BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION
- Branch that deals with the biological origins
EVOLUTION
- Human life on earth undergone to this
- Gradual and progressive development or
change.
- Done through PROGRESSION
LIFE ON EARTH
- PRECAMBRIAN ERA
- PALEOZOIC ERA
- MESOZOIC ERA
- CENOZOIC ERA
PRECAMBRIAN ERA (4,600-590 MILLION YEARS AGO)
- Single-called microbes develop 3.5billion
years ago.
PALEOZOIC ERA (590-250 MILLION YEARS AGO)
- Lifeforms adapt for land 395million years ago
MESOZOIC ERA (250-65 MILLION YEARS AGO)
- Albertosaurus hunts throughout Western
Canada 70million years ago
CENOZOIC ERA (65 MILLION YEARS AGO – PRESENT)
- Mass extinction event clears the way for the
rise of mammals 65million years ago
- First evidence of modern human ancestors.
2million years ago.
ANTHROPOLOGY
- Deals with the study of the origin, evolution,
and development of the human species.
- DATING is primary importance
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
and evolution of man, and the variations of
the human species and their physical
characteristics.
DATING METHODS
- RELATIVE DATING
- ABSOLUTE DATING
RELATIVE DATING
- Dating method that is not precise
- It is a matter of whether something is younger
than another or older than something that
can be or has been dated, or being in between
two dates.
ABSOLUTE DATING
- When the dating is more precise considering
that it can be narrowed to a bracket of within
a few years.
RADIOCARBON DATING METHOD
- All living beings absorb daily from the
environment and the atmosphere. It remains
in the living bodies until death.
POTASSIUM ARGON K-AR DATING
- A radiometric dating method based on
measurement of the product of the
radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium
(K40) that breaks into argon (Ar40), a gas.
URANIUM-SERIES DATING
- The most accurate & reliable procedure at
present. It is done through a Radiogenic
Isotope facility.
GEOLOGY PALEONTOLOGY : THE EVIDENCES OF HUMAN
EVOLUTION
- The science that comprises the study of solid
Earth, its rock composition, and the processes
of changes.
PALEONTOLOGY

- scientific study of life in the past Geologic

GEOLOGIC TIME periods.
- deals with life forms known from fossils.
- Tells that the earth began 6 billion years ago.

CHARLES DARWIN
ERA
- refused to accept that all species that
- Divided by time blocks.
emerged have been created independently.

3 GEOLOGIC ERAS
NATURAL SELECTION
- PALEOZOIC
- does not only produce changes within a
- MESOZOIC
species but also to the emergence of new
- CENOZOIC (Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene,
species.
Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent)

FOSSILS

- Remains of ancient organisms that are

imbedded and preserved in the earth’s crust.

TERTIARY PERIOD

- present life began

- Age of mammals
- Beginning of Cenozoic Era

QUARTERNARY PERIOD

- Beginning about 1.8 million years ago, include

the Holocene and Pleistocene Ice Ages, 2
million BC, when glaciers covered all Europe,
North America and most Asia. Modern Man
first appeared 500.000 BC.
THE EVOLUTION OF MAN FROM THE THEORY OF THE EMERGENCE OF MAN
NATURAL SELECTION

OLIGOCENE EPOCH
HOMONIDS
- paved the way to the emergence of the
- has shared some characteristics with other monkeys and some of the early apes like the
animals in the past. Oligocene Catarrhines and the
Aegyptopithecus.

THE EVOLUTION OF PRIMATES

OLIGOCENE CATARRHINES
- Man and the other present primates share
many common traits, biological and - composed of two jaw fragments and other
behavioral, that offer evidence of common bones create two fossil genera
ancestry.
- Present monkeys and apes are our ancestors.
- All have undergone different ecological PARAPITHECUS
situations that created distinct experiences
and adaptations. - a possible ancestor to the New and Old World
- These adaptations resulted to various genetic monkeys
transformations.

PROPLIOPITHECUS
TREE SHREW - considered as a generalized hominoid.
- referred to as an insectivore

MIOCENE
TARSIER - period of environmental conditions
- arboreal primate have developed tarsal bones
at the foot
DRYOPITHECUS

- first of the fossils of the great apes to be

LEMUR discovered.
- The primate with a long snout dog-like nostrils - It had a large brain and could stand like a
and the Loris, nocturnal and arboreal from the chimpanzee.
lorisidae family.

DRYOPITHECUS AFRICANUS

- It is small- brained compared to humans.

PLIOPITHECUS

- It was a very early proto-ape and had the look

and features similar of a gibbon.

PROCONSUL

- Another Miocene fossil ape classified as

dryopithecine.
GIGANTOPITHECUS AUSTRALOPITHECUS ROBUSTUS

- A massive ape probably descended from - First discovered in 1938 and was called
Dryopihecus Indicus. Paranthropus.

GRAMINIVOROUS AUSTRALOPITHECUS BOISEI

- meaning the eating of small, tough grass - It is also called as the “Nutcracker Man”
seeds, stems and rhizomes that require a lot because its face and cheek are so massive.
of grinding.

THE RISE OF THE HOMO

OREOPITHECUS
- Man alone is a RATIONAL animal.
- directly related to Dryopithecus. - He alone has ART or the aesthetic
appreciation.
- Man has LANGUAGE
SILVAPTHECUS - He can bring ideas that make, create and
invent tools or things he needs that result to
- It is a genus of extinct primates with fossil CULTURE.
remains as old 8.5 to 12.5 million years and - Man has HISTORY
lived in the Miocene. - Man is SELF-CONSCIOUS

HOMONIDS HOMO-HABILIS
- close relatives of humans. - is believed to be the first of the "great Ape"
type creatures to have evolved into "Homo"
(Man).
AUSTRALOPITHECUS

- an extinct genus of hominids that has evolved

in eastern Africa around four million years ago HOMO-ERECTUS
and spread across the continent until two - 'upright man’ is believed to be the first
million years before creature to stand fully upright.

AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS : LUCY HOMO-SAPIENS

- extinct hominid that lived between 2.9 to 3.9
million years ago.
- found by Donald Johanson is the most
complete and oldest hominid dated 3.2 m
years old.
- whose fossil remains found in Africa, have
existed from 400,000 years ago or more is
believed to be the ancestor of all modern
human beings.
- Used simple TECHNOLOGY

AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS

- It was the South African counterpart of the A.

afarensis and was given the name, “the south
ape of Africa”
THE CREATION STORY

- God created the Earth, the firmament and

everything therein. Under the Judeo-Christian
faith and traditions, it asserted that God
literally created man on the sixth day. And on
the seventh day God rested. There are
skeptics, however, who believed that the
creation story was symbolic. Whichever side
one believes is a matter of religious belief and
orientation.