Gardners Art Through the Ages A

Global History Vol 2 14th Edition

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CHAPTER 27—ROMANTICISM, REALISM, PHOTOGRAPHY: EUROPE AND
AMERICA, 1800 TO 1870

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The term "sublime" was considered to inspire which of the following feelings?
a. heroic action
b. sentimentality
c. awe mixed with terror
d. the natural goodness of all beings
ANS: C PTS: 1

2. Which of the following artists represented what was called the "sublime" in eighteenth-century art?
a. Jacques-Louis David
b. Gainsborough
c. Henry Fuseli
d. Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun
ANS: C PTS: 1

3. Courbet used which of the following techniques in the The Stonebreakers to convey the drudgery of
manual labor?
a. use of a palette of dirty browns and grays
b. use of soft pastels for the stones
c. use of swirling, diagonal line
d. use of bright color to highlight the labor
ANS: A PTS: 1

4. In Rosa Bonheur's most famous work, The Horse Fair, the dramatic lighting, loose brushwork, and
rolling sky reveal her admiration for which of the following artists?
a. Géricault
b. Manet
c. Courbet
d. Millet
ANS: A PTS: 1

5. In his painting, ____, Thomas Eakins portrayed things as he saw them and not as the public might
want them portrayed.
a. Three Women in a Village Church
b. The Thankful Poor
c. The Gross Clinic
d. Beata Beatrix
ANS: C PTS: 1

6. Which of the following artists had firsthand knowledge and experience of the American Civil War?
a. Thomas Eakins
b. John Singer Sargent
c. Henry Tanner
d. Winslow Homer
 ANS: D PTS: 1

7. The French viewing public were greatly horrified by Manet's Olympia not only because of the
portrayal of a naked prostitute as a work of art but also due to which of the following?
a. her look of coyness
b. her look of pleasure
c. her look of cool indifference and shamelessness
d. her look of embarrassment
ANS: C PTS: 1

8. How did Bouguereau depict fictional themes or mythological subjects in his paintings?
a. Through the use of polished illusionism
b. Through the use of radical representation
c. Through the use of rough techniques
d. Through the use of non-traditional representation
ANS: A PTS: 1

9. Muybridge used his device, the zoopraxiscope to project a series of images. Based on the motion
studies he performed, Muybridge proved that the brain holds whatever the eye sees for a fraction of a
second after the eye stops seeing it. The illusion of motion was created. Which of the following was
also created as a result of the illusion of motion?
a. the illusion of fractured change
b. the reality of continuous change
c. the illusion of broken change
d. the illusion of continuous change
ANS: D PTS: 1

10. Sargent, an expatriate American artist living and working in London, developed a style of applying
paint in thin layers in order to create a quick and lively illusion. He learned this technique after
studying which of the following works?
a. Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan
b. Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp
c. Las Meninas
d. Conversion of St. Paul
ANS: C PTS: 1

11. The mood in The Thankful Poor by Tanner is one of quiet devotion, not far removed from the Realism
of which of the following artists?
a. Courbet
b. Millet
c. Manet
d. Sargent
ANS: B PTS: 1

12. In Rossetti's Beata Beatrix, the model for this image was the artist's wife, Elizabeth Siddal. She died
shortly before Rossetti began the panting. He incorporated two symbols commemorating her death.
Which of the following is one of those symbols?
a. black dove
b. white dove
c. red dove
 d. blue dove
ANS: C PTS: 1

13. Courbet preferred to paint which of the following themes?

a. mythology in the Pompeian style
b. the "beautiful" as defined by the Academy
c. realistic scenes as he saw them
d. scenes of suffering, pathos, and ecstasy
ANS: C PTS: 1

14. Which of the following artists was most concerned with painting realistic scenes of poor and oppressed
peoples?
a. Courbet
b. Eakins
c. Bouguereau
d. Bonheur
ANS: A PTS: 1

15. Géricault's Raft of the Medusa represents which of the following?

a. a Romantic dream image
b. the aftermath of a nineteenth-century French shipwreck and was considered an attack on
government ineptitude
c. a piece of historical Romanticism related to the Greek war for independence
d. the Gothic emphasis on terror and the sublime
ANS: B PTS: 1

16. La Madeleine in Paris was intended for which of the following purposes?
a. a temple of glory for Napoleon's armies
b. a center of the nineteenth-century Jesuit revival
c. a monument to the success of middle-class bankers
d. a monument to the success of French revolutionary leaders
ANS: A PTS: 1

17. François Rude's sculpture La Marseillaise for the Arc de Triomphe represents which of the following
moments in French history?
a. Louis XV's entry on the battlefield
b. a mythical battle
c. the people of France protecting their borders against foreign enemies of the revolution
d. the birth of individual freedoms in the country
ANS: D PTS: 1

18. The great "Romantic dialogue" about color and form was carried on in the famous contest between
which of the following artists?
a. Delacroix and Courbet
b. Girodet-Troison and Gros
c. Delacroix and Ingres
d. Ingres and Géricault
ANS: C PTS: 1
19. Which of the following artists painted in the United States?
a. Friedrich
b. Constable
c. Turner
d. Cole
ANS: D PTS: 1

20. Timothy O'Sullivan documented which of the following wars?

a. American Civil War
b. War of Spanish Succession
c. Crimean War
d. Boer War
ANS: A PTS: 1

21. Who among the following artists liked to paint images of the Romantic transcendental landscape?
a. Cole
b. Friedrich
c. Turner
d. Bierstadt
ANS: B PTS: 1

22. Which of the following conditions is characteristic of the 19th century agrarian working class and is
missing from the Haywain by Constable?
a. love of the land
b. civil unrest
c. participation in home markets
d. bondage to wealthy landowners
ANS: B PTS: 1

23. What did Thomas Eakins believe was a prerequisite for his art?
a. knowledge
b. poetry
c. fortune
d. support
ANS: A PTS: 1

24. Who studied with Eakins before moving to Paris?

a. Whistler
b. Cassatt
c. Tanner
d. Muybridge
ANS: C PTS: 1

25. Julia Margaret Cameron used a short focal length lens that allowed only a small area of sharp focus.
What kind of effect would a lens like this produce?
a. small, intimate images
b. precise character studies
c. ethereal, dreamlike images
d. intense, psychological images
 ANS: C PTS: 1

SLIDE IDENTIFICATION
Select the response that identifies or corresponds best to the image on the screen.

26. (Figure 27-7)

a. Fuseli
b. Goya
c. Ingres
d. Hogarth
ANS: C PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

27. (Figure 27-22)

a. Constable
b. Turner
c. Friedrich
d. Cole
ANS: B PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

28. (Figure 27-24)

a. Bierstadt
b. Cole
c. Church
d. Homer
ANS: B PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

29. (Figure 27-49)

a. Nadar
b. Hawes and Southworth
c. Daguerre
d. O'Sullivan
ANS: B PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

30. (Figure 27-18)

a. Rude
b. Greenough
c. Canova
d. Houdon
ANS: A PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

31. (Figure 27-52)

a. Haws and Southworth
b. Cameron
c. O'Sullivan
d. Durieu
ANS: B PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

32. (Figure 27-13)

a. Géricault
b. Gros
 c. Delacroix
d. Girodet
ANS: A PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

33. (Figure 27-47)

a. Blenheim Palace
b. Houses of Parliament
c. Crystal Palace
d. Brighton
ANS: C PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

34. (Figure 27-12)

a. Goya
b. David
c. Constable
d. Turner
ANS: A PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

35. (Figure 27-35)

a. Manet
b. Millet
c. Courbet
d. Homer
ANS: D PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

36. (Figure 27-30)

a. Eakins
b. Courbet
c. Millet
d. Daumier
ANS: D PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

37. (Figure 27-40)

a. Pre-Raphaelite
b. Neo-Classical
c. Realist
d. Romantic
ANS: A PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

38. (Figure 27-54)

a. Nadar
b. Muybridge
c. Daguerre
d. Cameron
ANS: B PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

39. (Figure 27-29)

a. Courbet
b. Daumier
 c. Tanner
d. Millet
ANS: B PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

40. (Figure 27-13A)

a. David
b. Courbet
c. Gericault
d. Delacroix
ANS: C PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

41. (Figure 27-46A)

a. Roebling
b. Upjohn
c. Eiffel
d. Schinkel
ANS: A PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

42. (Figure 27-20)

a. Wanderer...
b. Women...
c. Jean-Baptiste
d. Apotheosis
ANS: A PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

43. (Figure 27-2A)

a. David
b. Delacroix
c. Ingres
d. Gericault
ANS: C PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

44. (Figure 27-5A)

a. Gericault
b. Girodet-Trioson
c. Delacroix
d. Ingres
ANS: B PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

SHORT ANSWER

1. How did Friedrich achieve a balance between the inner and outer experience in his landscape
paintings?

ANS:
Friedrich's painting, Abbey in the Oak Forest, has a reverential mood. The painting is a kind of
meditation on human mortality and includes many symbols of death. The artist rendered the objects in
the painting with great detail, focusing on the outer experience. He believed that and artist should paint
what he sees as well as what is within him.
 PTS: 1

2. What features of John Constable's landscapes reveal a kinship with Romantic artists?

ANS:
The people who populate his landscapes blend in they are one with nature. They are relaxed not as
observers but as participants in the landscape's being. Constable's work is nostalgic and natural.

PTS: 1

3. How did Henry Fuseli evoke horror and possibly the dark terrain of the human subconscious in his
artwork?

ANS:
He sought to combine the myth of Mara with the visual image. He depicted the creature that came to
torment and suffocate those who slept. He used disturbing juxtapositions with Baroque dynamism and
naturalistic detail to create a convincing image.

PTS: 1

4. How did Thomas Cole respond to America's direction as a civilization?

ANS:
In his painting called The Oxbow he divides the canvas into two sections: dark and stormy and
civilized. The scale of the landscape dwarfs the tiny artist seen in the bottom center. The artist seems
to be asking for input for the direction the country should follow. Cole has incorporated the moods
affecting the country at this time: reflection and romantically appealing.

PTS: 1

5. How was photography perceived in the early 19th century?

ANS:
It was celebrated as embodying a revelation of the visible world. Both Louis Daguerre and Henry Fox
Talbot demonstrated the practicality of the medium for recording the century's discoveries. The shift of
patronage from the elite to the increasingly powerful middle class made the medium perfectly suited as
a medium that could record comprehensible images at a lower cost.

PTS: 1

6. How did Timothy O'Sullivan's A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1863 respond as a
new medium and how did it impact the nation?

ANS:
It brought the immediacy of the soldier's death to the people. It focused on the horror of the moment
with its direct and objective recording of the awful harvest in that Gettysburg field. The endless
horizon filled with dead bodies created a lament for the dead and for the nation. This new medium
became a powerful tool to document and to communicate almost instantly events that took place
within a short span of time.

PTS: 1

7. What was the drawback to "wet-plate" processing?

 ANS:
The plate had to be prepared and processed on the spot, and working outdoors required a complete
set-up. It was very time consuming and labor intensive.

PTS: 1

8. What is the interpretation of Goya's Saturn Devouring his Children?

ANS:
Goya became increasingly pessimistic and disillusioned and with declining health he began a series of
works called the Black Paintings. This particular work is from that series. Some have interpreted this
as the artist's despair over the passage of time whether this is correct or not; however it does present a
darkly emotional image in keeping with the vocabulary of Romanticism.

PTS: 1

9. How does the Coronation of Napoleon represent the Neoclassical style?

ANS:
It is structured as a presentation set on a theater stage. David has used the artistic device of
conceptually dividing the participants into groups revealing their polarities, the clergy on one side and
the imperial court on the other, emphasizing the contentious issues, which separated them. David
presented an important historical moment in French history and also visualized the change in the
political structure. The focus is on Napoleon as the authority of the imperial state. David has also
linked the present with the grandeur of the past in this depiction.

PTS: 1

10. How does Blake's Ancient of Days embody the Romantic spirit?

ANS:
Blake has created a figure based on Michelangelo and the classical past. He has merged those motifs
into a figure that represents, for him, the mathematical and the eternal. The concept of God as the
Great Mathematician was seen in the Middle Ages a highly influential period for Romantic artists. The
presentation of God as eternal conforms to Blake's personal spiritual devotions as well as
contemporary religion. The image becomes a perfect exemplar for Romanticism.

PTS: 1

11. How does the work of Bouguereau favor state patronage in the late nineteenth century?

ANS:
He adhered to the subject matter requirements: fictional or mythological themes. He used established
painting conventions. He was not innovative and his work followed the traditional guidelines. His
work was polished and natural. He presented work that was decorative and non-judgmental.

PTS: 1

12. What was the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood?

ANS:
A group of artists who wanted to create a fresh and sincere art that was free from the artificiality of the
successors of Raphael and the academies.
 PTS: 1

13. Which artist did Leland Stanford, governor of California, consult with in order to win a bet about
motion and what was the bet?

ANS:
Muybridge. The bet was to determine whether all four hooves ever left the ground when a horse
achieved a full gallop. (Yes)

PTS: 1

14. Briefly describe Realism in the United States.

ANS:
The notion of depicting the realities of modern life resonated well in the United States. Artists
provided significant commentary on the Civil War and the subsequent aftermath. They portrayed
American scientific advancements and medical understanding. The artists detailed real families in
portraiture and ennobled otherwise disenfranchised groups. The American artists readily accepted the
tenets of Realism.

PTS: 1

15. How did Daumier impact French society in the 19th century?

ANS:
He provided a biting, scathing commentary on the foibles and misbehaviors of the government and
those powerful members of French society. He used the lithograph to create powerful, factual
documents that recorded events as truisms and captured the brutality and excess of the government and
society.

PTS: 1

ESSAY

1. How does the work of Goya relate to artistic movements of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
Use examples to support your essay.

ANS:
pages 763-765.

PTS: 1

2. Contrast Constable's The Haywain with Bierstadt's Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California.
What are the sociopolitical overtones of each work and how do they represent their respective
countries and environments?

ANS:
pages 771-772 and 774.

PTS: 1
3. Describe the impact of photography on the nineteenth century landscape. How did it affect painting?
What were the political implications of the medium? Use examples to support your essay.

ANS:
pages 791-796.

PTS: 1

4. Contrast landscape painting in Europe and the United States in the early 19th century. What are the
sociopolitical differences in landscape painting? Discuss at least three countries in your essay and use
examples to support your argument.

ANS:
pages 770-775.

PTS: 1

5. Explain the ways in which the interest in the sentimental, the heroic, and the sublime was expressed in
art. Use examples to support your response.

ANS:
found throughout the chapter.

PTS: 1

6. Describe the various types of revival styles found in eighteenth-century and nineteenth-century
architecture. Use examples to support your response.

ANS:
pages 787-791.

PTS: 1

7. Contrast the work of Millet and Courbet. How did they visually respond to the social climate of their
period? Use examples to support your essay.

ANS:
pages 775-778.

PTS: 1

8. Why were some of the subjects of Realist artists considered subversive?

ANS:
pages 775-782.

PTS: 1

9. Compare Manet's Olympia and Millais's Ophelia. How does each work represent the artist and his
period?

ANS:
pages 781-782 and 786.
 PTS: 1

10. Compare and contrast the works of Eakins and Manet. How does each artist relate to his respective
environment? How does each artist reflect the art of the nineteenth century? Use examples to support
your essay.

ANS:
pages 780-782 and 783-784.

PTS: 1

OTHER

SLIDE QUESTIONS

1. What event did the artist depict and how did he ensure the accuracy of the representation?

ANS:
Theéodore Géricault, Raft of the Medusa (Figure 27-13). The subject is an unnecessary shipwreck that
occurred off the coast of Africa. The ship, commanded by an incompetent political appointee, hit a
reef. Of the original 150 survivors, only 15 survived after being at sea for 12 days. He depicted the
final survivors sighting of a ship. To make the painting believable, he visited hospitals and morgues to
examine corpses. He also interviewed survivors and made a model of the raft.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

2. What is the significance of Courbet's style for the Realist movement?

ANS:
Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans (Figure 27-27). The Realist movement also encouraged a
reconsideration of artistic aims and departed from conventional illusionism. Realist artists called
attention to pictorial construction. Courbet applied his paint with a palette knife, producing a rough
surface. His seemingly casual arrangement of figures also drew criticism and defied academic
standards.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

3. What influenced the design of the façade and what message did the architecture communicate?

ANS:
Schinkel, Altes Museum (Figure 27-42). The façade of the museum consists of 18 Ionic columns on a
high podium. It more closely resembles ancient Greek stoas rather than temples. It communicated that
nobility, tradition, and elite culture were available to the public. Europeans associated the style with
the democratic values of ancient Greece and Rome.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

4. Why is this work described as a mixture of styles and how did that affect the perception of Ingres' art?

ANS:
 Ingres, Grande Odalisque (Figure 27-7). Although this shows Ingres's admiration for Raphael and
other Renaissance artists, the subject matter is more typically Romantic. An odalisque is a woman in a
Turkish harem. When the painting was first exhibited it prompted criticism. The public was confused
by the mixture of Renaissance sources and style with an exotic, Romantic subject.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

5. How do each of these works display characteristics of the Romantic movement?

ANS:
Gros Pest House at Jaffa (Figure 27-1) and Girodet Burial of Atala (Figure 27-5). Gros's attention to
the exoticism of the Near East and the emphasis on pain, suffering, death, and emotion are all aspects
of romanticism. Girodet's work addresses the emotional aspect of the tragedy of suicide.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

6. How does this painting epitomize Romanticism?

ANS:
Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus, (Figure 27-15). It is a grand pictorial drama. It is a spectacle of
pain and suffering blended with the exotic and the erotic. Delacroix has used tortured poses and
intense hues to create a dramatic lurid fantasy.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

7. What question does the artist raise in this painting?

ANS:
Cole, The Oxbow, (Figure 27-23). The moral question is posed: what is America's direction as a
civilization. This question is being posed by the tiny figure of the artist seen in the bottom center of the
painting. Cole has presented the paradigm of uncivilized or wilderness area as seen in the wilderness
landscape and the civilized as seen in the farm land.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

8. How does this work reflect Realist tenets?

ANS:
Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair (Figure 27-31). The artist has opted for the Realist passion for accuracy
and yet she did not select a social or political drama to depict. She combined her knowledge of equine
anatomy and motion with her love of the animal. Bonheur created a work, which presents these
animals in all their power and brute strength.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

9. Who created this work, and what did it lead to?

ANS:
(Figure 27-54) Eadweard Muybridge created this photographic series. It was one of the forerunners of
the moving picture.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

10. Why did this work have a negative reaction from French society during the 19th century?
ANS:
Millet, The Gleaners (Figure 27-28). The artist imbued a certain noble monumentality to the poorest of
the poor. French society looked with suspicion on works that invested a solemn grandeur to the
peasant as Millet did with this work. The middle-class landowner resisted granting the "gleaning"
rights to the peasant. They also resented the dignity with which Millet gave to this work.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions