Practical Research –

Lesson 1:
Research Process:
1. Formulation of the research problem
2. Review of Literature
3. Development if Hypothesis
4. Forming of Research design
5. Data collection
6. Data Analysis
7. Drawing conclusion
8. Report making

Cause - Independent variable Quantitative - includes Variables

Effect - Dependent variable CSR - Corporate Social Responsibility

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

- Test Hypothesis
- Expressed in numbers
- Larger sample size
- Math/Statistical analysis
Focus of Inquiry > GSOP > SSOP
- Formulate hypothesis
- Expressed in words
- Smaller sample size
- Summarize, categorize, Interpret

Major Characteristics of a Qualitative Research

1. Concern for context and meaning
2. Naturally occurring
3. Human as instrument
Research Problem – Any significant, perplexing and challenging situation, real, or artificial, the
solution of which requires reflective thinking.

Lesson 2: Qualitative & Quantitative

Qualitative – Descriptions Quantitative – Numerical
> Mean – Average
> Median – Middle
> Mode – Most occurring

Qualitative Research
- Post positivist
- Evidences
 - Representative
- Large in population
- Replication (replicated)
- Survey tools / instrument
- Always starts with a hypothesis
- Test
- Inductive

Qualitative Research
- Small population
- Developmental
- Subjective
- Interview
- Generate hypothesis
- Ends with a hypothesis
- Deductive
- Observation

Philosophical views in research –

1. Post-Positivist (Quantitative) :researchers in this category subscribe to the idea that
everything should be quantified to produce concrete results.
2. Constructivist (Qualitative) :
- Researchers create their own understanding
- Researchers believe that experience through words can point a better picture of
a certain phenomena.
3. Transformative : Research supports the idea that research should be conducted to
increase quality of life and produce a better society.

Mixed method = Quali & Quanti Sequential MM: Conduct the quanti then quali
Parallel MM: Both administer on a single population
4. Pragmatic : Researchers promote the use of quantitative and qualitative data in
expressing research findings.

Approaches in Research
Qualitative Research – An approach for exploring and understanding the meaning
individuals or groups describe to a social or human problem.
Most Common Designs: Narrative, Phenomenological, Ethnography, Case study, Grounded
theory
Case study – In-depth analysis of a single entity group
- Daily observation =
- Detailed study of a specific subject
Narrative Analysis – focuses on specific story; everyday and general
- Descriptive on based what is happening
Data:
Primary – Source itself ; book
Secondary – Has primary reference
Tertiary – Sprouting of reference

Lesson 3: Nariyo Kono’s ethics in research

Ethics, refers to questions regarding right & wrong
- If it is right to conduct a certain study / to carry out certain procedures.
- Ethical behavior conforms to the standards of a given profession.

The question is ethical; it will not involve any physical / psychological harm to human beings or
the social environment.

A researcher must:
1. Ensure the confidentiality of his research data (5 months)
2. Subject should not be deceived
3. Research with minors – consent from parents or by their legal guardian is required.
4. Equitable Selection – the proposed research does not discriminate against any
individuals in the population.

> Participants have the right to withdraw

> Consent form must be appropriately documented

Monitoring of data – being collected to ensure the safety of participants

Kinds of Qualitative Research

1. Historical research – a systematic study of past events
- Examines the documents of the past to help the researchers understand and
connect in the present time.
- Pattern
- Uses secondary data (sources are dead)
2. Ethnographic research – Involves observing, exploring, documenting, and analyzing
the beliefs of a group of people most especially the indigenous or minority group.
- Emic: Insiders view
- Etic: Outsiders view
3 aspects of information in Ethnography:
1. Cultural Behavior
2. Cultural Speech
3. Cultural Artifacts
Lesson 4: Population and the sample
Population — a complete set of elements (persons or objects) that passes some common
characteristics defined by the sampling criteria established by the researcher.

● Population: A target population refers to all the members who meet the particular
criterion specified for a research investigation.

-Composed of a smaller, finite number of units that are extracted or elected from a larger
population of interest.

● Sample:

-A population may be homogeneous and heterogeneous

Total Sampling Technique —

GP (General population) - ABM 2: 38

TP (target population) - Female ABM 2: 13

Types of sampling technique:

● Sampling technique: Processthorugh which a sample is extracted

Non- Probability Sampling Technique -

-Highly subjective.

Convenience Sampling - Units that are selected to be included in the sample are simply the
easiest to access or convenient to approach within the population.

-Subject to the judgment of the researcher or evaluator to choose units from the population to
be included in the sample.

-Generalizing a larger population is much not of primary goal

Proportional Quota Sampling - Sample consisting of individuals that represent a population

and are selected according to their traits or characteristics

Purposive sampling - Similar to convenience but you’re taking note of the objective of your
study. The criteria of the units to be involved in the research are predefined. Describes a group
of various sampling techniques that rely on the judgment of the researcher when it comes to
choosing the units that will be involved in the research.
Self-selection Sampling - The individual or organizations voluntarily take part in the study
rather than being approached directly by the researcher or evaluator.

Snowball sampling technique - Chain sampling, chain referral sampling, and referral sampling.

Lesson 5: Methods in Qualitative Research

- Main methods of gathering data.
- Data gathering is face-to-face
3 methods in Qualitative Research –
- Interview
- Observation
- Focus Group Discussion

Interview –
1. Formal Interview
- It have pre-given questionnaire to the interviewee
- No additional questions ask
2. Informal Interview
- No predetermined questions asked.
- “Goes with the flow”
3. Semi Standardized interview
- Mixed of formal & Informal interviews
- The interviewer is free to probe
- Has predetermined questions
4. Focused, Depth interview
- Non Standardized interview where there are no predetermined questions
- Based on the understanding of the interviewer
5. Non-directive interview
- The Interviewees are encouraged to express his/her feelings.

Interview Instruments
- Used for survey interview
- Questionnaire
- Still conducted f2f
Interview Guide
- List of Questions & Topics
- Conducted through f2f interview
- No Gdocs

1. Planning step
- Locale of the study
 - Respondents
- Type of interview depending on the nature of the problem
- Preparation of instrument
2. Selecting location for interview
- Must be as quiet and convenient
3. Establish rapport
- Cordial friendly atmosphere between interviewer & interviewee
- Importance of the interview must be impressed
- Interviewer must assure the interviewee of confidentiality & a complete anonymity
4. Carrying out the interview
- Polite, friendly, & conversational manner
5. Recording the interview
- 1 audio ; 1 video
6. Closing the interview – show gratitude

Types of questions
- Introducing questions
- Follow up questions
- Probing questions
- Specifying questions
- Direct questions
- Indirect questions
- Interpreting questions

- Checklist
- Rating scales
- Anecdotal forms = will record observations