the optical pulse

2. Multiplexer/ demu
ultiplexer: C
Combines/seeparates disccrete wavelen
ngths

3. Ampllifier
 Pre‐amplifier boosts siggnal pulses aat the receiv ve side
 Post‐amplifieer boosts siggnal pulses at the transsmit side (post amplifieer) and on th he receive
siide (preamp plifier)
n line amplifiers (ILA) aare placed aat different d
 In distances frrom the sourrce to proviide
reecovery of tthe signal beefore it is deegraded by loss.
 EDFA (Eribi
E ium Doped Fiber Amp plifier) is th
he most poppular ampliffier.

4. Optica
al fiber (med
dia):
 Transmissio
T n media to ccarry opticaal pulses
 Many differe
M ent kinds of fiber are ussed
 Often deploy
O yed in sheatths of 144–2256 fibers

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

5. Receiv
ver (receive transponde
er)
 Changes optiical pulses b
back to elecctrical bits
 Uses wideba
U and laser to provide thee optical pullse

 efits of DWDM
Bene
 Increases bbandwidth ((speed and distance) 
 Does not reequire replaacement or upgrade theeir existing legacy systems
 Provides "n next generaation" technologies to mmeet growinng data need ds
 Less costlyy in the longg run becausse increased
d fiber capaccity is autom
matically av
vailable;
don't have to upgrade all the timee

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Ch
hapter 1
1 ‐ Circuiit Switch
hing
 Circuit switching is a m methodologyy of implem menting a tellecommuniccations netwwork in
w
which two ne etwork noddes establish h a dedicate
ed commun nications cchannel (cirrcuit)
th
hrough the n network beefore the nodes may com mmunicate.. The circuitt guarantees the full
b
bandwidth o of the chan
nnel and rem mains conneected for th
he duration oof the comm
munication
seession. The circuit funcctions as if tthe nodes w
were physica ally conneccted as with
h an
ellectrical circuit.

 In
n circuit switching, the bit delay iss constant during a connection, ass opposed tto packet
swwitching, w
where packett queues maay cause varrying and potentially inndefinitely llong packett
trransfer delaays.

Figure
e : Circuit S
Switching

 In
n a circuit‐switched nettwork, befo ore commun nication can occur betw ween two deevices, a
ciircuit is esttablished beetween themm. This is sh
hown as a thhick blue lin
ne for the daata from
D
Device A to D Device B, annd a matchinng purple lin
ne from B back to A. On nce set up, aall
co
ommunicattion between n these devvices takes p
place over th
his circuit.

 The classic example of aa circuit‐swiitched netw
T work is the telephone ssystem. Wh hen you call
soomeone and d they answ
wer, you estaablish a circcuit connecttion and cann pass data bbetween
you, in a steaady stream iif desired. T he same way regardless of how
That circuit functions th
m
many interm mediate deviices are used to carry y your voice. YYou use it fo
or as long ass you need
itt, and then tterminate th
he circuit.

 T
Three phase es in circuiit switching
g
a)) Establish
b) Transfer
c)) Disconnecct

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

• D
Disadvantag ges of Circuuit Switchinng
 Less Suitablle for Data & non Voicce Transmiission: Non n‐voice transsmissions teend to be
b
bursty, mea ning that daata come in spurts with
h idle gaps b
between theem. When ciircuit‐
sw ks are used for data traansmission, therefore, tthe line is often idle an
witched link nd its
fa
acilities wa
asted.

 D
Data Rate: AA circuit‐switched link creates the equivalent of a single ccable betweeen two
devices and tthereby asssumes a sing gle data ratte for both devices. This assumption limits
th
he flexibilitty and useffulness of aa circuit‐sw
witched con nnection forr networks
in
nterconnectting a varietty of digital devices.

 In Once a circuit has been established
nflexible: O d, that circuiit is the path
h taken by aall parts of
he transmisssion whether or not it remains thee most efficient or availlable.
th

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Chap
pter 2 ‐ S
Signaling
g CAS and SSTP
 The procedu
T ure for transsfer of the ssignal betw
ween two no
odes or poin
nts in teleco
om network
k
iss known as ssignaling.

 Subscriber S Signaling: SSignaling syystems used
d between th
he exchang
ge and subsscriber
equipment, such as terminals and PBX (Privatte Branch exxchanges), are called subscriber
siignaling sysstems.

 T
Trunk Signaaling Trunkk signaling aare signals u
used betweeen public ex
xchanges. T
They are
used to conn
nect exchangges in orderr to build up
p a circuit.


 Supervisionn Signaling:: Supervisio
on signaling (line signa aling) is useed to contro
ol and
m
monitor thee status of tthe transmisssion circuitts. Examplees of supervision signals are the
se
eizure sign
nal and idlee state signal.

 A
Address Sig gnaling :Add dress signalling (build‐up or regisster signaliing) is a pro
otocol,
w
which is used d to transfer the speciffic subscribeer informatiion necessaary to conneect the
caalling party
y to the calleed party. Exaamples of address signnaling inform
mation are tthe called
p
party's dire ctory numb ber and the e calling pa
arty's categ
gory

 Basic Class O
B Of Signalin
ng System.
1 Channel A
1. Associated ssignaling (C
CAS)
2 Common Channel Siggnaling (CCSS)
2.

 Channel Asssociated Sig
gnaling :A ssignaling syystem is callled a channeel associated signaling
sy
ystem when
n the locatio
on of the siggnaling inforrmation is rrelated dire
ectly to the
e user
v
voice/data .
.

One channe
O el (timeslott 16) is usedd to carry signaling info
ormation reelated to thee 30 voice
data channells. In timesllot 16, fram
me 1, signaliing informaation relateed to the user
voice/data in nd 17 to 31 are used
n timeslotss 1 and 17 is loaded. ettc. Timeslott 1 to 15 an
fo
or user voicce/data (chhannels).

 Common Ch hannel Signnaling (CCS))
A
A signaling system is callled a Commmon channeel signaling ssystem wheen a channel is
coommon for sending alll the signalling informmation of a n nos. of userrs on shariing basis.
T
The CCITT h as thereforee specified tthe commo
on channel signaling ssystem no.7 7. In this
caase also TS1
16 is normaally used as common chhannel i.e. siignaling link
k.

 CCS‐7 Featuures
 in
nternationally standard
dized (natio
onal variatio
ons possiblee)
 su
uitable for tthe nationall and intern
national inteercontinentaal network llevel
 su
uitable for v
various com
mmunication
n services su
uch as telep
phony, text ,, data servicces
 high perform
mance and h
high reliabiliity for messsage transfeer
 use of the traansfer rate o
of 64 kbit/ss typical in d
digital networks
 au
utomatic su upervision aand control of the signaaling networrk.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 The SP / SEP
T P is the sourrce (origin
nating pointt) and the ssink (destin
nation poinnt) of
siignaling traffic. In a com
mmunicatio
on network these are coollocated wiith the exch
hanges.

 The STPs / S
T STEPs switcch signaling
g messagess received to
o another STP or to a SSP on the
basis of the d
destination address.

 Signaling linnks :A channnel of an ex nsmission link (e.g. a P
xisting tran PCM30 link k) is used
as the signalling data lin
nk. Generallly, more than one signaling link exxists between two SPs
in
n order to provide reduundancy

 Signaling m
modes :Two signaling m
modes

1. A
Associated m mode:, the signaling lin
nk is routed with the circuit group belonging
d together w
to
o the link. U
Used for hig
gh capacityy utilization
n

2. Q
Quasi‐assocciated mode :the signaaling link an
nd the circuiit group run
n along diffe
erent
outes.Used for low cap
ro pacity utilizzation

 Signaling ro
outes :The rroute defineed for the siggnaling betw
ween an originating p
point and a
d
destination naling routee.
point is callled the sign

 Structure off CCS7
T
The signaling
g functions in CCS7 aree distributed
d among thee two parts::
1. Message Tra
M ansfer part ((MTP)
2. User Parts (U
U UP).

 The function
T ns of the MT
TP and the U
UP of CCS7 aare divided iinto 4 levells. Levels 1 to 3 are
alllotted to th
he MTP whiile the UPs fform level 44

1. M
Message Tra ansfer Partt :The message transfer part (MTP
P) is used in
n CCS7 by alll user parts
(U
UPs) as a traansport sysstem for me
essage exch
hange.

2. Level‐4 ( Usser Parts [UUP] ) :Level 4 functionss include forrmatting off messages based on
th
he applications, are allo
otted to UPss.

T
The followinng UPs are sppecified by the CCITT;
 teelephone usser part (TU
UP)
 in
ntegrated seervices digittal network
k user part (ISUP)
 th
he signalingg connection
n control paart (SCCP)

 th
he transactiion capabilitties applicaation part (T
TCAP)
 th
he mobile ap
pplication p
part (MAP)


BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Advanta
ages of CCS7
 Signaling Channel is allo otted only fo
or the durattion of the ssignaling (op
ptimum utillization &
sp
pace savingg)
 Faster call seetup
 Inntroductionn of new services is possible
 More call com
M mpletion
 Security of caalls ensuredd
 Efficient NMS
 Easy & Efficient traffic eengineering

 SSTP ( STAN
NDALONE S
SIGNAL TRA
ANSFER PO
OINT)

 Obje
ectives of SS
STP’s
 Regulate, me
R easure, and account forr inter‐netw g SMS messages from
work trafficc including
m
mobile netwworks includ
ding GSM and CDMA
 A
Achieve a fleexibility and
d transparen
ncy in mana
agement off signalling
g for BSNL’ss wired
and wirelesss networkss.
 Optimal expa
O ansion of GSSM & CDMA
A network of BSNL
 In
ntroduction
n of new services.
 Offer CCS7 &
O ng Services to other Wiire line & W
& IP Signallin Wireless Netw
work Operaators.

 Featu TP’s at BSNL Network
ures of SST
 21 TAX Loca ations with
h an STP at eeach location.
 Phase 1 ‐ 10
P 0 Locations

 P
Phase 2 ‐ 11
1 additional locations: T
This was latter changed to 24 locatiions to takee care of thee
co
onnectivity issues.
 Phase 3 Exp
P pansion of aall 24 nodess to about caapacity of 1800 LSL perr node

 6 STPs are designated as ANSI‐ITU
U MTP gatew
way (ILD Gateways).

 Connect mulltiple SS7 no
odes (MSC, L
L1 TAX, L2 TAX, Local E
Exchanges, SMSC, HLR,, SCP) to a
m
mated pair U
Using SS7 E1 links.
 SSTPs interconnected using BSNL’ss IP/MPLS n
network on M2PA
 Centralized N
Network Maanagement with an Acttive and DR Standby sitte
 Central Billin
ng Server fo
or billing intter‐carrier SSS7 usage


 Planned Appliccations on SSSTP Netwo
ork
 Lawful Intercept of SMSS
 Mobile Numb
M ber Portability

 SSTP
P Phase‐3 :SSSTPs in ph
hase‐3 were planned to handle NGN
N IP TAX network Sig
gnaling
load.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Chaptter 3 – P
Point of Intercon
nnection

• In
nterconnecction: mean ns the comm mercial and d technical arrangements under which
seervice providers conneect their equ uipment, networks an nd servicess to enable ttheir
cuustomers too have accesss to their cu
ustomers, sservices and
d networks o
of their servvice
providers.

• Regulatory Principles For Interco
R onnection
 T
Transparenc cy
 N
Non‐discrim ination
 Cost based taariff
 W
Without reguulatory intervention an nd direction
n, interconneection nego
otiations do not usually
y
proceed succcessfully
 Delays and fa
D ailures duriing negotiattions
ors can interrvene by applying bencchmarks or best practicces from oth
 The regulato
T her
co
ountries

• Characteristics of interconnectio on
 Innterconnecttion is mandatory;
 Itt should be n
non discrim
minatory; 
 Itt should be m
made availaable in a tim
mely mannerr;
 Interconnecction chargees shall be coost based, u
unless as maay be speciffied otherwiise

• In
nterconnecct Agreeme ent
A
As per interc
connect agreeement, thee demand n note for techhnically feasible numb
ber of E1s
sh
hould be isssued to the iinterconnecction seekerr within 30 days.
T
The POI shou uld be commmissioned wwith live traaffic within
n 3 months time from tthe date thee
payment hass been madee by the inteerconnectio on seeker.

• Point Of Inte
P erconnectiion (POI)
Itt is a point aat which thee GMSC of fu
ully mobile
e network o of UASL/ CM MSP and gaateway
swwitch of BSN NL or local // tandem / TAX exchan
nge of the basic servicee network off UASL/
B
BSO/ NLDO/ / ILDO and llocal / Tand of BSNL are interconneected by the facility of
dem / TAX o
nterconnecttion seeker and where the specifieed network‐‐network interface stan
in ndards are
appplicable.

• Point Of Pre
P esence (POP)
Itt means settting up of sw
witching ce entre and ttransmissio on centre oof appropriaate capacity
fo
or basic teleephone serv vice by UASL L/ BSO/ NL LDO at the SSDCA level to provide, o
on demand,
seervice of prescribed qu uality and grrade of serv
vice in a non
n discriminaatory manneer.

 Cellular Mobbile Service Provider (CCMSP) – POII at Level‐III/ Level‐I

 T
TAXs (In cas e of Metro C
Cities, POI aat SDCC Tandem also)
 N
National Lonng Distance Operator (N NLDOs) – SDDCC Tandem m
 In
nternationaal Long Distaance Operattor (ILDOs) – Level‐I T
TAXs
 U
Universal Acccess Servicee Provider ((UASP) – Mix of CMSP and BSO 
 B
Basic Service
e Operatorss (BSOs) – POI at SDCC Tandem/ Level‐II TA AX

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

• M
Main Reasons for Dela ay in POIs P
Provisioninng
 Delay in issu
D ue of demand note due tto non‐rece eipt of feassibility repoort from SSA
As.
 Delay in nom
D mination/ d declarationn of a local exchange ((in case of nnon‐availabiility of
seeparate SDC
CC tandem) as SDCC tan ndem for prroviding con nnectivity to NLDOs/ BBSOs
 Delay in pro
D vision of innfrastructuure and pow wer after paayment of d demand notee.
 Non‐availabi
N ility of interrconnectioon agreeme ents and tesst scheduless in concerned SSAs.
 Non‐availabi
N ility of A/T wing repre esentative in time duee to pre‐occcupation in oother
acceptance testing work ks.



BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Chapte
er 4 – Paccket Swiitching
• Packet switching is thee process off segmentingg a messagee/data to bee transmitteed into
P
seeveral smalller packetts. Each pack
ket is dispa
atched inde ependently y and each m
may be
ro
outed via a different p
path. At the destinationn, the originaal message is reassemb
bled in the
coorrect order, based on the packet number.

• Types of Paccket switch
T hing
D
Data‐gram A Approach: In the data‐‐gram appro oach to pack ket switchin
ng, each paccket is
trreated indep
pendently ffrom all otheer. Packets iin this techn
nology are rreferred to aas data‐
grams

• In
n datagramm approach h
a Packets ccan take any
a) y practical rroute
b Packets m
b) may go misssing
c)
c In heavy traffic cond
ditions, dataagram moveement acrosss the sub‐network can
stop altoget
s ther.

• Virtual Circu
V uit Approa
ach:In the viirtual circuiit approach to packet sw
witching, th
he
re
elationship all packets belonging to a messa
p between a age or sessiion is preseerved.

• V
Virtual circu it transmisssion is implemented in two forma
ats
1. Switched d virtual circcuit (SVC)
2. Permanent virtual ciircuit (PVC))

1. Sw
witched virrtual circuit (SVC) :Th he switchedd virtual circcuit (SVC) foormat is commparable
co
onceptually
y to dial‐up lines in cirrcuit switchiing. In this m
method, a vvirtual circuiit is created
d
w
whenever itt is needed and existss only for th he duration n of the speccific exchan
nge.

Permanent virtual circcuit (PVC):Permanentt virtual circcuits (PVC) aare comparrable to
2. P
eased liness in circuit switching. In
le n this methood, the same virtual ciircuit is pro
ovided
b
between twwo users on a continuo ous basis.

In
n Virtual cirrcuit packett switching
 Packeets follow th he same rouute and therrefore arrivee in sequencce.
 Packeet contains aa virtual circuit identifiier instead oof destinatio
on address
 Susceeptible to daata loss in thhe face of lin
nk or node ffailure

• Circuit‐Swittched Conn
nection verssus Virtuall‐Circuit Co
onnection

1. P
Path versuss route:
A
A circuit‐swiitched connection creattes a path b between two o points. Thhe physical p
path is
crreated by seetting the swwitches for the duration of the dial (dial‐up lin
ne) or the d
duration of
th
he lease (leaased line).

A virtual‐circcuit connecttion createss a route beetween two points. Thiss means eacch switch
A
crreates an en
ntry in its ro
outing tablee for the durration of thee session (SV
VC) or duraation of the
leease (PVC).

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

2. D
Dedicated vversus sharring: In a cirrcuit‐switch
hed connecttion, the link
ks that make a
p
path are ded
dicated; the ey cannot bbe used by other connnections. In n a virtual circuit
connection, tthe links thee make a ro
oute can be shared by other conn nections.

• Message Sw
M witching
M
Message swi tching is beest known bby the descriiptive term store and fforward. In n this
m
mechanism, a node (usu ually a speciial computeer with a num mber of disks) receivess a
m
message, sto
ores it until tthe approprriate route iis free, them
m sends it allong.

In
n message sswitching, the messagges are storeed and relayyed from se econdary
sttorage (dissk), while in
n packet sw
witching thee packets arre stored an
nd forwarded from
p
primary sto orage (RAM M)

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Ch
hapter 5
5 ‐ Routin
ng Princciple
• Routing is th
R he act of mo
oving inform
mation acrosss an inter‐n
network fro
om a sourcee to a
destination.

• The primary
T y difference between th he router an
nd bridge iss that bridg
ging occurss at Layer 2
2
(tthe link layeer) of the OSSI referencee model, wh
hereas routiing occurs at Layer 3 (the
network layeer).

• Routing invo
R olves two ba
asic activities
 Deterrmining optimal routing paths
 Transsporting infformation grroups (typiccally called packets) through an in
nternet‐
work known as p packet swittching.

• Network dev
N vices withou
ut the capa
ability to fo
orward pacckets betwe een sub‐networks aree
caalled end sy
ystems (ES) whereas nnetwork dev vices with the capabilitties of forwaarding
packets betwween sub neetworks are called intermediate ssystems (IS S).

• ntermediatee System are further divided into tthose that caan commun
In nicate with
hin routing
g
d
domains kn own as intrra‐domain ISs and those that com mmunicate bboth within
n and
b
between rou uting doma ains known n as inter‐doomain IS

• A routing do
A omain geneerally is con nsidered a portion of an n internet‐w
work under ccommon
administrativ
ve authority
y that is reggulated by aa particular set of admin
nistrative gu
uidelines.
R
Routing dommains are aalso called aautonomou us systems.

• Path Determ
P mination
R
Routing prot tocols use m
metrics to evaluate whaat path will be the bestt for a packeet to travel.
A
A metric is aa standard o
of measuremment, such aas path banddwidth, thatt is used by routing
allgorithms to
o determinee the optim
mal path to aa destinatioon.

• R
Routing Alg
gorithms De
esign Goalss

 O
Optimality: Optimality refers to th
he capabilityy of the routting algorith
hm to selectt the best
ro
oute, which
h depends oon the metriics and metrric weightin ngs used to mmake the caalculation.
For example, one routin
ng algorithmm may use a number off hops and delays, butt it may
w
weigh delay more heaviily in the callculation.

 Simplicity a and low oveerhead: Thee routing alggorithm mu
ust offer its functionalitty
effficiently, w mum of softtware and utilization overhead.
with a minim

 R
Robustness and stability: Routingg algorithmss must be ro obust, which means thaat they
sh
hould perfo
orm correctlly in the face of unusuaal or unforesseen circum
mstances, su
uch as
h
hardware faailures, hig
gh load conditions

 R
Rapid conve ergence:Wh hen a netwoork event caauses routess to either g
go down orr become
available, roouters distriibute routin
ng update mmessages thaat permeatee networks,
d eventuallyy causing all routers to agree on
sttimulating rrecalculation of optimaal routes and

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

th
hese routes.Routing alggorithms that convergee slowly can
n cause routting loops o
or
n
network ou tages

 FlexibilityRouting algorithms shou uld also be fflexible, whiich means tthat they sho
ould
quickly and aaccurately aadapt to a vaariety of network circuumstances 

• R
Routing Alg
gorithm Typ
pes

• Static versu
us dynamic
• Single‐pathh versus muultipath
• Flat versus hierarchicaal
• Host‐intelliigent versuss router‐inttelligent
• Intra‐domaain versus in nter‐domain n
• Link‐state vversus distaance vector

• Static Versuus Dynamicc :Static routting algorith

hms are tab
ble mappin ngs establish hed by the
network adm ministrator b
before the beginning of routing. These map ppings do not change
unless the neetwork adm
ministrator aalters them. Dynamic R orithms are table
Routing algo
m
mappings wh hich changee dynamica ally during routing andd are not creeated at begginning of
ro
outing.

• Single‐Path Versus Mu ultipath: Un nlike single‐‐path algoritthms, thesee multipath aalgorithms
permit traffiic multiplexing over m multiple linnes. The advvantages of f multipath aalgorithms
over single ppath are thatt They can p
provide sub bstantially b
better throu ughput and d
re
eliability. T
This is generally called load sharin ng.

• Flat Versus Hierarchiccal:In a flat rrouting systtem, the rou
uters are peeers of all o
others. In a
hierarchical routing system, some rrouters formm what amo ounts to a ro
outing backb bone.
Packets from
m non‐backb bone routerrs travel to tthe backbon where they are sent
ne routers, w
th
hrough the bbackbone .

• Host‐Intellig
H us Router‐ IIntelligent : In source‐routing systems, routeers merely
gent Versu
act as store‐aand forward mindlessly sending the p
d devices, m packet to th
he next stop
p. In this
sy
ystem, the hhosts have tthe routing intelligencee.

Other algoritthms assum
O me that hostss know notthing aboutt routes. In these algorrithms,
ro
outers determine the p
path through h the internnet‐work based on theirr own calculations. In
th ve the routiing intelligence.
his system, routers hav

• Intra‐domaain Versus IInter‐domaain :Some routing algorrithms worrk only with
hin
d
domains‐ In
ntra domaiin; others w
work withinn and betwe een domain ns –Inter Domain
o

• Link‐State V
L Versus Disttance Vecto or :Link‐staate algorithmms (also kno own as shorrtest path
f
first algorit
thms) flood d routing in
nformation n to all nodees in the intternet‐workk. Each
r
router, howe ever, sends only the po
ortion of thee routing tab
ble that describes the sstate of its
o
own links. In
n link‐state algorithms,, each routeer builds a p
picture of thhe entire network in
itts routing ttables. Eg: OSPF

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Distance vecctor algorith

D hms (also kn nown as Be ellman‐Ford d algorithmms) call for each routerr
t
to send all o r some porttion of its ro
outing tablee, but only tto its neigh
hbors. In esssence, link‐‐
s
state algori ithms send small upda ates everyw where, whille distance e vector alg
gorithms
s
send larger updates on nly to neigh hboring roouters.

• Link‐state prrotocols aree generally more scala
able than diistance vecttor protocolls.

• R
Routing algo
orithms Me
etrics

 P
Path length is the mostt common roouting metrric. Cost is alllocated to eeach networrk link
(p
path) Eg: Paath length m
may be hop count

 Reliability:r
R refers to thee dependabiility (bit‐error rate) of each netw
work link.

 R
Routing delay: refers too the length
h of time req
quired to move a packeet from sourrce to
destination tthrough the internet‐w
work.

Bandwidth :refers to th
 B he available traffic cap
pacity of a link.
.
 Load: refers to the degrree to which h a networkk resource, ssuch as a rou
uter, is busy
y. Load can
be calculated
d in a varietty of ways, in
ncluding CP
PU utilization and pacckets proce essed per
se
econd.

• Routed prottocols are p
R protocols th
hat are routeed over an internet‐wo
ork.
E
Examples : I otocol (IP), DECnet, AppleTalk, No
Internet Pro ovell NetWare, OSI, Ban
nyan VINES,
an
nd Xerox Neetwork Systtem (XNS).

• Routing pro
R otocols are protocols th hat implemeent routing g algorithm
ms. Routing p protocols
arre used by iintermediatte systems tto build tablles used in d
determiningg path selecction of
ro
outed protoocols.

Examples :In
E nterior Gateeway Routinng Protocol (IGRP), Enh hanced Inteerior Gatewaay Routing
Protocol (Ennhanced IGR RP), Open Shhortest Pathh First (OSPF), Exteriorr Gateway Protocol
(EEGP), Bordeer Gateway Protocol (B BGP), Interm mediate Systtem‐to‐Interrmediate Syystem (IS‐
ISS), and Routting Informaation Protocol (RIP).

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Chap
pter 6 ‐ B
Broadban
nd & Mu
ultiplay
 Prior to broaadband serv vice, PSTN d
dialup (inclluding ISDNN) was the m
main techniq
que to get
In
nternet acceess. For high
h speed, onlly alternativ
ve was lease
e line band
dwidth

 Sancharnet is an all Ind
dia roamingg account i.ee. user can u
use it from aany landlinee in India

 TRAI has deffined Broad
T dband as ann always onn data conn nection thatt is able to ssupport
in
nteractive services including internet access aand has the capability o
of the minim
mum
d
download sp peed of 256 kbps to aan individuaal .

 Advantages of Broadband
A
 Alway ys on (Not o
on shared mmedia)
 Fast ((speed rangging from 25
56 kbps to 2
2 Mbps)
 No disconnection n
 No addditional acccess charge
 Telepphone and DData simultaaneously

 Wired Broadband Technologies
W
 Digitaal Subscribeer Line (DSL
L, given overr copper loo
op of Teleco
om operatorrs)
 Cable Modem (CM M, Given over cable TV operators ccoaxial cable network)
 Power Line Broadband (BPL L, Over Powwer lines)
 Fiber technology y

 Digital Subsscriber Line
D e (DSL) : is a wire line
e transmisssion technology that brrings data
an
nd informattion faster o
over copperr telephone e lines already installeed in homes.

 The traffic frrom the userr to the netw
T work (from
m customer’ss premise too the telephone central
office) is upsstream trafffic and fromm the netwo
ork to the user (from th
he telephonne central
office to the customer’s premises) iis downstre eam trafficc

 T
Types of DS L transmisssion techn
nologies

 Symmettrical Digita al Subscrib
ber Line (SD
DSL):It is ussed typically
y for busineess
applicatiions such ass video con nferencing. When the d data rate in both directiions is
equal, itt is called a ssymmetric service.

 Asymme etrical Digiital Subscriiber Line (AADSL):It is used primaarily by resid
dential
users wh
ho receive aa lot of data but do not ssend much, such as Intternet surfeers. ADSL
providess faster spe
eed in a dow wnstream d direction th
han upstre eam . When the
upstream
m data rate is lower thaan the down nstream rate, it is called
d an asymmmetric
service.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 High‐daata‐rate Diggital Subscrriber Line ((HDSL):It pprovides fixeed symmettrical high

speed acccess at T1 rrate (1.5 M
Mbps), and iss designed ffor businesss purposess.

 Very hig
gh‐data‐ratte Digital Su
ubscriber LLine (VDSL L):It providees both sym
mmetrical
and asym
mmetrical access with h very high bit rate ovver the copp
per line.

 ISDN Dig gital Subsccriber Line (IDSL) :It pprovides symmmetrical connection n with ISDN
N
and is deesigned to eextend DSL tto locations with a long
g distance tto a telephone
central ooffice.

 DSLAM:DSLA
D AM is the eq quipment lo ocated at a p
phone com mpany’s cen ntral office (CO) that
links many ccustomer D DSL connecttions over e existing coopper telephone lines to a single
high‐speed A ATM line. WWhen the pho one compan ny receives a DSL signaal, an ADSL m modem
w
with a POTS alls are sentt to the PSTN, and data
splitter dettects voice ccalls and datta. Voice ca a
arre sent to th
he DSLAM.

 BSNL’S Broa
B adband Acccess Technology :BSNL Broadban nd service iss built on a w
world class,,
m t, multi‐protocol, conveergent IP infrastructuree through N
multi‐gigabit National Intternet
B
Backbone‐II I (NIB‐II)

 Effect of cop
E pper pair q pability depeends on the thickness of wire
quality :Dataa speed cap
used in cablee network. H
Higher the gauge, high her the datta carrying sspeed. Dataa speed
deteriorates if copper loop qualityy is bad i.e.. more joints, loose jo
oints, low innsulation
etc

 For BSNL Brroadband cconnection,, Customer Needs:
 BSNL’s Laandline connnection
 Computerr with 10/100 Mbps Etthernet Card d
 DSL Modeem + Splitteer (CPE)
 PPPoE sofftware to bee loaded in tthe Client
 Broadbannd Account ((Username and Passwo ord)

 Local toll free number fo
or broadba
and booking & compla
aints is 150
04, all India toll free is
1800 424 16 600.

 Se
ervices offe
ered to BSN
NL Broadba and custom mers
 Conntent Based services:: [Video on D
Demand (Vo
oD), Educattion]
 Weeb conferencing

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 Intteractive Gaming: This service is offered in aassociation w

with a francchisee
Brooadband cu ustomers can
n visit http:://bsnl.ind
diagames.co om/ and suubscribe
this service.

 BB MMultiplay [Triple Play
y Service]
1. Da
ata (Internet)
oice (VoIP )
2. Vo
3. Viideo (IPTV, VOD]

 Com
mponents of Broadban nd Multiplaay
 L3PE (MCR // PE Routerr of NIB‐2 P Project 1)
 BNG [Broad
B dband Netw work Gatewway]: Conneects Multiplaay Network k to NIB2 Baackbone
Project 1, thrrough L3PEE).
 RPR :Tier‐1
R Switch and Tier‐2 swittches in the ring Provid
des connectiivity to BNG
G
 OC LAN Tier
O ‐2 Switch.

 DSLAM.
D
 ADSL CPE.
A 
 DSL Tester.
D 

 Chan
nges in Bro
oadband M Multiplay aft
fter Broadb band
 T1 & T2 cha
T nged from sstar topolo
ogy to RPR rring topolo
ogy – High rreliability
 IP‐DSLAM cconnected o on GE interfface as com
mpared to FE
E interface.

 BNG behave
B es as custom
mer edge ro outer wherreas BRAS w
was a PE Roouter.
 BRAS were p
B present at 2
23 “A” locattions only w
whereas BNG
G is presentt upto “B” ty
ype cities.


 Set‐top‐Box : B BSNL franch hisee in Pune has named the set‐top box as WIICE Box (W Window for
Info
ormation, C Communica ation and EEntertainme ent) and su upports all ssorts of inpu
uts like
audiio, video, tab
blet data, teext data, poiinter devicees etc. it has a USB portt and a micrrophone
and headphone e jack in adddition to esssential portts.

 VOIP
P [Voice ov ver IP] :Thee technologyy used to traansmit voicce conversaations over a data
netw
work in formm of packetss using the IInternet Prrotocol
VoIP also is refferred to as Internet te
elephony, IIP telephon ny, or Voice
e over the IInternet

 Ben
nefits of VOIIP
 Cost reductiion :Toll by
y‐pass,WAN Cost Reducction

 O
Operationall Improvem
ment :Comm
mon networrk infrastruccture ,Simpllification of
f Routing
A
Administrati
ion

 B
Business To
ool Integrattion :Voice mail, email and fax maail integratio
on ,Web + Call,Mobilityy
using IP

 Core of BSNL
L’s Broadbaand service iis National Internet B
Backbone (N
NIB).

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 N
NIB features
s

 Itt provides aa diversified
d range of In
nternet acceess services including su upport for V
VPN
(LLayer‐2, Lay yer‐3 and DDialup and BBroadband sservices)
 Itt also offers SLA Reporrts includin ng security, QoS (quallity of serviice) and any y to any
coonnectivity.
 Offers fully m
O managed serrvices to customers.
vices like bandwidth on
 Itt offers serv n demand ettc. over the same netwo ork.
 The network
T k is capable of on‐line mmeasurement and mo onitoring o of network
p
parameters s such as latency, packeet loss, jitterr and availab
bility so as tto support SSLAs with
cuustomers 
 The routers s
T support vallue added seervices such h as VPNs, WWeb and co ontent hostting, Voice
over IP, Mullticast etc. 
 Encryption SServices
 Firewall Serv vices
 Multicast Ser
M rvices
 Network Add
N dress Transslation

 N
NIB‐II has be
een implem
mented in fou
ur projectss

 Network Ar
N rchitecture
The citiees in India h
have been classified in ssix types naamely A1, A A2, A3, A4, B B1, B2.
 A1 – 5 Core
A cities ‐Banggalore, Chen nnai, Mumb bai, Delhi, Ko
olkatta
 A2/A3 – 9 ne
A ext level corre cities ‐Pu
une, Hyderab bad, Ahmed dabad, Ernakulam, Luck know,
Jaaipur, Indorre, Jullundurr, Patna
 A4 – 10 Majo
A or cities
 B1, B2 – 47 o
B other cities
 A1 city core
A routers aree fully mesh hed betweeen locations on STM‐16 6
 IG GW – Intern national Ga ateway Rou uter – Connnectivity to IInternet is tthrough thiss router
 IX XP – Interneet Exchangee Point – ISP P’s connect eeach other tthrough thiss router
 ID DC – Interneet Data Centter – for con nnecting to BSNL Data Centers
 B1 and B2 c
B cities have oonly EDGE rrouters.
 Primary Nettwork Operrating cente er at Bangaalore and D Disaster Reccovery is att Pune

 E
Equipment Terminolo
ogies used iin Broadba
and

 B
BBRAS: A Brroadband R Remote Acceess Server ro
outes trafficc to and from
m the digitaal
su
ubscriber lline access multiplexeers (DSLAMM) on an In nternet serv vice.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 D
DSLAM: Digiital Subscrib
ber Line Acccess Multiplexer is a deevice that taakes a numb
ber of ADSL
L
su
ubscriber lline and con
ncentratess these to a single ATM M line.

 CPE Custom
mer Premise
es Equipme
ent ‐ Any eq
quipment prrovided by the customeer at their
premises.

 G
GBIC [Gigab bit Interface
e Converte er]: a Fiber C
Channel opttical or copp
per transceiiver that is
eaasily swapp
ped to offer a flexible ch
hoice of cop
pper or fiberr optic mediia.



BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Cha
apter 7 ‐ IP V6

 N
Need for IPV
V6

 E
Exhaustion of the IPv44 address space due to o growth of internet
 The growth o
T of the Intern
net and the ability of In
nternet backkbone routeers to mainttain
la
arge routin
ng tables.
 The need for
T r simpler coonfiguratio on.
 The requirem
T ment for seccurity at th
he IP level.
 The need for
T r better supp
port for reaal‐time deliv
very of data—also calleed quality o
of
se
ervice (QoS
S).

• IP
Pv6 Featurres
 N
New header format
 Large addresss space
 Efficient andd hierarchicaal addressin
ng and routiing infrastru
ucture
 Sttateless and
d stateful ad
ddress confiiguration
 B
Built‐in secuurity
 B
Better suppo ort for QoS
 N
New protoco ol for neighb
boring nodee interaction
n
 Extensibilityy

• IP
Pv6 Packett
A llink layer frrame contaiining an IPv
v6 packet co
onsists of thee following structure:
 Link Layer H Header and d Trailer – The encapssulation placced on the IPv6 packet at
th
he link layerr.
 IPPv6 Headerr – The new w IPv6 headeer.
 Payload –Th
P he payload oof the IPv6 p
packet.

• IP
Pv6 Addresss

For IPv6
6, the 128‐bbit address is divided aalong 16‐ biit boundariies, and eacch 16‐bit block is
converteed to a 4‐dig
git hexadeccimal numb ber and sepparated by ccolons.
Eg: 21DAA:00D3:000 00:2F3B:02A AA:00FF:FE E28:9C5A

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

• D
Differences Between IPv4 and IP
Pv6


BSNL MT EXAM 2019

• T
Types of IPv
v6 Addressses :There aare three ty
ypes of IPv6
6 addresses

1. Unica
ast :A unicasst address id
dentifies a ssingle interrface within
n the scope of the type of
unicast aaddress.

2. Multiccast:A multticast address identifiess multiple iinterfaces. A multicastt address is used for
one‐to‐mmany comm munication n, with delivvery to multtiple interffaces

3. Anyca
ast:An anycast address identifies m
multiple inteerfaces. An anycast add
dress is used for one‐
to one‐o
of‐many commmunicatiion, with deelivery to a ssingle interrface.

• Special IPv6 Adddresses
 Unspecifie
U d address ::The unspeccified addreess (0:0:0:0 0:0:0:0:0 orr ::) is only u
used to
indicate the absence off an addresss. It is equiivalent to th
he IPv4 unsppecified add dress of
0
0.0.0.0.The unspecifiedd address is typically ussed as a sou
urce addresss for packetts
a
attempting tto verify thee uniqueneess of a tenttative addrress.

 L
Loop‐back address :Th he loop‐bacck address ((0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1) iis used to id
dentify a
loop‐back in de to send packets to itself. It is equivalent tto the IPv4
nterface, enaabling a nod
loop‐back ad
ddress of 1227.0.0.1

• IPv6 H
Header :Th
he IPv6 head
der is alwayys present aand is a fixed
d size of 40
0 bytes

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Chap
pter 8 – Le
eased Lin LS VPN]
nes [MPL
 M
Multi Protocol Label Sw
witching (MP
PLS) is a datta‐carrying
g mechanism
m in packett‐switched
neetworks. It o
operates at a layer that iss generally co
onsidered to lie between Layer 2 (datta
lin
nk layer) and
d Layer 3 (neetwork layer or IP Layer), and thus MPLS is often rreferred to aas a
"L
Layer 2.5" prrotocol

 MPLS Appliccations:It ccan be used to carry maany differen
M nt kinds of trraffic, includ
ding IP
packets, as w
well as nativ
ve ATM, SON
NET, Frame relay and E Ethernet fram mes

 MPLS Features
M
 MPLS uses Label Switching 
 MPLS is a packet‐‐forwardin ng technologgy that usess labels to m
make data
forwarding decissions.
 A labell is assigned
d for each IP
P flow
 A LSP is created b between inggress and eggress

 Common Te
erminologies used in MPLS

 Label: A labeel is an iden
ntifier, whicch indicatess the path a packet, sho
ould traverse.

 M
MPLS Label Stack:MPL LS works by prefixing p
packets with
h an MPLS h
header, conttaining one
or more 'labeels'. This is called a lab
bel stack

Each label sttack entry co
ontains fou
ur fields: ‐
 MPL LS Label :20‐bit label value
 3‐bit Experimental field u used normaally for provviding for QoS (Quality of Service) 
 1‐bit bottom o of stack flag
g. If this is 1
1, signifies th
hat the currrent label is the last in
the stack.
 8‐bit TTL (tim me to live) fiield

 Sw
wap: Everyy incoming label is rep placed by a n
new outgoiing label (A
As per the path to be
fo
ollowed) an
nd the packeet is forward
ded along th
he path asso
ociated with
h the new label.

 P
Push: A neww label is pushed on top
p of the pack
ket, effectivvely "encapsulating" th
he original
IP
P packet in aa layer of M
MPLS.

 P
POP: The lab bel is remov ved from th he packet efffectively "d
de‐encapsullating". If th
he popped
laabel was thee last on thee label stack
k, the packett "leaves" th
he MPLS tun
nnel.

 LER [Label E
Edge Routeer]: A routerr that operaates at the e
edge of the access netwwork and
M
MPLS netwo ork. LER performs the PUSH and P POP functions commo only know aas Edge
ro
outer.

 LSR[Label S Switch Routter]: An LSR R is a high‐sspeed routeer device in the core off an MPLS
n
network, no ormally calleed Core rouuters. Thesee routers peerform swa apping funcctions and
participate in
n the establlishment oof Label Swiitch Path (L LSP)

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 In
ngress / Eg
gress Route ers
In
ngress Rouuter: routerss receiving the incoming traffic oor performinng the first PUSH
fu
unction
E
Egress Rout ters: routerrs receiving the termin
nating traffiic or performing the POOP
fu
unction aree Egress rou
uters.
T
The same rou uter performms both funnctionality
y i.e. Ingress and Egress. The routters
performing tthese functions are LER R.

 FEC [Forwarrd equivale ence class] : is a repressentation off a group off packets thaat share
th
he same reequirementts for their ttransport.. A
As opposed to conventiional IP forw warding, in
M
MPLS, the asssignment of a particulaar packet to
o a particulaar FEC is donne just oncce, as the
packet enterrs the netwo
ork at the ed
dge router.

 Label Distriibution Pro
otocol (LDP
P):The LDP is a protoco ol for the disstribution o
of label
in
nformationn to LSRs in ap FECs to labels, which, in turn,
n a MPLS nettworks. It iss used to ma
crreate LSP


 LSP [Label S
Switched Pa
ath]: Two ttypes

1. Static LSPs ::Static LSPs are configuured manuaally on each h LSR in the LSP. No siggnaling
protocol is used. To estaablish a stattic LSP, you configure th LER, transit LSRs, and
he ingress L
eggress LER, m
manually sppecifying thee labels to bbe applied aat each hop.

2. Sig
gnalled LSPss :Signalled L
LSPs are configured only at the ingre
ess LER.

 MPLSS remains in
ndependen
nt of the Lay
yer‐2 & lay
yer‐3 protocols.

 Steps taken forr a data paccket to trav vel through
h an MPLS d
domain
 Label creation annd distributtion
 Tablee creation att each routeer
 Label‐switched p path creation
 Label insertion/ttable lookup p
 Packeet forwardinng.

 Tunneeling in MPLS :A uniqu ue feature off MPLS is th
hat it can conntrol the en
ntire path off a packet
withouut explicitly specifyingg the interm
mediate routters. It doess this by creating tunneels
througgh the interrmediary rrouters thatt can span m multiple seggments. Thiss concept iss used for
provissioning MPLS – based VPNs.

 Custo
omer edge (CE) routerrs: consisteed of the rou uters at the various cusstomer site
es. The
routerrs connectin
ng individuaal customerrs' sites to th
he service pprovider nettwork weree called
custo
omer edge ((CE) routerrs.

 Proviider edge (P PE) routers: Used by tthe service p
provider to offer dedicated point‐tto‐point
links o
over infrasttructure ow
wned by the service prov vider. Serviice providerr devices to which the
CE rouuters were directly attaached were called provvider edge ((PE) routerss.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 Classiification off VPN Imple

ementation
ns

1. O
Overlay model
Service prov
vider doesn’t participaate in custom mers routinng, only prov vides transpport to
cu
ustomer data using virtual point‐tto‐point link
ks. As a resu
ult, the serviice providerr
w
would only p
provide custtomers with h virtual cirrcuit conneectivity at LLayer 2.

 P
Permanent virtual circcuit (PVC): If the virtual circuit waas permane ent or available for
u customer att all times, it was called a perman
use by the c nent virtual circuit (PVC
C).

 Swwitched virrtual circuitt (SVC):If th
he circuit was establish
hed by the p
provider on
n‐demand,
it w
was called aa switched v
virtual circu
uit (SVC).

 The primary
T y drawback k of an Overrlay model w
was the fulll mesh of viirtual circu
uits
between all ccustomer siites for optim
mal connectivity.

2. Peer‐to‐peerr model
Service provvider would actively pa articipate in customerr routing. In the peer‐to
o‐peer
m
model, routi ing informaation is excchanged beetween the ccustomer ro outers and tthe service
provider rouuters, and cu
ustomer datta is transpo
orted acrosss the service provider'ss core,
optimally.

Customer routing inform
mation is caarried betweeen routerss in the prov
vider netw
work (P and
d
P
PE routers) and custom
mer netwo ork (CE routers). The p peer‐to‐peer model, con
nsequently,,
d
does not req
quire the creation of v virtual circcuit

 Protocols Used
d In MPLS N
Networks

1. O
Open Shortt Path firstt (OSPF): iss the routin ng protocoll, that multticasts the change in
n
ro
outing tabble of a hosst to all oth
her hosts with
w in thee boundary of Networrk. In MPLSS
N
Network, th
his protocoll is used aas Label Distribution
D n Protocoll between peers. Thiss
protocol is one among th he Interiorr Gateway P Protocols (IIGP)

2. B
Border Gate eway Proto ocol: is also
o one among the routinng protocol,, which pro
ovides loop‐‐
frree inter doomain routting betweeen autonom mous systemms. An autonnomous sysstem is a sett
of routers that
t operate under th
he same ad
dministratio
on. Here MPLS Domaiin becomess
auutonomous system. BG GP is often run among tthe VPN netwworks and MMPLS Network.

3. Pro
otocol‐indep
pendent mu
ulticast (PIM
M): which is u
used for multicast statess label mapp
ping.

4. Reesource Reservation Prrotocol :is no ot the routin ng protocol and works in conjunctio on with otherr
ro
outing protocols to keep the Quality o of Service wiith in the MP
PLS cloud. It u uses exchangging of labelss
pertaining to the servicess require tim
me managem ment (on line services likee Video Conferencing, IP
P
Telephony etcc. RSVP provides the creaation of Tunn nels in MPLS Domain

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 Meth
hods used iin label cre
eation

 T ased method—uses n
Topology‐ba normal proccessing of routing
r pro
otocols (such as OSPF
F
and BGP)

 R
Request‐bassed metho
od—uses processing of
o request‐based con
ntrol traffiic (such ass
R
RSVP)

 T
Traffic‐baseed method d—uses the reception of a packeet to triggeer the assiggnment andd
distribution of a label using labell request and
a label asssign mechanism for routing thee
unlabeled IP packet is reeceived.

 Labe
el Informattion Base :L
Label Inform
mation Basee is Softwarre database
e created in both LER
and L
LSR.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Ch
hapter 8 –– Leased Lines [MLLN] 
 MLLNN [Managed d Leased Lin ne Network k]: MLLN iss an integra
ated, fully m
managed , m multi
servicce digital n
network pla atform throough which service proovider can offer a wide range of
servicce at an optiimal cost to business su MLLN mainly deals with
ubscriber .M h data circu
uits ranging
from 664 Kbps to 2048 Kbpss

 Drawb
back Of Traditional Lea d For MLLN]
ased Line Cirrcuits [Need

 No Intramed
N dia in betw
ween. Grew ffrom 64 kbp
ps they havee to jump ov
ver to 2 Mb
bps only.
 Data Cards s
D upport only
y upto 64 K
Kbps
 From Operattor point of view in case of Leased Line Circuiit different boxes from
m differentt
v
vendors so d
difficult to m
manage & coontrol.
 No Centraliz
N oring or alarm or perfo
zed Monito ormance mo
onitoring.

 242 R
ROT upto 20
003 and 17
78 new ROT
T installed a
after 2003

 MLLNN Applicatio ons: Bankin
ng, Financial institution
n, Stock marrket, paper iindustry, brroadcasting
& Inteernet service Provider m
main custommers for ML LLN.

 MLLN
N Advantag
ges
 24 hrs Perfo
ormance M
Monitoring o
of the circuiit

 Circuit faultt reports geenerated proactively .B
Before custo
omer know w
we should d
detect the
faault & rectiffy it)

 O
On Demand d the Bandw width can be increased
d. (without cchanging thee MODEM rrecreate the
ciircuit with tthe same MO
ODEM

 Low lead tim
me for new ccircuit proviisioning. (Crreate & deb
bug if any fau
ult)

 Protection aggainst the faailure of thee circuit (thrrough recov
very Manag
gement pro
ocess eitherr
au
utomatic orr manually) 

 Long drive on single cop
pper pair.( ffor 64 kbps – 7 kms & ffor 2mbps –
– 3.5 kms)


 Centrally maanaged from
m ROT conneected to thee NMS

 KEY ELEMENTS S OF MLLN
 MLLN Nodes
M s
 Servers
 Workstation
W ns
 Networking
N Equipment 
 Others (Prin
O ters, UPS ettc)

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 M
MLLN Nodes s
 DXC ((Digital Crosss‐Connect))
 VMUX X (Versatile Multiplexer)
 NTU ((Network Terminating Unit)
 NMS (Network M Managementt System)

 Servers
 Databasee Server
 NMS App plication Serrvers
nd Accounting Servers
 Billing an
 Web Self Care Serverrs
 Proxy Serrvers

 DXC
Capaccity
 DXC (64 port
D ts upgradeaable to 128 p
ports)
 DXC (96 port
D ts upgradeaable to 128 p
ports)
 DXC (128 po
D orts upgradeeable to 256
6 ports)
 DXC (256 po
D rts)
 1/0 cross‐co
onnect capab
bility
 Non‐Blockin
N g Architectu
ure

undancy
Redu
 Power Supplly
 Sw
witching Maatrix
 Cross‐connect Memory

 Expansion to
o be made p
possible by aaddition of ccards only.

 Fully Manageed from Cen
ntralized NM
MS

 V e ‐ I, Type ‐ III, Type ‐ III
VMUX :Type


BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 N
NMS (Netwoork Manage ement Systtem)
 NMS support
N ts service p
provisionin
ng, Network
k optimization, plann
ning & serv
vice
m
monitoring Billing and
d Accountin
ng System

 U
Using NMS, MMLLN can provide high
h speed Lea
ased Line w
with improv
ved QoS, hiigh
availability & reliabilitty

 Web Self‐car
W re system
 Su
upports reggional partittioning and VPN capabilities
 Offered Perfo
O ormance Mo
onitoring, R
Recovery, Reeporting Packages
 Noddes in MLLNN
node can be described aas a digital multiplexe
A n er equippedd with severral trunk in
nterfaces
and
d as a digita
al cross‐con
nnect devicce equippedd with severral channell interfacess.

1. Cluster Nodde [1 master sub rack and 1 ‐ 8 sllave sub ra acks]
T
The cluster n
node repressents the larrgest node of the Systeem. It is buillt in masterr‐slave
architecturee. The maximum cross‐‐connect po ort capacity of a clusterr node is 8 ** 64 Mbit/ss
= 256 * 2048 kbit/s po ort = 64 * 8448 kbit/ss port= 512 Mbit/s .Th he cluster nod
de is used
or high capa
fo acity cross‐‐connect equipment.

2. B
Basic Node [1 subrack k]
T
The Basic No
ode is the b
basic buildinng block of tthe system. (16 unit slo
ot). It is used
d in local
exchange orr backbone e networkss or custom mer premise es network ks, dependin ng on the
needed serviices and app
plication. Th
he cross connnect port ccapacity of aa Basic nodee is
32*2048 kbbps port = 8 8*8448 kbp ps port =644 Mbps

3. Midi Node [
M 1 subrack]
1
A midi node
A e is usually u
used as an a
access multtiplexer. Th des or midi nodes are
he basic nod
used if customer access to the netwwork requirees a lot of trributary po
ort capacity
y.The basic
nodes and mmidi nodes are used as fflexible multtiplexers orr medium ccapacity crooss‐connectt
equipment.

4. M
Mini Nodes
M
Mini nodes a
are used as a
access multiplexers o
or low capa
acity cross‐cconnect equ
uipment.

5. M
Micro nodess
M
Micro Nodess are used ass small cap
pacity cross‐connection
n devices esspecially in m
mobile
n
networks.

6. A
Acceleratorr node
T
The accelera A111 combines PDH and SDH tecchnologies tto form a sollution for
ator node A
nterfacing customer access to back
in kbone transsport. The accelerator n
node A111 iis an SDH
access multtiplexer witth one or tw
wo 155 Mbiit/s STM‐1 aggregate electrical or optical
in
nterfaces.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 TVARIT
T
 T
TVARIT is “ LLeased Line e Online ” p
provisioningg and upkeeep system. 
 Itt is computterized onliine system, simple to ooperate & seelf explanattory.
 Paperless.
 R
Reliable, Fas t and Instan
nt execution
n of transacttions.

 Numbering Scheme Off Leased Cirrcuit
N
Every leased
d circuit willl have a num
mber as ABC
CD/JKL/XY
Y/EFGH

Where ABCD
W D= originatiing SDCA code
EFGH= Term minating SD DCA code
JK
KL = Circuitt number
X
XY = Circuit type

 For circuit w
within the saame SDCA, A ABCD=EFG GH
 For 3 digit co
ode, D= # an nd H= #
 For 2 digit co
ode, C, D, = #
# and G, H =
= #
 For 3 digit SD
DCA code, fo or JKL = 000
0 to 999, thee circuit num
mber will be
A
ABC#/JKL/X XY/EFGH

 For internattional circu
uits, EFGH is replaced b
by # # # #


BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Chaptter 9 ‐ Ov
verview of NGN &
& IPTAX
X

 NGN:A Next Generation Network (N
N NGN) is a paacket‐base ed network k able to pro ovide
T
Telecommun nication Serrvices to useers and ablee to make usse of multip ple broadba and, QoS‐
enabled transport tech hnologies aand in which h service‐reelated functtions are ind
dependent
of the underllying transp
port‐relatedd technologiies.

 N
NGN Concep
pt

 NGN Archite
N ecture
NGN is aa layered arrchitecture
e consisting of transporrt, access, co
ontrol and aapplication llayer.

 A
Access Layeer:Access Laayers is resp ponsible forr direct sub
bscriber atttachment fu unction.
N
NGN is capabble of proceessing trafficc originated
d from PSTNN, GSM, CDM
MA, xDSL, WWiMAX or
an
ny other acccess system
m. Access Lay yer consistss of Gatewa
ays. Examplle of gatewaays is Mediaa
G
Gateway,Acccess gateway y. Signallingg gateway eetc

 T
Transport L Layer:Transsport Layer of NGN is b
based on IP (Internet P Protocol). 
Itt basically cconsists of R
Routers, wh
hich are resp
ponsible forr carrying trraffic origin
nated by
acccess layer

 Control Layer:It is resp ponsible of ccall setup, rrouting and d charging policies annd other
coontrols in N
NGN environ nment. It consists of calll servers wwhere all infformation o
of the
network resiides. These call serverss are respon odifying, charging and
nsible for seetting up, mo
teear down off the calls

 A
Application Layer:It is responsiblee for OSS/BBSS. Enhancced services to the subsscribers
w
will be provi
ided with th pplication seervers. It may include p
he help of ap prepaid serrvers,
announcem ment serverrs, Service sservers etc

BSNL MT EXAM 2019



 IP
PTAX
 IP
P TAX is thee replacemeent of existiing Level –I TAX exch
hanges to IP P based nettwork
(P
Packet switching netw work) and rrest all the n
network stiill remainingg circuit sw
witched
network. IPTTAX comes u under classs4 NGN.

 B
Basic elemeents of IPTA
AX
1. Soft Swittch
2. Signallin
ng gate way
3. Trunk MMedia Gatewway

 Functions of Soft Switcch (or Call A
Agent or Tellephony Serrver or Med
dia Gateway
Controller)

 Basedd upon Open Architectture
 Provide all existiing services available inn TDM netw work
 Performs Media Gateway Co ontrol Functtion
 Performs Call con ntrol, signalling and interworking, Traffic meaasurement aand
recording functio ons
 Provides Addressing, Analyssis, routing and chargin ng facilities
 pplication Server to sup
Interaacts with Ap pply servicees not hosteed on Softsw
witch

 Functions of Signalling g Gateway
 Provides inteerworking ffunction bettween SS7 nnetwork an nd IP netwo ork
 This involves
T s providing various typ
pes of User A
Adaptationss so that thee SS7 signaling can be
teerminated in SGW and can be tran messages trransported over IP Netw
nslated and m work
 Performs Packetization of signalingg and ensures its transp
port througgh IP networrk

 Functions of Trunk Me edia Gatew
way
 V
Voice encodiing & Compression
 Packetization
n of voice ch
hannels
 CNF (Comforrt Noise Gen neration)
 V
VAD (Voice AActivity Detection)
 Echo Cancelllation
 M
May providee the edge fuunctionalitty and act a
as CE

 Functions of Announce ement Servver
 Announceme
A ent server pperforms the function o
of giving thee announcem
ments as peer
requirementts in the nettwork.

 Protocols
P
 B
Between Sofftswitch and
d media gateeway – H.24 48/MGCP 
 B
Between twoo softswitch
hes ‐ SIP(T) or BICC
 B
Between Sofftswitch and
d Signaling ggateway ‐ siigtran suite
e of protoco
ols
 B
Between Sofftswitch and
d Application server‐ siip, parley e
etc.
 B
Between twoo media gateways for aactual packeet transfer‐ R
RTP/RTCP 

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Chapte
er 10 ‐ SIP & IMS
S

 SIP (Session
n Initiation
n Protocol) is a signalin
ng protocol used to cre
eate, manag
ge and
te
erminate sessions in aan IP based network.

 Funcctions of SIPP
 User locatio
U on: determin nation of th
he end syste em to be used for commmunication;
 User availab
U bility: deterrmination oof the willin
ngness of th
he called paarty to engaage in
coommunicattions;
 User capabi
U ilities: determination oof the mediaa and mediaa parameterr to be used;;
 Session setu up: "ringingg", establishment of sesssion parammeters at botth called and
caalling party
y;
 Session man nagement: including trransfer and d termination of session
ns, modifyin
ng
seession parameters, and d invoking sservices.

• Components off SIP
• SIP defines tw
wo basic claasses of nettwork entities : client a
and server.
ny network element thaat sends SIP requests and receiv
 A client is an
A ves SIP resp
ponses

 A
A server is aa network ellement thatt receives rrequests in order to service them and sends
b
back respon nses to thosse requests.

• Fourr types of seervers
 Proxy Serve
P ers: An inte
ermediary e entity that aacts as both
h a server annd a client ffor the
purpose of m making requests on be ehalf of othher clients. A proxy serrver primarrily plays
th
he role of roouting, whicch means, itts job is to en
nsure that aa request is sent to ano
other entity
"ccloser" to th
he targeted user.

 R
Redirect Serrvers: A red direct serveer is a serverr that accep
pts SIP requ
uests, mapss the
destination aaddress to zzero or more new addresses and reeturns the ttranslate adddress to
th
he originato
or of the req
quest.

 R
Registrar: A
A registrar iss a server th
hat accepts REGISTER R requests aand places tthe
in
nformation it receives iin those reqquests into tthe location
n service for the domainn it handles.

• SIP P
Protocol Op peration
SIP is a text‐‐based prottocol, similaar to HTTP (Hypertextt Transfer Protocol). SIP
m
messages are e either req
quest from aa client to a server or reesponses fro
om a serverr to client.

 SIP Requestt: A SIP requ
uest consistts of a reque
est line, headers, an e
empty line and a
m
message bo dy. A Requeest‐Line conntains a metthod name, a Request‐UURI, and thee protocol
version.

 SIP Responsse: A SIP ressponse conssists of a sta
atus line, se
everal head
ders, an em
mpty line
and a messa
age body.

Status Line: A status lin
ne has threee elements: protocol ve ersion, stattus code an
nd a
re
eason phraase. The currrent protoccol version iis written as SIP/2.0.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

• SIP Headers: SSIP Headers are includeed in a requ

uest / respo
onse in ordeer to provid
de further
information about the messsage.

Four main caategories off header exiist:

 General Hea
G ader: Generral Headers can be used
d within both requests and respo
onses.

 R
Request Hea aders: Requ
uest Headerrs apply onlly to SIP re equest and u used to prov
vide
a nformation tto the serveer regardingg the requesst itself or reegarding the client.
additional in
E
Example: Su ubject headder, which iis used to deescribe a texxtual descriiption of thee session.

 Response he
R eaders: Theey apply to responses only to pro ovide furtheer informatiion
reggarding respponse.Example: Retry a after headeer, which caan indicate w
when a calleed user will
be aavailable in
n case called
d user is bussy or unavaiilable.

 E
Entity Headder: The purrpose of enttity header iis to indicatte type and format of
in
nformation n included iin the messsage body, so that app pplication caan be called
propriate ap
upon to act o
on the inform
mation with hin the message body.
E
Example: Co ontent‐ Len ngth: It indiicates the leength of the message bo
ody in octetts.

• Basicc SIP Opera ation
P operation is the transsaction of REQUESTs a
Basic SIP and RESPON NSEs. Clientt generates SIP
requestts, server receives thosee requests aand returns responses.

• IP Multimedia S
Subsystem
m (IMS)

IMS offerrs standard
dized servicee enablers aand network k interfacess that will m
make interop perability
of new MMM service es easier to achieve. IMS is a tool fo
or operators to that enaable the creeation and
delivery of PS based
d person‐to‐‐person MM M services in n a way thatt protects tthe operato or businesss
model aand generattes new rev venue.

• W
Why IMS?


BSNL MT EXAM 2019

• IM
MS Architecture defin
ned by 3 GP
PP

• The main fun
T nctional enttity in an IMS is the Calll State Conttrol Function (CSCF). A CSCF is
a SIP serverr.

• CSCFs can bee divided intto three typ
pes.
1. Serving C
CSCF (S‐CSC CF).
2. Proxy CSCF (P‐CSCF)).
3. Interrogaating CSCF ((I‐CSCF).

1. S‐CSCCF (Servingg Call State
e Control Fuunction): A
An S‐CSCF prrovides sesssion contro
ol services
for a user.
M
Main Tasks p
performed b by S‐CSCF are
1. Registrattion
2. Session C
Control
3. Proxy Serrver
4 Interactio
4. ons with Appplication Seervers

2. P‐CSCF (Proxy C CSCF): P‐CSSCF accepts SIP requessts from thee mobiles annd then eith
her serves
thesee requests in
nternally orr forwards tthem to other servers. T F includes a Policy
The P‐CSCF
Conttrol Functio hat controls the policy rregarding ho
on (PCF) th ow bearers in the pack
ket‐
switcched network should be used.

3. I‐CSC
CF (Interro
ogating CSCCF):An I‐CSC
CF is an optiional functio
on that can be used to h
hide an
operrator netwoorks intern
nal structurre from an eexternal nettwork .

• Data
abases (HSS
S and SLF):

 H
Home Subsccriber Serv ver (HSS) iss the centrall repository
y for user‐re
elated inforrmation.
T
Technically, the HSS is aan evolution
n of the HLRR (Home Lo ocation Reg gister), which is a GSM
node.

 SLF: is a simple databasse that maps users add
dresses to H
HSSs.
B
Both the HSS S and the SL
LF implemennt the Diam
meter proto
ocol (RFC 3588) with aan IMS‐
sp
pecific Diammeter appliccation.

 M
Media Gatew way Contro ol Function
n (MGCF) annd the IM M
Media Gatew way (IM‐MGW): are
reesponsible ffor signalin
ng and meddia inter‐w
working, resspectively, b
between thee PS domain
n
annd circuit‐switched nettworks (e.g. PSTN).

 M
Multimedia Resource Function P Processor (M
MRFP) controls the beearer on the Mb
nterface including proccessing the
in e media stre
eams (e.g. aaudio transccoding).

 B
Breakout Ga ateway Con ntrol Functtion (BGCF)) selects to w
which PSTN N network a a session
sh
hould be fo
orwarded. IIt will then be responsiible for forw
warding thee session siggnaling to
th
he appropriiate MGCF aand BGCF in
n the destinaation PSTN nnetwork

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

• R
Reference In
nterfaces

• nterface for SIP‐based
In d signaling
g and servicce control: [Interfacess Mg, Mi, Mj, Mk, Mr,
and Mw]

 In
nterface Mg g allows CSCF to interaact with MGCF.
 In
nterface Mii allows a CSCF to forw ward session
n signaling tto a BGCF soo that the seession can
be forwarded d to PSTN n
networks.
nterface Mjj allows a BGCF to forw
 In ward a session signalingg to a selectted MGCF thhat will
caarry the sesssion to the PSTN.
 In
nterface Mk k allows a B
BGCF to forwward sessio
on signaling to another BGCF.
 In
nterface Mrr allows an S‐CSCF to in nteract with
h an MRFC. 
 In
nterface Mw w allows ann I‐CSCF to d
direct mobille‐ terminatted session to an S‐CSCCF.

• In
nterface for controllin
ng media g
gateways: [IInterfaces Mc & Mp]

 In
nterface Mcc allows a signaling gatteway to con
ntrol mediaa gateway. F
For examplee, it is used
between an M
MGCF and aan IM‐MGW, between aan MSC Serv ver and a CS‐MGW, or between a
G
GMSC Serverr and a CSMGW.

 In
nterface Mp p allows an MRFC to coontrol media stream reesources pro
ovided by an
n MRFP.
Signaling oveer interfaces Mc and Mp uses the H
H.248 /MeggaCo Protocool.

• In
nterfaces w
with the Infformation S Servers: [Innterfaces C
Cx]
 In
nterfaces C
Cx between the CSCF an nd the HSS aallows the C
CSCF to retriieve from th
he HSS
m
mobility and
d routing infformation reegarding a m
mobile userr so that thee CSCF can d
determine
how to proceess a user’s sessions.

• In
nterface wiith externa al networkss: [Mb, Mm m, and Go]
 In
nterface Mbb: is the standard IP routing and trransport intterface with
h external IP
P networks.
T e Mb may be identical tto the Gi intterface.
The interface

 In
nterface Mm
m: is a standard IP‐bassed signaling interface that handlees signaling inter‐
w
working betw
ween the IMMS and exterrnal IP netw
works.

 In
nterface Go
o: allows a P
PCF to applyy policy con
ntrol over th
he bearer ussage in the P
PS domain.


BSNL MT EXAM 2019

C
Chapter 11 – Lan
ndline V
VAS

 ISSDN (Integrrated Serviices Digitall Network) :ISDN is a p powerful tool worldwid
de for
provisioningg of different services liike voice, da
ata and ima
age transmmission overr the
teelephone lin
ne through tthe telephon ne networkk.

Services Offfered by ISD DN
 N
Normal Telephone & Faax (G3) and G4 Fax
 Digital Telep
D phone ‐with a facility to
o identify the calling sub
bscriber nu
umber and o
other
faacilities.
 Data Transm
D mission at 64
4 Kbps with h ISDN conttroller card
 Video Confer
V rencing

Supplementtary Servicces supportted by ISDN N
 Calling Line IIdentificatio
on Presentaation(CLIP)

 Calling Line IIdentificatio
on Restriction(CLIR)

 M
Multiple Subbscriber Num mber(MSN)
 T
Terminal Por rtability(TP
P)
 Call Hold(CHH)
 Call Waiting((CW)
 U
User to User Signaling (U
UUSI)

Types of Acccesses
T
wo types off "accesses" (connectiions) for ISD
There are tw
T DN.

1. Basic Ra
ate Access ((BRA) [2B++D]:2 Chann
nels of 64 K
Kbps for Speech and Daata & 1
Channel of 16 Kbpss for Signaling

2. Primary
y Rate Accesss (PRA)[30 B+D] :30 Channels o
of 64 Kbps for speech and data &
el of 64 Kbps for Signaaling.
1 Channe

• In
nternet Faccility:BSNL is providing Internet sservice throughout the entire coun
ntry (exceptt
in
n New Delhii and Mumbbai) under thhe brand naame of "San ncharnet".

• Account free Internet dial up acccess based o
A on CLI :CLI based interrnet servicee is a uniquee
m
method prov viding Internet service in which th
he Customerr can access the Internet service
frrom any tellephone thhrough diall up.

• Broadband connection
B n :Broadban nd service iss based on D
DSL techno ology (on thhe same
coopper cablee that is used
d for connecting telephhone). This pprovides high speed in nternet
coonnectivity up to 8 Mb bps. This is a
always ‐ onn internet acccess servicce with speeed ranging
frrom 256Kb bps to 8 Mbp ps

• Sancharnet Card: The SSancharnet Card is a prrepaid Inte
ernet Accesss Card

• Webfone service:This iis an intern
W net telepho ony service through wh hich a subsccriber can
m
make ISD callls over inteernet to anyy fixed or moobile phonee or on PC in
n a foreign ccountry at a
very nominaal rate.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

• Inntelligent N
Network Se ervices
 FLPP (Fixed d Line Pre‐PPaid Teleph hone):FLPP P (Fixed Lin
ne Pre‐Paid)) Service enables a
su
ubscriber to
o make callss from a preepaid accou unt linked to his telepphone num mber.
U
Unlike the pr
repaid card 'ITC' servicce, where thhe authenticcation is don
ne every tim
me through
a 16‐digit PIIN the autheentication o
of FLPP is lin
nked to his telephone line & the usser is not
re
equired to dial the Acccount num mber/ PIN ffor authenttication maaking it simp pler to use

 Free Phone oor Toll free number serrvice
 V
Virtual Card Calling (ITC
C)
 A
Account Card d Calling
 Premium Rate Service 
 T
Tele‐voting
 U
Universal Acccess Numbeer
 U
Universal Peersonal Num mber
 V
Virtual Priva
ate Network k
 N
Number Port tability

• Call Now Cards:It is a nnormal ITC ccard but speecifically deesigned tarifff to suit thee
reequirementt of users making heavy y Internatiional/STD ccalls.

• Personalise
P ed Ring Bacck Tone serrvice:This service is jusst like the ca
aller tune sservice in
m
mobile phon
nes.

• Multi Play:M
M Multi play seervice allow
ws the customer to havee data, vide
eo and voicce service
on deo service can be IPTV
n the same lline. The vid V (broadcaast) and viddeo on dem
mand.

• Audio Confe
A erencing: AAudio Conferrencing serv vice allows multiple paarticipants tto converse
w
with each oth
her regardless of their location thrrough the n
normal fixed line telep phone or
ce
ellular pho
one.

• ECS (Electro
E onic Clearaance Schem me) :This serrvice is a reccognized seervice by RB
BI through
w
which a subs
scriber can p
pay his tele
ephone bills through ttheir bank accounts.

• Centrex Serrvice: Centrrex is a com mmunicationn service whhich integrates a subscrriber’s all
m
multi locateed Telephone lines (Existing and d New) intoo a single higghly functio
onal
coommunicattion group w with more distinctive feeatures with
hout any additional equ uipment
(llike EPABX)) at the subsscriber’s preemises.

• 12555 Serviice:On land dline numbeers by dialin
ng 12555 thee subscribers can have many
ty
ypes of servvices like
 Latest Bollywwood songs
 O
Old classic so
ongs
 Jo
okes
 H
Horoscope 
 In
nternationaal/National n news

• Callin
ng Line Iden ntification Presentatiion (CLIP): The subscrriber has to buy separately the
CLIP d
display deviice from maarket. Usingg this facility
y you can seee the numb
ber of the caalling party
beforee lifting you
ur telephonee. Very usefu
ful to trace m
malicious ccaller.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Chapterr 12 – CD
DR Billin
ng
 As on 15th M
A March 2011,, 277 out off 344 SSAs (83%) alreeady implem
mented CDR
R
B
Billing.

 Beneffits of CDR Project
 Standardiza ation of sysstems and p processes ‐‐ Instead of varieties of
f systems alll over
B
BSNL, a singgle seamlesssly integra ated standa ard operatiion system will supporrt all the
operational aactivities prroviding thee associated
d advantagess.

 High quality
H y Customerr Care: Singgle point higgh quality cu
ustomer carre.

 P
Paradigm chhange of CDDR based b billing ‐ Thee shift from call meter b
base to CDR
R base will
m
make possible flexible ccall depend
dent charging and cusstomer segm ment based marketing
Schemes

 V
Value addedd functiona
alities ‐ Thee additional value added functionaalities will m
make
w powerful ffunctionalitties such as formal Reveenue Assuraance,formall improved
possible new
CRM, Marketting Campaiign Management and so on.

 E
E‐Stapling ‐ Through a special mecchanism of E E‐Stapling, ccharges of various BS
SNL
se
ervices of o
one customeer will be biilled togetheer.

 T
Time to Marrket – The n new converrgent billingg solution an nd a services layer builtt
nto the integgration layeer will facilittate the launch of new functionalitty and prod
in ducts faster
in
nto the mark ket.

 P
Process Efficiency – Neew Systems will incorp
porate Indusstry best praactices that
t
sh
hould signifficantly imp
prove the p
process effiiciency in so
ome of the aareas.

 CDR project will replacee all the exissting system
ms of Comm
mercial, TRA
A (Telecom
m Revenue
A
Accounting) ), FRS (Fau
ult Repair S Service) and d DQ (Directory Enquuiry).

 CDR Project will cover tthe custome
er care and
d billing forr the followiing servicess:
1. Landline
2. Broadband d
3. CDMA
4. Leased line

 Im
mplementa ation Data Centres Fo or CDR Project
The entire pro ng to be implemented w
oject is goin with four Da
ata Centre
1. Hyderabad d
2. Kolkata
3. Pune
4. Chandigarhh

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 Zones for Im
mplementa
ation of CDR
R project

 Disaster Reccovery In C
D CDR Project:In this pro oject, Hyderrabad is con
nfigured as the DR
siite for Kolk
kata and vicce versa. Sim
milarly Pun
ne is configu
ured as the D
DR site for
Chandigarh h and vice veersa

 Hardware fo
H or CDR Prooject:In the Hyderabad Data Centrre alone, 18 DC class se
ervers and
arround 200 low‐end se
ervers.

 Software Co omponents of CDR Pro oject
i. CRM (inclu uding FRS)
ii. Billing
iii. Accountinng
ivv. Mediationn
v. Provisioning (Clarity))
vi. Web Self C Care (WSC)
vii. Bill formaatter
viii. Revenuee Assurancee (RA)
ixx. Inventoryy managemeent, which takes care off customer iinventory such as MDF
F
particulars,
p Pillar, DP p
particulars, eetc.(Througgh Clarity)
x. Directory eenquiry
xii. Inter Operrator Billingg and Accouunting systeem (IOBAS)
xiii. Fraud Maanagement System (FM MS)
xiiii. Enterpriise Managem ment System m (EMS)
xiiv. Enterprise Applicatiion Interfacce (EAI)
xvv. RDBMS

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 Business pr
B rocessing going to cha
ange due to
o CDR Proje
ect
1. Reven nue Accountting:
2. Surchaarge/Late F Fee
3. PCO Billing
4. Depossits
5. Billingg Cycles
6. CDR b based billingg




BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Chapte
er 13 ‐ PROJECT UDAAN & DOST
TI

 Projects und
P der Projectt Shikhar
( Project Udaan for fi
(A) fixed accesss growth
( Project Dosti for PC
(B) CO retentio on
( Project V
(C) Vijay for moobility salees & distrib
butions
( Project Kuber for rrevenue asssurance
(D)
( Project SSanchay forr cost efficie
(E) ency

 Rural Wirelline subscription has b
R been declinning at a fasster rate th
han Urban
su
ubscription
n, leading to decline in tthe share off Rural subsccription

 T
The three pr
rimary reaasons identiified for deccline of land
dline custom
mer base aree
1. poor custtomer service
2. un‐econoomical landlline tariff
3. increased
d mobile penetration

 Project “UDAAN”
P
 T
The overall o
objective of Project Udaaan is to rap
pidly expannd broadba and custommer base
w
while reduci ng churn off wire line v
voice custommers and inccrease usage from existting
cu
ustomers.

 W
Work done under Projject UDAAN
N

1. Customer se egmentatio on:Create discrete segmments of cusstomers bassed on theirr usage
profile. For eeach custom
mer segmentt, understan nd the key requirementts from fixed access
seervices and the issues b
being currently faced b
by them.

2. Product / p
P pricing desiign & conce ept testing :Create priccing / produ
uct innovatiions that
w
will address quirements of each of th
specific req he customer segments identified.

3. Customer se ervice proccesses :Defiine key proccesses for various chan nnels of custtomer
seervice (e.g.C
CSC’s, call ceentres, broaadband helppdesk etc.).
Customer se ervice will p play a key rrole in generrating leadss for landlin
ne & broadband
coonnections

4. Service delivery & serv vice assura ance processes :Analy yze the key ooperational issues
cuurrently facced in deliveering fixed aaccess serviices. Create a dedicatedd team to identify and
reesolve issuees, along witth the assocciated interffaces to salees and custo
omer servicee.

5. Sales force ddesign:Dev orce for fixeed access services. In
velop the strructure of reetail sales fo
addition, dessign the asso
ociated salees processess, incentive structures aand trainingg
reequirementt to execute retail sales.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 Wings softw
W ware for Prooject Udaan :ITPC Pun ne has develloped and laaunched a leead
m
management t software w
which enables creation, distribution and m managemen nt of leads,
w
which are th en entered in to the loccal commerrcial systems

 With ever increasing usage of interrnet and massive Coppeer network of BSNL, on
W nly push
elling approach is requ
se uired.

 Project “DOSTI”
P
T
The overall oobjective of Project Dossti is to redu
uce decline
e in BSNL’s PCO businness by
urn of existing PCO opeerators and innovating of PCO busiiness modell to
reeducing chu
generate new w revenue ssources (botth for BSNL and PCO ow wner).The p
pilot Projectt was
exxecuted in B
Bangalore Telecom D District.

 O
Objectives o of Project DDOSTI
1. Increase PC CO connectiions through h reduction
n in churn & sale of neww connection
ns
2. Facilitate saale of ‘Broad
d‐Band Enaabled’ servicces model to
o existing an
nd new PCO
Os
3. Convert PC COs to sell fu
ull spectrum
m of BSNL prroducts & seervices

 BSNL is todaay offering fo
B following ty
ypes of PCOs
i) Convention nal Landlinee PCOs (mannned)
ii) CCB PCOs
iii)) GSM PCOss
iv)) WLL or CDDMA PCOs
v) FLPP PCOss
vi)) IN PCOs

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 Thrust area
T as of Projecct Dosti
 Frequent meeetings with h existing PCCO owners tto enhance ttheir comfo ort level
 Conducting iinterviews w with PCO ow wners of oth her providers to gauge their expecctations
 R
Reduction in n the initial fformalities

 Im
mprovemen nt of after saales/servicing facilitiess to these PC
CO owners 
 A
Awareness c creation abo out new schemes to theese PCO own ners througgh direct conntacts,
pamphlets ettc.
 Competitive product and pricing
 Enhance salee of broadbaand enabled d products tthrough straategic tie up ps
 B
Better DSA c channel man nagement 
 Push sale of all productss through PCOs
 Continuous m monitoring of performaance of PCO Os
 Launch of inn novative ideeas
 A
Attractive coommission sstructure
 Flexible bill p
payment bu ut strict reallization of o
outstanding amounts
 Prominent d display of glo ow sign boaards toward ds increasedd visibility of brand
 Loyalty schemes
 Faster provissioning
 Efficient com
mplaint hand dling

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Ch
hapter 1
14 – NG‐S
SDH & M
MSPP

 Major issuess in the legaacy SDH
 Difficulty of
D f mapping n newer (Eth hernet, ESCON, FICON,, Fiber Chan nnel etc) seervices to
th
he existing SSDH transport network k.
 In
nefficient uuse of the trransport network in ddelivering d
data services.
 In
nability to increase orr decrease available b bandwidth h to meet thee needs of d
data
seervices with
hout impactting traffic.


 Solution to aabove issues provided by NGSDH H
1. In
ntegrated D
Data Transpo
ort i.e. Ethernet tributaaries in addiition to 2Mb
b, 140 Mb, SSTM‐1,4,16
‐‐‐‐GFP

2. In
ntegrated non blockingg, wide‐bandd cross connnect (2Mb g granularity
y) making th
he efficient
use of the traansport netw
work in delivering dataa services ‐‐‐‐VCAT

3. D
Dynamic Ban
ndwidth allo
ocation, Inteelligence for topology d
discovery, rroute compu
utation and
mesh based
m restoration
n‐‐‐LCAS

 VCAT is used
V d to providee better datta granularrity
G
GFP is used t
to wrap the e data in a cconverged T
TDM networrk
LCAS is used
L d to dynammically alloccate& mana age B/W

 Componentts of Next Generation SDH

1. Generic Fra
G aming Proccedure (GFP P)
G
GFP is most e
economical way of adoopting high h‐speed serrvices, consstant bit ratte and
v
variable bit
t rate, in SDH networkss. It providees a flexible
e encapsula
ation for bo
oth block‐
co
oded and ppacket orie ented data u
units (PDU U)

 T
Two types o
of GFP mech
hanisms
A.. PDU‐orientted known aas Frame ma
apped GFP (G
GFP‐F)
B. Block‐code‐oriented knnown as Transparent GF
FP (GFP‐T)

A.GFFP‐F:GFP‐F ((Framed) is aa layer‐2 enccapsulation iin variable ssized framess. Optimised ffor
daata packet prrotocols such
h as DVD, PP
PP and Etherrnet, MPLS eetc

B. GFP‐T:GFP‐T
G T is useful forr delay sensitive service
es. GFP‐T (Trransparent) is a layer 1
enccapsulation iin constant ssized framess. Optimised for traffic baased on 8B/1
10B codification
succh as VoIP, D
DVB‐ASI, 100 00BASE‐T, SSAN, Fibre Chhannel, and d ESCON. GFPP‐T is very go
ood
forr isocronic o
or delay senssitive protoccols &SAN (EESCON). GFP‐‐T is used forr FC, Gigabitt
Ethhernet etc.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

2. Concatenat
C tion (V‐CATT & C‐CAT)
SDH concateenation conssists of linkiing more th
han one VCs to each otther to obtaiin a rate
th
hat does nott form part of standardd rates.

 T
Two concate enation sch
hemes
A. Contiguou
A us concatenaation
B Virtual con
B. ncatenation
n

A. Contigguous conccatenation
Adjacentt containerss are combin ned and traansported accross the SDDH network k as one con
ntainer.
Contiguoous concatenation is a p pointer‐baased concateenation. It cconsists of liinking N nu
umber of
VCs to eaach other in
n a logical m
manner withhin the higheer order enttity i.e. VC4 and above.

Disadva
antage: is th
hat it requirres functionality at everry N/E addiing cost and
d complexiity. Lower
order VC
Cs (VC‐12, VC3) conca atenation iss not possible in contiiguous Conccatenation.

B. Virtua al Concatennation
Virtual cconcatenatioon maps ind
dividual co
ontainers inn to a virtuaally concaten
nated link. A
Any
number of containeers can be grrouped togeether, which
h provides b better band dwidth gran nularity
than usin ng a contigu
uous method. It combin
nes a numbeer of lower//higher ord der VCs (VC C‐12, VC3
& VC4 payload) thaat form a larger conca atenation grroup.

Virtual cconcatenattion Benefiits
1. Use thhe same coree NEs, modiify only edg ge NEs.
2. Low in nvestment aand fast ROII (return on n investment).
3. Efficieent & scalable i.e. fine granularity aand multi‐path capabiliity.
4. SDH gives best Qo oS, well enggineered and d reliable.

3. Link Capacity A Adjustmentt Scheme (L LCAS)
LCAS hass capability
y to dynamiccally changee the amoun
nt of bandw
width used in
n a virtually
y
concaten
nated chann nel i.e. band
dwidth man nagement fflexibility.L
LCAS is the k
key to proviide
“bandwiidth on dem mand”.

• Bennefits of LCAAS
A. Call by call b
bandwidth h (Bandwidth on dema and)
Customer :rrents a 6Mb Internet co onnection (VVC‐12‐3v) and calls to o operator to get
additional 2MMb
O
Operator :w will provision additionaal VC‐12 patth and will h
hitless add iit to existingg
connection v
c via LCAS

B. Bandwidth
B on Schedu ule
A is offered a fixed bandw
A customer i width of 100
0 Mb (VLANN) Ethernet, allotting 46
6 VC‐12
0ne VC12 = 2.176 Mb xx 46 = 100.1
(0 y night for one‐hour aadditional 900 M
1 Mb). Every
ESCON service is provisioned by LCCAS.

 TEC has prep
T different plaatforms for ccatering to tthe needs of the inter ccity and
pared two d
in
ntra city eq
quipments.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

1. First platform: is th
he STM‐16 w with the GFFP‐F, GFP‐T T protocolss and layer‐2
2 switchingg
functionaality and catters to the n
need of inte
er‐city trafffic.

2. Second p platform: iss using Multti service PProvisionin ng Platform
m (MSPP), and caters
to the neeed for the in
ntra‐city trraffic requirrements.

 The MSPP eq
T quipment sh
hall be capable of simulltaneously iinterfacing tthe PDH strreams and
m
mapping / d de‐mappingg into SDH payloads aand vice‐verrsa, thus en nabling the co‐
existence off SDH & PDH on the sa ame equipm ment. This is the greatest advantaage for the
network as SSDH and PDH existing in the present network can integraate easily wh hich in turn
en
nables quicck bandwiddth provisiooning to the customer..

 MSPP is impllemented w
M with two diffferent back
k haul tran
nsmission rrates, viz. ST
TM‐16 and
d
STM‐64.

 Features of MSPP
 Generic Fraaming Proto
ocol‐Frame (GFP‐F)
 Generic Fraaming Proto
ocol‐Transp
parent (GFP
P‐T)
 Link Capaccity Adjustm
ment Schemee (LCAS).
 Virtual con
ncatenation (V‐CAT)
 Layer 2 sw
witching.
 Ethernet on SDH (EoS)
 PoS capabiility on Etheernet interfaace
 DS‐3 tributtary interfacce of SONET
T hierarchy
 Support blo
ock code orriented paylload (FICON
N)
 ESCON (En nterprise system conneection)
 FC (Fiber C
Channel) at gigabit Etheernet interfa
face
 Tandem Co Monitoring ((TCM) on N1 & N2 bytees
onnection M
 Multi serviice traffic sw
witching
 Multiple SD
DH rings intterconnectio
on at STM‐1
1tributary in
nterfaces ass well as at SSTM‐4/16
aggregate iinterfaces.
 Interfacing the PDH streams (2 2Mb, 34Mb,, 140Mb) an
nd mapping / De‐map
pping into
SDH payloads and vicee‐versa.

 K
Key Techno ologies via M
MSPP
1. Generic Frraming Proccedure (GFP
P), ITU‐T G.7
7041
2. Link Capaccity Adjustm
ment Schem
me (LCAS), IT
TU‐T G.704
42
3. Virtual Con
ncatenation
n (VCAT), IT
TU‐T G.707

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Chapterr 15 – FT
TTH GPO
ON
 Services suchh as broadbband, voice
e, data & video etc serrvices are cllubbed into
o a brand
name “Next Generation n Play Netw
works”. FTTTH is future proof soluttion for prov
viding add‐
on services ssuch as Vide
eo on demaand, Onlinee Gaming, H HDTV etc.

 Fiber To Th he x (FTTx)
ople have beegun to refeer to the fibeer network as FTTx, in which x
For simplicitty, most peo
sttands for th
he termina ation point

1. FTTH (Fiberr To The Ho ome)
“F
Fiber to the Home” is d
defined as a telecommu unications arrchitecture in which a
co
ommunicattions path iss provided o over optical fiber cabless extendingg from an Op
ptical Line
T
Terminal (O OLT) unit loocated in telecommun nications op perator’s sw witching eq
quipment
co
onnects to aan Optical N
Network Te erminal (OONT) at each h customerr premise.F FTTH
co
onsists of a single optiical fiber ca
able from thhe base staation to thee home.

2. FTTB (Fiberr To The Bu uilding)
“FFiber to the Building” is defined ass a telecomm
municationss architectu ure in whichh a
coommunicattions path iss provided o over optical fiber cabless extendingg from an OLLT to ONU
at the bound dary of the
e apartmen nt or office o
or building, b
but where tthe optical ffiber
teerminates bbefore reachhing the homme living space or busin ness office sspace and w
where the
access path ccontinues too the subscrriber over a physical medium othe er than opttical fiber
(ffor examplle copper lo oops).

3. FTTC (Fiberr To The Cu urb)
A
A method of optical fiber cable by th
installing o he curb near the user h
home. An op ptical
co
ommunicattions system m is then useed between the remote e unit (optiical signal/
/electrical
co
onversion unit) installled outsidee (such as neear the curbb or on Streeet Cabinet) from the
in
nstallation ccenter

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 Advan
ntages of F
FTTH

 FTTH provid des end‐userrs with a brroad range o
of communiications and
d entertainm
ment
seervices, and
d faster actiivation of n
new servicees.

 Competition is beginnin
ng to offer a “multi‐play” (i.e., voicce, video, daata etc) bund
dle.

 FTTH providdes Service P
Provider’s w
with the ability to provide “cutting
g edge”tech
hnology
and “best‐in
n‐class” serrvices.

 FTTH provid des carriers with an oppportunity to
o increase thhe average revenues p per user
(A
ARPU), to rreduce the ccapital invesstment requuired to deliiver multiplle services, aand to
lo
ower the costs of operaating networks (fewer o outdoor electronics, remote management, ..)
w
will result in
n less operattional expen
nse.

 FTTHH architectuure: Two Ty ypes

The netw ptical network (PON)..
work can bee installed as an active optical nettwork, or a passive op

1. Active Optical Netw work
Su
ubscribers are provideed a dedicatted optical ccable and the distribution points arre handled
by active opttical equipm
ment. These active arch
hitectures haave been setup as eitheer “Home
R
Run Fiber” o or “Active S
Star Ethernnet”.

A. Home Ru
A un Fiber (PPoint‐to‐Point) Archittecture
H
Home Run Fi
iber architeecture is onee in which aa dedicated
d fiber line b
between sub bscriber
an
nd CO.
A
Advantages: Offers mosst bandwidtth and Mostt flexible arrchitecture e over long tterm
D
Disadvantag
ges: More C Cost and More Fiber rrequired , ass dedicated fiber is insttalled


BSNL MT EXAM 2019

B. Active Sttar Etherne

B et (Point‐to o‐Multi Point) Archite ecture
A
Active Star E Ethernet (ASSE) architeccture is a pooint‐to‐Multti‐point arch
hitecture in which
m
multiple pre emises sha are one feed der fiber th
hrough a Eth hernet switch located bbetween
th
he CO and th he served premises. With Active Star Etherneet (ASE) arch hitecture, en
nd users
dicated fiber to their lo
sttill get a ded ocation; how
wever, the fiber runs beetween theirr location
and Etherne et switch

Advantages: Reduces th
A he amount o
of fiber deployed; loweering costs tthrough the sharing of
fiiber.

2. Passive O Optical Nettwork (Poin nt‐to‐Multiipoint) Arcchitecture
A
A Passive Opptical netwo
orks (PON) uuse optical ffiber and op
ptical powe er splitterss to connect
th
he Optical L
Line Terminal (OLT) at the local exxchange (CO O) to the sub
bscriber Opttical
N
Network Uni it (ONU) on his premisees.

Passive splitters are located downsstream from m the CO annd can splitt the fiber siignal up to
32 or more times over a maximum m distance o of 10‐20 km
m. This mean ns that the bbandwidth
iss split, or sh
hared, betweeen users ass well. The aarchitecturee is called passive becaause all
spplitters and d intermed diate equippment locatted between n the CO and d the ONT iss passive;
thhat is, it hass no active eelectronics aand thereforre does nott need sepaarate powe er.

Advantage:T
A This approaach greatly simplifies n network op peration & maintenan nce, and
uch less fiber is requirred than in p
reeduces the ccost. Anotheer advantagge is that mu point‐to
point topologgies.

 T
Two commo
on splitter configurattions for PO
ON architeccture

1. Centralizzed Splitterr Approach h :In Centraalized Splitteer Approachh typically uuses a 1x32
splitter iin an outsid
de plant encllosure, such h as a fiber distributioon terminall. In the
case of a 1x32 splitteer, each devvice is conneected to an O OLT in the ccentral officce. In this
approach h, optical splitters are cconcentrated d in a singlle location from which h all
customerr optical nettwork terminals (ONTss) at 32 hom mes are conn nected.

2. Cascaded pproach :A ccascaded spllit configura
d Splitter Ap ation results in pushingg splitters
deeper into the nettwork.In a C Cascaded PO ON, there w
will be moree than one ssplitter
location in the pathw
way from ceentral officee to customer. Currentlly, standard d splitter
formats rrange from 1 x 2, 1 x 4, 1 x 8, 1 x 16
6 and 1 x 32
2 so a netwo
ork might usse a 1 x 4

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

splitter leeading to a 1 x 8 splitteer further do

ownstream in four sepaarate locatio
ons.
Optimally y, there wouuld eventuaally be 32 fib ng the ONTss of 32 homes.
bers reachin

 T
Types of PO
ON Technolo
ogies

 Componentts of PON Arrchitecture
e

1. OLT [Optica
O al Line Terminal]
 The OLT resi
T ides in the C
Central Offi
fice (CO). Thhe OLT systtem providees aggregattion and
sw
witching fu
unctionalityy between tthe core nettwork (varioous network interfacess) and PON

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

in
nterfaces. Th
he networkk interface o
of the OLT iss typically co
onnected to
o the IP netw
work and
b
backbone of f the network operatorr.

2. ONU/ONT [
O [Optical nettwork Unitt/ Optical n network Te ermination n]
T
This provide
es access to the users i.ee. an Extern
nal Plant / Customer P Premises eequipment
providing usser interfacee for many/single custoomer. The OONU/ONT prrovide, userr interfaces
(U
UNI) toward ds the custo
omers and uuplink interffaces to upllink local trraffic towards OLT

The access n
T node installeed within cu
ustomer prremises forr network teermination iis termed
as ONT.Whereas access node installled at otherr locations ii.e. curb/ca
abinet/buillding, are
known as ONNU.

3. P
PON [Passiv ve Optical n network]
D
Distributed oor single staaged passivee optical spllitters/combiners prov vides connectivity
between OLT T & multiple ONU/ON NTs through h one or two o optical fibers. Optical splitters
arre capable o
of providingg up to 1:64 plit, on end tto end basiss. These are available
4 optical sp
in
n various opptions like 1
1:4, 1:8, 1:16
6, 1:32 and 1:64.

4. NMS [Netwo
N ork Manag
gement Systtem]:Managgement of the completee PON systeem from
O
OLT.

 O
One OLT ser
rves multip
ple ONU/ON
NTs through
h PON

 T
TDM/TDMA
A protocol b
between OL
LT & ONT

 Single Fiber// Dual Fiberr to be used for upstrea
am & down
nstream

 M plit Ratio of 1:64

Maximum Sp

 Typical distaance betweeen OLT & ON

T NT can be greater than
n 15Km (w
with unequall splitting ‐
up‐to 35Km))

 D
Downstream
m transmisssion I.e. fro
om OLT to O
ONU/ONT iss usually TD
DM

 U
Upstream tr
raffic I.e. fro
om ONU/ON
NT to OLT iss usually TD
DMA

 EPON & GPO

E ON Applications
 R
Residential o
or Business Services
 H
High Speed I nternet
 T
Transparent t LAN Servicce
 B
Broadcast Viideo
 T
TDM Telepho ony
 V
Video on Demmand
 O
On –line Gam
ming
 IP
PTV etc

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

Chapte
er 16 – OSI Layerrs
 Open System
O ms Interconnnection (OSI)) model is developed byy ISO (Interrnational orgganization
fo
or standardization) in 1
1984.

 en System Interconne
This model iss called Ope
T ection (OSI) because th his model allows any
tw
wo differentt systems to
o communiccate regardlless of theirr underlyingg architecturre.
T
Therefore OSSI referencee model allo
ows open coommunicattion betweeen differentt systems
w
without reqquiring changes to the logic of thee underlyingg hardware and softwarre.

 OSI Model –– 7 Layers.
O
T
The seven la yers can be grouped in nto Three grroups
1. Network: Layer 1, 2 a
and 3 i.e. phyysical, data link, and neetwork
2.Transportt : Layer 4 p
provides end d to end reliiable data trransmission
n
3. Applicatio
on: Layer 5, 6 and 7 i.e. Session, Presentation, and Applicaation layer

 O
OSI model is just a modeel. It is not a
a protocol that can be installed orr run on any
y system.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 Layer 7 – Ap
pplication L
Layer

The applicattion layer makes

T m the interface between
b th
he program m that is sending or iss
reeceiving daata and the protocol sttack. Whenn you downnload or sen
nd emails, your
y e‐maill
program con ntacts this layer. This layer prov
vides netwoork servicess to the end
d‐users likee
M
Mail, ftp, teln
net, DNS.

 P
Protocols us
sed in Appllication Lay
yer

 F
Function of Application
A n Layer

 Resouurce sharingg and devicee redirection.

 Remo ote file accesss.
 Remo ote printer aaccess.
 Inter‐‐process commmunicatioon.
 Network manageement.
 Directory servicees.
 Electrronic messaaging (such as mail)

 Network Virttual Terminaal: A networrk virtual teerminal is a software veersion of a p
N physical
teerminal and
d allows a usser to log o
on to a remmote host. Fo or this, appllication layeer creates a
sooftware emulation of a terminal att the remotee host. Eg: EEmulation Software likee Team
v
viewer

 Layer 6 – Prresentation n Layer or TTranslation llayer
T
The presenta ation layer fformats thee data to be presented tto the appliccation layerr. It can be
v
viewed as thhe translattor for the n network.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 Fu on Layer
unctions of Presentatio
 
 Character code ttranslation: for examplee, ASCII to E
EBCDIC.
 Data conversion: bit order, CR‐CR/LF, iinteger‐floaating point, aand so on.

 Data compressioon: reduces the numberr of bits that need to bee transmitteed on the
netw
work.
 Data encryption: encrypt daata for securrity purposes. For exammple, passw word
encry
yption.

 Layer 5 ‐ Sesssion Layerr
Session layerr has the primary respo onsibility off beginning
g, maintain
ning and en nding the
coommunica ation between two deviices, which is called Sesssion. The eexamples off session 
laayers are the
e interactive d file transffer sessionss.
e logins and

 Fu
unctions of Session Laye
er
 
 Sessioon establishment, mainttenance and d terminatio
on: allows twwo application
processes on different machines to establissh, use and tterminate aa connection
n, called a
session.

 Sessio he functionss that allow these proceesses to com
on support: performs th mmunicate
over the network, peerforming security, nam
me recognittion, loggingg

 Dialogg control: Diialog contro
ol is the funcction of sesssion layer th
hat determiines which
device wiill communicate first an
nd the amou unt of data that will be sent.

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 Dialogg separation n or Synchro he session laayer is also responsiblee for

onization: Th
adding checkkpoint or m markers wiithin the meessage. This process of inserting mmarkers to
th
he stream of data is kno
own as dialoog separatio
on.
 
 he protocolss that work on the session layer arre NetBIOS, Mail Slots, N
Protocols: Th Names 
Pipes, and RP
PC.
 
 Layer 4 – Trransport La ayer
T
Transport la yer managees end to en nd (source to destinattion) (proceess to proceess)
m
message deli ivery in a neetwork and also provid des the erroor checking g and hence
gu
uarantees tthat no dupllication or eerrors are occcurring in the data traansfers acro
oss the
network.

 Transport layer providees two type
T es of servicees
1. Connection oriented
d
2. Connectionless

1. Conne
ection Orie
ented Transsmission

 Inn this type o
of transmisssion the receiving devicce sends an acknowled
dgment, baack to the
soource after a packet or group of paacket is receeived.
 This type of t
T transmissio
on is also kn
nown as reliiable transsport metho
od.
 Because conn
B nection orieented transm quires more packets be sent acrosss network,
mission req
itt is considerred a slowe
er transmisssion metho od.

2. Conne
ectionless T
Transmissiion

 In
n this type o
of transmisssion the receiver does not acknow wledge receeipt of a paccket.
 Sending deviice assumess that packeet arrive justt fine.
 T
This approac ch allows fo or much fastter commu unication beetween devices.
 T
The trade‐of nnectionlesss transmissiion is less rreliable than connectio
ff is that con on oriented.


 Functions of Transporrt Layer:

 Segmentatio on of messaage into pa acket and rreassembly y of packetss into message:
accepts a meessage from the (session) layer abo
ove it, splitss the messagge into smaller units

BSNL MT EXAM 2019

(iif not alread

dy small enoough), and ppasses the ssmaller unitts down to thhe network
k layer. The
trransport layyer at the deestination sttation reasssembles thee message.

 M
Message ack
knowledgm
ment: provides reliable
e end‐to‐en
nd message
e delivery w
with
acknowledgm
ments.

 Flow controol: Like Dataa link layer, transport laayer also peerforms flow
w control. T
Transport
laayer makes sure that th
he sender an nd receiver communicaate at a ratee they both ccan handle.
T
Therefore flo
ow control pprevents the source fro om sending g data packkets faster tthan the
d
destination can handle. Here, floww control is p
performed eend‐to‐end rather than n across a
link.

 E
Error contro ol: Like Datta link layerr, Transportt layer also p
performs errror contro
ol. Here
errror control is perform
med end‐to‐eend rather tthan across a single link k. The sending
trransport lay
yer ensures that the entire messagge arrives att the receiviing transporrt layer
w
without erro or (damage, loss or dup plication). Errror correcction is achieved throu
ugh
reetransmisssion.

 Protocols: T
P These protocols work o
on the transp
port layer T
TCP, SPX, NETBIOS, AT
TP and
N
NWLINK.

 Layer 3 – Ne etwork Lay yer
T
This layer is incharge off packet addressing, cconverting logical add
dresses intoo physical
addresses. T The network layer deteermines thaat how data transmits b
between thee network
devices.


BSNL MT EXAM 2019

 Functions of Network Layer

 Logical‐PPhysical Ad
ddress Map
pping: transslates logica
al addresse
es, or name
es, into
physical addressess.

 Routing :When indeependent neetworks or llinks are combined toggether to creeate
internet w
works, multtiple routes are possiblle from sourrce machinee to destination
machine. The network layer pro otocols deteermine whicch route orr path is be est from
source too destination. This fun
nction of network layerr is known aas routing.

 Packetizzing: The neetwork layer receives th
he data from
m the upperr layers andd creates its
own packkets by encaapsulating these packeets. The proocess is known as pack ketizing.
This pack
ketizing in d
done by Inte
ernet Proto ocol (IP) th
hat defines itts own pack
ket format.


 Fragmeentation:Fraagmentation means div viding the laarger packeets into smalll
fragm
ments. For thhis, networkk layer divid
des the largee packets in
nto fragmennts so that
they ccan be easily
y sent on th
he physical m
medium.

 Protocols: T
P These protocols work o
on the netwo
ork layer IP
P, ICMP, ARP, RIP, OSI,, IPX and
O
OSPF.

 Layer 2 ‐ Da ata Link lay yer
Itt is responsiible for reliaable node‐tto‐node dellivery of daata. It receiv
ves the data from
network layeer and creattes frames, aadd physicaal address to o these fram mes and passs them to
physical layeer

 Data Link lay
D yer consistss of two subb‐layers
1. Logical Link Contro ol (LLC) sub
blayer
2. Medium m Access Control (MAC)) sublayer

1. Logical Lin
nk Control (LLC) subllayer :LLC ssublayer pro
ovides interrface between the
media accesss methods aand network
m k layer prottocols such aas Internet protocol wh
hich is a
part of TCP/IP protocol suite. LLC ssublayer dettermines wwhether the ccommunicaation is
going to be cconnectionlless or con
nnection‐orriented at tthe data lin nk layer.


2. MAC subla
ayer :is resp
ponsible forr connection
n to physicaal media. At the MAC su
ublayer of
Data link lay
D yer, the actual physical address off the devicee, called the MAC address is
added to the packet. Succh a packet is called a F
Frame that contains alll the addresssing
in
nformation necessary tto travel from source deevice to desstination devvice.

 MAC addresss is the 12 digit hexad
M decimal nu umber uniq que to everyy computer in this
w
world. A devvice's MAC aaddress is loocated on itss Network IInterface CCard (NIC). In these 12
digits of MAC
C address, thhe first six digits indiccate the NIC manufaccturer and tthe last six
d
digits are unnique. For eexample, 32 2‐14‐a6‐42‐71‐0c is thee 12 digit heexadecimal MAC
address. Thuus MAC addrress represeents the phy evice in the network.
ysical addrress of a de

 Functions of Data Link
k Layer
 Link Esstablishme ent and Terrmination: Establishess and termin
nates the loggical link
betweeen two nodees.

 Physicaal addressiing: After crreating fram
mes, Data lin
nk layer add
ds physical aaddresses
(MAC aaddress) of ssender and//or receiverr in the head
der of each fframe.

 Frame Sequencin
ng: Transmitts/receives frames sequentially.


 Frame Error Checcking: Checcks received
d frames forr integrity.


 Flow co ontrol: It iss the traffic rregulatory mmechanism implementted by Data Link layer
that preevents the ffast sender ffrom drown w receiver. If the rate aat which
ning the slow
data is absorbed by y receiver iss less that th
he rate prod
duced in thee sender, th
he data link
layer im
mposes this flow contro ol mechanissm.

 Error ccontrol: Datta link layerr provides tthe mechaniism of errorr control in which it
detects and retrannsmits damaaged· or lostt frames. It also deals w with the pro
oblem of
duplicaate frame, th
hus providinng reliabilityy to physicaal layer.

 Access control: WWhen a singlle communiication chan nnel is shareed by multip
ple devices,,
MAC su
ub‐layer of ddata link layyer helps to determine which devicce has contrrol over thee
channel at a given time.

 Layer 1 – Ph hysical Laye er
T
The physical l layer, the lowest layerr of the OSI model, is cooncerned wiith the transmission
annd receptioon of the unsstructured rraw bit stre eam over a physical meedium. It deescribes thee
ellectrical/op
ptical, mechanical, and functional iinterfaces to o the physiccal medium,, and
caarries the siignals for alll of the high
her layers. P
Physical layer defines tthe cables, n
network
caards and physical asp pects.



 Functions of Physical llayer

 Data EEncoding: MModifies thee simple diggital signal p
pattern (1s aand 0s) used by the PC
to bettter accomm
modate the chharacteristiics of the phhysical medium, and to aid in bit
and fraame synchrronization.


 Transmission Te echnique: d determines whether the encoded b
bits will be ttransmitted
d
by basseband (dig
gital) or brroadband (aanalog) sig
gnaling.

 Physiccal Medium m Transmisssion: transsmits bits ass electrical o
or optical signals
approppriate for th
he physical m
medium

 Bit syn
nchronizattion: The ph hysical layerr provides tthe synchro onization oof the bits
by pro
oviding a clo
ock. This clo
ock controlss both transm mitter as well as receiv
ver thus
providding synchro
onization att bit level.


 Bit ratte control: Physical layyer defines the transmiission rate ii.e. the numb
ber of bits
sent in
n one secondd. Thereforee it defines the duration of a bit.

 Line cconfiguratioon: Physicaal layer also defines the way in whiich the devices are
conneccted to the m
medium. Tw wo differentt line configgurations are used poin
nt to point
configguration annd multipoiint configurration.

 Transmission mode: Physiccal layer also defines thhe way in whhich the datta flows
between the two cconnected d
devices. Thee various traansmission modes possible are:
Simplex, half‐duplex and fuull‐duplex.

 Physiccal topolog
gies: Physicaal layer specifies the w h the different,
way in which
devicees/nodes aree arranged in a networrk i.e. bus, star or mesh
h.

plexing: Physical layerr can use diffferent techn
 Multip niques of m
multiplexing,, in order to
o
improv
ve the channel efficienccy.

 Circuiit switching
g: Physical llayer also prrovides the circuit swittching to intterconnect
differeent network
ks.


C
Chapter 17 ‐ LAN
N and VL
LAN
LAN: LAAN is a comp
puter network to whicch a large number of ccomputers and other peripherall
devices are connected within aa geographiical area.

VLAN is an implem mentation off a private subset of a
a LAN in w
which the co
omputers innteract withh
each oth
her as if th
hey are con
nnected to the same broadcastt domain irrespectiv
ve of theirr
physicall locations..

Advanta
ages of VLA
AN

• Multiple Bro
M oadcast do omains:The VLAN is used to createe multiple b broadcast d domains inn
a switch. Thiis is one of tthe biggest aadvantages of using VL
LAN as you d
don’t have tto use two
different swiitches for diifferent netw works. Supp
pose in a company userrs working ffrom
different floo
ors of the saame building can be con nnected to tthe same LA
AN virtually y.

• Minimize Trraffic: The V
M VLANs can help to min nimize trafffic when coompared to traditional
LANs. For insstance, if the broadcastt traffic is m
meant for ten
n users, they
y can be plaaced on ten
different VLA
ANs which w will in turn reduce the ttraffic.

• Reduce Costt :The use o
R of VLANs over tradition
nal LANs can
n minimize cost as the V
VLANs
elliminate thee need for expensive ro
outers.

• Reduced Ad
R dministrative work: LA ANs requiree physical aadministratiion as the lo
ocation of
th
he user channges, the neeed for recabbling, addreessing the n
new station, reconfiguraation of
ro
outers and hhubs arises. The mobiliity of the ussers in a nettwork resultts in networrk costs.
W
Whereas if a user is movved within aa VLAN, the administrrative work k can be elim minated ass
th
here is no need for routter reconfigguration.

• Data Securitty:Data broadcast on aa VLAN is sa
D afe when commpared to ttraditional L
LANs as
seensitive datta can be accessed only
y the userss who are o
on a VLAN.

• The basic reaason for spllitting a netw
T work into V
VLANs is to rreduce con
ngestion on
n a large
LAN.

• Types of VLA
T AN
 Port‐based V
P VLANs
W
With port‐ba ased VLANs, the ports of a switch h are simply
y assigned to
o VLANs, wiith no extra
criteria. All deevices connected to a ggiven port au
utomaticallly become members of the
VL
LAN to whicch that port was assigned.



 P
Protocol‐ba ased VLANss
W
With this meethod, differrent protoccol types arre assigned to differentt VLANs. For example,
IP
P defines on
ne VLAN, IPX X defines an
nother VLAN yet another VLAN, etc.
N, Netbeui y

 Subnet‐base ed VLANs 
W
With this me
ethod, the VLAN membership is deefined by thee subnet to
o which a wo
orkstation'ss
IP
P address beelongs.



Chap
pter 18 ‐‐ ADSL
 Asymmetricc digital sub
A bscriber linne (ADSL) is a type of digital subsscriber line (DSL)
teechnology, aa data comm y that enablles faster data transm
municationss technology mission
over copperr telephone e lines than
n a conventional voiceb
band modem m can provid de

 Digital Subsccriber Line ((DSL) proviides a dediccated digita
D al circuit frrom your ho
ome to the
T
Telcos centraal office, usiing analog telephone line. DSL aalso providees a separatte channel
fo one converssations, which means analog calls ((voice, fax. eetc.) can be carried at
or voice pho
th
he same tim
me high‐speeed data is floowing acrosss the line.

 DSL uses thee frequency spectrum b
D between 0kH
Hz‐4kHz fo
or Analog V
Voice, and 4
4kHz‐
2.2MHz for d data.

 In xD
DSL where tthe " x"stands for
 ADSL :Asym
A metric Digittal Subscribber Line: 1.5
5 Mbps‐384kbps/384‐1 128kbps
 HDSL High‐b
H bit‐rate Digiital Subscrib
ber Line: 1.5
5 Mbps/1.5 Mbps (4Wiire)
 SDSL Symmeetric Digitall Subscriberr Line: 1.5 M Mbps/1.5 Mb bps (2Wire))
 VDSL Very h
V high Digital SSubscriber Line: 13 Mb bps‐52 Mbps/1.5 Mbpss‐ 2.3 Mbps.
 ID DSL ISDN D Digital Subsccriber Line: 128 Kbps/1 128 Kbps.
 RADSL Rate
R Adaptive DDigital Subsccriber Line: 384kbps/1 128kbps
 UDSL Univer
U rsal Digital SSubscriber Line: 1.0Mb bps‐384kbp ps/384kbps‐128kbps allso called "
sp
plitterless" DSL or DSLL‐Lite, as it d
doesn't requuire a splitteer.

 Assymmetrica al Digital Subscriber L Line (ADSL by residential users
L):It is used primarily b
whho receive aa lot of data but do not send much,, such as Intternet surffers. ADSL p
provides
fasster speed in a downsstream dire ection thann upstream m . When thee upstream data rate
is lower than the downsttream rate, it is called aan asymme etric servicee.




Chapte
er 19 ‐ Po
ower Plan
nt & SMPSS Module
e 
 
 P
Power plant
t Classifica
ation

1.Based on C
Capacity

Powerr plants Small ex

xchange Medium m La
arge exchange
powerr plants exchange p power power plant
p ts
plantss
Capa acity: 5/112A 25/50A A > 50A
Inp
put Singlee Phase Single Phhase Three Phasee
Parallelingg of rectifierr Not poossible Only man nual uto paralleling is
Au
parallelin
ng is possible
possiblle

 P
Power plant t comprise
es 3 parts
1. Float Rectiffier
2. Battery Chaarger
3. Switching CCubicle.

1. Flloat Rectifie
er
The function
T n of the Floaat Rectifier is to receivee three phasses 440 V A
AC and to giive
a constant 5
51.5 Volts D D.C without AC ripples.

The steps invvolved to achieve the funcction are
a) Steep‐down
b) Recctification
c) Filtering of A.C. ripples.
d) Regu ulation.

egulation is done
Re
1. By ““Transductorr or saturable reactor or magnetic ammplifier” meth
hod.
2. By vvarying the ssecondary off the main traansformer au
utomatically depending o
on output
vo
oltage.
3. By SSCR method.
4. SMPPS method.

our main parrts of a Floa
Fo at Rectifier
a) 3 ph
hase step‐do own transform mer
b) Recctifying circu
uit
c) Smooothening orr Filtering cirrcuit
d) Co
ontrol circuiit.

2. Battery Cha
B arger
Funcctions of Batttery charge
er.

 To Initiall charge a baattery set:‐ For initial ccharging, thee battery ch
harger capaccity should
be at leasst 14% of A AH capacity y of battery set.
 To normaal charge th he battery seet at 10 hou ur rate.
 To use ass Float rectifier during emergency condition b by suitable links.
 To chargee the sick ceell.( provisio
on exists in some poweer plants on nly).


3. Switching Cubicle
The Switchin
T ng Cubicle eessentially pprovides forr the termination of:
i. The paralleeled output from the Flloat Rectifieers connecteed with the Exchange lo oad.
ii. The paralleled outputt from the BBattery Charrgers.
iii. The positive and neggative bus baar risers forr the batteries.
iv
v. The positiive and negative bus baar risers forr the exchan nge.
v. Arrangem ment for manual operration of thhe knife swwitches for floating of either alll
batteries or any onee battery. T
The knife sw witches are so arranged and interrlocked thatt
except fo
or the batterry on chargee, other battteries remaain connecteed across th he exchangee
during orr after any sswitching op
peration.

• e switches aare of the single pole d
All the knife
A double thro
ow slow to b
break type, one each
fo
or every batttery.

• A
Another cla ssification of power p
plant is

1. Single uniit type :Floa
at Rectifier ((FR),Battery BC) and swiitching cubicle (SWC)
y charger (B
w
will be in sin
ngle containner .Eg: 5/112A PP

2.. Two unit Ty
ype :One unit is FR/BC/SSWC and ano
other unit is F
FR

3.
3 Three Unit Type: FR/B
BC/SWC are all in individ
dual units

• Nowadays m
N mostly 2 uniits p/p are u
used with m
maintenancce free battteries and aall
trransmissioon power pllant are 2‐u unit type on /P of SMPS with VRLA
nly. The lateest being P/ A
b
batteries.

 SMPS S
SMPPS means Switch
S Modde Power S Supply. Th
his is used for D.C to D.C conve
ersion. Thiss
worrks on the principle of sswitching rregulation. The SMPS system is highly reliab ble, efficientt,
noisseless and ccompact beccause the sw
witching is d
done at verry high rate in the ordeer of severall
KHzz to MHz.

 Appllication of SMPS:The SSMPS regulators are ussed in B.S.N us locations like CDOT,
N.L at variou
E100B Transm mission systtems etc. P
Power plantts upto 200 00A capacityy have beenn developed
d
using SMPS prrinciple.

 Speccification off SMPS Pow wer Plant
1) Inputt Voltage: 3
320 V to 4800 V
Frequ
uency :45 Hz TO 65 Hz
2) Outpuut Voltage
in
n Float Modde: ‐54.0 ± 0.5 V. adj ran
nge ‐48 V to ‐56V
in
n charge moode : ‐55.2 V
V ± 0.5V
3) Inputt power facctor >0.95 LLag with 25% % to 100% load at nom
minal input.


• E
Earthing

• E
Earth Electr
rode System
m For Telep
phone Exch
hange

 To provvide an earth connecction to thee battery circuit
c to stabilize
s th
he battery
y
potentia al of the lin
nes and eq quipment w with respectt to earth, th hus reducing the risk k
of crosss talk due too lines and equipmentss assuming an indefinitte voltage w with respectt
to earth, and enabliing single ppole switchhing to be u used on the exchange p power plantt.
To proviide a direct connection n with earth for lightnin
ng protectiv ve apparatuss.

 To prov
vide protecttion to perrsons and plant
p against leakage from stattion powerr
wiring tto metallic aapparatus, fframes etc.


 To provvide a mean ns of earthing electrosstatic scree
ens on apparatus and of earthingg
lead sheeaths of cablles.

 To comp
plete the circuit of teleephone systems, employing a com
mmon eartth path forr
signalin
ng purposes.

 Standards foor resistannce of earthh electrode systems
T
The resistance of the earth electrodde system shhould be as low as posssible and in n any case
sh
hould not n
normally ex xceed 2 ohm ms at any tiime for the yyear.
Thhe worst con
ndition occuurs in winteer when speecific resistiively of soil increasess sharply
w
with temper ature near or below 0 0 C, where iit exceeds 2 2 ohms

The earth resistance of Earth electrrode system
T m for Electro
onic exchanges should
d be less
th
han 0.5 Ohhms.

 Classes of Ea
arthing Sysstems :Two
o major categories

(a
a) Service E Earthing Sysstems
(ii) switchingg equipmentt earth
(iii) transmission equipm ment earth
(iiii) measuring equipmeent earth
(iiv) A.C. pow
wer supply eearth
(vv) Corrosion n mitigation
n earth
(vvi) Miscellanneous equippment earthh (e.g. telegrraphs).

(b)) Protective Earthing System
(ii) Power sysstem earth tto provide p protection aagainst exceessive current;
nst excessive voltage
(iii) Lightningg protectivee earth to prrovide proteection again
 T
Types of ear
rth electrode systemss

1. Spike earth electrode system
T
The present standard foor spike eartth‐electrodee system consists of tw
wenty 25.0 m mm or
38.00 mm d diameter G..I pipes, eacch of 275 o or 375 cm le ength. Each
h pipe is useed as an
eaarth spike d
driven to itss full length into the gro
ound, the sp
pacing betw
ween any two o being not
le
ess than 3775 cms. In p practice a sp pacing of 375 cms is fou
und adequate and in no o case
sh
hould this sspacing be ppermitted to o be less tha
an 250 cmss


2. Lead Strip Electrode Sysstem
This consistss of a lead sstrip 1 mm w
T wide and 6 gms/square cm buried d at a depthh of from
6
60 to 90 cm s. The strip should be p
preferably llaid in one ccontinuous llength of 24
450 cms.
O
Otherwise twwo lengths o of 1225 cm should be laaid at least 2250 cm apaart and overrlapped by
at least 152 mm, the tw wo electrodee being paraallel at the M
M.D.F earth bar.

3. Earth plate e
electrode sysstem
This consistss of four galvanized iron plates of 1
T 145 SWG 76 6 cms squarre.These fou
ur plates
d at diagonaally oppositte in an excaavation 185 cm square and of a
arre placed veertically and
depth sufficient to reach h damp soil.. The depth should nevver be less tthat about 2250 cms
annd need nott be greaterr than 500 cms

 Conditions d
determinin
ng the type
e of earth ellectrode sy
ystem to be
e used.

a) Spike earth
e electtrode syste em: This system
s is ggenerally used
u at all new autoo
exchang ge installattions wherre adequatee space is available around thee exchangee
buildingg and wheree subsoil suiitable for drriving in pip
pes to the prrescribed deepth exists.

b) Lead sttrip electrrode system ms: This is
i used wh hen adequaate space aaround thee
exchangge building is available but where e rock is en
ncounteredd at a depth h less thann
375 cm below grou und level.

c) Earth plaate electrodde system: T This is emplo oyed when th he layout of tthe exchangee site is such h
that adeq
quate space is
i not availaable to installl an earth ellectrode systtem of typess (a) and (b))
mentioneed above.

 Batte
ery
 The ssecondary cells in gen neral use in BSNL are off lead acid type. Secon
ndary cells aare
electtrolytic cellls for generration of electric energy
y.

 Type
e of secondary cells
Theere are threee types of storage (se econdary) cells in use.
(1)) lead‐lead‐aacid type
(2)) Nickel‐iron
n‐alkaline
(3)) Nickel‐Caddmium alkaaline type.

 BSNL only lead
d‐lead‐acid type is used. They are commonly known as lead acid ty
ype cell

 Capa acity of a ce ell
Capacitty of a batteery is specifiied in Ampe
ere Hour (AA.H). If the capacity of a battery is 500 AH,
it can b
be discharged at the rate of 50 Am mps for 10 ho
ours

The caapacity that can be obtaained from aa cell variess with
 the dischharge rate 
 the tempperature of tthe acid
 the acid density
 the valuee of the finaal voltage


 Efficciency of ba
attery

The efficciency of battery can bee expressed d in terms of either the capacity in n Ampere‐ hhour or the e
energy iin watt‐hou urs. A.H effiiciency of a cell or batteery is the ra
atio of the q
quantity off electricity
y
which can
c be take en out durring discha arge to the
e quantity which must be put back
b duringg
charge, tto restore itt to its origin
nal conditio
on.

orking conditions in a h
AH efficiiency underr normal wo healthy battery is aboutt 90 to 95%
% and the
Watt‐ho our efficien
ncy is about 80 to 85%
%

 M
Maintenanc ce – Free Se
econdary C Cells (VRLA A)
Maintenancee free, valve
M e‐regulated d lead‐acid (VRLA) battteries ensu ure a reliable, effective
annd user frieendly sourcee of power. It is spill prroof, leak prroof and exp
plosion resisstant and
th
here is no need to add w water or to clean termiinals. It has low self‐disscharge ratee which
elliminates thhe need for equalizing ccharges. The container is made of polypropyleene.
Constant Vo oltage Methhod: Consta ant voltage e is the only charging m method
reecommendeed. Most mo odern charggers are of th he constantt voltage typ
pe.

 Float system
F m
In this system the batteery is alwayss kept connected acrosss the load in
n the float ssystem in a
f
fully chargeed state. But the operatting conditions are so m maintained that the floaated
b
battery does s not disch
harge into th he load as lo
ong as the mmains powerr supply is aavailable.
T
There is abs olutely no bbreak in thee DC power supply wheen the mainss supply faills as the
e
emergency b battery takees over the lload instanttaneously

 The floating voltage can
T nnot be highher than 2.3 35 volts per cell since b
beyond thiss
limit,Overcharging and vvigorous gaassing of thee battery occcurs

 Within the permissible rrange of floating voltagge from 2.0 to 2.35 voltts per cell, th
W hree
distinct typ
d pes of full flloat schemes have beeen evolved. T They are ass follows:‐

i. Batteries flloated betwween 2.02 to 2.07 volt per cell or diivided battery float sy ystem.
ii. Batteries ffloated betw
ween 2.15 too 2.20 volt p
per cell or p
parallel batttery float ssystem.
iiii. Batteries floated betw
ween 2.24 tto 2.30 volt per cell or e
end cell sw
witching sysstem.

 Floating Ch
F harge Methood :In this ttype of operration, the b
battery is co
onnected in parallel
w
with a cons
stant voltag
ge charger and the crittical load cirrcuits.

 UPS
U
UPS System m
U means Uninnterrupted PPower Supp
ply. As the n
name indicattes, this system
su
upplies unin
nterrupted A
A.C. supply..

Capa acity: The C
Capacity of aan UPS is th
he output po deliver and is expresseed in terms
ower it can d
of kiilo volt‐am
mperes (KVA A).


Chapterr 20 ‐ Da
ata Cente
er

 D
Data Center
r is nothing but house o es the data.
of storage sservers whiich protects and store

 Classificatio
on of the Da ata Centerss
T
The DCs can be classified in two waays
1. Services it offers
2. Security &
& Protection environm ment

 Service base ed Classificcation
1. Colocation D Data Center : In this th
he DC servicce providerss simply offfer the space required d
fo
or mountin ng the serve er on rentaal basis. Thee customer((s) will keepp their application /
database serrvers in the rented spacce & they will carry oveer the severr maintenan nce from
reemote login
ns. The Dataa Center willl charge thee customer ffor the Spacce, Electric power,
coooling systtem usage. In this, the DC offers thhe Security &
& the enviroonment

2. H
Hosted DC: T The Hosted
d Data centers all the facilities of coolocated Datta Center & it will also
have its own n storage se
ervers in th he protected d environmeent & the cuustomers wiill just take
data storage space in the server to store their ffiles and infformation. M
Most of the Internet
fiile storage servers aree falling in tthis category
y. The custo
omer will paay the fee fo
or this
sttorage space. But the customer ca annot proccess any acttive applicaations; theyy can
siimply storee the contennt.

3. M
Managed & Hosted DC C: This kind of DCs allow
ws their cusstomer to host activelyy running//
p
processing a
application
ns in the DCCs app‐serveers. For whiich Customeers has to paay separatee
ch
harges .

 P
Potential Daata Center Customerss
 All Banking,
A Financial, Service Induustries (i.e. B
BFSI Segmen nt Viz Bankss, Stock Bro
oking Cos,
N
NFBCs, Cred it Card Cos, Insurance C Cos etc.,. )

 Computerizaation of (Staate & Centraal) Govt. Dep pts (Viz eGo
overnance, eeStamping,
eRegistrationn etc)
 UIDAI Kind o
U of mult billioon Govt pro
oject requirees big DCs wwith PAN ind dia Connecttivity
 Media segme
M ent (News p paper, emed dia services)) requires hhosted Dcs
 Outsourcing
O DC projectss from foreiign companiies
 Academic ins
A stitutions reequires DC ffor eLibraryy projects

 mCommerce
m e & eCommeerce, B2B & C2C online portals

 B
BSNL IDC
 BSNL IDC is
B s a service brand name for the data
a center se
ervices prov
vided by BSN
NL

 BSNL and Diimension D
B Data have paartnered to launch ded dicated Inte
ernet data centres
across India to help enteerprises levverage the p
power of Intternet Data
a Centres an
nd cloud
co
omputing


 BSNL has Daata Centers at six locattions acrosss India

B
1 Ahmedab
1. bad
2 Faridabaad
2.
3 Ghaziabaad
3.
4 Jaipur
4.
5 Ludhian
5. na
6 Mumbai
6.

 A
Advantages of BSNL ID DC
 In
ndia’s first U
Uptime Insttitute Certifiied Tier‐III data centrres with com
mbined connnectivity
an
nd IT servicces availabillity from BSSNL
 Low latency y Internet Data Centress (IDC) / cloud services over BSNL’s wide natiional
broadband n network
 Highest leve
H els of data iintegrity annd securityy with IDCs located in B
BSNL’s 5 lev
vel
se
ecured faciility
 Globally prov
G ven integrated service management tool to m manage options,provision
se
ervices, me etering and d reporting g
 One of India’
O data centres with best‐‐in‐class co
’s greenest d ooling and power man nagement
in
nfrastructu ure

 Services pro
ovided by B BSNL IDC
1. Managed d Colocatio on
m options of racks and ccage space
 Choose from 
 Optimise tot
O al cost of ow
wnership
 99.982% upttime guaran nteed SLA


2. Managed d Hosting
 Scale IT reso
ources to suit business n
needs
 Freedom to d define required
 performancee levels
 G
Gain from ouutsourcing tto domain exxperts

3. Managed d Services
 R
Round the cllock monito oring and remediation

 Multi domain
M n expertise 
 Easy to budgget, flat mon
nthly fee

4. Cloud Se
4 ervices
 Convert upfrront capital expenditurre to monthlly operation
nal expenses
 Scale up of d
down to meeet business requiremen nts
 Pay for only what you acctually use


 Enterprise‐ggrade SLAs ffor Data Cen

ntre & Cloud
d Services w
with an assu
ured uptimee of
9
99.982%


 B
BSNL IDC Ne
etwork Arcchitecture



 B
Benefits of B
BSNL IDC