Second order wave equation

 2u 2  u
2

PDE:  uc 2
t 2 x
The corresponding FDE, which is second order in time and space, can be written as
uin 1  2uin  uin 1 uin1  2uin  uin1
u
2

 t   x 
2 c 2

Similarly, the corresponding equation is given by

 in 1  2 in   in 1  in1  2 in   in1
u 2

 t   x 
2 c 2

u c t
e at  2  e  at  r 2  e Ikm x  2  e  Ikm x  with r  and  ( x, t )   in  e at eikm x
x
e at  2  e  at  r 2  2 cos  km x   2 
e at  2  e  at  2r 2 cos  km x   1
  k x  
e at  2  e  at  2r 2  2sin 2  m  
  2 
 k x 
e at  2  e  at  4r 2 sin 2  m 
 2 
  k x  
e 2 at  2 1  2r 2 sin 2  m   e at  1  0 (A)
  2 

The above equation is of the form ax  bx  c  0 and is a Quadratic equation in

2
e at . This
 c 
equation quite obviously has two roots, and the product of the roots is equal to 1  x1 x2   1 .
 a 
Thus, it follows that the magnitude of one of the roots must exceed one unless both the roots are
equal to unity. If the value of e at exceeds 1, the error will grow, and in turn, it will lead to an
unstable situation. These possibilities mean that equation (A) should possess complex roots in
a t
order to have both values of e equal to unity. This implies that the discriminant of equation (A)
should be negative or zero. If it is zero  real roots and if it is negative  equal but complex
(complex conjugate).
The discriminant should be negative or zero to have roots for the above equation. Therefore, the
following condition must be satisfied.
b 2  4 ac  0
2
  k x  
4 1  2r 2 sin 2  m    4  0
  2 
2
  k x  
 1  2r 2 sin 2  m    1
  2 
This results in two situations:

Situation 1:
 k x 
1  2r 2 sin 2  m   1  r 2  0 which is always true.
 2 
Situation 2:
  k x  
 1  2r 2 Sin 2  m    1
  2 
 k x 
1  2r 2 sin 2  m   1
 2 
 k x 
 2r 2 sin 2  m   2
 2 
1  k x 
r2  , which is always true if r  1 , as 0  sin 2  m   1 and maximum value of
 k x   2 
sin 2  m 
 2 
 k x 
sin 2  m   1
 2 
Therefore, the condition of stability is r 1