Unit 1. Is it acid, base or salt?

0. Vocab
Acid Slippery (a)
Acidic Sour ( a)
Alkaline Transparent (a)
Base Accumulator
Basic Bleach
Corrode Detergent
Derive…from Dye
Dilute Electrolyte
Disolve Electrolate
Disociate Fertilizer
Equilibrium Preserve
Indicator Refine
Ionize Solium
Litmus paper Treat
Neutralize vinegar
Release…into
Salt Salty
1. Grammar
1.1. Cấu trúc so sánh.
1.1.1. So sánh hơn
Tính từ ngắn
 S1 + to be + short adj + er + than + S2
Tính từ dài
 S1 + to be + more/less + long adj + than + S2
1.1.2. So sánh càng….càng
 The + short adj1 + er + S1 + to be, The + short adj2 + er + S2 + to be [
 The + more long adj1 + S1 + to be, The + more long adj2 + er + S2 + to be
 Đối với cặp tính từ một là tính từ ngắn – một tính từ dài:
 the + short adj/ adv-er + S + V, the more + long adj/ adv + S + V
 the more + long adj/ adv + S + V, the + short adj/ adv-er + S + V
2. Reading
2.1.
Acidic and basic are two extremes( thái cực) that describe a chemical
property. Mixing acids and bases can cancel out or neutralize their extreme effects.
A substance that is neither acidic nor basic is neutral.
The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale
ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater
than 7 is basic.
The pH scale is logarithmic and as a result, each whole pH value below 7 is
ten times more acidic than the next higher value. For example, pH 4 is ten times
more acidic than pH 5 and 100 times (10 times 10) more acidic than pH 6. The
same holds true for pH values above 7, each of which is ten times more alkaline
(another way to say basic) than the next lower whole value. For example, pH 10 is
ten times more alkaline than pH 9 and 100 times (10 times 10) more alkaline than
pH 8.
Pure water is neutral. But when chemicals are mixed with water, the mixture
can become either acidic or basic. Examples of acidic substances are vinegar and
lemon juice. Lye, milk of magnesia, and ammonia are examples of basic
substances
Summary:
The (1)extreme effects between acids and bases can be solved by mixing
them to create a neutral substance. This substance often has the pH scale of (2) 7
,while less than that is acidic and more than that is (3) base In the pH scale, one
value will be 10 times lower than the next one. For example, pH 11 is ten times
more alkaline than (4) pH 10 in the scale. One more case of neutral substance is
(5) pure water which can easily be acidic or basic when mixing with other
chemicals.
2.2.
Acids have a pH of less than 7. Bases have a pH of more than 7. When bases
are dissolved in water, they are known as alkalis. Salts are made when an acid
reacts with a base, carbonate or metal. The name of the salt formed depends on the
metal in the base and the acid used. For example, salts made using hydrochloric
acid are called chlorides.
Acids and bases
Acids
Substances with a pH of less than 7 are acids. The stronger the acid gets, the
lower the pH number is. Acids turn blue litmus paper red. They turn universal
indicator red if they are strong, and orange or yellow if they are weak.
Bases
Substances that can react with acids and neutralize them to make a salt and
water are called bases. They are usually metal oxides or metal hydroxides. For
example, copper oxide and sodium hydroxide are bases.
Alkalis
Bases that dissolve in water are called alkalis. Copper oxide is not an alkali
because it does not dissolve in water. Sodium hydroxide is an alkali because it
does dissolve in water.
Alkaline solutions have a pH of more than 7. The stronger the alkali gets, the
higher the pH number is. Alkalis turn red litmus paper blue. They turn universal
indicator dark blue or purple if they are strong, and blue-green if they are weak.
Neutral solutions
Neutral solutions have a pH of 7. They do not change the colour of litmus paper,
but they turn universal indicator green. Water is neutral.
2.3.
Uses of Acids & Bases
Household Uses: Foods, Cleaners, Medicine
Most homes have some form of acidic food or another: citrus fruits and
vinegar are two examples. Some foods such as meat increase acidity in a human
body, while vegetables decrease it. Sodium bicarbonate, or baking soda, is found in
many recipes for baking food. Humans use other acids and bases as cleaners.
Recently, some have begun to tout vinegar as a natural cleaner because its high
acidity kills germs, deodorizes, and removes rust. Batteries may contain acid,
though this acid can be dangerous to humans.
Industrial Uses for Acids and Bases
The most commonly made industrial chemical in the world, sulphuric acid
has numerous applications across industries. Companies make it as a precursor to
phosphoric acid, which, in turn, finds use in detergents and phosphate fertilizers.
However, if it gets out into the environment, sulphuric acid can acidify rain. Many
industries use and make nitric acid for use in nitrate fertilizers. The steel industry
uses hydrochloric acid to clean metal sheets before processing. On the other side of
the pH scale, paper manufacturers make use of sodium hydroxide to remove lignin
from paper pulp. Also called lye, food producers use it as a chemical peeling agent
for fruits.
Chemical Reagents in the Laboratory
When acids and bases come into contact, they react and attempt to neutralize
one another, resulting salt. Because this process is often visible, acids and bases
saw use among early chemists as reagents. Modern scientists observe acids and
bases in a living creature's body as they try to reach a form of equilibrium, and
they monitor soil and bodies of water to ensure the pH does not destroy the
environment. Acids and bases also commonly find use as laboratory reagents.
Quest ion:
1. What reduces the acidity in human body? Vegetables
2. What chemical is contained in phosphate fertilizers? Phosphoric acid
3. What material is cleaned by hydrochloric acid before processing? Metal sheets
4. What is the result of neutral reaction between acids and bases? salt
5. What is the common use of both acids and bases? Laboratory reagents
2.4.
Acids and bases are chemical substances that release ions when dissolved in
water. Acids and bases are used around the house for cleaning, but the levels of
acids and bases in the body are also important. The body needs a neutral pH and
controls the amounts of acids and bases to avoid some diseases involving the
kidneys, lungs and blood.
Significance
Acids and bases function to balance the pH levels in the body. Acids and
bases are found in foods, the environment and in chemicals including
pharmaceuticals. The pH levels in the blood are required to stay neutral, which is
at a level of 7. When a dieter eats acidic foods, the body uses a buffering system to
neutralize the positive ions released from the acids. Conversely, bases are also
controlled to keep the body from becoming too alkaline.
pH
pH is used to measure the amount of hydrogen protons in a substance and
the strength of an acid. Strong acids are used in laboratories and cleaning solutions.
A strong acid releases more ions in water than a weaker acid, giving it a low pH
level. A small pH number means more ions are dissolved in the solution. A higher
pH number means the solution is more basic, and fewer hydrogen protons are
available in the fluid. Because strong acids and bases are dangerous, most
household items are diluted. A pH of 2 is a strong acid, and it is the approximate
pH level found in the stomach. The stomach acid helps the breakdown of foods in
the body for absorption in the intestines.
Effects
 Changes in pH in the body lead to physical changes. When your body has
too much carbon dioxide, the blood becomes too acidic. Breathing is slowed to
increase the pH in the blood. Conversely, if pH in the body is too alkaline, you will
hyperventilate in an attempt to lower the pH. This acid and base control is an
important part of biological homeostasis in humans.
Answer questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS/ A NUMBER:
1.How many problems related to blood’s pH level are mentioned in the text? 3
2. At what pH level is human’s blood required to remain? 7
3. By which mechanism does the human body neutralize positive ion from acids?
Buffering system
4. What kind of acid releases more ions? Strong acid
5. What is the function of stomach acid? Breadown of foods
Fill in the summary with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS:
Acids and bases are very important in (1) balancing pH scale in human’s body. At
the scale of 7, pH level in blood is (2) neutal .The buffering system in human’s
body is in charge of neutralizing (3) positive ions from acids and controlling bases
to keep blood property stable. Moreover, people look at pH scale to determine
the (4) strength of acid. The smaller pH number is, the more (5) ions are
dissolved. Whatever change you make to the pH scale, your physical health will be
effected.

3. Writing
3.1.
 Salts do not change the color of litmus paper.
 Acids and bases are commonly used as laboratory reagents
 pH scale measures the acidic or basic substance.
 Acids turn blue litmus paper red.
 Sodium hypochlorite is used in making bleach.
3.2.
 pH is used to measure the amount of hydrogen protons in a substance
  Phosphoric acid is used in detergents and phosphate fertilizers.
 Alkalis turn red litmus paper blue
 The stronger the alkali gets, the higher the pH number is
 Acids are used for cleaning surfaces, treating food products.
3.3. Writing
3.3.1. Acid
As I know, acid is chemical subtance give a proton to other substances and
have pH less than 7. The stronger the acid gets, the lower the pH number is. The
formula is HnA, in which H stands for hydrogen ion, A stands for acid and n is the
atomic number of H .Acids have 2 main properties, which is physical properties
and chemical properties. About physical properties, it has a sour taste and soluble
in water. Beside if your skin is exposed to acid, you can fell burning and heating.
Some chemical properties of acid such as: Acids turn blue litmus paper into red.
They turn indicator red if they are strong, and orange or yellow if they are weak.
Also react with metal, base, basic oxid and salt. There are 2 types of acid: Organic
like vinegar and Inorganic acid like H 2SO4. In daily life, it is used to manufacture
silk, apply in planning treen or vegetables. Beside, its used for earsing the dirties
spot in clothes or in the surface of stuff. We can see acid in the lab, hospital and
your home like vinegar ỏ toilet cleaner.
3.3.2. Base
Good morning, my name is Dao and today I want tell you about Base.
Substances that can react with acids and neutralize them to make a salt and water
are called bases. They are usually metal oxides or metal hydroxides. The formula
of Base is M(OH)n in which M is metal ang OH is hydroxide ion, beside n is the
automic number of M. Bases have a pH of more than 7. When bases are dissolved
in water, they are known as alkalis. Base turns litmus paper into blue and it tastes
sour. There are 2 types base: strong base like NaOH ( Sodium hydroxide),
KOH( Potassium hydroxide) and week base like Fe(OH) 3, Al(OH)3(Aluminium
hydroxide). In daily life, it is used tin many areas. First, it is used for making soap,
making washing powdwer and erasing the dirties spot in clothes or in the surface
of stuff. Next, base is used in medicine industry. We can see base in the lab for
many experiments, hospital and dye industry.
3.3.3. Salt
I want to share some information about salt. A salt is a compound whose
molecule consists of a metal atom bonded to an acid base. The formula of salt is
MxAy in which M is metal and A is acid. Salts have the pH of equal to 7. Salt
tastes salty and it remain litmus paper unchanged. There are 3 types of salts: acidic,
basic and neutral. Salt is used for manufacturing soap, glass and using in cooking.
An example of salt is sodium chloride, sodium carbonate and copper sulphate.
Sodium chloride is used for manufacture of chlorine, caustic soda, washing soda.
Sodium carbonate is used for softening hard water and for the manufacture of glass
and soad. Copper sulphate is used as a fungicide, calico printing and in
electroplanting.
4. Card.
 Unit 2. The purpose of this experiment was
1. Vocab
1.1.
Axid-base reaction Add
Beaker boil
Bowl Contaminated
Decomposition reaction Flammable
Funnel Graduated cylinder
Mix Pour
Redox reaction Synthesis reaction
Stir Test tube
Vinegar Baking soda
Bleach Bubble
Diswashing detergent Exothermic reaction
Foam Food coloring
Fill Glass tubing
Glue Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrochloric acid Jar
Measuring cup Rubber stopper
Yeast
1.2.

2. Grammar
2.1. Lien ket
2.2. Lab report – Sample
2.3. Useful structures

2.4. Test grammar

3. Reading
3.1.
Simple Chemical Experiments
Hydrogen can be made very easily by using simple laboratory equipment.
All you need is a thistle funnel, cork, glass dish, graduated glass cylinder, test tube,
glass pipe, zinc, tap water, and hydrochloric acid. To begin with, 5ml of tap water
is put into a 50ml graduated glass cylinder with about 1gm of zinc. The top of the
glass cylinder is fitted with a cork and a thistle funnel and a glass pipe inserted into
it. The glass pipe connects the cylinder with a glass dish. Sufficient tap water is
placed in the dish to cover the top of the pipe which is then covered with a water
filled test tube. Before adding 5 ml of hydrochloric acid to the funnel it is
important to make sure that the end of the funnel is below the tap water. Once
added, the hydrochloric acid comes into contact with the tap water very quickly
and an immediate chemical reaction can be seen. Hydrogen gas is released and
starts to travel down the pipe into the test tube. The hydrogen displaces the water
and produces a test tube of pure hydrogen gas. By adding baking soda to the
cylinder the acid solution is neutralized and can be poured down the sink.

1. 5ml hydrochloric acid 5. thistle funnel

2. Cork 6. hydrogen gas
3. 50ml graduated 7. test tube
cylinder 8. tap water
4. 1gm of zinc
3.2.
Kid-Friendly Elephant Toothpaste Demo
The elephant toothpaste demo is one of the most popular chemistry
demonstrations, in which a steaming tube of foam keeps erupting from its
container, resembling a smooshed tube of elephant-sized toothpaste. The classic
demo uses 30% hydrogen peroxide, which is not safe for kids, but there is a safe
version of this demonstration that is still very cool.
In order to make elephant toothpaste, we prepared some main materials for
this experiment including an empty 20-ounce plastic bottle (or other container), 3%
hydrogen peroxide solution (available at nearly any store), packet of active yeast
(from the grocery store), liquid dishwashing detergent (such as Dawn™), warm
water and food coloring (optional, but it looks nice).
There are 3 main steps to make elephant toothpaste. First, we poured 1/2 cup
hydrogen peroxide solution, 1/4 cup dishwashing soap, and a few drops of food
coloring into the bottle. Swish the bottle around to mix the ingredients. Set the
bottle in a sink or outdoors or some other place where you won't mind getting wet
foam everywhere. Second, in a separate container, we mixed a packet of active
yeast with a little warm water. Give the yeast about 5 minutes to activate before
proceeding to the next step. Finally, when we were ready to do the demo, we
poured the yeast mixture into the bottle. The reaction occurs immediately upon the
addition of the yeast.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a reactive molecule that readily decomposes
into water (H2O) and oxygen:
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2(g)
In this demonstration, yeast catalyzes the decomposition so it proceeds much
more rapidly than normal. Yeast need warm water to reproduce, so the reaction
won't work as well if you use cold water (no reaction) or very hot water (which
kills the yeast.)
The dishwashing detergent captures the oxygen that is released, making
foam. Food coloring can color the film of the bubbles so you get colored foam.
In addition to being a nice example of a decomposition reaction and a
catalyzed reaction, the elephant toothpaste demo is exothermic, so heat is
produced. However, the reaction just makes the solution warmer, not hot enough to
cause burns.
3.3.
The main use of bleach is to eradicate stains from cloth materials. Bleaching
can be referred to as oxidation reaction in other words. For instance, some bleaches
use ions as their oxidizing agents. The main purpose and aim of the experiment is
to the amount of hydrogen peroxide present in a bleaching agent (Bajpai, 288). The
investigation use the redox reactions as well as titration to achieve the objective of
the experiment. The experiment is based on the titration reactions. Titration is a
reaction that involves the reaction between a base and an acid (Bajpai, 289). The
experiment is composed of two parts and hence two experimental procedures. The
first part will deal with the use of iron II ammonium sulfate hexahydrate to
standardize potassium permanganate solution . On the other hand, part two of this
investigation will focus on analyzing the amount of hydrogen peroxide in bleach.
The two procedures of the investigation were performed. The first procedure
was standardization of KMnO4 solution. The procedure was performed in order to
determine the concentration of a solution of KMnO4 standardized. The
requirements are samples of FAS. KMnO4 solid, distilled water, burner, watch
glass, beaker burette, sulfuric acid and reagent bottle among others. The procedure
was performed using three main steps, the steps include preparation of solution of
KMnO4 from the solid samples. The second step is the titration step where, a
solution of KMnO4 was titrated using the samples of FAS. About 0.3g of FAS was
used, 10ml distilled water, 9M sulfuric acid and two drops of H4P2O7. The final
step was observation and results were recorded in a table 1.
Part two of the procedure was then conducted immediately the first procedure was
complete. This part was conducted in order to determine the power bleach has as
an oxidizing agent. The power of oxidizing in bleach is obtained as the amount of
hydrogen peroxide in the bleach. The entire experiment involves the titration of
hydrogen peroxide and solution of KMnO4. The experiment was also performed in
three main steps. The first step being the preparation of the solution, followed by
the titration of the solution with hydrogen peroxide and finally observing and
results collection.
After carefully going through all the steps and following the appropriate
procedure in the lab, results were obtained and analyzed. This section contains the
results recorded during the procedure as well as the analysis of the results. The
analysis includes numerous calculations that were done and presented in the results
section of the report.
The experiment was successfully performed although small errors were not
completely eradicated. The results were not as expected. However, all the results
obtained in the experiment were reasonable and followed the appropriate trends.
Some errors came from the apparatus used which were not cleaned properly as
well as the external environmental factors such as temperature and rainfall among
others. Other small errors were internal such as excessive use of chemicals while
following the procedure and the use of wrong measurement devices.
To conclude, the experiment produced results that were analyzed in the
report and numerous calculations were done in the analysis to obtain the objective
and the aim of the experiment. The concentration of potassium permanganate used
as well as the percentage by mass of the bleaching agent used was determined
through calculations. The main purpose of the investigation was to determine the
amount of hydrogen peroxide in bleach. The amount of hydrogen peroxide was
found to be 3.48% by mass. Evidently, the experiment was successful.
4. Writing
4.1.
1. The purpose of this experiment was to observe the chemical reaction
between vinegar and baking soda.
2. The procedure of this experiment was performed in three main steps.
3. In order to make elephant toothpaste, we need liquid dishwashing detergent
along with food coloring.
4. For a start, we wear safety protection to avoid hazards from the chemicals.
5. We did the experiment in order that we could identify the hydrogen gas.
6. First, pour the ingredients into the bottle and then mix the yeast with warm
water.
4.2.
4.3.

4.4. Write an oral report.

I am going to report the experiment I have alredy finished. Last Friday, I did
an experiment about Determination of the chemical oxygen demand. It was
conducted in School’s lab No.1. The purpose of the experiment was to observe the
reaction between hydrogen peroxide solution, diswashing detergent and yeast. In
order to carry out this experiment, I needed some main materials such as: a palastic
bottle, warm water, food coloring, hydrogen peroxide solution, diswashing
detergent and yeast. The procedure for this experiment included 3 steps: First, pour
½ cup hydrogen peroxide solution, ¼ cup diswashing detergent and a few drops of
food coloring into the bottle. Second, mix a paket of active yeast with a little warm
water. Finnally, pour the yeast mixture in to the bottle. I saw color foarm erupt
from the bottle, heat is produced because the elephent toothpaste demo is an
exothemic reaction.
 Unit 3. Canning is a method which
1. Vocab.
Process Water-soluble
Processed Fat-solublle
Conversion Grind
Edible Milling
Commodity Chilling
Texture Dehydration
Textural Blanching
Sensory Pastefreezingyrization
Wholefood Expel
Convenience food Freezing
Shelf life Fortify
Pallet Obesity
Despatch/ dispatch Precooked
Extrusion Ready-to-eat
Filling Poultry
2. Grammar
I. Passive voice in present simple:
FORM: S + am/ is/are + P2
USE: Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action.
EXAMPLE:
The taste and texture of the food is often affected during canning process.
The source ingredients are stored in hoppers, bins, etc.
II. Relative pronouns: Which - Where
We use relative pronouns in relative clauses to give more information about
something, without having to start a new sentence.
RELATIVE USED
EXAMPLE
PRONOUN FOR

Which Things For vegetables or meat, we can use canning

which involves heating food in a closed container.
The next step is formulation where ingredients
Where= in/on/at are weighed and mixed.
Place = The next step is formulation in
which
which ingredients are weighed and mixed.
3. Reading
3.1.
FOOD PROCESSING
Simply cooking or combining a food with other foodstuffs to create a recipe is also
considered a form of food processing. Whatever the case, the nutrient value of any
food is often altered by the processing.
Effects of processing and storage of food
Some vitamins are more stable (less affected by processing) than others. Water-
soluble vitamins (B-group and C) are more unstable than fat-soluble vitamins (K,
A, D and E) during food processing and storage.
Processes affecting food nutrient content
A variety of things can happen during the growing, harvesting, storage and
preparing of food that can affect its nutritional content. Processes that expose foods
to high levels of heat, light or oxygen cause the greatest nutrient loss.
Milling
Cereals such as wheat can be ground to remove the fibrous husks. The husks
contain most of the plant’s dietary fibre, B-group vitamins, phytochemicals and
some minerals.

That is why products such as white bread are less nutritious than wholemeal
varieties, even if they have been artificially fortified with some of the nutrients that
were lost after milling. It is impossible to add back everything that is taken out,
especially the phytochemicals. The ‘fibre’ that is added back to some products is
often in the form of resistant starch, which may not be as beneficial as the fibre
removed.
Blanching
Before a food is canned or frozen, it is usually heated very quickly with steam or
water. The water-soluble vitamins, including vitamin C and B-complex, are
sensitive and easily destroyed by blanching.
Canning
Food is heated inside the can to kill any dangerous micro-organisms and extend the
food’s shelf life. Some types of micro-organisms require severe heat treatment and
this may affect the taste and texture of the food, making it less appealing.
Preservatives are generally not needed or used in canned foods.

Water-soluble vitamins are particularly sensitive to high temperatures. Many

people believe that canned foods are not as nutritious as their fresh counterparts,
but this is not always the case, as fresh food often deteriorates more rapidly than
canned foods.
Pasteurisation
Pasteurisation involves heating liquid foods such as milk and fruit juices to specific
temperatures to destroy micro-organisms. The nutrient value of milk is generally
unaffected. In the case of pasteurised fruit juices, some losses of vitamin C can
occur.
Dehydrating
Drying out foods such as fruits can reduce the amount of vitamin C they retain, but
it can also concentrate other nutrients, particularly fibre in plant foods.
Dehydrating food also makes food products more energy dense, which may
contribute to weight gain. If a dehydrated food is reconstituted and cooked with
water, further nutrients are leached out of the food and lost in the cooking water.

3.2.
Why We Process Food
Food safety. The safety of processed food involves eliminating and/or preventing
the multiplication of the microbes that exist in all food and which can cause
foodborne diseases.
Preservation. Preserving the taste, smell, look and feel of food and preventing
spoilage is also an important function of food processing. Preservation is
accomplished by inactivating basic natural processes in food:
 Enzyme action - all food contains natural enzymes that break down proteins,
fats and carbohydrates to facilitate animal and plant growth. Once an animal
has been killed or a plant harvested, these enzymes, if left uncontrolled,
continue to work, breaking down the food itself and resulting in spoilage.
 Microbial action - all food can be attacked by bacteria and fungi that cause
food to rot or become mouldy. If permitted to multiply, these microbes can
cause spoilage.
 Oxidation - many food components can be attacked by oxygen in the air,
making them rancid or resulting in an unpleasant taste. This, too, must be
controlled.
Nutrition. Processing techniques preserve natural nutrients or increase the
nutritional value of some products such as vitamin-enriched cereals, breads and
dairy products. Processing also makes some foodstuffs more digestible, thus
increasing both their appeal and the bio-availability of important nutrients. For
example, cooking can increase the bio-availability of starches.
Convenience. With the increase in the number of families with two wage-earners,
single persons or single-parent households, providing food products that are
convenient to prepare at home is an increasingly important function of the food
processing industry. Products include complete meals for almost instant serving
from freezer to microwave to table; frozen pizzas ready for the oven; special mixes
for pastries and breads.
Variety. As a result of modern food processing, today's consumer in Europe has
unparalleled choice: fish from the North Atlantic and South Pacific; frozen lamb
from New Zealand; exotic canned fruits from the tropics; fresh or frozen pastries.
The list is nearly endless: the world is the consumer's garden. Data from one large
supermarket chain indicates an increase from around 600 food products in a typical
supermarket of the mid-1950s to more than 10,000 food products available today.
Affordability. Food that is not affordable is also not available to the average
consumer. The food processing industry has played a major role in ensuring that
the varied and nutritious products available today are also affordable. In the most
developed countries in Europe where the widest variety of processed food is
available, consumers spend between 12 to 20 per cent of household budgets on
food and drink; in other European countries, food spending accounts for as much
as 40 %.
3.3.
What is Food Processing?
Almost all food must be processed in some way before it can be eaten. Even fresh
vegetables from the garden must be cleaned and trimmed. There are various levels
of food processing:
 Harvesting crops, slaughtering livestock or catching and killing game or fish
is the preliminary step
 Cutting, cleaning, packaging and refrigeration of these raw foods make them
practical to use for the consumer while preserving moisture content, and
preventing (or retarding the growth of) microbes
 Secondary processing goes a step further in creating a whole array of food
products from canned and frozen vegetables to fully prepared dinners, baked
breads, cheeses, milk, chocolate bars, biscuits, convenience meats and a
variety of other products.
The main methods of secondary food processing include:
 Pasteurisation involves heating to temperatures of at least 72°C for 15
seconds to kill most foodborne pathogens and then quickly cooling to 5°C.
However, food is not totally sterilised; refrigeration is required and shelf life
is limited. Sterilisation involves heating to temperatures of at least 120°C or
more for a couple of seconds, which kills most microbes and inactivates
 enzymes; the heating process is followed by rapid cooling. Sterilisation
significantly increases shelf life and reduces the need for refrigeration as
long as the package remains unopened.
 Refrigeration and freezing maintain food at controlled, low temperatures to
keep enzymes inactive and inhibit the growth of microbes. To remain
effective, cooling and freezing must be maintained consistently through
transport, retail sale and storage at home until shortly before preparation and
consumption. The fact that food might spoil at ambient temperatures makes
temperature control critical.
 This produces stable foods by reducing their water content, which, in turn,
denies microbes the environment needed for reproduction. Food products
where this technique is used are: powdered milk and soups, pasta, meat, fish,
potato flakes, cereals, etc.
 This method both dries the food and adds extra flavour.
 The process by which microbes produce alcohol or acid, which act as
preserving agents. Yoghurt, beer, wine, cheese, salami and some dairy
drinks are typical examples.
 Food additives. Food additives also play a key role in food processing. For
example, some additives make food acid and thereby protect against
spoilage; anti-oxidants prevent fats and oils from becoming rancid;
emulsifiers and stabilisers help produce stable mixtures of ingredients
which, like oil and water, would otherwise separate.
3.4.
"Processed food" includes food that has been cooked, canned, frozen, packaged or
changed in nutritional composition with fortifying, preserving or preparing in
different ways. Any time we cook, bake or prepare food, we're processing food.
Processed food falls on a spectrum from minimally to heavily processed:
 Minimally processed foods — such as bagged spinach, cut vegetables and
roasted nuts — often are simply pre-prepped for convenience.
 Foods processed at their peak to lock in nutritional quality and freshness
include canned tomatoes, frozen fruit and vegetables, and canned tuna.
 Foods with ingredients added for flavor and texture (sweeteners, spices, oils,
colors and preservatives) include jarred pasta sauce, salad dressing, yogurt
and cake mixes.
 Ready-to-eat foods — such as crackers, granola and deli meat — are more
heavily processed.
 The most heavily processed foods often are pre-made meals including frozen
pizza and microwaveable dinners.
The Positives of Processed
Processed food can help you eat more nutrient-dense foods. Milk and juices
sometimes are fortified with calcium and vitamin D, and breakfast cereals may
have added fiber. Canned fruit (packed in water or its own juice) is a good option
when fresh fruit is not available. Some minimally processed food such as pre-cut
vegetables and pre-washed, bagged spinach are quality convenience foods for busy
people.
If you want to minimize your intake of processed food, aim to do more food prep
and cooking at home. Base meals on whole foods including vegetables, beans and
whole grains.
Look for Hidden Sugar and Sodium
Eating processed food in moderation is fine, but many of these foods may contain
high amounts of added sugar and sodium.
Added Sugars
Added sugars are any sugar that is not naturally occurring in the food and has been
added manually. Added sugars aren't just hidden in processed sweets. They're
added to bread to give it an appealing browned hue, and there often is a surprising
amount added to jarred pasta sauces and cereal. Added sugars often are used in
low-fat foods to improve taste and consistency. The grams of carbohydrate on the
Nutrition Facts label also includes naturally occurring sugars which may be a
significant amount in foods such as yogurt and fruit. Instead, review a product's
ingredient list and look for added sugars among the first two or three ingredients
including sugar, maltose, brown sugar, corn syrup, cane sugar, honey and fruit
juice concentrate.
Sodium
Processed foods are major contributors of sodium in our diets because salt is
commonly added to preserve foods and extend shelf life. Most canned vegetables,
soups and sauces have added salt. Choose foods labeled no salt added, low-sodium
or reduced-sodium to decrease the amount of salt you're consuming from
processed foods.

3.5.
From raw ingredients to foods
While some foods can be eaten raw (like most fruits and some vegetables), most
foods need to be processed in some way to ensure safety and digestibility, and to
improve colour, flavour or texture, to meet consumer expectations. The most basic
definition of food processingf is “a variety of operations by which raw foodstuffs
are made suitable for consumption, cooking, or storage”. Hence, you could
consider washing, peeling, slicing, juicing, and removing inedible parts, to be
forms of processing. Legislation defines “food processing” as actions that
substantially change the initial product, including heating, smoking, curing,
maturing, drying, marinating, extraction, extrusion.
How does food processing affect nutritional value?
Simple procedures like washing, cutting and packaging of fresh vegetables have
little effect on their nutritional quality. Heating and boiling can reduce vitamin
content (particularly water-soluble vitamins such as vitamin C, for example up to
40% of vitamin C can be lost from boiling peeled potatoes 2), which varies with
heating time and temperature. The process of blanching or boiling vegetables for a
few minutes, followed by freezing, drying or canning, retains vitamins and
minerals. Refined grains like white pasta, rice and bread, contain a lower amount
of fibre and of vitamins and minerals than their whole grain counterparts; unless
these are added back after milling (by the process of enrichment). In other cases,
processing can release nutrients and make them more readily available for our
bodies to use. For example, the Niacin (Vitamin B 3) in maize is not nutritionally
available unless the maize has been soaked and cooked in limewater (an alkaline
solution of calcium hydroxide in water).
Modern times
Mass food production and processing still serves an important role. Without it,
consumers would be restricted to what is produced locally, limiting food
availability and accessibility for the great majority that live in urban environments.
An increased food offer allows people to choose a more varied diet, which is more
likely to provide all the nutrients required for good health.

The factors that influence consumers’ food choice include quality, price,
appearance, taste, health, family preferences, habits, safety, production methods,
country of origin, brand name, availability, and avoiding food allergies. Our eating
habits have shifted, driven by convenience and time pressures, with more food
eaten out-of-home (10-30% of total daily energy intake). In addition, food choices
can be driven by emerging trends, such as perceived environmental sustainability,
organic or fair-trade foods. In the last decades, consumers have become more
health conscious and interested in maintaining or improving their health through
their diets.

4. Writing
 Unit 4. Climate change impacts
4.1.
Cholera Coastal erosion
Cold ware Collapse
Crop failure Crop productivity/ Yield
Dengue Destroy
Devastating EI Nino
Extreme Extreme weather event
Floodplain Heat stress
Heat stroke Heat wave
Infrastructure Insect-borne disease ( CE)
Landslide/ Landfall Malaria
Melt Ocean acidification
Outbreak Salinity intrusion
Sea level Severe
Tropical cyclone/hurricane/ typhoon Tsunami/ tidal wave
Volcano eruption Vulnerable
Water-Borne disease Wildfire
Absorb Adapt
Adaptation Campaign
Carbon footprint Disaster-tolerant
Electrical appliances Energy-efficient
Fuel efficient Low carbon
Mitigate Mitigation
Sustainable Reforestation
Reise awareness Zero carbon
4.2.

4.3. Reading
4.3.1.
Greenhouses Gases
The greenhouse gases include mostly carbon dioxide, methane, and
nitrous oxide. These gases (instead of glass) act as a blanket for the Earth, helping
to keep the Earth warm enough to support life, an average of about 59°F. An
increase in the greenhouse gases causes the Earth to become warmer.
There may be some causes of climate change that cannot be prevented and
have very little to do with people, but there are things related to climate change,
which are most likely caused by human behaviors( hành vi). Fossil fuels are
natural fuels found in and on the Earth, such as oil, coal, and natural gas. When
they are burned, the gases released into the atmosphere are added to the 'blanket'
that is covering(bao phủ) the Earth.
 Farming also contributes( góp phần) to the greenhouse effect. Methane
gas is released into the atmosphere when a cow releases its gas - or farts(xì hơi).
There are over 1.5 billion cows in the world releasing methane gas daily, further
adding to the 'blanket' covering the Earth.
One of the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, is absorbed(hấp thu) by the
trees and forests throughout the world, and then released as oxygen.
Unfortunately, deforestation, the cutting down of trees and forests to make way
for farms, roads, oil mines, and dams further leads to the greenhouse effect and a
thicker( dày hơn) 'blanket'.
A warmer climate can affect the planet negatively. It could lead to heavier
precipitation(lượng mưa), unusual(bất thường) season changes, heat waves, etc.
Polar animals' natural habitats are melting because of warmer temperatures,
affecting polar bears, and seals. Orangutans(dười ươi) in the rainforests are losing
their homes, and sea turtles are losing nesting beaches because of rising sea levels.
Farming in developing countries face increased rain, floods, and droughts; plus,
certain kinds of food items may become scarce(khan hiếm), unavailable, or more
expensive for people to purchase.

4.3.2.
 Climate change impacts
All of us are concerned with the environment we live in. The recent
haze(khói mù) caused by forest fires and land clearing in Indonesia affected our
health and our work. Our country's economy was also affected. The number of
tourists to our island declined(giảm) during this period; for who would want to
take the risk of endangering their health?
The release of carbon dioxide and other toxic chemicals into the air by any
one country harms the earth we live on. Such gases are blamed for damaging the
ozone layer in the atmosphere and creating global warming - a term used to
describe the increased temperature of the earth. Global warming occurs when
certain greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide form a blanket in the atmosphere and
trap the Earth's heat.
It is predicted that global warming would cause a rise in sea levels. The
change in climate would have a considerable(đáng kể) effect on human
civilization(nền văn minh). Land could be completely submerged by rising oceans,
deserts could spread, malaria could be carried to Europe and Africa could suffer
even more from severe drought.
World leaders meet regularly to discuss this issue and are working hard to
save the Earth. Many agree that they must attempt to reduce the emission of
greenhouse gases in their countries by some 15% by the year 2010. It is envisaged
that greenhouse gas emissions would have to be reduced to 0% if the current level
of gases in the atmosphere is to remain stable by the year 2100.
Climate changes caused by global warming would have potential ill-
effects. Food and water supply could be affected. Health hazards like heat-related
illnesses, cholera, dengue fever, and bio-toxin poisoning could become more
prevalent.
It is therefore important that we try to do what we can to save our Earth.
Creating less waste by reusing containers and recycling papers; using water and
electricity carefully and walking instead of taking the car, are little contributions
that we can make to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
That would help to ensure that we and the generations that come after us would
have a beautiful and clean place to live.

4.3.3.
The effects of sea level rise
The world's oceans have warmed 50 percent faster over the last 40 years
than previously thought due to climate change, Australian and US climate
researchers reported Wednesday. Higher ocean temperatures expand the volume of
water, contributing to a rise in sea levels that is submerging(nhấn chìm) small
island nations and threatening(đe dọa) to wreak havoc(vùn đồng bằng) in low-
lying, densely-populated delta regions around the globe.
The study, published in the British journal Nature, adds to a growing
scientific chorus of warnings about the pace and consequences(tốc độ và hậu quả)
rising oceans. It also serves as a corrective to a massive report issued last year by
the Nobel-winning UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
according to the authors.
Rising sea levels are driven by two things: the thermal expansion(giãn nở
nhiệt) of sea water, and additional water from melting sources of ice. Both
processes are caused by global warming. The ice sheet(dải băng) that sits atop
Greenland, for example, contains enough water to raise world ocean levels by
seven metres (23 feet), which would bury(chôn vùi) sea-level cities from Dhaka to
Shanghai.
Trying to figure out how much each of these factors contributes to rising sea
levels is critically(cực kỳ) important to understanding climate change, and
forecasting future temperature rises, scientists say. But up to now, there has been a
perplexing gap(khoảng cách khó hiểu) between the projections of computer-based
climate models, and the observations of scientists gathering data from the oceans.
The new study, led by Catia Domingues of the Centre for Australian
Weather and Climate Research, is the first to reconcile(đối chiếu) the models with
observed data. Using new techniques to assess(đánh giá) ocean temperatures to a
depth of 700 metres (2,300 feet) from 1961 to 2003, it shows that thermal warming
contributed to a 0.53 millimetre-per-year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32 mm
rise reported by the IPCC.

4.4.
Solutions to global warming
To promote global warming solutions, Environment America, our network(mạng
lưới) of 29 state affiliates(chi nhánh bang), and members and activists in all 50
states are running these projects and campaigns:
Fossil Fuel Free: Even as global warming accelerates(tăng nhanh), the major oil,
gas and coal companies are sticking(tiếp tục) to business as usual. Fortunately, a
growing number of investors understand that the industry’s business model is
incompatible(ko tương thích) with what scientists are telling us we must do to slow
global warming. That’s why we’re supporting the fossil fuel divestment
movement(phong trào thoái vốn).
Tropical Forest Protection: To slow global warming, we must protect the world’s
tropical forests. We’re doing our part by urging(thúc giục) companies to commit to
stop cutting them down—a commitment known as zero-deforestation. We are
currently focusing on the beef and soybean supply chain(đậu lành).
Clean Car Communities: We also need to change what we drive. We’re calling
for all new cars and trucks to run on electricity by 2035. We know our leaders in
Washington, D.C., are going the wrong way(sai hướng) on this issue, so our Clean
Car Communities campaign is urging local and state officials to point the way
forward.
Put the environment first. Global warming is an enormous threat. But it’s just
one symptom(triệu chứng) of our unhealthy relationship to our environment. To
meet the climate challenge, we must put the environment first. Through our
research and public education, we’re working to shift(chuyển) more hearts and
minds over to this point of view.
Take a strategic approach(tiếp cận). We must think big and act boldly(táo bạo),
but we recognize that progress comes one step at a time. Our focus is on making a
difference in public policy and in our lives and our environment, not just making a
statement.
Build on what works. We’ve won policies, actions and decisions that have
resulted in reduced carbon pollution across the country. We know which policies
work, how they can be improved, and what it takes to win their approval. As
always, we’re also open to new ideas that work even better.
Work together. We work to unite(đoàn kết) people from all across the political
spectrum(lĩnh vực) around action on global warming, whether it’s drivers who
want to go electric or small business owners who can benefit from smart climate
action programs. Our advocates(ng ủng hộ) in Washington, D.C., lobby members
of Congress(quốc hội) from both parties. Our advocates in the states build
coalitions(liên minh) that include doctors and nurses, religious leaders and
educators, and people from all walks of life(tầng lớp xã hội). Our organizers and
canvassers(người đi vận động) engage hundreds of thousands of people. Our
members and activists(nhà hoạt động) live in all 50 states and more.
4.5.
Solutions to Global Warming
There is no single solution to global warming, which is primarily(chủ yếu) a
problem of too much heat-trapping carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous
oxide in the atmosphere. The technologies and approaches(pp) outlined below are
all needed to bring down the emissions of these gases by at least 80 percent by
mid-century. To see how they are best deployed(triển khai) in each region of the
world, use the menu at left.
 Boosting(tăng cường) energy efficiency: The energy used to power, heat,
and cool our homes, businesses, and industries is the single largest
contributor to global warming. Energy efficiency technologies allow us to
use less energy to get the same—or higher—level of production, service,
and comfort. This approach has vast potential(tiềm năng to lớn) to save both
energy and money, and can be deployed quickly.
 Greening transportation: The transportation emissions have increased at a
faster rate than any other energy-using sector(lĩnh vực) over the past decade.
A variety of solutions are at hand, including improving efficiency (miles per
gallon) in all modes of transport, switching(chuyển sang) to low-carbon
fuels, and reducing vehicle miles traveled through smart growth and more
efficient mass transportation systems.
  Reviewing up renewables: Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind,
geothermal(địa nhiệt) and bioenergy(sinh học) are available around the
world. Multiple studies have shown that renewable energy has the technical
potential(tiềm năng) to meet the vast(phần lớn) majority of our energy
needs. Renewable technologies can be deployed(triển khai) quickly, are
increasingly cost-effective, and create jobs while reducing pollution.
 Phasing out fossil fuel electricity: Dramatically(đáng kể) reducing our use
of fossil fuels—especially carbon-intensive coal—is essential to tackle
climate change. There are many ways to begin this process. Key action steps
include: not building any new coal-burning power plants, initiating(bắt đầu)
a phased shutdown of coal plants starting with the oldest and dirtiest, and
capturing and storing(thu giữ và lưu trữ) carbon emissions from power
plants. While it may sound like science fiction, the technology exists to store
carbon emissions underground(trong lòng đất). The technology has not been
deployed on a large scale or proven to be safe and permanent, but it has been
demonstrated(chúng minh) in other contexts(bối cảnh) such as oil and
natural gas recovery. Demonstration projects to test the viability(tính khả
thi) and costs of this technology for power plant emissions are worth
pursuing.
 Developing and deploying new low-carbon and zero-carbon
technologies: Research into and development of the next generation of low-
carbon technologies will be critical(quan trọng) to deep mid-century
reductions in global emissions. Current research on battery technology, new
materials for solar cells, harnessing(khai thác) energy from novel sources
like bacteria and algae, and other innovative areas could provide important
breakthroughs(đột phá).
4.6
Ten Personal Solutions to Global Warming
1. The car you drive: the most important personal climate decision.
When you buy your next car, look for the one with the best fuel economy in its
class. Each gallon of gas you use is responsible for 25 pounds of heat-trapping
gases in the atmosphere. Better gas mileage(tiết kiệm xăng tốt hơn) not only
reduces global warming but will also save you thousands of dollars at the pump
over the life of the vehicle.
2. Make your home more airtight.
Even in reasonably tight homes, air leaks(rò rỉ) may account for 15 to 25 percent of
the heat our furnaces(lò sưởi) generate in winter or that our homes gain(thu đc) in
summer. If you pay $1,100 a year to heat and cool your home, you might be
wasting as much as $275 annually. Take advantage of the free home energy audits
offered by many utilities(tiện ích), which can help you identify (and reduce) the
most significant air leaks.
3. Buy and use a programmable thermostat(bộ điều nhiệt lập trình)
This can reduce your heating and cooling emissions by 15 percent and save you
$180 a year. During the summer, a setting of 78 degrees Fahrenheit is optimal(tối
ưu) during the hours you are at home, and 85 degrees when you are away during
the day.
4. Eat less meat, especially beef
Food accounts for a sizable portion of our emissions. If you want to make cuts
here, your best option is to reduce your consumption of meat, especially beef.
That’s because a pound of beef is responsible for some 18 times the emissions of a
pound of pasta. An average family of four that decides to cut their meat intake in
half could avoid roughly three tons of emissions annually.
5. Use power strips in your home office and home entertainment center.
These will curb(hạn chế) “phantom loads(tải ảo)” and save a surprising amount on
your electric bill. Keeping your laser printer turned on when not in use could be
costing you as much as $130 annually.
6. Upgrade your refrigerator and air conditioner, especially if they are more
than five years old
New ones are twice as efficient or more. For fridges: if they’re old an upgrade can
pay for itself in as little as three years in energy savings alone. Look for the Energy
Star label when you shop for a new fridge or any other appliance, especially
freezers, furnaces(lò sưởi), air conditioners, and water heaters, which use the most
energy). These items may cost a bit more initially(ban đầu), but the energy savings
will pay back the extra investment within a couple of years.
7. Get an electricity monitor
Identify where the energy hogs are in your home, which can help you save
hundreds of dollars annually. Electricity monitors can be found at most hardware
store or you may even be able to borrow one from your local library.
8. Change those light bulbs.
New LED light bulbs can give the same light for 15 percent of the electricity. That
adds up to more than $100 in savings for most families each year.
9. Wash clothes in cold water.
They get just as clean with today’s detergents. But hot water washes use five times
the energy—and create five times the emissions. This could save you nearly $100 a
year.
10. Buy less stuff.
Reduce, re-use, and recycle—it’s not just about pollution, but the strategy will
lower your emissions too and help combat global warming.
Unit 5.
5.1.

5.2.

5.3. Reading
5.3.1.
Structuring a presentation
This guide discusses practical strategies for structuring a presentation, focusing on
the need to develop an argument(1 lập luận) or report through the clear, logical
progression(sự tiến triển) of ideas.
Presentation structure
Presentations need to be very straightforward( đơn giản) and logical. It is
important that you avoid complex structures and focus on the need to explain and
discuss your work clearly. An ideal structure for a presentation includes:
 a welcoming and informative introduction;
 a coherent(mạch lạc) series of main points presented in a logical sequence;
 a lucid(sáng suốt and purposeful conclusion.
These elements(yếu tố) are discussed below.
The introduction
The introduction is the point at which the presenter explains the content and
purpose of the presentation. This is a vitally(cực kỳ) important part of your talk as
you will need to gain(thu hút) the audience’s interest and confidence(tin tưởng).
Key elements of an effective introduction include:
 a positive start: “Good afternoon, my name is Adam and …”;
 a statement of what will be discussed: “I am going to explore …”;
 a statement of the treatment to be applied to the topic (e.g. to compare,
contrast, evaluate, describe): “I will be comparing the four main principles
of …”;
  a statement of the outcomes of the presentation:“I hope this will provide us
with …”;
 a statement of what the audience will need to do (e.g. when they can ask
questions or whether or not they will need to take notes): “I will pass round
a handout that summarises my presentation before taking questions at the
end.”
You should aim(cố gắng) to deliver your introduction confidently (wait until the
audience is quiet before you start speaking) and communicate energy and
enthusiasm(nhiệt tình) for your topic.
Main points
The main points are the backbone(xương sống) of your talk. They play an
important role in helping you prioritise(ưu tiên), focus and sequence your
information. When planning your presentation you should put aside(đặt sang bên)
your research notes and produce a list or summary of the main points that you
would like to make, expressing each in a few words or a short sentence. Ask
yourself: “what am I really telling them? what should they be learning here?”.
Your answers to these questions will help you communicate clear and effective
messages to your audience.
After you have identified(xác định) your main points, you should embellish(tô
điểm) them with supporting information. For example, add clarity(sự rõ ràng) to
your argument(lời giải thích) through the use of diagrams, illustrate a link between
theory and practice, or substantiate(chứng mình) your claims with appropriate data.
Use the supporting information to add colour and interest to your talk, but avoid
detracting(làm mất đi) from the clarity of your main points by overburdening(quá
nhiều) them with too much detail.
5.3.2.
Transitions(chuyển tiếp)
Transitions are the signposts(biển chỉ dẫn) that help the audience navigate their
way through your presentation. They can help divide information up into sub-
sections(phần phụ), link different aspects(khía cạnh) of your talk and show
progression(sự tiến triển) through your topic. Importantly, transitions draw the
audience’s attention to the process of the presentation as well as its content.
Examples include:
 “I will begin by discussing …”;
 “Now that we have explored the ... I would like to move on to …”;
 “In contrast to my earlier statements concerning …”;
 “Moving away from a focus on .…”;
Transitions can also be made without speaking. Non-verbal transitions include
pausing, changing a slide or other visual aid(hỗ trợ trực quan), moving to a
different area of the room before resuming speaking, or making eye contact with a
different group in the audience.
The Conclusion
The conclusion is an essential(thiết yếu) though frequently underdeveloped section
of a presentation. This is the stage(giai đoạn) at which you can summarise the
content and purpose of your talk, offer an overview of what has been achieved(đạt
được) and make a lasting impact. Important elements of a conclusion are:
 a review of the topic and purpose of your presentation: “In this presentation
I wanted to explore …”;
 a statement of the conclusions or recommendations to be drawn from your
work: “I hope to have been able to show that the effect of ....”;
 an indication of the next stages (what might be done to take this work
further?): “This does of course highlight the need for further research in the
area of …”;
 an instruction as to what happens next (questions, discussion or group
work?): “I would now like to give you the opportunity to ask questions …”;
 a thank you to the audience for their attention and participation: “That’s all
I have time for. Thank you very much for listening.”
As with your introduction, you should try to address the audience directly during
your conclusion, consolidating the impression of a confident and useful
presentation.
Summary
A presentation needs a carefully defined structure to make the most impact(tác
động). This should centre(tập trung) on a series of identifiable(1 loạt) main points
that are supported by appropriate(phù hợp) detail. Use transitions to link and move
between points, helping your audience to understand the development or your
argument. An introduction and conclusion are essential(thiết yếu) elements of your
presentation. They enable(giúp bạn) you to establish(thiết lập) a clear purpose for
your talk at the start and summarise your main points before you finish speaking.
5.3.3.
To avoid any problem, take as much time preparing the end of your
presentation as the rest of(phần còn lại) it.
 First of all, make sure you signal(báo hiệu) that you are coming to the end.
Then, although you should have explained the main points in the body of your
presentation, it is a good idea to summarize them at the end, and finish with a
strong final statement. This is what the audience will remember and take away
with them.
If your presentation introduced action points, be sure to outline them in the
closing part of the presentation and name who is responsible for them with the
corresponding(tương ứng) deadlines. Each speaker deals with questions
differently: you may have asked them during the talk, or you may have asked the
audience to wait until the end. Whichever was the case, now is the time to invite
final questions.
Some people feel it unnecessary to thank the audience for listening, but it
is generally considered good practice, particularly(đặc biệt) in more formal
settings.
Finally, the audience needs to know what happens next. If you are talking
as part of a large conference, you may need to hand over(chuyển lời) to the next
speaker or you may need to explain that there is now a coffee break(giờ giải lao).
If there is nothing following your presentation, you can simply say goodbye.

5.3.4.
Top Five Slide Key Points
 Reduce the amount of Your slides are supporting your talk, not duplicating
it. Use photos or graphics to illustrate your point, or summarize your
content in a few key words or phrases.
 Create a visual Not all information is equally important..Contrasting(kích
thước) font sizes and placement of text helps the audience quickly
understand your message. Do not use bold for all of the text.
 Divide your presentation into sections. Help the audience follow your
presentation by adding interstitial slides or putting the section title (e.g.,
cigar laws) on each
 Have a learning objectives Let the audience know at the beginning the key
three to five points you want them to take away from your presentation.
 Use a color If your organization has a template, they probably have a color
palette(bảng màu). Use color for emphasis. Limit the number of colors in
your palette.

There are top five slide key points. Firstly, you do not use your slides to (1)
duplicate your talk so reduce the amount of text by using (2) photos or (3) graphics
to show your point. Secondly, you should contrast font sizes and placement to help
the listeners get your message because not all information is (4) equally important.
The third, you should divide your presentation into sections by adding interstitial
slides or putting the section title. Next, presenters should have an (5) objective
slide with three to five main points for the audience to take away from your
presentation. Last but not least, you may use the (6) color palette but should (7)
limit the number of colors in your palette.
5.3.5.
How to Overcome the Fear of Public Speaking
“According to most studies, people’s number one fear is public speaking. Number
two is death. Death is number two? Does that seem right? To the average person
that means that if they have to go to a funeral(đám tang), they’d be better off in the
casket(quan tài) than giving the eulogy(điếu văn).” – Jerry Seinfeld. When you ask
people what they fear most about giving a speech, they list any number of reasons.
Here are the most common reasons people list for being afraid of public speaking
with suggestions for what to do to overcome(vượt qua) that fear.
1. “People will laugh at me.”
If you do or say something that amuses people, they will laugh — even if you
don’t want them to. So laugh with them. Then they’re not laughing at you, they’re
laughing with you. And they’ll love you for it. Laughter is the most potent
antidote(thuốc giải độc) to fear. While fear shuts(khiến) you down and makes you
cower(thu mình) in the corner, laughter pumps you up and gets you energized.
2. “I won’t be able to answer people’s questions.”
You don’t have to have all the answers. You just have to know how to get the
answers so you can say, “You’ve stumped(bối rối) me. I don’t know the answer to
that question, but I do know how to find it. If you give me your business card, I
promise I’ll get back to you with what you want to know.”
3 “I’ll freeze.”
This is most people’s biggest fear. You’re standing before a room full of people
and you freeze. Your mind goes blank(trống rỗng). You can’t remember a single
thing you were planning on saying. Here’s the secret. Say something. Say
anything. The longer you stay silent - trying to remember exactly what you had
planned on saying - the more stressed you will get. And stress is like ice water on
the brain. Say, “You know, I’ve completely forgotten what I was going to say.”
Your audience will identify with you. They may laugh. Then you can laugh.
Oxygen will return to your brain and begin thawing(tan) things out. Refer to your
notes, if necessary. And begin again.
(1) Public speaking is the people’s number one fear. Here are some of the most
popular reasons and suggestions to (2)overcom that fear. First of all, if you amuse
people, so laugh (3) with them and they will love you for it. Laughter is the most
cure to fear because it can get you (4) energized. Secondly, in case you cannot be
able to answer the listeners’ questions, you do not have to. If you just know how to
find the answers, ask them to give you their (5)business cards to give them the
feedback later. The last one, freezing is the most people’s biggest fear. You cannot
remember anything prepared on saying so just say. The longer you keep silent, the
more (6) stessed you will get. Check your note if you need; then begin again.
5.3.6.
Aled’s presentation tips
INFORMEDIA, a US telecommunications(viễn thông) company, has been
able to establish(thiết lập) some important new business contacts with partners in
the US this year. This also means that the need for English in meetings and
presentations has increased. That’s why we have asked our American colleague
Aled Hughes from our Miami office to share a few tips with us.
Clear and simple structure. Remember that your audience will benefit
most from a very clear and logical structure. Do not overload(quá tải) the audience
and try to use simple language.
Your introduction. Some experts say this is the most important part of
your presentation. In the first new minutes you can get your audience’s attention,
build rapport(mối quan hệ), and create a positive impression(ấn tượng).
Topic and objective. Clearly say what the topic and objective (or purpose)
of your talk is. Repeat the topic and objective at some later time.
Signposting. Let the audience know at all times what you want to do and
how you want to do it. This method is common in the American business world- so
use it.
Summarizing points. At the end of each session summarize the main facts
to make sure everybody following.
Interaction(tương tác) with the audience. American audiences expect
direct(trưc tiếp) interaction. So treat them as individuals(cá nhân); show them that
you care about their individual needs.
Presenter’s role(vai trò). The presenter is often considered as important as
his or her topic, and the presenter’s role is to make sure the presentation- even one
on a dry topic- is interesting and entertaining. To achieve this goal American
presenters often use their personalities(cá tính) more and tend to be more
enthusiastic than people from many parts of the world.

5.4.
Unit 6. I have a complaint to make
1. Vocab
Alternative = option Apologize for
Be annoyed with = be angry with Be dissatisfield with
Compensation Come up with
Delivery Exchange
To Handle = to deal with Inconvenience
Make a complaint Make a request
Misunderstanding mix-up = mistake
Order Promptly = immediately
To Purchase = to buy sth To Return = to send sth back
To Refund = give money back Replacement
 Unit 7
Reading 1
How to write a CV: Tips for 2019
When it comes to job hunting, your CV is more important than anything. Get it
right, and you’ll have an interview in no time, but get it wrong, and you may face
rejection after rejection. Every CV is different as you want to show why your set of
skills makes you suitable for the position you’re applying for at that moment, but
all follow a similar structure.
This guide will show you how to write a great CV that’s ready for 2019 and
beyond.
What is a CV?
Your CV, short for curriculum vitae (sơ yếu lý lịch), is a personal marketing
document used to sell yourself to prospective employers( nhà tuyển dụng). It
should tell them about you, your professional history and your skills, abilities and
achievements. Ultimately(cuối cùng), it should highlight why you’re the best
person for the job.
A CV is required when applying for a job. In addition to your CV, employers may
also require a cover letter and a completed application form.
What to include in your CV in 2019?
While the structure of a CV is flexible, bending to(phù hợp với) your unique skill
set and experiences, there are particular(cụ thể) sections that employers expect to
see on your CV regardless.
Here are the sections you must include in your CV:
The first part of your CV, positioned at the top of the page, should contain your
name and contact details. Under no circumstances(trong mọi TH) should you title
your CV with ‘curriculum vitae’ or ‘CV’ as it’s a waste of valuable space. Treat
your name as the title instead.
When it comes to your contact details, your email address and phone number(s) are
essential(cần thiết). Once upon a time, it was customary to include your full
address on your CV. Today, you simply need to list your town and county.
Personal statement(tuyên bố cá nhân)
A personal statement, also known as a personal profile, is one of the most
important aspects(khía cạnh) of your CV. It’s a short paragraph that may sit
underneath(bên dưới) your name and contact details giving prospective employers
an overview of who you are and what you’re all about.
You should tailor(điều chỉnh) your profile to every job you apply for, highlighting
specific qualities that match you to the role. Aim to keep your personal statement
short and sweet, and no longer than a few sentences. To make the most of this
section, you should try to address the following:
1. Who are you?
2. What can you offer the company?
 3. What are your career goals?

Reading 2
Tips to write a CV
It is of course extremely(cực kỳ) important to phrase(diễn đạt) your information in
such a way as to sell yourself as effectively as possible.
Your CV is your personal sales brochure(tài liệu) and needs to be copy-written
accordingly(phù hợp).
It is also important to strike(đạt) the right balance between too little and too much
text. To achieve this, you’re going to need to be very careful as to how you phrase
yourself.
Person and pronouns
There’s a lot of confusion(nhầm lẫn) as to the ‘person’ in which you should write
your CV.
Some schools of thought will say that your CV should be written in the first person
(I); others will say it should be written in the third person (He/ She).
It is obvious(rõ ràng) that you will have to choose either the first person or the
third person when writing your CV. It’s one or the other – and my
recommendation would be to use the third person, not the first person.
Positive adjectives(tính từ tích cực)
You will also want to use a good spread of positive adjectives to help reinforce
your statements. Here are some examples: consistent, efficient, experienced,
productive, proficient, successful.
Avoiding repetition(lặp lại)
Although it can be difficult, you should try hard to avoid repetition in your CV.
This is especially the case with the starting words of bullet points(gạch đầu dòng),
e.g. developed, implemented, etc. because this always stands out more to the eye
than other repetition. Within any one list of bullet points, try to start each bullet
point with a different word. Within any one paragraph, avoid using the same
adjective, adverb or action verb twice.
Accompanying adverbs(trạng từ đi kèm)
I should also point out that many of these positive adjectives can be converted to
adverbs where necessary,
e.g. successfulbecomes successfully, consistent becomes consistently, etc.
The truth, the whole truth ...
A large percentage of people seem to think it’s permissible to tell a few small
porkies when writing their CV. Many think it’s acceptable because ‘everyone else
does it’ – and it is a fact that many prospective employers do not check an
applicant’s information as thoroughly as they perhaps should. However, I would
always strongly caution everyone against telling anything but the truth on their
CV.
Besides the moral aspect( đạo đức), any inaccuracies(điểm ko đúng) on a CV can
give employers grounds to dismiss(sa thải) an employee immediately for ‘gross
misconduct’(hành vi sai trái nghiêm trọng) – and employers do have ways of
checking up on you.

Reading 3.
Read the passage and answer the questions with NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS from the text:
How to write a CV: Tips for 2019 (cont.)
Experience and employment history
Your employment history section gives you a chance to outline(phác thảo) your
previous jobs, internships and work experience.
List your experience in reverse chronological(thứ tự thời gian đảo ngược) order as
your recent role is the most relevant(phù hợp) to the employer.
When listing each position of employment, state your job title, the employer, the
dates you worked and a line that summarises the role. Then bullet point your key
responsibilities, skills and achievements, and bolster(củng cố) each point with
powerful verbsand figures to support each claim and showcase your impact.
It helps to choose the duties most relevant to the job you’re applying for, especially
if it’s a long list. If you have many years’ worth of experience, you can reduce the
detail of old or irrelevant roles(ko liên quan). If you have positions from more than
10 years’ ago, you can delete them.
Education and qualifications
Like your experience section, your education should be listed in reverse
chronological order. Include the name of the institutions(tổ chức) and the dates you
were there, followed by the qualifications and grades(bằng cấp và điểm) you
achieved.
If you have recently left education, you may write your degree, A-levels or GCSEs
(or equivalents-tương đương) like so:
If you have a degree, you could list a few of the most relevant modules,
assignments or projects underneath.
Additional sections
There is a range of additional sections that may strengthen(củng cố) your CV and
highlight your skills. Here are just a few you can include if you have room:
Key skills: If you’re writing a functional CV, or have some abilities you want to
show off to the employer immediately, insert a key skills section underneath your
personal profile. You should aim to detail four to five abilities at most.
Hobbies and interests: If you feel that your CV is lacking(thiếu sót), you can
boost(nang cao) your document by inserting a hobbies and interests section at the
end. This can help to show how well you fit into the company or the industry. For
example, if you’re applying for an environmental job, why not include that you
have a big interest in climate change activism?

Reading 4.
WHY COVER LETTERS ARE IMPORTANT
The main purpose of your cover letter(thư xin việc) is to make your prospective
employers want to learn more about you and read your resume. To do this, your
cover letter must contain and convey(truyền tải) your personal brand message so
that hiring managers are compelled(buộc phải) to contact you.
What Your Cover Letter Isn’t and What It Is
 What it isn’t: Your cover letter is not just a letter to accompany(đi kèm)
your resume. For that purpose, you would be better off with no cover letter
at all. If the cover letter is boring or basic, five out of seven human resource
professionals will not even read it. So, it should not be generic, or routine.
(chung chung or thông lệ)
 What it is: Your cover letter is your personal introduction to a prospective
employer when you can’t meet in person. As such, it’s the employer’s first
impression of you. So, be sure it is persuasive(sực thuyết phục), and
impactful and sells you ahead of your competition(đối thủ cạnh tranh), so
that you can obtain the position you seek.
It should contain your personal brand message with eye-opening statements that
make a hiring manager want to read your resume, get to know you further, and
even call you in for an interview based on the cover letter itself. Your cover letter
should contain the “wow” factor and persuade employers that you are the best
candidate for the position
What to Do and What Not to Do in a Cover Letter
Don’t:
✔ Copy generic statements that are overused(sử dụng quá mức).
✔ Bore your reader with job description information they are already aware of.
✔ Repeat the information contained in your resume. (Don’t duplicate. Just
summarize.)
Do:
✔ Write compelling statements that make readers take notice.
✔ Make promises you can keep.
✔ Determine(xác định) what your possible return on investment is to prospective
employers if they hire you.
✔ Make statements that show how you can outcompete your peers.(đồng nghiệp)
✔ Show how you are a match for a position opening by including all of the
requirements in the original job posting and noting your expertise and
qualifications(kiến thức chuyên môn và trình độ) in these areas.

Reading 5.
PRODUCING THE COVER LETTER
Like your resume, your cover letter should be clean, neat(gọn gàng), and direct. It
should be no longer than one page in length. The language used should be polite-
lịch sự, businesslike-tính kinh doanh, and to the point. Don’t attempt to tell your
life story in the cover letter; a long and cluttered letter(lộn xộn) will serve only to
annoy-khó chịu the reader. Remember that you need to mention only a few of your
accomplishments(thành tích) and skills in the cover letter. The rest of your
information is available in your resume. If your cover letter is a success, your
prospective employer will read your resume and will review all pertinent
information.
After you have written your cover letter, proofread-đọc kỹ it as thoroughly as you
did your resume. Again, spelling or punctuation errors-lỗi chính tả or dấu câu are a
sure sign of carelessness-sự bất cản, and you don’t want that to be a part of your
first impres- sion on a prospective employer. This is no time to trust your spell-
check function. Even after going through a spelling and grammar check, your
cover letter should be carefully proofread by at least one other person.
Print the cover letter on the same quality bond paper you used for your resume.
Remember to sign it, using a good pen with black ink. Handle the letter and
resume carefully to avoid smudging or wrinkling-bị nhòe or nhăn, and mail them
together in an appropriately sized envelope-phong bì phù hợp. Many stores sell
matching envelopes to coordinate with your choice of bond paper.
Keep an accurate-chính xác record of all resumes you send out and the results of
each mailing. This record can be kept on your computer, in a calendar or notebook,
or on file cards. Knowing when a resume is likely to have been received will keep
you on track as you make follow-up phone calls.
About a week after mailing resumes and cover letters to potential employers,
contact them by telephone. Confirm that your resume arrived and ask whether an
interview might be possible. Be sure to record the name of the person you spoke to
and any other information you gleaned-thu thập from the conversation. It is wise to
treat the person answering the phone with a great deal of respect; sometimes the
assistant or receptionist-lễ tân has the ear of the person doing the hiring.
*proofread: hiệu đính

Reading 6.
 Maame Akai Telma
Box 15, Accra Ghana
M: 0540556043
E: maameakai@gmail.com
5th June, 2011
HR Manager
Maxim Pharmaceutical
Accra Ghana
Dear Sir/ Madam,
I am writing to apply for the position of Chemical Process Engineer as recently
advertised in the Daily Graphic. I have attached(đính kèm) my CV and other
details along with this application.
I am a graduate in Chemical Engineering from Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science and Technology with advance knowledge in polymer, drugs-thuốc, food,
textiles-dệt may and chemicals.
I worked closely with process chemists and control engineers to ensure that the Bui
process plant is set up to provide maximum output levels-múc sản lượng and
efficient running of the production facility. This was a major project I undertook-
đảm nhận during my National Service in the Bui Dam. In addition, I have also
completed my internship at BHD Chemical Centre, while pursuing my graduation.
There I was in charge of analyzing chemical components and writing reports.
I have excellent communication and interpersonal skills, with ability to liaise
effectively and professionally-liên lạc hiệu quả và chuyên nghiệp with individuals-
cá nhân at all levels. I have been a Chemical Engineer for a year and believe my
greatest assets are my ability to work with different personalities and adapt quickly
to different engineering situations.
I believe I would be a great fit for this position and I would love the opportunity-
cơ hội to work with your team on this exciting new drug project.
I look forward to being able to discuss the position with you further. I may be
reached at 0540556043or via email at maameakai@gmail.com. Thank you for your
time and consideration.
Yours sincerely,

Maame Akai Telma

Unit 8. I am a otential candidate for…

8.1.
The Job Interview
Interviewer: So, you've applied for the Saturday position, right?
John: Yes, I have.
Interviewer: Can you tell me what made you reply to our advertisement?
John: Well, I was looking for a part-time job to help me through college. And I
think that I'd be really good at this kind of work.
Interviewer: Do you know exactly what you would be doing as a shop assistant?
John: Well I imagine I would be helping customers, keeping a check on the
supplies in the store, and preparing the shop for business.
Interviewer: That about covers it, you would also be responsible for keeping the
front of the store tidy. What sort of student do you regard yourself as . . . did you
enjoy studying while you were at school?
John: I suppose I'm a reasonable student. I passed all my exams and I enjoy
studying subjects that interest me.
Interviewer: Have you any previous work experience?
John: Yes. I worked part-time at a take-away in the summer holidays.
Interviewer: Now, do you have any questions you'd like to ask me about the
position?
John: Yes. Could you tell me what hours I'd have to work?
Interviewer: We open at 9.00, but you would be expected to arrive at 8.30 and we
close at 6.00 pm. You would be able to leave then.
I think I have asked you everything I wanted to. Thank you for coming along to the
interview.
John: Thank you. When will I know if I have been successful?
Interviewer: We'll be making our decision next Monday, we'll give you a call.

8.2.
Getting the job you deserve
Many of us wish we were in a better-paid or more interesting job but don’t know
how to start looking for something else. If this describes you, the first thing you
need to do is update your resume. A resume is a tool that can be used to obtain a
job interview. Along with a cover letter, it is the first impression a prospective
employee makes on a potential employer. Therefore, it is important that a resume
provides as much relevant information as possible while remaining brief. When it
comes to length, a resume should be no more than two sides of A4 paper. Make it
any longer and it won’t get read. A resume must be neatly typed, with at least 3/4
inch margins on all four sides. Use underlining, capital letters, and asterisks to
highlight important information. A resume should be single-spaced with an extra
line of space between blocks of information. Begin a resume with your name, and
then address, and home and business telephone numbers. Do not include age,
marital status, or other personal facts. Next, many resumes list a career goal,
followed by a chronological outline of work experience, starting with the most
recent job and working backward including a brief description of relevant duties
and skills. Finally, include an outline of your educational background from the
most recent, backward. Include dates, schools, and diplomas awarded. Before you
send it, make sure you check your spelling and grammar.

8.3.
Top 5 Reasons Not to Apply for a Job
Employers list job requirements when they advertise open positions for a reason.
They want to hire the person who is the best qualified applicant for the job. For
most jobs, hiring managers have a good selection of qualified candidates and aren’t
interested in those who don’t have the qualifications.
1. Short on Skills. If you don’t have the skills and qualifications the employer is
seeking, think twice about submitting. Many job postings list the skill set required
for the position, and if you don’t have at least most of them you won’t be
considered.
2. Don’t Have the Experience.
Most employers require a certain amount of experience. That information should
be clearly listed in the posting. For example:
 2 - 3 years of experience in an office environment.
 10+ years of sales experience, preferably within the high-tech industry.
If you’re close you might be considered but if you fall significantly short you
won’t be.
3. Short on Educational Requirements.
In some cases, employers list educational background requirements which you
need to meet in order to be chosen for an interview.For instance:
 Bachelor's Degree in a related field (i.e., English, Math, Chemistry).
 Master's degree in Student Personnel Administration, Counseling, or other
appropriate fields.
If you have the degree, but a different major and appropriate work experience it’s
worth applying.
4. The Job or Company Isn’t a Fit.
Sometimes, the job or the company simply isn’t a match for what you want for
your next job. It could be that you don’t have the job requirements or that you have
a different concept of fun than the company does.
 Looking for someone with progressive career and would have some good
tenure at each employer (spent at least 5 years with each).
 We try to do a team activity every week, often friendly video games,
basketball games or yoga.
With these types of requirements, the employer is looking for a certain type of
person who will be the best fit for the job and the organization. These aren’t
always as definitive as some of the other job requirements. However, do be sure
that the requirements and the company culture make you feel like you’d love to
work there.
5. Can’t Work the Schedule.
If the job says that travel is required or that you need to be available for flexible
hours that is what you’ll be expected to do. Don’t expect an employer to change
those requirements for you. Be sure that you have the flexibility to work the job
schedule before you apply.
8.5.
General video interview tips
 Keep it professional. Be sure that if you are using Skype or another video
platform your username is professional just as you would with your email
address and social media accounts.
 Maintain eye contact.Look directly into the camera, try to avoid looking
into the centre of the screen. Speak directly into the microphone so the
interviewer can hear you clearly.
 Take a pause.Let the interviewer finish before giving your answers. Digital
video streaming can be delayed so take a couple of seconds before
responding.
 Keep your resume close. Finally, it’s not a bad idea to keep your resume
close. Just be sure not to look away from the camera too much. Having notes
can be a good tool to refer to between the video interview questions.
 Remember that they can see you. Unlike a phone interview, the
interviewer can see you. It may seem obvious, but in the midst of delivering
an answer, it’s easy to forget that you are on camera. Remember to smile
 and come across as warm and personable. You have more opportunity to
connect and bond with the interviewer than in a phone interview, so use it to
your advantage.
If you follow these video interview tips, you’ll be more likely to make a great first
impression and hopefully score the job — or at least a second interview.

8.6.
Can Employers Check Your Employment History?
Employers can verify your employment history in regards to job title and job
description, your starting and ending dates of employment, and your salary.
Organizations can call former employers and share the information which you
have supplied in your resume or job application and ask previous employers to
confirm its accuracy.
What Information Will Employers Share?
Some employers will provide detailed information, but others won't. It depends on
the company. Former employers will generally not share information about your
job performance. However, if employers contact staff at former employers through
informal channels, this type of information could be divulged off the record.
Who Does the Checking?
Some employers verify work history themselves. Others outsource this task to third
party reference checking organizations. In some cases, employers or the firms they
contract will conduct more extensive background checks which may also include
an evaluation of your credit history and criminal record, depending on the type of
job you are applying for.
Can Employers Check Only What You Put on Your Resume or Application?
If an employer conducts a background check, they are not limited to checking just
the information you list on your resume or a job application. They could check
your entire employment history and when they do that they may be concerned if
they find omissions and, depending on what it was, it could be held against you.
It also depends on what the company is asking you to provide. For example, if a
company asks for a certain amount of years of work history in a job posting and
you don't include all the jobs you held during that time period, it could also be held
against you. In addition, when you sign a job application you are attesting to the
fact that you have given the employer all the information they have asked for.
Know Your Employment History
Be sure that you provide accurate information on your job applications and
resume. Don't guess as to where you worked when. If you don't remember the
details recreate your work history before you apply.
What's most important? The bottom line is that it's important to be truthful with all
information that you supply to prospective employers. If you're worried about what
prior employers will say about you, you should proactively cultivate and supply
positive recommendations to counter any potential negative feedback about your
performance that might be uncovered as an employer check on your employment
background.
8.7.
Hi, my name is Le Xuan Dao, and I am a senior student of Hanoi University of
Industry. My major is environmental engineers. As a senior student, I had many
skills and experience to prepare for working after graduation. Designing and
operating the waste treatment system are one of the main part in my major. To be
apply for this position, many skills such as good at AutoCad, communication skills
like English, working under pressure and teamwork skills. Besides, I had done
practical experience at industry. I am also very conscientious, diligent , flexible
and reliable that I believe that it’s important for a good engineer. Sometimes, I can
very demotivated or impatient and I spend 2 hours everyday practicing become
more self-sufficient nd now things seem to be getting better.
Hi, my name is Le Xuan Dao and I am a senior student at Hanoi niversity of
Industry. My major is environmental engineering. As a senior student, have many
skills and experiences to prepare me for working after graduation.
Designing and operating waste treatment systems are one of the main parts of in
my major. To apply for this I have many skills such as being position, good
at having communication skills such as AutoCad, being able to
work English, pressure, and having teamwork under Besides, I have skills. done
practical experience industry. I am also very conscientious, diligent,
flexible, and reliable, which I believe are important qualities for a good engineer.
Sometimes I can become very demotivated or impatient, so I
spend two hours every day practicing to become more self-sufficient and now
things seem to be getting better.
Kiến thức, chuyên môn về công việc.
Professional knowledge is essential and mandatory when applying for a position
you want to work for. Knowledge related to majors and foreign languages is one of
the factors that make it easier for students to apply for jobs when applying for
jobs. Professional knowledge is only a plus point for employers when you apply
for a job.
Thái độ.
This attitude is one of the factors that employers need the most in a student. The
fact that you can prove to the employer that you are a person with a clear job
orientation, a person who is curious, has a positive working attitude, knows how to
behave in one or more working environments. In addition, you need to have a
dynamic working spirit, eager to learn, progressive working attitude, enthusiasm
and hard work. Attitude is more important than qualifications. Professional
knowledge and working skills you can all hone in your working process.
Kỹ năng làm việc
Your ability to complete assigned tasks, creative thinking, communication skills,
problem solving skills at work, teamwork skills, ability to master the job you are
applying for ….You have good skills, turn how to handle situations
effectively. This will be one of your highlights that will be considered by the
employer.
All 3 factors are very important, but the most important factor for employers is
your attitude. Your attitude at work, your attitude towards those around you will
help you go further in your career.