COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE: THE USE OF PARTICIPATORY

DESIGN IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMMUNITY HOUSING

PROJECT IN THE PHILIPPINES
By: Danilo V. Ravina, Rowell Ray Lim Shih, & Gabriella Medvegy

Abstract
This study exhibits the use of participatory design in the development of a community housing
project for the twelve family members of the Donnaville Homeowners Association in Barangay
177, Caloocan City, Philippines. All families have been living as informal settlers of which
portions of it were considered unsafe due to recurrent flooding during heavy rains. The housing
project study was part of a workshop initiated by members of the Community Architecture
Network. In order to achieve this methodology, the community architects arranged workshops
between members of the families. The members were divided into teams that worked separately
and then collectively identify strategies in improving the design and layout of the housing unit
according to the needs of each family. The teams identified various interventions in order to
effectively reduce the cost of each new unit. Finally, through comprehensive discussions and
exchanges between the members, the resulting layout and schematic design of the housing unit
were achieved that was desirable to the families. By using participatory design in the development
of a project, in this case, a community housing unit, user acceptance is therefore increased and
rejection is reduced by the stakeholders.

I. Introduction
Studies have shown how government initiated housing projects fail because of the absence
of community participation
The construction of high-rise apartment buildings in the US and UK during the early part
of the 1930’s, after demolishing poor existing neighbourhoods, was a good example of
government initiated projects without the involvement of communities. Most of these projects
failed in improving the living conditions of their inhabitants and were demolished after a few
years. Currently, conventional architecture and planning rooted in the authoritarian
management by professionals have clearly been unsuccessful, whereas studies have shown that
the need to forge a partnership between a local community and support organizations is crucial
for effective community restoration. As a result, involving stakeholders in various design
development projects has become increasingly common for different societal contexts, as in
urban and community planning. By allowing people to be involved in shaping their
environment is what community architecture movement has been exploring over the past few
years. As an umbrella under community architecture, participatory design involves the
stakeholders at all stages of the design process. While participatory design originated in
Scandinavia with its workplace democracy labour movement of the 70’s for engaging people,
the aim was not only to gain users’ expectations about new skills but also to enable their
democratic right to participate in design decisions affecting them. The origins of participatory
design is therefore said to lie in the principles of participatory democracy, in which decision-
making is shared and decentralized. Thus, the central idea in the methodology of participative
design is that those who are affected by what is designed should actively participate in the
design process and should be able to secure already-existing skills and resources.
In this paper, a participatory design workshop was carried out in the community of the
Donnaville Homeowners Association (DHA) in Barangay 177 of Caloocan City, Philippines.
This paper presents a comprehensive case study to demonstrate the use of collaborative action
plans and workshops in order to plan and design a housing community for the members of the
homeowners. Although the government initiated Foundation for the Development of the Urban
Poor (FDUP) provided their own schematic site and housing plans to the members of the
association, the resulting cost of the houses was deemed to be unaffordable by family
members.
Because of this, the family members began to initialize ways in order to produce other
solutions in order to make the new houses more affordable. The family members then
approached the Community Architects Network (CAN) for assistance. The CAN is a program
under the Asian Coalition for Housing Rights (ACHR) and is composed of architects,
engineers and planners from the Philippines, Indonesia and Canada. In order to address the
needs of the homeowners, it is necessary to develop collaborative action plans in considering
the conditions of the community. The community architects would propose an alternative
schematic design output for the family members of Donnaville Homeowners Association in
order to produce a housing unit, which is affordable and responsive to the unique requirements
of the family members.
1.1.Profile of Donnaville Homeowners Association
The Donnaville Homeowners Association was established in 2011 and is solely registered
with the Philippines Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) in May 2012.
However, after the devastating onslaught of typhoon Ketsana in 2009, the location of the DHA
was identified as a high-risk area by the Local Housing Office (LHO). During the typhoon
mapping, six families are revealed to be living within the prohibited three meter easement of a
creek while the other six families are illegally occupying areas designated as roads. All of the
families have been living in the district for 25 years as informal settlers in areas considered
dangerous and, therefore, the families have to be immediately relocated. During the initial
interview, the average family size of the members of homeowners is five, of which two
families owned their houses, two are renting and eight families are living with their relatives.
Since many of the Donnaville community members are living along the prohibited creek, the
community members decided to look for a piece of land within their own village to relocate.
They found a private land to purchase, which has an area of 350 square meters. The proposed
lot was irregular in shape, with very slightly rolling terrain and located inside the subdivision
where the members are currently living. In order to purchase the lot, the families plan to
acquire a loan from a government housing finance program called the Community Mortgage
Program (CMP) and be able to pay the property owner collectively over a 25 year period. As
stated earlier, the government initiated Foundation for the Development of the Urban Poor was
assisting them with the various requirements, which include schematic plans in order to get
their loan approved. As part of this, the families have been assisted technically to come up with
some schemes for site layout (Fig. 1a) and house designs (Fig. 1b and Fig. 1c).

a) b)

c)
Fig. 1. a) The proposed schematic lot plan; b) proposed floor plan; and c) exterior
perspective given by the foundation
 The foundation was not able to conduct any consultation with the homeowners regarding
the design of the housing unit, thus the resulting cost for each unit was not within the financial
capabilities of the family members. Furthermore, the foundation failed to consider solutions to
problems like flooding and accessibility. The governments and professionals prescribed
solutions for the well-being of the poor based on what they deemed proper, without involving
the concerned individuals. This top- down type approach is common among government
initiated projects.

II. Research Methodology

The methodology used in this study is the Participatory Action Design Research (PADR).
In order for this to be effective, researchers must work closely with communities to investigate
their concerns, develop proposals for transformative change, and identify new questions to
investigate. Embedded in the principles of justice and democracy, the methodology is a
collaborative approach to research defined both by participation and a determination to
produce knowledge in the interest of social change. The members of community architects
decided to initiate the program through a series of workshops. The process of the workshop
comprised of six phases:
a) Problem identification;
b) Evaluation of the existing houses;
c) Site visualization and inspection;
d) Visualization of house plans; and
e) Finalizing the schematic designs.
The objective of the workshop was to allow each member to contribute as well as
collaborate with the architects and planners. Each family member had a voice in the final
decision and outcome of the final plans. Studies have shown that the experiences in the
participation process show that the main source of user satisfaction is not the degree to which a
person’s needs have been met, but the feeling of having influenced the decisions.
2.1. Problem Identification
The workshop began with the problem identification. Problem identification of the present
situation is significant in order to recognize its strengths and weaknesses in order to make an
action plan. During this workshop, it was identified that most houses of the community
members were living near the creek which was declared as a danger zone by the local
government authorities. The rest of the houses were built on the roadside, which is not
permitted by the local government. During a discussion with Arlene Balansag, the president of
the association (Fig. 2), some of the members are renting these houses because they could no
longer afford the high cost of living near the city.
During the interview, the families agreed that the schematic designs and the estimated cost
of the future houses provided by the foundation were unaffordable for them. The families
would like to have an alternative low-cost house design as well as personal inputs on the final
design. The families decided that one way to bring the total cost down was to re-use some of
the materials in their old houses and incorporate it into their new residences. Additionally, the
families also would like to have a site that has good drainage and ease of accessibility.

Fig. 2. Arlene Balansag, President of homeowners, presenting their community profile

2.2. Evaluation of Existing Houses
In this phase, the members of the community architects conducted surveys of the houses of
the community members (Table I) and performed interviews. This was completed in order to
identify the spatial housing needs of the members in space usage and materials that they can
still re-use into their new house.
Table I
Profile of the members of the Donnaville Homeowners Association
Name House Type Location
1. A. Balansag Wooden and Concrete with GI Roof Creek Side
2. M. Bagube Wooden and Concrete with GI Roof Creek Side
3. A. Decasa Wooden and Concrete with GI Roof Creek Side
4. C. Abesia Wooden and Concrete with GI Roof Creek Side
5. E. Dublin Wooden and Concrete with GI Roof Creek Side
6. N. Neuda Wooden and Concrete with GI Roof Creek Side
7. Y. Bactasolo All Concrete with GI Roof Creek Side
8. Y. Yrinco All Concrete with GI Roof Creek Side
9. E. Gabut Partly Wooden and Concrete with GI Roof Creek Side
 10. E. Opena Partly Wooden and Concrete with GI Roof Creek Side
11. M. Avila All Concrete with GI Roof Creek Side
12. Fuentes Partly Wooden and Concrete with GI Roof Creek Side
The members of the community architects proceeded to document the materials that can,
therefore, be re-used into their new houses. By recycling these materials, the cost of the new
house will, therefore, be significantly lesser and thus made affordable by the families. Only the
roof and interior fittings (doors, window frames, and cabinets) were being re-used as suggested
by the engineers and agreed by the members of the families.
2.3. Site Visualization and Inspection
The first part of this workshop is the site visualization and inspection. The families,
together with the community architects, visited the relocation site and performed two activities.
First, a lot staking out activity was performed in order to easily visualize the site to the
members of the families. Lot staking out was done to easily visualize the corners and
boundaries of the proposed relocation site in order easily assess the general location and
situation of the lot. The schematic site (Fig. 3) development plan, which was earlier provided
to the community, was used as a reference.

Fig. 3. A member doing the plot staking out of the proposed site
This activity helped the participants visualize the given housing plot layouts, common
alleys and possible open space. All 12 members decided that each would be provided with an
individual lot, subdivided from the 350 square meters lot area. However, the irregular shape of
the property caused the uneven plotting of the individual lots. The community architects,
therefore, re-examined the existing schematic site development plan given to them by the
foundation. The community architects then produced an alternative plot layout by analyzing
the needs and requirements of each of the families. During the discussion, the community
architects noted that one of the most important desires is to have ease of access to their new
homes. Because of this, the families have agreed to have an investigation of the common
alleyway. A two meter wide common alleyway was tested as to its practicability in line with
the everyday activities of the homeowners. For instance, walking (Fig. 4) along the alleyway
(with or without umbrellas) and alighting from a tricycle, the most common mode of public
transportation in the area. In order to easily visualize this space to the family members, the
community architects placed markers on the ground in order to better understand the different
distance across the alleyway. This assessment resulted in the decision of the homeowners to
widen the common alley to three meters because they felt that this is more sensible and
comfortable.

Fig. 4. An Analysis of the two meter wide alleyway

The second part of the workshop involves site planning and space analysis of the new site.
For this activity, the community architects separated the homeowners into two working groups
and were given a scaled drawing of the Lot Plan. The groups were given large sheets of
drawing paper to cut out the twelve individual plot sizes according to scale and arrange the
new possible layout of lots. During this stage, it is important that the architects and designers
facilitate, enable and empower the members of the group in their site planning output. Finally,
the two working groups then presented their output (Fig. 5a) for further discussions among the
community members. It was interesting to note that both groups tried to position the individual
lots around the perimeter, leaving the central area open (Fig. 5b). The planned central space
was clearly absent in the schematic lot plan provided by the foundation.
Fig. 5. a) Site plan discussions among the two groups; b) site with a central open area
The resulting analysis and study of the two groups was a revised site plan that includes a
main common alley with a three meter width, a two meter wide access alley to the inner lots
and a one meter service alley that connects to the creek for purposes of drainage outfall (Fig.
6). The final site layout had an open communal space in the middle, which can serve as a
multi-functional space. The desire to connect with other family members of the community is
one of the cultural traits of the Filipino people

Fig. 6. The revised schematic lot plan

2.4. Visualization of house plans
Before introducing the process of visualizing the house plans, the community architects
gave a short discourse on Batas Pambansa 220, otherwise known as the Socialized and
Economic Housing Act of the Philippines. This is a national housing act law that discusses the
government standards on lot sizes as well as proper house standards, which must be strictly
observed. This lecture is significant since one of the objectives of participatory design is to also
impart knowledge to the community, especially regarding government regulations on house
standards. The visualization of the house plans started by introducing the family members on
how to visualize the spaces (Fig. 7) in the house based on their daily activities on a 1x1 meter
(1 square meter) large format paper. By using the paper as tangible materials, the individual
families were able to find it easier to visualize the use functional spaces. Next, the community
architects gathered the community members into three working groups. Each group was
instructed to design their house layout based on an allocated lot of dissimilar configurations
(Fig. 8). In order to easily visualize the measurements, the community architects prepared
several cutout squares representing one square meter at a scale corresponding to the illustrated
lot. They were further instructed to lay out the squares based on their specific needs of the
space while the architects provided guidance. These squares that were set on the site plot later
formed into a rough floor plan. The three groups then presented and explained their house
layout to the community architects. This activity gave the groups the opportunity to modify
their designs as suggested by the community architects.

Fig. 7. Visualizing the one square meter block

Fig. 8. House visualization and layout exercises

In this exercise, it was observed that all three groups desire for a second floor in the future
for extended families. Therefore, the group members left an empty space on the ground floor
so that a future stairway can be constructed. In Filipino culture, families form a strong bond
and it is common to have an extended family. All of these suggestions were documented and
analyzed by the community architects as a guide for the final floor plan of the new houses. The
recommendations are as follows:
a) No interior walls (open space concept);
b) Front and rear spaces for services (laundry);
c) Simple one story construction;
d) Allocate stairway for future expansion at the second floor;
e) Place the entrance of the toilet inside;
f) Place the kitchen outside with roof;
 g) Allocate toilet size of 1x1.5 meters; and
h) Toilet door must not align the main door.
Based on these feedbacks and suggestions from the family members, the community
architects proceeded with the finalization of the schematic designs.
2.5.Finalizing the Schematic Designs
In this workshop, the technical drawings, bill of materials and cost estimates were being
finalized by community architects with the recommendations of the family members. The
workshop also allowed the families to gain knowledge and understanding of building materials,
cost estimation and the process of building construction. The families agreed to use
conventional materials of reinforced concrete and galvanized iron roofing sheets while the
structure of the house was also considered to allow a second- floor future expansion. By using
concrete and galvanized iron roofing, the families achieve a sense of security, physical and
mental comfort as well as an elevation of social class. Further cost reduction strategies were
suggested by the architects, for instance, a communal septic tank was decided by the family
members to reduce sanitary drainage cost and a lean-to roof design was incorporated to
encourage rainwater harvesting. Furthermore, the lean-to roof design can be easily hoisted
when the families can eventually afford for a second-floor expansion in the future. After the
analysis, the cost estimate of the house was US$ 2,947 (labor and materials). The resulting cost
was in favourable with the families because the monthly amortization was reasonably priced
and within the means of the family members. The community architects finalized the twelve
floor plans and drainage plan (Fig. 9a) by integrating them into the final site development plan
(Fig. 9b).

a) b)
Fig. 9. a) Location of storm water drainage and communal septic tank; b) Perspective of
the final site development plan
Finally, the final schematic designs, site layout, construction documents and estimates
were presented to the homeowners (Fig. 10) in order for them to apply for a financial loan
through the foundation.
 Fig. 10. The final floor plan and perspective of the future homes of the families

III.Conclusion
This study shows how the use of participatory design was effective in identifying
numerously feasible and cost-effective strategies in the development of an affordable housing
for the families of Donnaville Homeowners Association. By using Participative Design
Workshops, the community members were actively involved in addressing their concerns as to
come up with alternative designs of their houses in addition to the knowledge in building
materials, cost estimation and construction. These Participative Design Workshops can be
complex and requires the contribution of several actors within the different developmental
phases. Each participant is important in contributing to the overall development of the project
and the project cannot be realized without the involvement of all the actors. The workshop
resulted in a housing unit which was affordable and beneficial to the members of the
association. Although the workshop proved to be very challenging due to different
personalities and technical issues, the use of participatory design still validates the
effectiveness in community planning. Finally, the use of participatory design as a methodology
for community improvement should be assimilated in the future design curriculum for planning
courses of the universities.

IV. Acknowledgements
This work was made possible by the Community Architects Network. The members are:
Ar. Ariel Shepherd, Ar. Christopher Ebreo, Ar. Cesar Aris, Ar. Liza Utami Marzaman, Ar.
Sriana Delfiati, Ar. Jemielin Legaspi, Chawanad Luansang, Maria Lourdes Domingo-Price,
Engr. Noel Zeta and Engr. Carlo Bongac. Finally, the members of the Peoples Action for
Community-led Shelter initiatives and the Institute of Planning and Design, SAFAD
(University of San Carlos-Technological Center)
 CASE STUDY OF A COMMUNITY CENTER PROJECT BASED ON
APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY AS A COMMUNITY CAPACITY
BUILDING OF UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRY
By: Byungyun Lee & In Su Na

Abstract
This study is a case study on community center planning in Gondrapa Village of Mymensingh
City, Bangladesh, where the urban poor are densely populated. The goals of the plan are to build
the capacity of the community, improve the local sanitation level, improve gender equality, and
create a more sustainable urban environment. Particularly, this project was judged that the process
of project planning and construction through participatory design and implementation with local
residents contributed to enhance the local residents’ pride and the consciousness of the residents
themselves.

I. Introduction
In order to respond to rapidly changing city growth, UN-Habitat wants to manage cities by
looking at cities as concepts of settlement space from a subjective viewpoint of production and
consumption. UN-Habitat also emphasizes high-speed urbanization, global environmental
crisis consciousness, the gap between rich and poor, urban and rural disparity, urban
development and regeneration, urban planning and implementation. It has expanded the
problem of urbanization not only to architecture but also to environmental, social and
economic aspects and emphasizes a regional approach. The 2015 UN SDGs aimed to create a
comprehensive, safe, sustainable urban and human living environment that resolves disparities
and conflicts between tiers, regions and races.
Recently, the international community has continued its efforts to eradicate poverty in
low-developed countries, create a closer interchange among countries and expand citizens’
participation. This has led to the emergence of research on appropriate technologies to support
the development of the ability of poor users, and to create new opportunities based on them, as
a solution to international social problems. Appropriate technology requires architectural
technology based on the characteristics and capabilities of the local area, but the existing
architectural aid system lacks understanding of local materials and technologies.
This research considers the community center project, applies appropriate technology
aiming at improving capacity building and hygiene levels of an urban poor community within
 an underdeveloped state, improves gender equality awareness and considers the process of
realizing appropriate technology.

II. Theory of Appropriate Technology

A discussion of appropriate technology begins with the definition of the term
“intermediate technology” from the book Small is Beautiful written by the economist E. F.
Schumacher in the 1960s. Intermediate technology is said to be located between super
technology and raw technology as “technology by the masses.” It is popular and rustic
technology, which means that materials and capital can be supplied and demanded locally,
emphasizing that it is a technology that aims to actively participate at the regional level in
production activities. On the other hand, when interpreting this meaning in another way, it is
widely used as the term “appropriate technology” in view of being able to evoke
terminological diversion (Lee and Lee Citation2016).
After all, appropriate technology is technology that helps to develop the capabilities of the
poor and to create new opportunities based on it; that is to say, it is designed to adapt to the
environment of the poor. It means technology that enables them to continue activities to
increase their income by providing goods and services necessary for daily living. Appropriate
technology is technology that minimizes damage to the environment and other people by using
the technology to emphasize human progress, not technology advancement. In particular,
appropriate technology tries to solve problems that could never be resolved using gloomy,
advanced technologies in poor countries(Mun and Hwang Citation2012). The term appropriate
technology is defined as follows; the general definition is very diverse (Kim Citation2011).
 Use at low cost and
 Utilize materials available locally.
 Create employment by utilizing local technology and labor.
 The size of the product must be adequate and the method of use must be simple.
 It must be able to be used without knowledge of a specific field.
 It must be able to be created for themselves.
 Draw people’s cooperative work and contribute to the development of the local
community.
 Utilize renewable energy resources.
 People using the technology must be able to understand the technology.
 Be able to change according to the situation.
 Does not include intellectual property rights, consulting fees, import duties, etc.
 Match the culture and interests of local people.
 In terms of industry, technology and materials, the above 12 types of conditions can be
categorized into six: feasibility, sustainability, convenience, diversity, regionality and
environment (Table 1).
Table 1. Categories of Appropriate Technology.
CATEGORIES CRITERIA

Industrial Criteria
Feasibility
Technological Sustainability
Convenience
Material Diversity
Regionality

III. Process of Community Center Project

Site Selection
The target area was Gondrapa Village in Mymensingh City, located in the northern part of
the Dhaka division, where the urban poor are densely populated in the area subject to the new
master plan, and the population of the town is 2,715 people. Most of the population of the town
maintains its livelihood through daily labor, and this daily labor become extremely
impoverished when the labor is seriously affected by a period of non-utilization of the annual
labor force. As a result, the area has difficulty withdrawing from long term poverty. Under
such circumstances, local government support is very poor, and the basic sanitation
environment is bad. In that area, some ethnic groups are mobilized and the village community
organization is relatively active. The unification and integration of the community was
identified as one of main issues (Table 2).
Table 2. Site Overview.
Location Gondrapa, Mymensingh City, Bangladesh
Site Area 128㎡
Issues - Suburban slum area densely populated
"- Lack of public and community facilities"
"- Poor sanitation and water pollution"
In terms of sanitation level, the main source of water supply in the village is a standing
column well, and three tube wells installed in the village were in charge of the entire town’s
water supply. Also, only 8.6% of the total number of toilets is equipped with drainage
facilities. Particularly, the majority of women bathe in an insecure external space as can be
seen from Figure 1.
Figure 1. Site location and photos.

Project Goals and Main Strategies

This project was promoted with the following goals. First, this project aimed to strengthen
the capacity of urban poor communities through securing community space. In the case of
developing countries and under-developed countries, as the urbanization is rapid and the
settlement systems become unstable, the slum areas are produced widely. Although community
activities are active, a public forum for that community space is often very short. Second, it
aimed to improve the community’s hygiene level. For slum areas around large cities, basic
water and sanitation systems are poor and are very susceptible to disease, so it is urgent to
secure basic hygiene levels. Third, it aimed to improve gender equality awareness at the
regional level through the expansion of sanitation facilities. In the case of slum areas, due to
poor hygiene levels, women are exposed to the outside, causing social consciousness to
deteriorate or causing unprotected criminal circumstances. Finally, it aimed to create a
sustainable urban environment. In consideration of the ripple effect of the surroundings and the
post-management of buildings, this project sought for a scheme that could match the level of
technology and labor of the area, and accordingly, introduction of appropriate technology was
considered.
In addition, according to the above objectives, a community center plan was prepared and
cooperation with diverse entities was carried out to secure the site, plan, design and construct.
Gondrapa Village has four ethnic groups with a total population of 2,715 people, and there are
many community-based groups active in the area, so about 41% of the village population
(1,045 people of total 1,111 people, 94.1% are women in the vulnerable strata) are actively
participating M organization which was the most representative community-based
organization(CBO). The M organization is co-chaired by six leaders who work with
international NGOs like UN-Habitat to provide villagers with income growth, educational
services etc. Recently, elementary schools have been opened to promote basic education for
children in the village. M organization owned a small site of 128 square meters in the town, but
concrete business plans and execution budgets were not prepared. M organization showed a
very favorable position to the proposal of the community center project, and actively opened
various opinions on detailed programs, proposals and construction methods through
consultation (Table 3).
Table 3. 1st planning summary and basic design.
Site Area 128.0㎡
Floor Area 120.9㎡
Coverage Ratio 47.40%
FAR 94.50%
Program 1st Floor Community 25.7
Sanitation 35.0
2nd Floor Library 19.6
Classroom 21.8
Etc. 18.8
Meanwhile, in connection with the introduction of the appropriate technology scheduled
from the beginning, the university’s sustainable laboratory participated for the implementation
of the appropriate technology method considering the level of construction labor technology
within the region, durable construction methods and techniques utilizing available and
utilizable materials were discussed and grown. The program consulted by architectural
company, university’s sustainable laboratory, CBO combines the village community office to
maintain and operate it as the space for women and children who are vulnerable people in the
town. A community center was planned to operate for the CBO office, educational institutions
including classrooms and reading rooms for young children not supported by formal education.
The basic design plan initially prepared according to the planning of sanitation facilities
consisting of water supply facilities, toilets and bathing facilities for the safety and hygiene of
women in a certain area is as follows (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Basic Design and Perspective.
IV. Design Development and Construction
After the basic design plan was confirmed, a design workshop was held in which three
experts from the project team, CBO, residents and local government entities participated
together. The first workshop was held for cooperative and sustainable construction through
user participation. The second workshop was heading to make a detailed design of the center
by experts. The third workshop was for the residents’ maintenance of community center
(Figure 3).
Figure 3. Final design and plan.
 In the first workshop on space composition and the sustainable construction method, the
placement and scale of the space were determined. The project team made two proposals with
an alley and courtyard as their central concepts, and selected a fair type preference, which is
highly utilized in multiple gatherings and event spaces in the community. In the arrangement of
the detailed space, the community office, the bathing facility and the educational facility were
adjusted to reflect the needs and culture of the residents. The community conference room is
located in the first floor where contact with residents occurs easily and several groups such as
M organization organize various programs such as basic economic education, hygiene
education and civil society education for the residents. In the case of a sanitary facility, the
scale of the bathing space for women and children who are socially vulnerable is applied at 150
percent compared to men, reflecting the direction of the toilet, the type of toilet, bath action etc
(Table 4).
Table 4. Final Program After Workshops
Site Area 128.0㎡
Floor Area 127.1㎡
Coverage Ratio 57.10%
FAR 99.30%
Program 1st Floor Community 26.8
Sanitation 21.0
2nd Floor Library 10.7
Classroom 23.2
Etc. 18.8
Educational facilities are planned according to the necessity of the classroom and after
school learning space in classrooms and libraries, but make maximum use of the limited area
by creating a mezzanine space utilizing bamboo. The University’s sustainable laboratory and
international NGO can provide local residents with profit by their participating in the
production and use of compressed interlocking earth blocks (CIEB) as an environmentally
friendly material to minimize energy use in natural drying, and an adopted construction method
using wood and bamboo produced locally (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Design and Field Workshops.

The second workshop was to combine of the CIEB block and tree fittings, to join
waterproofing and utilize the bamboo for courtyard roof, classroom mezzanine, library
bookcase. Local materials were for excellent utilization and on-site construction for natural
light. In the third and last workshop, the management staffs and organization that ensures the
community center is not dedicated privately as a common space, in order to ensure sustainable
operation of the community center (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Construction and Completion.
V. Conclusion
During a period of design and construction we could find three issues through this project.
First, this project applied appropriate technology for sustainable management. Community
center must secure community office, library for young children and sanitation facilities for
women. Mixture of CIEB and bamboo were optimal alternative for residents because materials
are available locally and construction methods are manageable by themselves. Second, this
project aims to collaborative design and construction process. The four times workshops
consist of design and construction also which included sanitation, governance and economy
education. All those program was heading for enhancing community capacity for low-income
and less-educated people. Third, this project showed a model of role allocation of each
participant. There were four sectors which were university’s research lab, architectural
company, NGO and CBO. University’s lab and architectural company led design and
construction and NGO held workshops and proceeded approval process. CBO was a active
negotiator between professionals and residents. It is judged that appropriate technology,
collaborative process and participants’ cooperation are key factors of completion of this
project.
 INTEGRATING HEALTH AND RECREATION: A CASE STUDY OF THE
BARANGAY CAURDANETAAN RURAL HEALTH CENTER AND PARK
By: John Mark Marquez

Abstract
This abstract explores the symbiotic relationship between health and recreation through a case
study of the Barangay Caurdanetaan Rural Health Center and Park. By examining the convergence
of healthcare facilities and recreational spaces within this rural community, this study sheds light
on how such integrated environments can promote holistic well-being and community cohesion.
Through a multidisciplinary approach, including surveys, interviews, and spatial analysis, the
research investigates the impact of this unique fusion on the physical and mental health of the local
population. Preliminary findings suggest that the coexistence of healthcare services and recreational
amenities fosters a sense of community, encourages healthy lifestyles, and potentially serves as a
model for other regions seeking to enhance public health and community vitality through
innovative urban planning and resource allocation.

I. Introduction
Barangay Caurdanetaan, a picturesque rural community nestled in the heart of the
Philippines, embarked on a visionary project that aimed to elevate the overall well-being of its
residents. At the core of this initiative lies a multifunctional facility that ingeniously merges a
state-of-the-art rural health center with a sprawling community park. This case study delves
into the intricate planning and meticulous design behind this innovative undertaking,
emphasizing the profound synergy between healthcare and recreation in the context of rural
development. Through an in-depth examination of the project's evolution and its subsequent
impact on the community, it becomes evident that this pioneering approach has not only
improved access to healthcare services but has also fostered a vibrant sense of community
cohesion, promoting holistic well-being and offering a potential blueprint for other rural areas
seeking to enhance the quality of life for their residents.

II. Planning and Needs Assessment

Community Engagement
The project's initiation was grounded in a comprehensive community engagement process,
encompassing a range of methodologies such as surveys, focus group discussions, and
 consultations with local leaders. These interactions provided a valuable platform for residents
to voice their concerns and aspirations, with a resounding consensus emerging around the
necessity for enhanced healthcare services. Simultaneously, the demand for a communal space
where residents could leisurely congregate and engage in various activities became
increasingly apparent, reflecting the community's desire for a holistic approach to well-being
that integrates both health and recreation.
Healthcare Needs
The inadequacy of the existing health facilities in the barangay was glaringly evident, as
they struggled to cope with the increasing healthcare needs of the community. Outdated
infrastructure and limited resources hindered the provision of efficient and comprehensive
healthcare services. This mismatch between demand and supply not only strained the capacity
of the healthcare system but also underscored the urgent need for infrastructure upgrades and
resource allocation to meet the growing population's healthcare requirements.

III. Design and Integration

Architectural Concept
The visionary thinking exhibited by the project architects is truly remarkable, as they went
beyond the conventional boundaries of design to create a seamless fusion of the rural health
center and the park. Placing the health center at the center of the park was a stroke of genius, as
it accomplished two crucial objectives simultaneously. Firstly, it physically integrated two vital
community assets, making healthcare services more accessible to the residents while ensuring
that the park remains an integral part of their daily lives. Secondly, this design choice fostered
an atmosphere of tranquility and accessibility, creating a unique environment that promotes
both physical and mental well-being. By adopting such a thoughtful and holistic approach, the
architects have not only improved healthcare accessibility but also harnessed the therapeutic
power of natural surroundings, setting a commendable example of urban planning that
prioritizes the community's overall welfare. This project stands as a testament to the potential
of forward-thinking architects in shaping healthier and more harmonious urban environments.
Green Spaces
The park's emphasis on green spaces is a pivotal component of its design, comprising lush
gardens, winding walking trails, and diverse recreational areas that collectively foster physical
activity and mental well-being. These green spaces not only provide a serene natural escape
from the daily grind but also encourage residents to engage in active pursuits like jogging,
yoga, or simply strolling amidst the verdant surroundings. Furthermore, the presence of these
 amenities not only enhances physical fitness but also serves as a therapeutic retreat, positively
impacting mental health by offering a tranquil setting for relaxation and stress reduction.
Sustainability
In the design of the Barangay Caurdanetaan Rural Health Center and Park, sustainability
was a paramount consideration. Rainwater harvesting systems were integrated to collect and
store rainwater, providing a renewable source of water for the facility and park irrigation,
reducing reliance on external water sources and lowering operational costs. Additionally,
natural ventilation was strategically incorporated to enhance indoor air quality and reduce the
need for energy-intensive air conditioning systems, contributing to a more energy-efficient and
eco-friendly environment. Furthermore, the use of locally sourced materials not only
minimized transportation-related carbon emissions but also supported the local economy while
promoting a deeper connection between the community and the constructed environment,
aligning with the project's sustainability goals.

IV. Construction and Implementation:

Phased Approach
In response to the financial limitations faced during project planning, a deliberate phased
approach was adopted as the most prudent course of action. The primary emphasis was placed
on the initial phase, which involved the construction of a much-needed health center. This
strategic decision was driven by a commitment to promptly address the critical healthcare
requirements of the community, ensuring that essential medical services were made available
without delay.
By giving priority to the timely establishment of the health center, the project aimed to
maximize its immediate impact on public health. This meant that residents would have access
to vital medical services sooner, potentially saving lives and improving the overall well-being
of the community. Simultaneously, this phased approach allowed for the flexible development
of the recreational component. It recognized that, as additional resources became available in
the future, the project could expand to include recreational facilities, further enhancing the
overall quality of life in the area. In essence, this approach demonstrated a thoughtful and
pragmatic strategy that balanced immediate needs with long-term aspirations within the
constraints of the budget.
Community Involvement
The active involvement of local residents in the construction process of the Barangay
Caurdanetaan Rural Health Center and Park project played a crucial role in fostering a
profound sense of ownership and pride within the community. When community members
 contributed their labor and resources, it was a tangible demonstration of their dedication to the
project's success. This deep commitment resulted in more than just physical contributions; it
established a strong emotional connection to the space. This sense of ownership and pride is
palpable in the park's continued upkeep, as the community takes pride in maintaining the
facility, ensuring its longevity. Furthermore, this collective effort has had a remarkable impact
on social bonds and community cohesion, as residents share a common enthusiasm for using
and preserving this valuable community resource, thereby strengthening the sense of unity
within Barangay Caurdanetaan.
Health Center Services
 Comprehensive Care: The health center in Barangay Caurdanetaan offers a
comprehensive array of healthcare services to cater to the diverse needs of the
community. This includes primary care, ensuring that residents have access to routine
check-ups, diagnosis, and treatment of common ailments. Furthermore, the center
prioritizes maternal and child health, offering essential prenatal and postnatal care,
vaccinations to protect against infectious diseases, and health education programs to
empower residents with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions about their
well-being. This holistic approach to healthcare demonstrates the center's commitment
to promoting both individual and community health within the rural setting.
 Accessibility: The central location of the Barangay Caurdanetaan Rural Health Center
and Park plays a pivotal role in ensuring equitable access to healthcare services for all
residents within the barangay. Its strategic placement eliminates geographical barriers,
allowing even those from the most remote corners of the community to reach the
facility without undue hardship. This proximity not only reduces transportation
challenges but also facilitates timely medical interventions, promoting better health
outcomes and fostering a stronger sense of inclusivity among the diverse population it
serves.
` Park Amenities and Recreation
 Playgrounds: The park's playgrounds are meticulously designed to prioritize safety,
with cushioned flooring and age-appropriate equipment that minimizes the risk of
accidents. This thoughtful approach not only ensures that children can engage in
physical activities without fear of harm but also provides parents with peace of mind.
Furthermore, these well-designed playgrounds serve as social hubs, where children of
all backgrounds can come together, fostering friendships and encouraging social
interaction, thus promoting a sense of community among residents of Barangay
Caurdanetaan.
  Gathering Spaces: The presence of picnic areas, benches, and shaded pavilions within
the Barangay Caurdanetaan Rural Health Center and Park creates an inviting and
inclusive environment for residents to unwind and forge stronger connections with
their neighbors. Picnic areas offer a communal setting where families and friends can
gather, share meals, and enjoy quality time together, fostering a sense of unity within
the community. Benches strategically placed throughout the park provide individuals
with quiet spots for contemplation or casual interactions, enhancing the park's role as a
social hub, while shaded pavilions offer respite from the sun and serve as versatile
spaces for community events, further encouraging engagement and social bonding
among residents.
 Community Events: The park serves as a vibrant focal point for the community,
offering a versatile space for a wide range of events that cater to the diverse interests
of residents. Cultural festivals celebrating the rich heritage of the Barangay
Caurdanetaan are a testament to the park's role in preserving and promoting local
traditions, fostering a sense of pride and unity among the residents. Additionally, the
park's utilization for health awareness campaigns underscores its multifaceted purpose,
actively contributing to the overall well-being of the community by educating and
empowering individuals to take charge of their health. These events not only enhance
social cohesion but also showcase the park as a dynamic and inclusive space that
continually enriches the lives of its inhabitants.
Impact and Sustainability
 Improved Health Outcomes: The presence of accessible and high-quality healthcare
services in the community has played a pivotal role in transforming health outcomes.
By providing timely medical interventions and preventive care, the community has
experienced a significant decrease in mortality rates. Additionally, the healthcare
services have effectively reduced the burden of diseases through early detection,
diagnosis, and management, contributing to an overall improvement in the well-being
and longevity of the community members. This underscores the critical role of
accessible healthcare in fostering healthier communities.
 Enhanced Quality of Life: The park in Barangay Caurdanetaan has truly transformed
into a central hub for recreational activities and social interaction. Its well-maintained
green spaces, walking trails, and sports facilities have created opportunities for
residents of all ages to engage in physical activities, promoting healthier lifestyles.
Moreover, the park's role as a gathering place has strengthened community bonds,
fostering a sense of belonging and camaraderie among the residents, ultimately
 enriching their overall quality of life and contributing to a more vibrant and connected
neighborhood.
 Economic Benefits: The increased foot traffic in the park has acted as a catalyst for
economic activity in the surrounding area. Local vendors and businesses have
experienced a notable uptick in sales and revenue, as the influx of park visitors creates
a built-in customer base. This positive economic impact not only benefits individual
entrepreneurs but also contributes to the overall economic growth and sustainability of
the Barangay Caurdanetaan community, potentially inspiring further development and
investment in the area.

V. Conclusion
The Barangay Caurdanetaan Rural Health Center and Park serves as a remarkable example
of how integrated planning and design can transform the well-being of a rural community. By
co-locating healthcare services and recreational spaces within a single facility, the project has
effectively addressed the holistic needs of its residents. This innovative approach has not only
improved physical health through readily accessible medical care but has also made significant
strides in enhancing mental well-being. Moreover, the presence of recreational spaces has
created opportunities for community engagement and social interaction, ultimately fostering a
sense of pride and cohesion among residents.
The success of this case study underscores the vital importance of community-driven
development in rural areas. It showcases how a thoughtful and inclusive approach to urban
planning can positively impact the quality of life for residents, emphasizing the
interconnectedness of health and recreation in promoting a thriving and vibrant community. As
rural areas often face unique challenges, such as limited access to healthcare and recreational
facilities, the model exemplified by Barangay Caurdanetaan serves as an inspirational blueprint
for other regions seeking to enhance the overall well-being of their communities through
innovative and integrated development strategies.
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