Fundamentals of the Human Mosaic

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CHAPTER 6
POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
POLITICAL CULTURE REGIONS

A World of States

Multiple-Choice

1. When geographers talk about the world’s “states,” they usually mean

*a. countries.
b. kingdoms.
c. emirates.
d. provinces.
(pp. 150–151)

2. Which is NOT a part of the modern definition of a state as geographers define it?

*a. semi-autonomous region within a larger country

b. an independent political unit
c. centralized authority
d. bounded territory
(pp. 150–151)

3. One cause of conflict in the Middle East is some groups’ refusal to accept Israel’s right
to exist. These groups have denied Israel’s

a. statehood.
b. theocracy.
c. economic development policies.
*d. sovereignty.
(p. 151)

4. Which continent is composed of 12 different countries, or states?

a. North America
*b. South America
c. Asia
d. Africa
(p. 150)

1
5. Which continent is composed of 54 different countries, or states?

a. North America
b. South America
c. Asia
*d. Africa
(p. 151)

6. How many countries is Australia home to?

*a. one
b. three
c. six
d. eighteen
(p. 151)

7. Which of the following continents is home to the fewest countries?

*a. North America

b. South America
c. Asia
d. Africa
(pp. 150–151)

8. Which of the following continents is home to the most countries?

*a. Europe
b. Asia
c. North America
d. Australia
(pp. 150–151)

9. Which country comes closest to the “ideal” hexagonal configuration of a national

territory?

a. Indonesia
*b. Brazil
c. Uruguay
d. the United States
(p. 152)

10. Which territory comes closest to the “ideal” hexagonal configuration of a national
territory?

2
*a. France
b. Belgium
c. Australia
d. Germany
(p. 152)

11. Lesotho is best described as a(n)

a. pene-enclave.
b. exclave.
*c. enclave.
d. perforated state.
(p. 152)

12. Which is the best example of a fragmented state?

*a. the Philippines

b. France
c. South Africa
d. Canada
(p. 152)

13. Prior to independence, Bangladesh was an exclave of

a. Senegal.
b. India.
*c. Pakistan.
d. Thailand.
(p. 152)

14. Which is NOT an example of an elongated country?

a. Norway
b. Chile
c. The Gambia
*d. Switzerland
(p. 152)

15. Which state shape is considered the easiest to govern?

a. elongated
*b. compact
c. perforated
d. pene-enclave

3
(p. 152)

16. Which factor does NOT pose a governance problem in multi-island countries?

a. secessionist tendencies or separatist movements

*b. different monetary systems
c. difficulties in transportation
d. administrative problems exacerbated by communications lags
(p. 152)

17. Nepal and Mongolia are both examples of

a. satellite states.
b. pene-enclaves.
*c. buffer states.
d. supranational states.
(p. 152)

18. When a buffer state is taken over by a neighboring country, the buffer state
becomes a(n)

a. enclave.
b. perforated state.
*c. satellite state.
d. natural boundary.
(p. 152)

19. The border that divides India from predominantly Islamic Pakistan is a good example
of a(n)

a. geometric boundary.
b. natural boundary.
c. perforated boundary.
*d. ethnographic boundary.
(p. 153)

20. Some of the states in the Western United States—such as Colorado and Wyoming—
are known as the “square states.” The squareness of their borders is a good example of

*a. geometric boundaries.

b. relic boundaries.
c. ethnographic boundaries.
d. federal boundaries.
(p. 153)

4
21. Which country is NOT federalist?

a. the United States

*b. China
c. Switzerland
d. Canada
(p. 154)

22. In the modern state, the primary source of group identity is

*a. nationalism.
b. jingoism.
c. federalism.
d. ethnicity.
(p. 155)

23. National languages, national museums, and national monuments are all

*a. centripetal forces.

b. centrifugal forces.
c. push factors.
d. politically controversial.
(p. 155)

24. Quebec’s desire to secede from Canada is an example of

a. jingoism.
b. state nationalism.
*c. sub-state nationalism.
d. relic nationalism.
(p. 155)

25. In China, the nation-state is exalted and individuals are called to sacrifice for the
good of the greater whole. This is an example of

a. jingoism.
*b. state nationalism.
c. sub-state nationalism.
d. relic nationalism.
(p. 155)

26. Independent countries, such as Canada, Myanmar, and the Czech Republic, are
tangible evidence of

5
*a. sovereignty.
b. universality.
c. territoriality.
d. marchlands.
(p. 151)

27. The universal human desire to belong to a group that controls its own piece of Earth
is called

a. being power hungry.

*b. territoriality.
c. instinctive territorial imperative.
d. territorial ideology.
(p. 152)

28. Lesotho is a country totally surrounded by South Africa. Lesotho is what type of
political entity?

*a. enclave
b. exclave
c. pene-enclave
d. elongated state
(p. 152)

29. Prior to 1971, Bangladesh had this political geography relationship to Pakistan.

a. buffer state
b. satellite state
c. pene-enclave
*d. exclave
(p. 152)

30. The least desirable shape for national cohesiveness is

a. circular.
b. hexagonal.
c. compact.
*d. elongated.
(p. 152)

31. All of the following countries have undesirable shapes EXCEPT

*a. Poland.

6
b. Chile.
c. Indonesia.
d. Norway.
(p. 152)

32. Alaska and (former) East Pakistan are

a. nation-states.
b. independent states.
c. enclaves.
*d. exclaves.
(p. 152)

33. In the case of East Pakistan and West Pakistan, the exclaves were an undesirable
political geography condition for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

a. West Pakistan hoarded the country’s wealth.

b. they were ethnically different, a source of conflict between the two parts of Pakistan.
c. a hostile power, India, controlled the intervening territory.
*d. the people of East Pakistan had much more political power than the people of West
Pakistan.
(p. 152)

34. When the Soviet Union existed, Mongolia was independent but essentially
controlled by the Soviet government. At that time, Mongolia was a(n)

a. buffer state.
*b. satellite state.
c. marchland.
d. exclave.
(p. 152)

35. Nepal would be classified as a(n)

*a. buffer state.

b. satellite state.
c. marchland.
d. exclave.
(p. 152)

36. The United States boundary between Texas and Mexico follows the Rio Grande. This
is an example of what type of boundary?

a. geometric

7
b. autocratic
c. fragmented
*d. natural
(p. 153)

37. Switzerland is organized into regions called cantons based on linguistic differences.
The boundaries of these cantons are

a. geometric.
b. linguistic.
*c. ethnographic.
d. natural.
(p. 153)

38. The boundary between North Dakota and South Dakota is what kind of border?

a. ethnographic
*b. geometric
c. marchland
d. natural
(p. 153)

39. The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin marks what type of boundary?

a. marchland
*b. relic
c. political
d. ethnographic
(p. 154)

40. Multinational states, such as Australia and Canada, have this type of government.

a. Communist
b. military
c. unitary
*d. federal
(p. 154)

41. Which of the following is NOT a federal state?

a. Canada
b. United States
c. Australia
*d. France

8
(p. 154)

42. In Canada, the people of Quebec have a sense of unity based on their common
French heritage and unique cultural development, and many Francophones desire
separation from Canada. What kind of undermining condition against the integrity of
Canada is this?

a. centripetal force
*b. centrifugal force
c. guerilla movement
d. insurgency action
(p. 155)

43. Independent political units with a centralized authority that make claims to sole
jurisdiction over a bounded territory are known as

a. nations.
b. exclaves.
*c. states.
d. heartlands.
(pp. 150–151)

44. In the modern international system, states recognize one another’s

a. supranationalism.
b. ethnocentrism.
*c. sovereignty.
d. territorial morphology.
(p. 151)

45. National governance is easier if the territory of the country is

a. pene-enclave.
b. elongated.
*c. compact.
d. protruded.
(p. 152)

46. The configuration of a national territory that minimizes the amount of border to be
defended is

a. pene-enclave.
b. elongated.
*c. compact.

9
d. heartland.
(p. 152)

47. An intrusive piece of territory with a small outlet is a(n)

*a. pene-enclave.
b. elongated state.
c. compact state.
d. protruded territory.
(p. 152)

48. An independent small and weak country lying between two powerful, potentially
belligerent countries is a

a. pene-enclave.
b. marchland.
*c. buffer state.
d. heartland.
(p. 152)

49. A boundary drawn on the basis of some cultural trait is a(n)

a. relic boundary.
b. unitary boundary.
*c. ethnographic boundary.
d. supranational boundary.
(p. 153)

50. Perfectly straight lines drawn without regard for physical or cultural features of the
area are known as

a. relic boundaries.
b. unitary boundaries.
c. supranational boundaries.
*d. geometric boundaries.
(p. 153)

51. A boundary that no longer exists as an international border but often leaves behind
a trace in the local culture is considered a

*a. relic boundary.

b. unitary boundary.
c. ethnographic boundary.
d. supranational boundary.

10
(p. 154)

52. A system where power is concentrated centrally, with little or no provincial

authority, is described as

a. relic.
*b. unitary.
c. supranational.
d. federal.
(p. 154)

53. A geographically expressive political system that acknowledges the existence of

regional cultural differences and provides the mechanisms by which various regions can
maintain individual characters is described as

a. relic.
b. unitary.
c. supranational.
*d. federal.
(p. 154)

54. In the case of the modern state, the primary source of group identity is

a. federalism.
*b. nationalism.
c. secessionism.
d. irredentism.
(p. 155)

55. Factors that promote national unity and solidarity are known as

a. irredentism.
b. imperialism.
c. centrifugal forces.
*d. centripetal forces.
(p. 155)

56. Which of the following statements is not true of colonialism?

a. It is the building and maintaining of colonies in one territory by people based

elsewhere.
b. It is the forceful appropriation of a territory by a distant state.
c. It often involves the displacement of indigenous peoples.

11
*d. It seeks to provide higher standards of living for the indigenous peoples.
(p. 152)

57. Which of the following is not true of exclaves?

a. They may become separatist.

b. They can be difficult to defend.
c. They may foster feelings of isolation.
*d. They do not require high expenditures on defense.
(p. 152)

58. Which of the following is not an example of a relic boundary?

a. Hadrian’s Wall
*b. the Wailing Wall
c. the Great Wall of China
d. the Berlin Wall
(p. 154)

59. Native American reservations in the United States are best described as

a. exclaves.
*b. semiautonomous enclaves.
*c. nation-states.
d. federal-style governments.
(p. 152)

True/False

60. Most geographers consider territoriality an innate part of humanity, similar to

instinct.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 152)

61. Most geographers consider territoriality as a learned cultural response.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 152)

62. All unitary states are democratic.

12
a. True
*b. False
(p. 154)

63. Nationalism has historically always been a force for good.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 155)

64. Self-determination was an important right granted to European colonies in the early
twentieth century.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 152)

65. Typically, the more compact a state’s territory, the easier it is to govern.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 152)

66. The collapse of empires and the creation of new countries ended immediately after
World War II.

a. True
*b. False
(pp. 150–152)

67. Nationalism is related to territoriality and ideology.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 155)

68. Nationalism usually springs from a learned or acquired attachment to region and
place.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 155)

13
69. The precise marking of borders is a concept originally unique to Western culture.

*a. True
b. False
(pp. 153–154)

70. When forming a country, it is best to have a compact territory.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 152)

71. In terms of ideal shapes for a country, France, Uruguay, and Indonesia have ideal
shapes.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 152)

72. Most modern boundaries are lines rather than zones.

*a. True
b. False
(pp. 152–154)

73. The number of independent states has been reduced in the twentieth century.

a. True
*b. False
(pp. 150–152)

74. Narrow, elongated countries are easy to administer.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 152)

75. The shape and configuration of a country always determines its stability.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 152)

14
76. Geography is an important factor in national governance, but it is not the only
factor.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 152)

77. Political boundaries are always irrelevant in the age of Internet.

a. True
*b. False
(pp. 152–154)

78. The Internet is unlikely to erode political boundaries even though information and
ideas can diffuse more rapidly because political barriers to cultural diffusion are
unstable.

a. True
*b. False
(pp. 152–154)

79. European colonial powers drew political boundaries without regard to the territories
of indigenous ethnic groups.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 152)

80. Federalist governments reduce core-periphery tensions and decrease appeal of

separatist movements.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 154)

81. The Democratic Republic of Congo has an elongated shape.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 152)

82. Nigeria has a compact shape.

*a. True

15
b. False
(p. 152)

83. Almost all boundaries can be defined as strictly ethnographic or strictly geometric.

a. True
*b. False
(pp. 152–154)

84. Native American reservations in the United States fit neatly into American political
system of states, counties, townships, precincts, and incorporated municipalities.

a. True
*b. False
(pp. 154–155)

International Political Bodies

Multiple-Choice

85. Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt are all members of

a. ASEAN.
*b. the Arab League.
c. the EU.
d. NAFTA.
(p. 156)

86. Russia, Ukraine, and Moldova are all members of

a. ASEAN.
*b. the CIS.
c. the EU.
d. NAFTA.
(p. 156)

87. Canada, Mexico, and the United States are all members of

a. ASEAN.
b. the Arab League.
c. the EU.
*d. NAFTA.
(p. 157)

16
88. Which statement is NOT true of the European Union?

a. Many, but not all, of its member nations use the euro as their currency unit.
b. Most international borders within the EU require no passport checks for EU citizens.
*c. Each member of the EU retains its full sovereignty.
d. The EU is standardizing certain norms related to the tolerance of religious and ethnic
differences.
(p. 155)

89. The world’s only true supranational organization at present is

a. ASEAN.
*b. EU.
c. CIS.
d. Arab League.
(p. 155)

90. When countries voluntarily give up some portion of their independence to gain the
advantages of a closer economic or political association with their neighbors it is known
as

a. imperialism.
b. irredentism.
*c. supranationalism.
d. federalism.
(p. 155)

91. An example of a supranational organization is

a. North Atlantic Treaty.

*b. European Union.
c. Doctors Without Borders.
d. Greenpeace.
(p. 155)

92. The European Union began as a(n)

a. organization to unify the European monetary system.

b. an attempt to colonize Africa and South America.
c. response to Russian military growth.
*d. customs union designed to lower or remove tariffs.
(p. 155)

True/False

17
93. Members of the European Union are required to use the euro as their national
currency.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 155)

94. The most powerful, ambitious, and successful supranational organization in the
world is NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization).

a. True
*b. False
(p. 155)

95. An international organization is the equivalent of a supranational organization.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 155)

96. Intergovernmental organizations require member states to relinquish a part of the

sovereignty.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 156)

97. The only truly supranational organization today is NAFTA.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 155)

Electoral Geographical Regions

98. Which of the following is NOT a typical goal or result of gerrymandering?

a. the consolidation of political power

b. the dispersal of a rival’s political base
c. the creation of districts with elongated shapes
*d. the more equitable distribution of resources and tax dollars
(p. 159)

18
99. Traditionally, the political leanings of central Europe have been

*a. strongly conservative.

b. mildly conservative.
c. strongly liberal.
d. mildly liberal.
(p. 159)

100. When geographers devise formal culture regions based on voting patterns, they are
practicing

a. gerrymandering.
b. territorial morphology.
*c. electoral geography.
d. demography.
(p. 158)

101. A redistricting practice that produces voting districts with awkward, elongated
shapes is known as

a. balkanization.
b. geometrization.
*c. gerrymandering.
d. cleavage.
(p. 159)

102. In a particular U.S. state, one county’s voting record consistently shows 92 percent
of voters supporting Democratic candidates. In an adjoining county, the voting record
consistently shows 88 percent of voters supporting Republican candidates. The division
between these two counties is best termed a(n)

*a. cleavage.
b. relic.
c. rimland.
d. centripetal force.
(p. 158)

True/False

103. In Europe, a conservative core contrasts with a socialist periphery.

*a. True

19
b. False
(p. 159)

104. The purpose of gerrymandering is to consolidate or break apart political support in

a voting district.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 159)

Red States, Blue States

Multiple-Choice

105. Which statement is NOT an accurate assessment of electoral politics in the United
States?

a. States overall may be “red” or “blue,” but there is often a great deal of county-by-
county variation within states.
b. Maps showing a breakdown of “red” versus “blue” states may be misleading because
states that have large areas may have significantly fewer electoral votes than states with
much smaller areas.
*c. Most maps showing “red” and “blue” states provide an accurate picture of electoral
geography in the United States.
d. The concept of “purple America” helps make up for some of the limitations of the
“red state versus blue state” idea.
(pp. 159–160)

True/False

106. Red states usually vote Republican, while blue states usually vote Democratic.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 160)

107. Most geographers believe that dividing states into two categories—“red” or
“blue”—greatly oversimplifies electoral geography.

*a. True
b. False
(pp. 159–161)

20
POLITICAL DIFFUSION

Movements Between Core and Periphery

Multiple-Choice

108. The core from which modern-day France diffused was

a. Nice.
b. Lyon.
c. the Riviera.
*d. Paris.
(p. 161)

109. The core from which Russia diffused was

a. Leningrad.
b. Stalingrad.
*c. Moscow.
d. Siberia.
(p. 161)

110. Which country does NOT have a political core area from which it grew?

a. France
b. the United States
*c. Belgium
d. Russia
(p. 162)

111. The primary cities of the two core areas of Spain, which even today have a not-
always-healthy rivalry, are

a. Andalusia and Toledo.

b. Malaga and Valencia.
*c. Madrid and Barcelona. (p. 162)
d. Seville and the Costa del Sol.
(p. 162)

112. Which of the following statements is not true of most states?

a. They diffused outward from a core region.

b. They are functional culture regions centered on a node.

21
c. They have a core area that remains important politically and economically.
*d. Their sovereignty is usually held by a larger colonial power.
(pp. 161–162)

113. A country’s most important district, housing the capital and the cultural and
economic heart of the nation, is known as the

a. heartland.
b. metropolis.
c. centrifugal area.
*d. core area.
(p. 161)

114. Which statement is NOT true of both Russia and the United States?

a. They have extensive east-west shapes.

b. They believed in manifest destiny.
c. They expanded from a core area.
*d. They both have rich capitalist foundations set up in the twentieth century.
(p. 161)

115. The core of the United States is found

a. in the Midwest.
*b. in the Massachusetts-Virginia corridor.
c. in New England.
d. in the Pacific Northwest.
(p. 161)

116. Which statement is NOT true of core and periphery?

a. Many of today’s political powers grew from a core area by annexing adjacent lands,
often over many centuries.
*b. Peripheries often contain more key resources than core areas.
c. Larger numbers of people cluster in core areas than in peripheral areas.
d. Friction often exists between core and periphery.
(pp. 161–162)

117. In general, secessionist movements tend to be located in

a. urban centers.
b. liberal or progressive strongholds.
*c. the periphery.
d. wealthy districts.

22
(p. 162)

118. The majority of ethnic separatist movements involve groups living in

*a. national peripheries.

b. national core regions.
c. cities.
d. mountainous regions.
(p. 162)

True/False

119. Countries that diffused from a core area are generally more stable than those
created all at once to fill a political void.

*a. True
b. False
(pp. 161–162)

120. Countries with multiple, competing core areas are potentially the least stable of
countries.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 162)

121. Peripheries generally display pronounced, self-conscious regionality and

occasionally provide the settings for secession movements.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 162)

122. Belgium contains a strong core political area.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 162)

Diffusion and Political Innovation

Multiple-Choice

23
123. Algeria was once a colony of

a. Portugal.
*b. France.
c. Spain.
d. the Netherlands.
(p. 163)

124. In what part of the United States was opposition to women’s suffrage strongest?

*a. the South

b. New England
c. the Midwest
d. the urban centers
(p. 163)

125. Which two African countries were the last to achieve independence from colonial
rule?

a. Algeria and Liberia

b. Egypt and Ethiopia
c. Zimbabwe and Botswana
*d. Namibia and South Africa
(p. 163)

126. The modern territorial state based on the European experience diffused around the
globe through Western

a. supranationalism.
b. federalism.
c. centripetal forces.
*d. colonialism.
(p. 162)

127. In 1914, the only two African countries fully independent of European colonial or
white minority rule were

a. Egypt and Libya.

b. South Africa and Sudan.
*c. Ethiopia and Liberia.
d. Chad and Nigeria.
(p. 163)

128. The Arab Spring began in 2010 in

24
a. Algeria.
*b. Tunisia.
c. Egypt.
d. Morocco.
(p. 164)

129. The U.S. movement, largely organized through the Internet, dedicated to
protesting the differences between the “1%” and the “99%” was

a. the Arab Spring.

*b. Occupy Wall Street.
c. Silent Spring.
d. Guerrilla Girls.
(p. 164)

130. In which of the following countries did the Arab Spring NOT lead to the overthrow
of the government?

a. Egypt
b. Tunisia
c. Libya
*d. Algeria
(p. 164)

True/False

131. The Internet played a key role in organizing and documenting the Arab Spring.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 164)

132. Both the Arab Spring and Occupy Wall Street are examples of “leaderless
movements” diffused with the help of the Internet.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 164)

Politics and Migration

Multiple-Choice

25
133. In 2008, which country saw a massive relocation of indigenous people away from
rich agricultural lands and into less viable agricultural lands in other regions of the
country?

a. South Africa
b. Mongolia
c. Russia
*d. Ethiopia
(p. 165)

POLITICAL ECOLOGY

Chain of Explanation

Multiple-Choice

134. Understanding the effect of political and economic forces upon people’s
relationships to the land is known as

a. environmental determinism.
b. possibilism.
*c. political ecology.
d. economic determinism.
(p. 165)

135. What term did Piers Blaikie and Harold Brookfield coin as part of their work in
political ecology?

a. placelessness
b. topophilia
c. federalism
*d. chain of explanation
(p. 165)

136. The primary factor emphasized by the chain-of-explanation approach to

understanding political ecology is

*a. national laws.

b. natural disasters.
c. military investment.
d. ethnic separatism.
(p. 165)

26
True/False

137. Government policies can and do have major effects on land use.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 165)

138. Government policies rarely affect land use.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 165)

Geopolitics and Folk Fortresses

Multiple-Choice

139. Before modern air and missile warfare, natural strongholds (for example, those
protected by mountain ranges or deserts) were called

*a. folk fortresses.

b. natural defenses.
c. urban protection zones.
d. military dictatorships.
(p. 166)

140. The country protected on many of its borders by various mountains ranges, such as
the Pyrenees, the Alps, and the Ardennes is

a. Switzerland.
*b. France.
c. Spain.
d. Germany.
(p. 166)

141. Which of the following natural features did NOT protect Russia’s core area from
military invasion?

a. dense forest
b. vast expanses of uninhabited land
c. large marshes

27
*d. the Aral Sea
(p. 166)

142. The Paris basin, shielded as it was by the Alps, Pyrenees, Ardennes, and Jura along
France’s borders, exemplifies the concept of a

a. fortified state.
b. buffer state between Germany and Austria.
*c. folk fortress.
d. terrain fortress.
(p. 166)

143. In the United States, the belief that the Pacific Ocean was the logical boundary for
national expansion was expressed in

a. the heartland theory.

*b. manifest destiny.
c. the Spykman doctrine.
d. manifest expansion.
(p. 166)

144. The environmental factor that helped protect Egypt from invasion in the days
before modern air and missile warfare was

a. the Nile River.

b. the Indian Ocean.
c. the Mediterranean Sea.
*d. vast stretches of desert.
(p. 166)

The Heartland Theory

Multiple-Choice

145. Mackinder’s heartland theory is based on

a. possibilism.
*b. environmental determinism.
c. humans as modifiers of the environment.
d. human perception of the environment.
(p. 166)

28
146. The “heartland theory” belongs to the long-discredited doctrine of

a. cleavagism.
b. expansionism.
c. nationalism.
*d. environmental determinism.
(p. 166)

147. According to the heartland theory, which part of Earth was the most likely base
from which to launch a successful campaign for world conquest?

a. the British Isles

b. western Europe
c. the United States
*d. the central lands of the Eurasian continent
(p. 166)

148. Core is to periphery as heartland is to

a. suburb.
*b. rimland.
*c. marchland.
d. manifest destiny.
(p. 166)

Warfare and Environmental Destruction

Multiple-Choice

149. Many refugees affected by the Rwandan genocide of 1994 resettled in preserved
forests, thus affecting the natural habitat of the endangered

a. African elephant.
b. Bactrian camel.
*c. mountain gorilla.
d. okapi.
(pp. 167–168)

True/False

150. Modern, high-tech warfare is rarely environmentally damaging because it is

conducted principally in urban areas.

29
a. True
*b. False
(pp. 167–168)

151. The “scorched earth” practice, which involves the systematic destruction of
resources, is a recent military tactic developed after the first Persian Gulf War.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 167)

POLITICO-CULTURAL INTERACTION

The Nation-State

Multiple-Choice

152. The link between political and cultural patterns, where people of common heritage
achieved independence as a separate country, is epitomized by the

a. homeland.
b. heartland.
*c. nation-state.
d. marchland.
(p. 168)

153. Which of the following is NOTa good example of a modern nation-state?

*a. Yugoslavia
b. Armenia
c. Japan
d. Germany
(pp. 168–169)

154. Which of the following is a good example of a modern nation-state?

a. The United States of America

*b. Japan
c. Canada
d. England
(pp. 168–169)

30
155. Which is NOT an example of a multiethnic country?

*a. Japan
b. Spain
c. South Africa
d. India
(p. 169)

True/False

156. The U.N. Charter incorporates the principle of self-determination for nation-states.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 169)

157. European colonial powers generally extended the right of self-determination to

their overseas colonies.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 169)

158. Nation-states are typically culturally homogeneous.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 168)

Ethnic Separatism

Multiple-Choice

159. In which Canadian province are French-Canadians concentrated?

a. Alberta
b. Saskatchewan
c. Ontario
*d. Québec
(p. 170)

31
True/False

160. Many of the nation-states carved out of the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia
are fairly homogenous linguistically and ethnically.

*a. True
b. False
(pp. 169–170)

161. Cultural homogeneity in a country is a centrifugal force that works against national
unity.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 170)

162. We live in an age of rising ethnic nationalism.

*a. True
b. False
(pp. 169–170)

163. European colonial powers usually drew political boundaries without regard to the
territories of indigenous tribal or ethnic groups.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 169)

164. Ethnic nationalism can lead to forced deportations and genocide.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 170)

The Cleavage Model

Multiple-Choice

165. Which country does NOT control Kurdish lands?

32
a. Turkey
b. Iraq
c. Syria
*d. Azerbaijan
(p. 171)

166. All of the following multinational states have fragmented into multiple nation-
states EXCEPT

a. Yugoslavia.
b. Czechoslovakia .
c. the Soviet Union.
*d. India.
(p. 171)

167. The cleavage model suggests that persistent voting patterns can be explained in
terms of tensions between all of the following, EXCEPT

a. national core areas and peripheral districts.

b. urban and rural populations.
c. capitalists and workers.
*d. agriculture and industry.
(p. 171)

168. Core-periphery tensions can be relieved by

a. guerilla warfare.
b. gerrymandering.
*c. federalism.
d. cleavage.
(p. 172)

169. A country that recently adopted a Swiss-style federal system extending power to its
indigenous populations is

a. United Kingdom.
b. China.
c. Australia.
*d. Canada.
(p. 172)

170. Russia adopted a more federalist structure to respond in a positive way to the
ethnic minorities remaining within it after the breakup of the Soviet Union. This has NOT
been effective in which area?

33
*a. Chechnya
b. Crimea
c. Yakutia
d. Moscow
(p. 172)

171. The best example of a successful federal government that united diverse cultural
groups is

a. Spain.
b. Yugoslavia.
c. Iraq.
*d. Switzerland.
(p. 172)

Political Imprint on Economic Geography

Multiple-Choice

172. Which European country sees nuclear power as the best way to alleviate
dependence on foreign oil?

a. Norway
b. Ireland
*c. France
d. Germany
(p. 172)

POLITICAL LANDSCAPES

Imprint of the Legal Code

Multiple-Choice

173. Which Canadian province encouraged land survey in long, narrow parcels?

a. Alberta
b. Saskatchewan
c. Ontario
*d. Québec
(p. 172)

34
174. The land surveying system established by Thomas Jefferson was based on the
principle of

*a. agrarian democracy.

b. political expedience.
c. manifest destiny.
d. village farming.
(p. 173)

175. The lots formed by Thomas Jefferson’s township and range system were mostly

a. circular.
b. triangular.
c. irregular.
*d. square.
(p. 173)

176. In which part of the United States is Thomas Jefferson’s township and range system
NOT dominant on the landscape?

*a. the original 13 colonies

b. the Midwest
c. the American South
d. the Pacific Northwest
(p. 173)

Physical Properties of Boundaries

True/False

177. Political borders are usually most visible where restrictions limit the movement of
people between neighboring countries.

*a. True
b. False
(p. 174)

The Impress of Central Authority

Multiple-Choice

35
178. The construction of Germany’s pre-WWII autobahns reflects the notion of

a. migration pull factors.

*b. the impress of central authority.
c. the effect of national unity.
d. border landscapes.
(p. 174)

179. Which work of German national infrastructure was encouraged by Hitler and
served as a symbol of national unity and power?

a. the Berlin Wall

b. the Brandenburg Gate
*c. the autobahns
d. the canals on the Rhine river
(p. 174)

True/False

180. Unstable countries often clearly mark their provincial borders.

a. True
*b. False
(p. 174)

National Iconography on the Landscape

Multiple-Choice

181. Hadrian’s Wall and the Great Wall of China

a. have natural boundaries.

b. are national barriers.
*c. are relic boundaries.
d. are modern border landscapes.
(p. 175)

182. Mount Rushmore and the Statue of Liberty are symbols of

a. historic resistance.
*b. national iconography.
c. gifts from France to the people of the United States.
d. globalism.

36
(p. 175)

MAP/Graphical Analysis

Chapter 6 – Opener

Photos: (left) Debbie Hill/UPI/Landov; (right) David R. Frazier/DanitaDelmont.com

183. Pictured here on the right is the border between

a. Israeli and Arab-Palestinian lands.

*b. the United States and Mexico.
c. Norway and Sweden.
d. China and Mongolia.
page 149

Use the following figure to answer Questions 184–186.

Figure 6.2
Distribution of National Territory

37
184. An example of a state with a compact national territory like France is

*a. Brazil.
b. Argentina.
c. Canada.
d. Indonesia.
page 153

185. The Kaliningrad district of Russia is best described as a(n)

a. enclave.
b. pene-enclave.
c. perforated state.
*d. exclave.
page 153

186. Which of the following is not an example of an elongated country?

a. Finland
b. Chile
c. Norway
*d. Botswana
page 153

Figure 6.3

38
 Photo: Terry G. Jordan-Bychkov

187. If you were standing in front of the monument shown, you would be in

a. Italy.
*b. Germany.
c. France.
d. Greece.
page 154

Use the following figure to answer Questions 188–189.

Figure 6.6
The Electoral Geography of Europe

39
188. According to the map, which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

a. Europe tends to be more conservative in its central area.

b. Leftist or liberal sentiment tends to be found in the periphery of Europe.
c. Spain is home to both strongly leftist and strongly rightist sentiment.
*d. The further north you go in Finland and Sweden, the more conservative the political
sentiment.
page 159

189. Which overall pattern of electoral geography does the map show?

*a. A conservative-rightist core contrasts with a socialist-leftist periphery.

b. Countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea are almost exclusively socialist in their
political sentiment.
c. Much of Scandinavia is strongly conservative.
d. Areas bordering the North Sea are almost exclusively centrist.
page 159

40
Use the following figure to answer Questions 190–192.

Figure 6.10
Russia’s Expansion

190. The city from which Russia expanded was

a. Saint Petersburg.
b. Vladivostok.
*c. Moscow.
d. Novosibirsk.
page 162

191. The Soviet Union’s most recent expansion was generally found in the
______________ reaches of the Soviet realm.

a. eastern
b. northern
*c. southern
d. western
page 162

41
192. According to the map, a large chunk of which modern-day country was one part of
the Soviet realm?

a. Japan
b. Mongolia
c. China
*d. Kazakhstan
page 162

Use the following figure to answer Questions 193–195.

Figure 6.11
African Independence from Colonial Powers

42
193. According to the map, the last country in Africa to receive its independence from
colonial powers was

a. Namibia.
b. Botswana.
*c. South Africa.
d. Mozambique.
page 163

194. Which of the following countries was not independent prior to 1850?

*a. Angola
b. Liberia
c. Egypt
d. Ethiopia (Abyssinia)
page 163

195. According to the map, which of the following statements is NOT true?

a. Prior to 1950, there were only three independent countries in Africa.

*b. Of the African countries that border the Mediterranean Sea, Algeria was the first to
receive its independence from colonial powers.
c. Independence came to the southern part of Africa mostly after 1960.
d. The last country in Africa to be granted independence was South Africa.
page 163

Use the following figure to answer Questions 196–202.

Figure 6.13
The Arab Spring

43
196. According to the map, all of the following countries experienced minor protests
during the Arab Spring EXCEPT

a. Saudi Arabia.
b. Sudan.
*c. Algeria.
d. Mauritania.
page 164

197. In which of the following states was the government NOT overthrown as a result of
the Arab Spring?

a. Tunisia
b. Egypt
c. Libya
d. Algeria
page 164

198. According to the map, the result of the Arab Spring in Yemen was

*a. an overthrow of the government.

b. sustained civil disorder and governmental changes.
c. major protests.
d. minor protests.

199. According to the map, the result of the Arab Spring in Oman was

44
a. an overthrow of the government.
b. sustained civil disorder and governmental changes.
*c. protests and governmental changes.
d. minor protests.
page 164

200. According to the map, the sole country in the “sustained civil disorder and
governmental changes” category as a result of the Arab Spring was

a. Israel.
b. Jordan.
*c. Syria.
d. Iran.
page 164

201. Which country on the Arabian Peninsula appears to have been unaffected by the
Arab Spring?

a. Oman
b. Yemen
c. Saudi Arabia
*d. United Arab Emirates
page 164

202. The effects of the Arab Spring on the countries bordering the Red Sea fell into
which two categories?

a. major protests and minor protests

*b. government overthrown and minor protests
c. protests and governmental changes, major protests
d. sustained civil disorder and governmental changes, government overthrown
page 164

Use the following figure to answer Questions 203–205.

Figure 6.12
Diffusion of Suffrage for Women in the United States and the Equal Rights
Amendment

45
203. Between 1975 and 1977, which of the following states was NOT home to the
largest proportion of female legislators?

*a. New Mexico

b. Washington
c. Vermont
d. Kansas
page 164

204. Between 1975 and 1977, which of the following states was not home to the
smallest proportion of female legislators?

a. Oklahoma
*b. Minnesota
c. Tennessee
d. South Carolina
page 164

205. Which conclusion can be safely drawn from this map?

a. New England is home to the states with the largest proportion of female legislators.
b. The states that border the Great Lakes are the least politically active.
*c. Equal rights for women tend to lag behind the country in the Deep South.
d. The West Coast has long been opposed to women’s suffrage and the election of
women to public office.
page 164

Use the following figure to answer Questions 206–210.

46
Figure 6.15
Heartland and Rimland in Eurasia

206. The geographer who formulated the theory of heartland and rimland in Eurasia
was

a. von Thunen.
*b. Mackinder.
c. Ratzel.
d. Hoyt.
page 167

207. According to the map, which modern-day European country was not part of the
heartland?

a. Germany
*b. Spain
c. Poland
d. Sweden
page 167

47
208. All of the following lay partly or wholly in the rimland EXCEPT

a. Libya.
b. Portugal.
c. France.
*d. Korea.
page 167

209. Which of the following does not lie at least partially within the borders of the
rimland?

a. Algeria
b. China
c. India
*d. Chad
page 167

210. Which of the following conclusions CANNOT be accurately drawn from the map?

a. The East European Plain is part of the heartland.

b. Russian/Soviet influence reached as far as China and Vietnam at the height of the
Soviet Union’s power.
c. Tibet, now a part of China, is part of the heartland.
*d. Greenland was an essential military outpost for conquest of lands on the periphery
of the heartland.
page 167

Figure 6.24

Photo: Terry G. Jordan-Bychkov

48
211. If you were standing on top of this wall, you would be in

a. Italy.
*b. China.
c. Germany.
d. Scotland.
page 174

49