3.JBT 4730.3-2005 承压设备无损检测第3部分超声检测-en

JB
Professional Standard of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国行业标准
JB/T 4730.3-2005
Replace part of JB 4730-1994
Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipment -

Part 3: Ultrasonic Testing
承压设备无损检测 - 第 3 部分：超声检测
Issued on July 26, 2005 Implemented on November 1, 2005
Issued by the National Development and Reform Commission

Contents
Foreword ............................................................................................................................. II
1. Scope ................................................................................................................................1
2. Normative References .......................................................................................................1
3. General Requirements .......................................................................................................2
4. Ultrasonic testing and quality classification of raw materials and spares for the pressure
equipment .............................................................................................................................6
5. The ultrasonic testing and quality classification of butt welding joint for the pressure
equipment ........................................................................................................................... 31
6. Ultrasonic testing and quality classification of circumferential butt welding joint for pipes
and pressure pipeline of the pressure equipment .................................................................. 58
7. The ultrasonic detection of press equipment in-service..................................................... 67
8. Ultrasonic detection reports ............................................................................................. 72
Annex C (Normative) Ultrasonic Crossing Testing on Pressure Equipments with Steel
Forgings.............................................................................................................................. 78
Annex D (Normative) Axial-direction Crossing Testing on Full-fusion Welding of Pressure
Equipments with Steel High-pressure Seamless Pipe ........................................................... 81
Annex E (Normative) Angle probe Testing on Pressure Equipments with Austenitic Steel
Forging ............................................................................................................................... 83
Annex F (Normative) Measurement for Loss Allowance in Sound Energy Transmission...... 84
Annex G (Normative) Ultrasonic Testing and Quality Gradation for the Butt Welding Joints of
6mm~8mm Steel Pressure Equipments ................................................................................ 87
Annex H (Normative) Dynamic Waveform of Echo............................................................. 89
Annex J (Normative) Height Measurement of Flaws (2) Height Measurement of Flaws with
Ultrasonic Terminal Maximal Echo Method ...................................................................... 102
Annex K (Normative) Height Measurement of Flaws (3) Height Measurement of Flaws with
6dB Method ...................................................................................................................... 106
Annex L (Normative) Type Identification and Property Judgment of Flaws........................ 109
Annex M (Informative) Ultrasonic Testing and Quality Gradation for the Butt Welding Joints
of Titanium Pressure Equipments ...................................................................................... 113
Annex N (Informative) Ultrasonic Detection and Quality Gradation of Austenitic Stainless
Steel Butt-welding Joints................................................................................................... 116
I
Foreword
JB/T 4730.1~4730.6-2005 "Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments" is consisted

of six parts:
——Part 1: universal requirement;
——Part 2: radiation testing;
——Part 3: ultrasonic testing;
——Part 4: magnetic particle testing;
——Part 5: penetration testing;
——Part 6: vortexing testing
This Part is consisted of JB/T 4730.1~4730.6-2005 Part 3: ultrasonic testing. This Part is
mainly revised on the basis of perennial domestic research findings and application
experience, and by referring to ASME "Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code" V, JIS standard
specification and professional feedback opinions. Compared with JB 4730-1984, this Part
mainly makes the following major variation:
1 Modify the attenuation coefficient Formula for workpiece material with wall thickness
of less than 3 times near-field region; add ultrasonic testing content of austenitic stainless
steel, biphasic stainless steel plate, aluminum and aluminium alloy plates, iron and alloy
iron plates; unify ultrasonic testing content of explosion and rolling clad steel plate.
2 Extend the ultrasonic testing scope of butt welding joint for the steel pressure
equipment to 6mm~400mm, and make partial adjustment for ultrasonic testing block of butt
welding joint; add ultrasonic testing classification content of butt welding joint for steel
pressure equipment; add ultrasonic testing content of butt welding joint for T-shape soldered
joint and austenitic stainless steel pressure equipment.
3 Add pipe for the steel pressure equipment and ultrasonic testing content of
circumferential butt joint for the pressure pipeline with wall thickness of greater than or
equal to 4mm and external column of 32mm~59mm, or wall thickness of 4mm~6mm and
outside diameter of greater than or equal to 159mm; add ultrasonic testing content of
aluminum and aluminium alloy circumferential butt welding joint with wall thickness of
greater than or equal to 5mm and outside diameter of 80mm~159mm or wall thickness of
5mm~8mm and larger than or equal to 159mm.
4 Add ultrasonic testing content for the in-use pressure equipment.
II
Annex A to Annex L in this Part are normative; Annex M and Annex N are Informative.
This Part is proposed by China Standardization Committee on Boilers and Pressure

Vessels (CSCBPV) (SAC/TC 262).
This Part is under the jurisdiction of China Standardization Committee on Boilers and
Pressure Vessels (CSCBPV) (SAC/TC 262).
This Part is mainly prepared by YU Rong, YAO Zhizhong, KANG Jiqian, YAN
Changzhou, XIAO Jiawei, XU Zunyan, PAN Rongbao and CHEN Chengyu.
III
Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment
Part 3: Ultrasonic Testing
1. Scope
This part of JB/T 4730 specifies the ultrasonic testing methods and quality classification
requirements of pressure equipments through adopting A-type ultrasonic flaw detector to
inspect the flaws of the workpiece.
This part is applicable to the ultrasonic testing of the raw material, spare parts and
welded joints used by the metal-made pressure equipments, and it's also applicable to the
ultrasonic testing of the in-service metal-made pressure equipments.
The ultrasonic testing of the support members and the structural members related to the
pressure equipments also can refer to the provisions of this part for application.
2. Normative References
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute the provisions of JB/T 4730.3. For dated reference, subsequent amendments
(excluding amending error in the text) to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not be
applied. However, the parties whose enter into agreement according to these specifications
are encouraged to research whether the latest editions of these references are applied or not.
For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document is applicable to this Part.
JB/T 4730.1 Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipment-Part 1: General

Requirements
JB/T 7913-1995 Fabrication and Calibration Method of Steel Reference Blocks Used in
Ultrasonic Inspection
JB/T 9214-1999 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of A Scope

Ultrasonic Pulse-echo Testing Systems
JB/T 10061-1999 General Technical Specifications for A-type Pulse-echo Supersonic

Flaw Detector
JB/T 10062-1999 Testing Methods for Performance of Probes Used in Ultrasonic Flaw
Detection
1
JB/T 10063-1999 Specification for No.1 Standard Test Block Used in Ultrasonic Flaw
Detection
3. General Requirements
3.1 Ultrasonic testing personnel
The general requirements of the ultrasonic testing personnel shall comply with the
relevant provisions of JB/T 4730.1.
3.2 Testing equipment
3.2.1 The ultrasonic testing equipment shall be equipped with the product conformity
certificate or eligible documentary evidence.
3.2.2 Defectoscope, probe and system performance
3.2.2.1 Defectoscope
A-type pulse-echo ultrasonic flaw detector is adopted; its working frequency ranges
0.5MHz~10MHz; the flaw detector shall have linear display at 80% of the full screen scope at
minimum. The flaw detector shall have continuous adjustable attenuator 80dB or above: the
stepping level≤2dB; accuracy ±1dB error for every two neighboring 12dB; the maximum
progressive error is less than 1dB. The horizontal linear error is not greater than 1%, while the
vertical linear error is not greater than 5%. The rest indicators shall meet the provisions of
JB/T 10061.
3.2.2.2 Probe
3.2.2.2.1 Generally, the wafer area shall not be greater than 500mm2, and the length of any
side shall not be greater than 25nm in principle.
3.2.2.2.2 The axial line horizontal deviation angle of the unicline probe sound beam shall not
be greater than 2°, while the vertical direction of the main sound beam shall not be any
obvious double-peak.
3.2.2.3 The system performance of reflectoscope and probe
3.2.2.3.1 When reaching the maximum inspection sound path of the detected workpiece, the
effective sensitivity surplus shall not be less than 10dB.
3.2.2.3.2 Error between the combination frequency of instrument/probe and the nominal
frequency shall not be greater than±10%.
2
3.2.2.3.3 The initial pulse width (under reference sensitivity) for the combination of
instrument and normal probe: for probe with frequency of 5MHz, the width is no greater than
10mm; for probe with frequency of 2.5MHz, the width is no greater than 15mm.
3.2.2.3.4 The far-field definition of normal probe shall be no less than 30dB, while the
far-field definition of angle beam probe shall be no less than 6dB.
3.2.2.3.5 The system performance of instrument and probe shall be tested according to JB/T
9214 and JB/T 10062.
3.3 General method for ultrasonic testing
3.3.1 Testing preparation
3.3.1.1 In the manufacture, installation and in use inspection of pressure equipment, selection
for testing time and random inspection rate of ultrasonic testing shall comply with relevant
laws, regulations, standards and technical documents.
3.3.1.2 The determined testing surface shall ensure the tested parts of the workpiece can be
tested fully.
3.3.1.3 Surface quality of the weld shall be eligible after appearance testing. All of the
rustiness, splash and dirt influencing ultrasonic testing shall be removed and its surface
roughness shall comply with the testing requirements. Irregular state on the surface shall not
influence exactness and integrality of the testing result, otherwise, appropriate treatment shall
be made.
3.3.2 Scanning coverage
In order to ensure the ultrasonic sound beam could scan on the tested region of the
workpiece, the scanning coverage of the probe shall be greater than 15% of the probe
diameter.
3.3.3 Travel speed of the probe
Scanning speed of the probe shall not be greater than 150mm/s. When scanning with
automatic warning device, it is not restricted by this.
3.3.4 Scanning sensitivity
Generally, the scanning sensitivity shall not be lower than the reference sensitivity.
3.3.5 Couplant
The couplant shall have good acoustic permeability and not damage the testing surface,
such as engine lubricating oil, paste, glycerol and water.
3
3.3.6 Sensitivity compensation
a) Coupling compensation: when testing and quantify the flaw, coupling loss caused by
surface roughness shall be compensated.
b) Attenuation compensation: when testing and quantifying the flaw, detection sensitivity
descending and flaw quantifying errors caused by material attenuation shall be
compensated.
c) Curve surface compensation: for workpiece with testing surface of curve surface, test
block with same of similar curvature radius as the workpiece shall be adopted.
3.4 System calibration and recheck
3.4.1 General requirements
System calibration shall be made on the reference block; when calibrating, main sound
beam of the probe shall be perpendicularly collimate to the reflection plane of the reflector, so
as to acquire stable and maximal reflected signal.
3.4.2 Instrument calibration
Measure the horizontal linearity and vertical linearity for the instrument at least every
other three-month, and the measuring method complies with JB/T 10061.
3.4.3 Determination for newly bought probe
Newly bought probe shall be carried with instruction book for probe performance
parameters; before using, the new probe shall make determination for major parameters like
front edge distance, K value, main sound beam deviation, surplus sensitivity and definition.
The determination shall comply with relevant provisions of JB/T 10062 and meet the
requirement.
3.4.4 Systematic determination for the instrument and probe before testing
3.4.4.1 Instrumentation--angle beam probe system; before testing, it shall measure the front
edge distance, K value and main sound beam deviation, and regulate or recheck scan limit and
scanning sensitivity.
3.4.4.2 Instrumentation--normal probe system; before testing, it shall measure the initial pulse
width, surplus sensitivity and definition and regulate or recheck scanning limit and the
scanning sensitivity.
3.4.5 Recheck for instrument and probe system in the testing procedure
If the following conditions are encountered, it shall recheck the system:
4
a) When the probe, couplant and instrument adjusting knob after calibration is changing;
b) When the testing staff doubts that the scan limits or scanning sensitivity is changing;
c) Continuous work for more than 4h;
d) When the work finishes
3.4.6 Recheck for instrument and probe system before the testing
a) Before each testing, scan limit shall be rechecked. If a point deviates on the scan line
for 10% more than the reading on the scan line, the scan limit shall be readjusted, and all
testing parts since the last rechecking shall be rechecked.
b) Before the ending of each testing, scanning sensitivity shall be rechecked. Generally,
verification for distance-amplitude curve shall not be less than three points. for instance,
if any point on the curve is descending in amplitude 2dB, all testing parts since the last
rechecking shall be rechecked; for amplitude ascending 2dB, all recording signals shall
be assessed again.
3.4.7 Matters needing attention when calibrating and rechecking
When calibrating, rechecking and linear detecting the instrument, any controller
influencing instrument linearity (such as restrain or filtering switch) shall be placed in the
"shut" position, or it shall stay on the floor level.
3.5 Test block
3.5.1 Reference block
3.5.1.1 The reference block refers to test blocks used for calibration and testing calibration for
system performance of instrument probe specified in this Part. Standard test blocks adopted in
this Part include:
a) Reference block for steel plate: CBI and CBII;
b) Reference block for forgings: CSI, CSII and CSIII;
c) Reference block for soldered joint: CSK-IA, CSK-IIA, CSK-IIIA and CSK-IVA.
3.5.1.2 The reference block shall be made of materials identical or close to the acoustic
property of the tested workpiece. When the materials are tested by normal probe, flaw greater
than or equal to equivalent diameter of the flat-bottom pore Φ2mm shall not appear.
3.5.1.3 Dimensional precision of the reference block shall comply with the requirements of
this Part, and shall be verified to be eligible by measurement service.
5
3.5.1.4 Other manufacture requirements for the reference block shall comply with JB/T 10063
and JB/T 7913.
3.5.2.1 The reference block refers to test block used for testing and calibration.
3.5.2.2 Physical dimension of the reference block shall be able to represent characteristics of
the tested workpiece, and the test block thickness shall be correspondent with the thickness of
the tested workpiece. If testing for soldered joint of components with two or more than two
dissimilar thicknesses is involved, the test block thickness shall be determined by its
maximum thickness.
3.5.2.3 Shape, dimension and quantity of the reference block reflector shall comply with
provisions of this Part.
4. Ultrasonic testing and quality classification of raw materials and
spares for the pressure equipment
4.1 Ultrasonic testing and quality classification of steel plate for the pressure equipment
4.1.1 Scope
This Section is applicable to ultrasonic testing and quality classification of plates for
pressure equipment made of carbon steel and low alloy steel in plate thickness of
6mm~250mm. Ultrasonic testing of austenitic steel plates, nickel, nickel alloy plates and
biphasic stainless steel plates may also comply with this Chapter.
4.1.2 Selection of probe
4.1.2 Selection of the lower probe shall be in accordance with those specified in Table 1.
Table 1 Selection of Plates Ultrasonic Testing Probe for the Pressure Equipment
Dimension of the probe

Plate thickness, mm The accepted probe Nominal frequency, MHz
wafer
Wafer area is no less than

6~20 Double crystal normal probe 5
150mm2
>20~40 Single crystal normal probe 5 φ14mm~φ20mm
>40~250 Single crystal normal probe 2.5 φ20mm~25 mm
6
4.1.2.2 Property for double crystal normal probe shall be in accordance with those specified in
Annex A (normative).
4.1.3.1 When testing steel plate in thickness of no greater than 20mm with double crystal
normal probe, reference block shown in Figure is adopted.
4.1.3.2 When testing steel plate in thickness of greater than 20mm with single normal probe,
CBII reference block shall be in accordance with those specified in Figure 2 and Table 2. Test
block thickness shall be similar to the thickness of the tested steel plate. If accepted by the
both parties involving in the contract, double crystal normal probe may be used to make the
testing.
Figure 1 CBI Reference Block
7
Figure 2 CBII Reference Block
Table 2 CBII Reference Block
Distance from the testing

Thickness of tested steel
Sample No. surface to the flat-bottom Test block thickness, T
plate
pore, S
CBII-1 >20~40 15 ≥20
CBII-2 >40~60 30 ≥40
CBII-3 >60~100 50 ≥65
CBII-4 >100~160 90 ≥110
CBII-5 >160~200 140 ≥170
CBII-6 >200~250 190 ≥220
4.1.4 Reference sensitivity
4.1.4.1 When the plate thickness is no greater than 20mm, set the first farside echo height of
the uniform thickness part as the workpiece to 50% of the full scale with CBI test block, and
then, increase by 10dB to be used as the reference sensitivity.
8
4.1.4.2 When the plate thickness is greater than 20mm, set the first reflection wave height of
the CBII test blockΦ5flat-bottom pore to 50% of the full scale, and used as the reference
sensitivity.
4.1.4.3 When the plate thickness is no less than three times' the near-field region of the probe,
the first farside echo of the flawless part for the steel plate may be adopted to calibrate the
sensitivity, and its result shall comply with requirement of 4.1.4.2.
4.1.5 Test method
4.1.5.1 Testing surface
Any rolling surface of the steel plate may be adopted to make the test. If the testing staff
believes to be required or the design requires, upper and lower rolling surfaces of the steel
plate may be adopted respectively to make the test.
4.1.5.2 Coupled mode
Coupled modes may also adopt direct contact method or immersion method.
4.1.5.3 Scanning mode
a) The probe is scanning in parallel line with spacing of no greater than 100mm along
the calendering direction perpendicular to the steel plate. It shall make 100% scanning
within 50mm on both sides of the reservation line in the steel plate opening (when the
plate thickness is greater than 100mm, it is based on half of the plate thickness). The
scanning schematic diagram sees Figure 3.
b) According to the requirements of contract, technical agreement or design, other forms

of scanning may be adopted.
Figure 3 Probes Scanning Schematic Diagram
4.1.6 Determination and record of flaw
4.1.6.1 In the testing procedure, if one of the following two conditions is found, that is
deemed as a flaw.
9
a) The wave height for the first reflection wave (F1) of the flaw is greater than or equal
to 50% of the full scale, F1≥50%.
b) When the wave height for the reflection wave (B1) of the bottom surface is not as
high as the full scale, by this time, the wave height for the first reflection wave (F1) of
the flaw to the wave height for the first reflection wave (B1) of the bottom surface ratio
is greater than or equal to 50%, that is, when B1<100%, F1/B1≥50%.
c) The wave height for the first reflection wave (B1) of the bottom surface is less than
50% of the full scale, B1< 50%.
4.1.6.2 Measuring method for the boundary scope or indicating length of the flaws
a) After inspecting the flaw, it shall test its circumference continuously to identify flaw
scope.
b) When identifying boundary scope or indicating length for the flaw with double crystal
normal probe, travel direction of the probe shall be perpendicular to the sound insulation
layer, and the flaw wave shall drop down to 25% of the screen full scale under reference
sensitivity condition or the wave height for the first reflection wave of the flaw to the
wave height for the second reflection wave of the bottom surface ratio shall be 50%. At
this point, travel distance of the probe center is the indicating length of the flaw, and the
probe center point is the boundary point of the flaw. Measuring result of these two
methods is based on the severe one.
c) When identifying boundary scope or indicating length for the flaw with single normal
probe, move the probe, so as to make the wave height for the first reflection wave of the
flaw drop down to 25% of the screen full scale under reference sensitivity condition or
make the wave height for the first reflection wave of the flaw to the wave height for the
second reflection wave of the bottom surface ratio be 50%. At this point, travel distance
of the probe center is the indicating length of the flaw, and the probe center point is the
boundary point of the flaw. Measuring result of these two methods is based on the severe
one.
d) When identifying the boundary scope or indicating length of flaw shown in Article
4.1.6.1 c), the moving probe (single normal probe or double normal probe) makes the
first reflection wave of the bottom surface mount up to 50% of the full scale of the screen.
At this point, travel distance of the probe center point is the indicating length of the flaw,
and the probe center point is the boundary point of the flaw.
e) When the plate thickness is thin, and the flaw must be assessed by the second flaw
wave and the second bottom wave, the reference sensitivity shall be calibrated based on
the corresponding second reflection wave.
4.1.7 Assessment method for the flaw
10
4.1.7.1 Assessment rule for the indicating length of the flaw
Single flaw is used as the indicating length for the flaw according to the maximum
length of the indication. If the indicating length of the single flaw is less than 40mm, it may
not be record.
4.1.7.2 Assessment rules for the indicating area of the single flaw
a) A flaw is used as the single indicating area according to its indicatory area.
b) When adjacent spacing of several flaws is less than 100mm or the spacing is less than
the indicating length of the adjacent smaller flaw (takes the larger value), sum of the flaw
areas is used as single flaw indicating area.
c) Single flaw not counting in the indicating area sees Table 3.
Table 3 Quality Classification of Steel Plate
Area percent for flaw Indicating area for the

Indicating length of Indicating area of
Classification existing in any 1m×1m following single flaw is not
the single flaw mm the single flaw cm2
testing area % counted in cm2
I <80 <25 ≤3 <9
II <100 <50 ≤5 <15
III <120 <100 ≤10 <25
IV <150 <100 ≤10 <25
V That exceeds IV level
4.1.7.3 Assessment rule for the area percent of the flaw
4.1.7.4 In any 1m×1m testing area, it can be determined according to the area percentage of
the flaw. If the steel plate area is less than 1m×1m, it may be converted proportionally.
4.1.8 Quality classification of the steel plate
4.1.8.1 The quality classification of the steel plate sees Table 3.
4.1.8.2 Within 50mm on both sides of the reserved line for the groove (when the plate
thickness is greater than 100mm, it is based on half of the plate thickness), when the
indicating length of the flaw is greater than or equal to 50mm, it shall be judged as V level.
4.1.8.3 In the test procedure, when the testing staffs confirm that there are harmful flaws like
flake and crack, it shall be judged as V level.
4.1.9 Transverse wave testing
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4.1.9.1 In the test procedure, when the flaw is doubted, or it is required in the technical
agreement of the partied, transverse wave testing may be adopted.
4.1.9.2 The transverse wave testing of the steel plate shall comply with Annex B (Normative).
4.2 Ultrasonic testing and quality classification of the steel forging for pressure
equipment
4.2.1 Scope
This Article is applicable to ultrasonic testing and quality classification of carbon steel
and low alloy steel forging for pressure equipment.
This Article is not applicable to ultrasonic testing of forgings like in coarse-grained

material like austenitic steel, and not applicable to peripheral transverse wave testing of
annular and cylinder shape forgings with inside to outside radius ratio of less than 80%.
4.2.2 Probe
The nominal frequency of the double crystal normal probe shall be 5MHz. The wafer
area of the probe is no less than 150mm2; the nominal frequency of the single crystal normal
probe shall be 2MHz~5MHz, and the probe wafer is generallyφ4mm~φ 25mm.
4.2.3 Test block
It shall comply with Article 3.5.
4.2.3.1 Reference block of the single normal probe
It adopts CSI test block, and its shape and dimension shall be in accordance with those
specified in Figure 4 and Table 4. If it is indeed required, other reference blocks may also
adopted.
12
Figure 4 CSI Reference Block
Table 4 Dimension of CSI Reference Block
Test block No. CSI-1 CSI-2 CSI-3 CSI-4
L 50 100 150 200
D 50 60 80 80
4.2.3.2 Test block for double crystal normal probe
a) When the workpiece testing distance is less than 45mm, CSII reference block shall
be adopted.
b) Shape and dimension of the CSII test block shall be in accordance with those
specified in Figure 5 and Table 5.
13
Figure 5 CSII Reference Block
Figure 5 Dimension of CSII Reference Block
Testing distance L
Test block No. Pore diameter
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CSII-1 φ2
CSII-2 φ3
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
CSII-3 φ4
CSII-4 φ6
4.2.3.3 When the testing surface is curve surface, CSIII reference block shall be adopted to
determine the sound energy loss caused by different curvatures, and its shape and dimension
see Figure 6.
14
Figure 6 CSIII Reference Block
4.2.4 Testing time
According to the testing principle, the test shall be arranged after the heat treatment and
before the machine work for structures like pore and platform, and the surface roughness of
the testing surface is Ra≤6.3μm.
4.2.5 Test method
4.2.5.1 General principle
The forgings shall be tested with longitudinal wave, and it shall also test transverse wave
for cylinder shape and annular forgings.
4.2.5.2 Longitudinal wave testing
a) In principle, the test shall be made in two orthogonal directions, and shall test to the
full volume of the forging as much as possible; the major testing direction sees Figure 7,
and forgings with other shapes may refer to this.
b) When the forging thickness is more than 400mm, it shall be 100% scanning from two
opposite end faces.
15
Note: ↑ is the direction must be tested; ※ is the reference testing direction
Figure 7 Testing Direction (Perpendicular Testing Method)

4.2.5.3 Traverse testing
Transverse wave testing for steel forging shall comply with Annex C (normative).
4.2.6 Determination for sensitivity
4.2.6.1 Determination for reference sensitivity of single normal probe
When the thickness of the tested part is greater than or equal to 3 times near-field region
length of the probe, and the testing surface is parallel to the bottom surface, in principle, it
may identify reference sensitivity with bottom wave calculative method. For the inspected
part with geometric shape being restricted and cannot acquire bottom wave or wall thickness
of less than 3 times near-field region of the probe, CSI reference block may be adopted
directly to identify the reference sensitivity.
4.2.6.2 Determination for the reference sensitivity of the double crystal normal probe
Test a group ofφ3mm flat-bottom pore (at least three) in different testing distance in
sequence with CSI, regulate the attenuator test block, figure out double distance-amplitude
16
curve for the crystal normal probe and used this as the reference sensitivity.
4.2.6.3 The scanning sensitivity shall not generally be less than the equivalent diameter of
φ2mm flat-bottom pore at the maximum testing distance.
4.2.7 Determination for attenuation coefficient of workpiece material
4.2.7.1 In perfect region of the workpiece, select three representative parts with testing
surface parallel to the bottom surface, regulate the instrument to make the echo amplitude on
the first bottom surface (B1 or Bn) be 50% of the full scale, record attenuator reading at this
point, and then, regulate attenuator to make the echo amplitude of the second bottom surface
be 50% of the full scale; difference between these two attenuator readings are dB difference
(take no account of bottom reflection loss) of (B1, B2) or (Bn or Bm).
4.2.7.2 The attenuation coefficient (T<3N and comply n>3N/T, m = 2n) is calculated
according to Formula (1):
α = [(Bn − Bm ) − 6] / 2(m − n )T (1)
Where:
α——Attenuation coefficient dB/m (single-pass);
(Bn-Bm)——Difference between the two attenuator readings, dB;
T——Testing thickness of the workpiece, mm;
N——Near-field region length of the single normal probe, mm;
m and n——Reflecting frequency of the bottom wave
4.2.7.3 The attenuation coefficient (T≥3N) is calculated according to Formula (2):
α = [(B1 − B2 ) − 6]/ 2T (2)
Where:
(B1-B2)——Difference between the two attenuator readings, dB;
The significance of the rest symbols is same as the Formula (1).
4.2.7.4 The average value for the attenuation coefficients on the three parts of the workpiece
is the attenuation coefficient of the workpiece.
4.2.8 Equivalent determination of the flaw
4.2.8.1 When the depth of the inspected flaw is greater than or equal to 3 times near-field
region of the probe, flaw equivalent may be determined with AVG curve and calculative
method. For flaw in 3 times the near-field region, flaw equivalent may be determined with
distance-amplitude curve of the single normal probe or double crystal normal probe, or may
be determined with other equivalent method.
4.2.8.2 When calculating the flaw equivalent, if the attenuation coefficient of the material is
more than 4dB/m, modification shall be considered.
4.2.9 Flaw record
4.2.9.1 Record amplitude and position of single flaw with equivalent diameter of φ4mm.
4.2.9.2 Compact district flaw: record position of the maximum flaw in the compact district
flaw and the flaw distribution. Cake-shape forgings shall record flaw compact district with
equivalent diameter of greater than or equal toφ4mm. Other forgings shall record flaw
compact district with equivalent diameter of greater than or equal to φ 3mm. The flaw
compact district is with minimum mensuration unit of 50mm× 50mm square as the area, and
its boundary may be determined by 6dB method.
17
4.2.9.3 The reduction quantity of the bottom wave shall be record according to Table 6.
Table 6 Quality Classification of Bottom Wave Reduction Quantity caused by the Flaw dB
Classification I II III IV V
Bottom wave reduction quantity BG/BF ≤8 >8~14 >14~20 >20~26 >26
Note: this Table is only applicable to flaw with sound path of greater than near-field region length.
4.2.9.4 Attenuation coefficient

4.2.10 Classification assessment for the quality classification
4.2.10.1 The quality classification of single flaw sees Table 7.
4.2.10.2 The quality classification of bottom wave reduction quantity caused by the flaw sees
Table 6.
Table 7 Quality Classification of Single Flaw mm
Equivalent diameter of the flaw ≤φ4 φ4+(>0dB~8dB) φ4+(>8dB~12dB) φ4+(>12dB~16dB) φ4+16dB
4.2.10.3 Quality classification of the flaw compact district sees Table 8.

Table 8 Quality Classification of the Flaw Compact District
Flaw percentage on the total testing area in the compact district, % 0 >0~5 >5~10 >10~20 >20
4.2.10.4 Classifications of Table 6, Table 7 and Table 8 shall be used respectively as

independent classification.
4.2.10.5 When the flaw tested is judged by the staff as harmful flaw, quality classification of
the forgings is V level.
4.3 Ultrasonic testing and quality classification of the aluminum/aluminium alloy and
titanium/titanium alloy plates for pressure equipment
4.3.1 Scope
This Article is applicable to ultrasonic testing and quality classification of
aluminum/aluminium alloy and titanium/titanium alloy plates for pressure equipment with
thickness of greater than or equal to 6mm.
4.3.2.1 Selection of the probe shall be in accordance with those specified in Table 1.
4.3.2.2 Performance requirement for double crystal normal probe shall be in accordance with
those specified in Annex A (normative).
4.3.3 Test method
Any rolling surface of the plates may be used to make the test. If the testing staff
believes to be required or the design requires, upper and lower rolling surface of the plates
may be adopted respectively to make the test.
a) The probe is scanning along the direction perpendicular to the calendering direction of
the plates and with parallel lines spacing of no greater than 40mm; and 100% scanning within
50mm on both sides of the reserved line of the plates groove, the schematic diagram of the
scanning sees Figure 3.
b) According to the requirements of contract, technical agreement or design, other forms
of scanning may be adopted.
4.3.3.3 Determination for reference sensitivity
18
Place the probe in the part for inspected-to-be plates, regulate the first bottom wave
height to be 80% of the screen full scale, and with this as the reference sensitivity.
4.3.4 Coupled modes
Coupled modes may also adopt direct contact method or immersion method.
4.3.5 Flaw record
4.3.5.1 In the testing procedure, if one of the following two conditions is found, it is deemed
as a flaw mapping.
a) The wave height of the first reflection wave (F1) of the flaw is greater than or equal to
40% of the full scale, that is, F1≥40%.
b) When the wave height for the first reflection wave (F1) of the flaw is less than 40% of
the full scale, and simultaneously, the wave height for the first reflection wave (F1) of the
flaw to the wave height for the first reflection wave of the bottom surface ratio is greater
than or equal to 100%, namely, F1/B1≥100%.
c) When the wave height for the first reflection wave (B1) of the bottom surface is less
than 5% of the full scale, namely, B1<5%.
4.3.5.2 Measuring method for the boundary scope or indicating length of the flaws
a) After inspecting the flaw, it shall test its circumference continuously to identify the
flaw extension.
b) When identifying boundary scope or indicating length for the flaw with double crystal
normal probe, travel direction of the probe shall be perpendicular to the sound insulation
layer, and the flaw wave shall drop down to 25% of the screen full scale under reference
sensitivity condition or the wave height for the first reflection wave of the flaw to the
wave height for the first reflection wave of the bottom surface ratio shall be 100%. At
this point, travel distance of the probe center is the indicating length of the flaw, and the
probe center point is the boundary point of the flaw. Measuring result of these two
methods is based on the severe one.
c) When identifying boundary scope or indicating length for the flaw with single normal
probe, move the probe, so as to make the wave height for the first reflection wave of the
flaw drop down to 20% of the screen full scale under detection sensitivity condition or
make the wave height for the first reflection wave of the flaw to the wave height for the
second reflection wave of the bottom surface ratio be 100%. At this point, travel distance
of the probe center is indicating length of the flaw, and the probe center is the boundary
point of the flaw; the measuring result of these two methods is based on the severe one.
d) When identifying the boundary scope or indicating length of bottom wave reduction
flaw, the moving probe (single normal probe or double normal probe) makes the first
reflection wave of the bottom surface mount up to 40% of the full scale of the screen. At
this point, travel distance of the probe center point is the indicating length of the flaw,
and the probe center point is the boundary point of the flaw.
4.3.6 Assessment method for the flaw
4.3.6.1 Assessment for the indicating length of the flaw
a) The indicating length of a flaw is based on the maximum length of the indication; if
the indicating length of the single flaw is less than 25mm, it may not be record.
b) When the spacing of the two adjacent flaws is less than 25mm, its indicating length is
the sum of the indicating length of the two single flaws and the spacing.
19
4.3.6.2 Assessment for the indicating area of single flaw
a) Single indicating area of a flaw is based on its maximum indicatory area.
b) When the adjacent spacing of several flaws is less than 100mm or the spacing is less
than the indicating length of the adjacent smaller flaw (takes the larger value), sum of the
flaw areas is used as the indicating area of single flaw.
c) Single flaw not counting in the indicating area sees Table 9.
Table 9 Quality Classification of the Plates
Indicating length of the single Indicating area of single Indicating area for the following single flaw is
Classification
2
flaw, mm flaw, cm not counted in, cm2
I <25 <6 <4
II <50 <20 <9
III <75 <50 <25
IV That with flaw of greater than III level
4.3.7 Quality classification of the plates

4.3.7.1 Quality classification of the plates sees Table 9.
4.3.7.2 Within 50mm on both sides of the reserved line of the groove, is the indicating length
of the flaw is greater than or equal to 25mm, it shall be judged as IV level.
4.3.7.3 When the flaw tested is judged by the staff as harmful flaw, the quality classification
of the plates is IV level.
4.4 Ultrasonic testing of composite plate for the pressure equipment
4.4.1 Scope
This Article is applicable to ultrasonic testing and quality classification bound state of
stainless steel, iron, alloy iron, aluminum/aluminium alloy, nickel/ nickel alloy, copper/copper
alloy composite plate for pressure equipment with baseplate thickness of greater than or equal
to 6mm. The baseplate is generally carbon steel, low alloy steel plate or stainless steel plates.
This Article is mainly used for the ultrasonic testing of composite plate in composite surface
bonding state.
4.4.2.1 Selection of the probe shall be in accordance with those specified in Table 1.
4.4.2.2 The performance requirement for double crystal normal probe shall be in accordance
with those specified in Annex A (normative).
4.4.3 Test method
Generally, it may be tested on the baseplate or lateral surface of the sheathing.
4.4.3.2 Coupled modes
20
Coupled modes may be direct contact method or immersion method.
a) The scanning mode may be 100% scanning or along the steel plate width direction,
and scanning in parallel lines with interval of 50mm.
b) According to the requirements of contract, technical agreement or design, other

modes of scanning may be adopted,
c) Within 50mm ob both sides of the reserved line of the groove, 100% scanning shall
be made.
4.4.4 Determination for reference sensitivity
Place the probe in the complete bonding district for clad steel plate, regulate the first
bottom wave height to be 80% of the screen full scale, and with this as the reference
sensitivity.
4.4.5 Determination for unbound district
When the first bottom wave height is less than 5% of the screen full scale, and reflection
wave for distinct unbound flaw exist (<5%), the part is called unbound district. Move the
probe, so as to make the first bottom wave mount up to 40% of the screen full scale, and the
probe center therewith is used as the boundary point of the unbound district.
4.4.6 Assessment method for the unbound flaw
4.4.6.1 Assessment for the indicating length of the flaw
The indicating length of the flaw is based on the maximum indicatory length of a flaw. If
the indicating length of the single flaw is less than 25mm, it may not be record.
4.4.6.2 Assessment for flaw area
When the minimum spacing among several adjacent unbound area is less than or equal
to 20mm, it shall be dealt as a single unbound area, and its area is the sum of several unbound
district area.
4.4.6.3 Assessment for the unbound rate
It is the percentage of total unbound area on the total area of the composite plate.
4.4.7 Quality classification
21
4.4.7.1 Quality classification of the composite plate is in accordance with those specified in
Table 10.
4.4.7.2 Within 50mm on both sides of the reserved line of the groove, is the unbound
indicating length is greater than or equal to 25mm, it is judged as IV level.
Table 10 Quality Classification of Clad Steel Plate
Classification Single unbound indicating length, mm Area for the single unbound district, cm2 Unbound rate, %
I 0 0 0
II ≤50 ≤20 ≤2
III ≤75 ≤45 ≤5
IV That with flaw of greater than III level
4.5 Ultrasonic testing and quality classification of the seamless tube for pressure
equipment
4.5.1 Scope
and low-alloy seamless tube for pressure equipment with outside diameter of 12mm~60mm
and wall thickness of greater than or equal to 2mm, or austenitic stainless steel for pressure
equipment with outside diameter of 12mm~400mm and wall thickness of 2mm~35mm.
However, it is not applicable to transverse wave testing by peripheral direct contact method
with steel pipe in inside to outside diameter ratio of less than 80%, nor applicable to
ultrasonic testing of the sublayer flaw.
4.5.2 Preparation and requirement of the test block
4.5.2.1 The reference block shall be prepared by steel pipe with identical or close
specification, material, heat treatment process and surface condition with the inspected steel
pipe. The reference block shall not have natural flaw with equivalence of greater than or equal
toφ2mm. The length of the reference block shall comply with the requirements for the testing
method and testing equipment.
4.5.2.2 Dimension, V-groove and position of test block tested by the longitudinal flaw of the
steel pipe shall be in accordance with those specified in Figure 8 and Table 11.
22
Figure 8 Control Sample
Table 11 Artificial Flaw Dimension on the Control Sample
Level Length l, mm Depth t percentage on the wall thickness, %
I 40 5 (0.2mm≤t≤1mm)
II 40 8 (0.2mm≤t≤2mm)
III 40 10 (0.2mm≤t≤3mm)
4.5.3 Test method
4.5.3.1 The test of the steel pipe is mainly aiming at longitudinal flaw. Transverse flaw testing
may comply with Annex D (normative), and it is settled by the parties’ negotiation.
4.5.3.2 The steel pipe may be tested with immersion method or contact process testing
according to its specification.
4.5.3.3 When testing the longitudinal flaw, the ultrasonic beam shall be oblique incidence
from one side of the cross section central line of the steel pipe, and then, it is transmitted in
peripheral indentation in the pipe wall (see Figure 9). When testing the transverse flaw, the
ultrasonic beam shall be oblique incidence along the axial direction and then, transmitted in
indentation (see Figure 10).
23
Figure 8 Peripheral Transmission of the Sound Beam in the Pipe Wall
Figure L0 Axial Transmission of the Sound Beam in the Pipe Wall
4.5.3.4 When the feed-in screw pitch for opposite steel pipe of the probe shall at least 15%
coverage when 100% scanning of ultrasonic beam to the steel pipe.
4.5.3.5 Automatic detection shall ensure the detecting sensitivity under dynamic condition,
and the maximum reflection wave amplitude difference of the inside and outside groove is no
more than 2dB.
4.5.3.6 Each steel pipe shall be tested once along both ends of the pipe in reverse directions.
4.5.4 Testing equipment
4.5.4.1 The testing equipment is consisted of supersonic flaw detector, probe, other
mechanical drive and auxiliary equipment. Testing frequency is 2.5MHz~5MHz.
4.5.4.2 Testing line focusing or point focusing probe with immersion method: the contact
method testing is using angle beam probe or focusing angle beam probe dovetail favorable
with the steel pipe surface; length or diameter of the single probe piezoelectric wafer is less
than or equal to 25mm.
24
4.5.5.1 The reference sensitivity of transverse wave with direct contact method may be
determined by directly regulate the manual V-grooved echo height on the inner wall to 80%
of the screen full scale on the control sample, and then, remove the probe, find out manual
maximum V-grooved echo on the external wall, line out on the screen, connect two points to
form the distance-amplitude curve, which is used as the reference sensitivity when testing.
4.5.5.2 Reference sensitivity of immersion method is determined according to the following

methods:
a) The water layers' distance shall be determined according to focal length of the
focusing probe.
b) When adjusting, rotate the pipe with proper speed while eccentric the probe slowly, so
as to make the echo amplitude caused by artificial flaw on the internal and external
surface of the control sample pipe reach 50% of the screen full scale, and reference
sensitivity is based on this hereof. If this requirement cannot meet, different alarm level
may be set inside and outside the groove.
4.5.5.3 Scanning sensitivity shall generally be 6dB higher than the reference sensitivity.
4.5.6 Acceptance requirement
Rejection requirement for the seamless tube is determined according to corresponding

technical document.
4.5.7 Result assessment
If the flaw echo amplitude is greater than or equal to artificial flaw echo of the
corresponding reference block, it is judged to be ineligible. The rejected products are
permitted to be re-handling; after re-handling, it shall be assessed with ultrasonic testing and
quality classification according to this Part in JB/T 4730.
4.6 Ultrasonic testing and quality classification of steel stud blank for the pressure
equipment
4.6.1 Scope and general requirements
and low alloy steel bolt blank for pressure equipment in diameter of M36. However, this
Article is not applicable to ultrasonic testing of austenitic steel bolt blank.
4.6.2 Probe
The probe is 2.5MHz~5MHz single crystal normal probe or double crystal normal probe.
4.6.3 Test block
25
Dimension and shape of the test block shall comply with 4.2.3.
4.6.4 Test method
Boiler, pressure vessel and pressure pipeline bolt blank shall generally adopt longitudinal
wave testing, and test full volume of the workpiece as much as possible; the testing surface
roughness Ra≤6.3μm.
4.6.4.1 Longitudinal wave radial detection
It shall be scanning along the spiral line or along its surroundings, the travel length shall
be overlapped and the scanning surface shall comprise the whole cylinder surface.
4.6.4.2 Longitudinal wave axial detection
It shall be scanning from both ends of the bolt blank, and edge effect impact on the
testing result shall be avoided as much as possible.
4.6.5.1 Determination for reference sensitivity complies with 4.2.6.
4.6.5.2 The scanning sensitivity shall not generally be less than the equivalent diameter of
φ2mm flat-bottom pore on the maximum detectable range.
4.6.6 Determination of the flaw equivalent
4.6.6.1 Generally, flaw equivalence shall be determined according to distance-amplitude

curve or calculative method.
4.6.6.2 When calculating the flaw equivalence, if the attenuation coefficient of the material is
more than 4dB/m, modification shall be considered. The determination for the attenuation
coefficient complies with 4.2.7.
4.6.7 Flaw record
4.6.7.1 Record amplitude and position of single flaw with equivalent diameter of greater
thanφ2mm.
4.6.7.2 When calculating the flaw equivalence, if the attenuation coefficient of the material is
more than 4dB/m, modification shall be considered. Record bottom wave reduction quantity
according to those specified in Table 12.
26
Table 12 Quality Classification of Single Flaw mm
Equivalent diameter of the flaw ≤φ2 ≤φ3 ≤φ4 ≤φ5 >φ5
4.6.8.1 The quality classification of single flaw sees Table 12.
4.6.8.2 The quality classification of bottom wave reduction quantity caused by the flaw sees
Table 13.
Table 13 Quality Classification of Bottom Wave Reduction Quantity caused by the Flaw
Bottom wave reduction quantity

BG/BF ≤8 >8~14 >14~20 >20~26 >26
Note: this Table is only applicable to flaw with sound path of greater than near-field region length.
4.6.8.3 When assessing the flaw classification according to Table 12 and Table 13, they shall
be used as independent classification respectively.
4.6.8.4 When the flaw tested is judged by the staff as harmful flaw, quality classification of
the bolt blanks is V level.
4.7 Ultrasonic testing and quality classification of austenitic steel forgings for the
pressure equipment
4.7.1 Scope
This Article is applicable to ultrasonic testing and quality classification of austenitic steel
forging for the pressure equipment.
4.7.2 Probe
4.7.2.1 Working frequency of the probe is 0.5MHz~2MHz.
4.7.2.2 Wafer diameter of the normal probe is 14mm~30mm.
4.7.2.3 K-value of the angle beam probe is generally 0.5~2.
4.7.2.4 In order to accurately determine the flaw, if necessary, other probes may be adopted.
4.7.3 Test block
4.7.3.1 The reference block shall comply with Article 3.5.
27
4.7.3.2 Grain size and acoustic characteristic of the reference block shall be close to the tested
forgings.
4.7.3.3 Several suites of austenitic steel forgings reference blocks in different grain fineness
shall be prepared to make rational comparison between the attenuation in the flaw district
with the test block. 4.7.3.4 Shape and dimension of the reference block are shown according
to Figure 11 and Table 14.
Figure 11Test Block for austenitic steel forgings
28
Table 14 Dimension of Test Block for Austenitic Steel Forging
φ3 φ6 φ 10 φ 13
L D L D L D L D
20 50 20 50 20 50 20 50
40 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
60 50 80 50 100 60 100 60
80 50 120 60 150 80 150 80
— — 16O0 80 200 80 200 80
— — 200 80 250 100 250 100
— — — — 300 100 300 100
— — — — — — 400 150
— — — — — — 500 150
— — — — — — 600 200
4.7.3.5 Under the permitted condition, one or several contrast pores or grooves in appropriate
size may be processed in the representative parts, so as to substitute the test block as the
benchmark for rectification and testing.
4.7.4 Testing time and workpiece requirement
4.7.4.1 In principle, the forgings shall be made with ultrasonic testing after the final
heat-treatment and before the rough machining. The testing surface roughness Ra≤6.3μm, and
the testing surface shall be without oxide skin, enamelled leather and dirt.
4.7.4.2 The forgings shall be processed into simple shape to benefit for the scanning and
sound beam covering.
4.7.5 Test method
Generally, longitudinal wave testing with normal probe shall be made. For the cylinder
shape forgings and annular forgings, if necessary, angle beam probe testing shall also be
made, but the scanning part and acceptance standard shall be agreed by the parties.
4.7.5.1 Angle beam probe testing
Angle beam probe testing for the austenitic steel forgings shall comply with Annex E
(normative).
4.7.5.2 Normal probe longitudinal wave testing
Normal probe longitudinal wave testing shall comply with 4.2.5.2.
4.7.6 Rectification of sensitivity
29
4.7.6.1 When the thickness of the inspected forgings is less than or equal to 600mm, it may be
rectified according to ordered forging thickness and quality classification of requirements on
test block with appropriate thickness and equivalent flat-bottom pore, and then, figure out
distance-amplitude curve (quantified line) according to the measured value; when the
inspected forging thickness is greater than 600mm, regulate the bottom wave on the flawless
part of the forging to 80% of the full scale, and the reference sensitivity is used with this
hereof.
4.7.6.2 The scanning sensitivity shall be at least increased by 6dB than the distance-curve
(quantified line) or the reference sensitivity.
4.7.7 Flaw record
4.7.7.1 Due to the presence of flaw, the bottom wave shall drop down to parts lower than 25%
of the full scale.
4.7.7.2 Flaw indication with wave amplitude of greater than 50% of the height for the
benchmark line
4.7.8.1 The quality classification for the single normal probe testing sees Table 15.
4.7.8.2 The quality classification for the angle beam probe testing sees Table 16.
4.7.8.3 Levels in Table 15 and Table 16 shall be used as independent classification.
Table 15 the Quality Classification for the Single Normal Probe Testing
Normal thickness of the workpiece ≤80 >80~200 >200~300 >300~600 >600
Quality classification of the

I II I II I II I II I II
workpiece
Equivalent diameter φ of the flaw

or amplitude after bottom wave ≤ φ3 > φ3 ≤ φ6 > φ6 ≤ φ 10 > φ 10 ≤ φ 13 > φ 13 ≤5% >5%
reduction caused by the flaw
Table 16 the Quality Classification for the Angle Beam Probe Testing
Classification I II
V-groove depth is 3% of the workpiece wall V-groove depth is 5% of the workpiece wall
Flaw size
thickness, it is 3 maximumly thickness, it is 6 maximumly
30
5. The ultrasonic testing and quality classification of butt welding
joint for the pressure equipment
5.1 The ultrasonic testing and quality classification of butt welding joint for the steel
pressure equipment
5.1.1 Scope of application
This Article specified the ultrasonic testing and quality classification of butt welding
joint for the steel pressure equipment.
This Article is applicable to ultrasonic testing of running down butt welding joint with
parent metal thickness of 400mm.8mm~The ultrasonic testing of the running down butt
welding joint with parent metal thickness of 6mm~8mm shall comply with Annex G
(normative); the ultrasonic testing of concerned backup piece, structural member and helical
welding joint for pressure equipment may also comply with this Article; ultrasonic testing of
the butt welding joint for titanium pressure equipment may refer to Annex M (Informative),
and the ultrasonic testing of the butt welding joint for austenitic stainless steel pressure
equipment refers to Annex N (Informative).
If it is indeed required, the ultrasonic testing of the circumferential butt welding joint in
wall thickness of 4mm~6mm may refer to 6.1.
This Article is not applicable to ultrasonic testing of cast steel butt welding joint,
circumferential steel pipe butt welding joint with outside diameter of less than 159mm or pipe
saddle fillet weld with inside diameter of less than or equal to 200mm, nor it is applicable to
ultrasonic testing of longitudinal direction butt welding joint with inside to outside diameter
ratio of less than 80%.
5.1.2 Technical class of the ultrasonic testing
5.1.2.1 Technical class selection of the ultrasonic testing
Technical class of the ultrasonic testing is consisted of three testing levels: A, B and C;
the selection for the technical class of the ultrasonic testing shall comply with relevant
specifications, standard and detail of design for the manufacture, installation and using.
5.1.2.2 Requirements for different testing technical class
5.1.2.2.1 A-level is only applicable to butt welding joint with parent metal thickness of
8mm~46mm, it may be tested by a K-value probe with straight beam method or primary
31
reflection wave method on the single side of the single surface of the butt welding joint;
generally, transverse flaw testing is not required.
5.1.2.2.2 B-level testing
a) When the parent metal thickness is 8mm~46mm, generally, the testing is made by a
K-value probe with straight beam method and primary reflection wave method on the
both sides of the single surface of the butt welding joint.
b) When the parent metal thickness is greater than 46mm~120mm, generally, the test
may be made by a K-value probe with straight beam method on the both sides both
surfaces of the soldered joint; if it is restricted by geometrical conditions, the testing may
also be made by two K-value probes on single side both surfaces or both surfaces single
side of the soldered joint.
c) When the metal parent thickness is larger than 120mm~400mm, generally, the testing
is made by two K-value probes with straight beam method on both sides both surface of
the soldered joint; the difference between the refraction angles of the two probes shall be
no less than 10°.
d) Transverse flaw testing shall be made. When testing, on both sides edge of the
soldered joint, make the probe and soldered joint central line form a 10°~20° to do
oblique parallel scanning in two directions, see Figure 12. If the soldered joint
reinforcement is planished, the probe shall be made with parallel scanning in two
directions on the soldered joint and heat-affected zone, see Figure 13.
5.1.2.2.3 C-level testing
When testing with C-level, soldered joint reinforcement shall be planished; the angle
beam probe scanning on both sides of the butt welding joint shall be tested with normal probe
while passing through the parent metal region, and the test method sees 5.1.4.4.
a) When the metal parent thickness is 8mm~46mm, generally, the testing is made by two
K-value probes with straight beam method and primary reflection wave on both sides
single surface of the soldered joint; the difference between the refraction angles of the
two probes shall be no less than 10°, of which one refraction angle shall be 45°.
b) When the parent metal thickness is greater than 46mm~400mm, generally, the testing
is made by two K-value probe with straight beam method on both sides both surfaces of
the soldered joint; the difference between the refraction angles of the two probes shall be
no less than 10°. For narrow welding seam with single side groove angle is less than 5°,
if possible, the effective test method for testing and groove face shall be added.
32
c) Transverse flaw testing shall be made; when testing, place the probe on the welding
seam and heat-affected zone, so as to make parallel scanning in two directions, see
Figure 13.
Figure 12 Oblique Parallel Scanning
Figure 13 Parallel Scanning
5.1.3 Test block
5.1.3.1 The test block manufacturing shall comply with Article 3.5.
5.1.3.2 The accepted standard test blocks are CSK-IA, CSK-IIIA and CSK-IVA, and its shape
and dimension shall be in accordance with those specified in Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16,
Figure 17 and Table 17.
33
Note: the dimension error is no greater than ±0.05mm.
Figure 14 CSK-IA Test Block
34
Note1: L——Test block length, it is determined by the used sound path.
Note 2: The dimension error is no greater than±0.5mm.
Figure 15 CSK-IIA Test Block
Note: the dimension error is no greater than±0.05mm. Figure 16 CSK-IIIA Test Block
35
Note 1: L——test block length, it is determined by used sound path.
Note 2: the dimension error is no greater than±0.05mm.
Figure 17 CSK-IVA Reference Block
Table 17 Dimension of CSK-IVA Reference Block
Thickness of tested Thickness of the reference Position of the standard Diameter d of the
CSK-IV
workpiece block, T pore, b standard pore
No.1 >120~150 135 T/4 and T/2 6.4 (1/4in)
No.2 >150~2000 175 T/4 and T/2 7.9 (5/16in)
No.3 >200~250 225 T/4 and T/2 9.5 (3/8in)
No.4 >250~300 275 T/4 and T/2 11.1 (7/16in)
No.5 >300~350 325 T/4 and T/2 12.7 (1/2in)
No.6 >350~400 375 T/4 and T/2 14.3 (9/16in)
5.1.3.3 CSK-IA, CSK-IIA and CSK-IIIA test blocks are applicable to soldered joint with wall
thickness scope of 6mm~120mm; while CSK-IA and CSK-IVA series test blocks are
applicable to soldered joint with wall thickness scope of greater than 120mm~400mm. When
the sensitivity requirement is met, the manual reflector on the test block may adopt other
arrangement type or append according to testing requirement, or may also adopt equivalent
test blocks in other types.
36
5.1.3.4 When testing the curve surface workpiece, if the curvature radius of the testing surface
R≤W2/4 (w is the interface width; when testing with circular seam, w is the probe width;
when testing with longitudinal seam, w is the probe length), reference block with same
curvature with the testing surface shall be adopted and the position of the reflecting pore may
be determined by referring to the standard test block. The test block width b respond shall
generally meet the following requirement:
b = 2λS / D0 (3)
Where:
B——Width of the test block, mm;
λ——Ultrasonic wave length, mm;
S——Sound path, mm;
D0——Effective diameter of the sound source, mm
a) Width of the testing district shall be the welding seam itself, and plus a certain region
on both sides of the welding seam equivalent to 30% of the parent metal thickness; in
this region, it is 5mm minimumly, and 10mm maximumly, see Figure 18.
Figure 18 Turnover Zone for the Testing and Probe
37
b) Turnover zone of the probe shall remove the weld spatter, scrap iron, oil foot and
other impurities; the testing surface shall be leveling and be convenient for probe
scanning; its surface roughness Ra shall be less than or equal to 6.3μm, generally, it
shall be polishing.
1) When testing with primary reflection method, the turnover zone of the probe shall
be greater than or equal to 1.25P;
P=2KT (4)
Or
P=2T tanβ (5)
Where:
P——Span, mm;
T——Parent metal thickness, mm;
K——Probe K-value;
β——Probe refraction angle (°).
2) When testing with straight beam method, the turnover zone of the probe shall be
greater than or equal to 0.75P.
c) The welding seam with reinforcement removal shall polish its reinforcement to be
flush with its adjacent parent metal; the welding seam with reinforcement reservation
shall also be made with appropriate regrinding if the weld surface has undercut, major
prominence and crevasse, and rounding off shall be made for fear that it may influence
the assessment for the testing result.
5.1.4.2 K-value of the probe (angle))
K-value (angle) of the angle beam probe may refer to those specified in Table 18; when
the condition is permitted, the probe with larger K-value shall be adopted as far as possible.
Table 18 K-value of the Recommended Accepted Angle Beam Probe
Plate thickness T, mm K-value
6~25 3.0~2.0 (72°~60°)
>25~46 2.5~1.5 (68°~6°)
>46~120 2.0~1.0 (60°~45°)
>120~400 2.0~1.0 (60°~45°)
38
5.1.4.3 Testing frequency
The testing frequency is generally 2MHz~2MHz.
5.1.4.4 Testing of parent metal
For C-level testing, when the angle beam probe scanning sound beam passes through the
parent metal region, it shall be tested with normal probe first, so that to check whether the
sublayer or other kinds flaws influencing the angle beam probe testing result is present. This
testing is only used for recording, but not belongs to the acceptance testing for the parent
metal. The parent metal testing essential is as follows:
a) Test method: contact type impulse reflection method adopts normal probe in
frequency of 2MHz~5MHz and wafer in diameter of 10mm~25mm.
b) Detection sensitivity: regulate the second bottom wave at the flaw part to 100% of
the screen full scale.
c) When the flaw indication is above 20% of the screen full scale, marking shall be
made on the workpiece surface and this shall be record.
5.1.5 Distance-amplitude curve drafting
5.1.5.1 Distance-amplitude curve shall be drafted according to the measured data for probe
used and instrument on the test block, and the family of curves is consisted of evaluating line
(EL), sensing line (SL) and rejection line (RL). Compartment between the EL and SL
(including EL) is I area, compartment between the SL and RL (including SL) is II area, and
RL and its above region are III area, see Figure 19. If distance-amplitude curve is drafted on
the screen, it is no less than the screen full scale in the detection range.
Figure 19 Distance-Amplitude Curves
39
5.1.5.2 Selection for the sensitivity of distance-amplitude curve
a) The sensitivity for the distance-amplitude curve of the soldered joint with wall
thickness of 6mm~120mm is in accordance with those specified in Table 19.
Table 19 Sensitivity for the Distance-Amplitude Curve
Test block type Plate thickness, mm EL SL RL

6~46 φ 2×40-18dB φ 2×40-12dB φ 2×40-4dB
CSK-IIA
>46~120 φ 2×40-14dB φ 2×40-8dB φ 2×40+2dB
8~15 φ 1×6-12dB φ 1×6-6dB φ 1×6+2dB
CSK-IIIA >15~46 φ 1×6-9dB φ 1×6-3dB φ 1×6+5dB
>46~120 φ 1×6-6dB φ 1×6 φ 1×6+10dB
b) The sensitivity for the distance-amplitude curve of the soldered joint with wall
thickness of greater than 120mm~400mm is in accordance with those specified in Table
20.
Test block type Plate thickness, mm EL SL RL
CSK-IVA >120~400 φ d-16dB φ d-10dB φd

Note: d is the cross pore diameter, sees Table 17.
c) When testing the transverse flaw, sensitivities of lines shall be increased by 6dB
respectively.
d) When the curvature radius of the testing surface is R≤W2/4, the distance-amplitude
curve shall be drafted on the reference block identical to the curvature of the testing
surface.
e) Coupling loss and the material attenuation on the workpiece surface shall be identical
to those of the test block; otherwise, it shall make transmission loss compensation
according to annex F (normative). In a span sound path, when the maximum
transmission loss difference is less than or equal to 2dB, compensation may not be made.
f) EL sensitivity at the part with scanning sensitivity of no less than the part with the
maximum sound path
5.1.6 Test method
5.1.6.1 Ultrasonic testing of flat plate butt welding joint
40
a) It is testing longitudinal flaw, the angle beam probe shall be perpendicularly to the
weld center line and be placed on the testing surface, for sawtooth pattern scanning, see
Figure 20. Fore-and-aft movement scope of the probe shall ensure scanning all over the
welding joint section; in the same time of holding the probe moving perpendicular to the
weld, 10°~15° right and left rotation shall be made, too. Requirements of different testing
technical class to the longitudinal flaw testing see 5.1.2.
Figure 20 Sawtooth Patterns Scanning
b) Requirements of different testing technical class to the transverse flaw testing see
5.1.2.
c) Oblique scanning with 45° to the weld center line shall also be added for the
electroslag welding joint.
d) In order to observe the dynamic condition waveform of the flaw, distinguish the flaw
indication or artefact signal and determine the position, direction and shape for the flaw,
four basic scanning modes like back and forth, right and left, corner, circle probes may
be adopted, see Figure 21.
Figure 21 Four Basic Scanning Method
41
5.1.6.2 The ultrasonic testing of butt welding joint for curve surface (its diameter is less than
or equal to 500mm).
a) When the testing surface is curve surface, the testing may be made according to test
method for flat plate butt welding joint as far as possible; for parts restricted by
geometric shape and cannot be tested, it shall be record.
b) When testing with longitudinal seam, the difference between the curvature radius of
the reference block and the curvature radius of the testing surface shall be less than
10%.
1) Select K-value for the probe according to workpiece curvature and material
thickness, and consider the restriction by geometric critical angle, so as to ensure
the scanning could involve the whole soldered joint.
2) After regrinding the probe interface, variance in incidence point and K-value of the
probe shall be noted, and the curvature test block shall be used to make the practical
determination.
3) It shall noted the difference between the depth or horizontal distance of the screen
indicatory flaw and actual radial burial depth or arc length of the flaw, if necessary,
the difference shall be modified.
c) When testing the circumferential seam, curvature radius of the reference block shall be
0.9~1.5 times the curvature radius on the testing surface.
5.1.6.3 Testing of the pipe saddle fillet weld
a) General principle
In the choice of testing surface and probe, possibility of carious flaws shall be
considered, and the sound beam shall be made be perpendicular to the major flaw of
the soldered joint structure constitutional as much as possible.
b) Detection mode
According to the structural style, the testing of the pipe saddle fillet weld has the
following five detection modes; one or more of the following modes may be
combined to make the testing. Selection for the detection mode shall be agreed on by
the parties, restriction by major testing objects and geometric condition shall be
considered.
1) When testing with normal probe on the inner wall of the connection tube, it sees
position1 in Figure 22.
42
2) When testing with normal probe on the inner wall of the container, it sees position
1 in Figure 23. When testing with angle beam probe on the inner wall of the
container, it sees position 4 in Figure 22.
3) When testing on the external wall of the connection tube with angle beam probe, it
sees position 2 in Figure 23.
4) When testing on the inner wall of the connection tube with angle beam probe, it
sees position 3 in Figure 22 and position 3 in Figure 23.
5) When testing on the external wall of the container with angle beam probe, it sees
position 2 in Figure 22.
Figure 22 Plug-type Pipe Saddle Fillet Weld
43
Figure 23 Mount-type Pipe Saddle Fillet Weld
c) Pipe saddle fillet weld gives priority to normal probe testing, if necessary, angle beam
probe testing content shall be added. The probe frequency and dimension shall comply
with Provisions 4 and 5.1.4, distance-amplitude curve sensitivity of the angle beam probe
for the pipe saddle fillet weld is in accordance with those specified in Table 19; while the
distance-amplitude curve sensitivity of the normal probe is in accordance with those
specified in Table 21. Manufacture of distance-amplitude curve sees 5.1.5.1.
Table 21 Distance-Amplitude Curve Sensitivity of the Pipe Saddle Fillet Weld Normal Probe
EL SL RL
φ 2mm flat-bottom pore φ 3mm flat-bottom pore φ 6mm flat-bottom pore
5.1.6.4 Ultrasonic testing of T-type soldered joint
a) Application scope
This Article is applicable to ultrasonic testing of running down T-type soldered joint for
boiler and pressure vessel in thickness of 6mm~50mm. Ultrasonic testing of running down
T-type soldered joint for other purposes may also refer to this Article.
b) Fundamentals
44
In the choice of testing surface and probe, possibility of various flaws shall be
considered, and the sound beam shall be made be perpendicular to the major flaw of this kind
of soldered joint structure as much as possible.
c) Detection mode
According to the structural style of soldered joint, the testing of T-type soldered joint has
the following three detection mode, any one or more modes combination may be selected to
make the testing. Selection for the detection mode shall be agreed on by the parties, restriction
by major testing objects and geometric geometrical condition shall be considered.
1) Detecting from outer side of the alar plate with straight beam method by angle
beam probe, sees position 1 in Figure 24, position 1 in Figure 25 and position 1 in
Figure 26.
2) Detecting from one side of the web plate with straight beam method or primary
reflection method by angle beam probe, see position 2 and position 4 in Figure 24,
in Figure 25 and in Figure 26.
3) Detecting from outer side of the alar plate along soldered joint with normal probe
or double crystal normal probe, or with angle beam probe (K1 probe is
recommended), see position 3 in Figure 24, in Figure 25 and in Figure 26. Position
3 includes two scanning of normal probe and angle beam probe.
Figure 24 T-type Soldered Joint (type I)
45
Figure 25 T-type Soldered Joint (type II)
Figure 26 T-type Soldered Joint (type III))
d) Determination for K-value of angle beam probe
When detecting with angle beam probe on the outer side the alar plate, K1 probe is
recommended; when detecting with angle beam probe on one side of the web plate, probe
K-value is selected according to web thickness by Table 18.
e) Determination for distance-amplitude sensitivity
When detecting with angle beam probe, the distance-amplitude curve sensitivity shall be
determined according to web thickness by Table 19; when detecting with normal probe, the
distance-amplitude curve sensitivity shall be determined according to alar plate thickness by
Table 22.
46
Table 22 Distance-Amplitude Curve Sensitivity of T-type Soldered Joint
EL SL RL
φ 2mm flat-bottom pore φ 3mm flat-bottom pore φ 4mm flat-bottom pore
f) Scanning mode
Scanning with normal probe and angle beam probe complies with relevant provisions of
5.1.6.
g) When assessing the flaw class, it is based on web thickness.
5.1.7 Flaw quantitative testing
5.1.7.1 The sensitivity shall be regulated to SL sensitivity.
5.1.7.2 When all reflection wave amplitudes reach or exceed SL flaw, their position,
maximum reflection wave amplitude and flaw equivalence shall be determined.
5.1.7.3 Flaw position determination
The flaw position determination shall be made on the basis of acquiring the maximum
reflection wave position of the flaw.
5.1.7.4 Determination for the maximum reflection wave amplitude of the flaw
Move the probe to the maximum reflection wave signal position of the flaw, measure the
amplitude size and determine its region in distance-amplitude curve.
5.1.7.5 Flaw quantification
It shall determine equivalent diameter φ of the flaw or indicating length △L of the flaw
according to maximum reflection wave amplitude of the flaw.
a) Equivalent diameter φ of the flaw, denoted by diameter of equivalent flat-bottom pore,

is mainly used for the normal probe testing and may be calculated by Formula; and the
equivalent size for the flaw is determined by contrast between the distance-amplitude
curve and test block.
b) Testing for the indicating length △L of the flaw is adopting the following method:
l) When the reflection wave of the flaw has only one high spot, and the spot lies in or
above n-region, its indicating length is measured by 6dB method after dropping
down the amplitude to 80% of the screen full scale.
47
2) When the peak value of the flaw reflection wave is changing repeatedly and has
many high spots, moreover, the spot lies in or above II region, its indicating
length is measured with terminal 6dB method after dropping down the amplitude
to 80% of the screen full scale.
3) When the reflection wave peak of the flaw lies in I region, and if record must be
made, sway the probe, so as to make the amplitude drop down to EL, and
determine the indicating length of the flaw with this.
5.1.8 Evaluation of flaw
5.1.8.1 The signal exceeding EL shall pay attention to whether harmful flaw characteristics
like crack is possesses; if this may exist, the evaluation shall be made by changing the probe
K-value, adding testing surface, observing dynamic wave pattern and combining with
structural process characteristics; if the wave pattern cannot be judged, integrated
determination shall be made by assisting with other test methods.
5.1.8.2 When the indicating length of the flaw is less than 10mm, it is calculated as 5mm.
5.1.8.3 When the two adjacent flaws lie in one line, and their spacing is less than the length of
the smaller flaw, they shall be treated as one flaw, and the indicating length is based on the
sum of the two flaws lengths (the spacing is count off the flaw length).
Quality classification of the soldered joint is in accordance with those specified in Table
23.
48
Table 23 Quality Classification of Soldered Joint mm
Plate Reflection wave Indicating length L of single Indicating length L’ of several

Classification
thickness T amplitude (in area) flaw flaws
6~400 I Non-cracking flaw
L=T/3, it is 10 minimumly,
I 6~120 In the precinct of any 9T weld
II and 30 maximumly
length L’, it is no more than T
>120~400 L=T/3, it is 50 maximumly
L=2T/3, it is 12 minimumly,
6~120 In the precinct of any 4.5T weld
II II and 40 maximumly
length L’, it is no more than T
>120~400 It is 75 maximumly
II That exceeds II level That exceeds II level
III 6~400 III All of the flaws
I, II and III Harmful flaws like crack
Note 1: When the parent metal plate thicknesses are different, thickness on the thinner place side is selected.
Note 2: When the weld length is insufficient for 9T (I-level) or 4.5T (II-level), it may be proportionally converted. When the total
accumulative length of the converted flaw is less than the indicating length of single flaw, it is based on the indicating length of
single flaw.
5.2 The ultrasonic testing and quality classification of the overlay welding layer for the
pressure equipment
5.2.1 Detection range and general requirements
This Article is applicable to ultrasonic testing of flaw inside the overlay welding layer,
unbound flaw between overlay welding layer and parent metal, and the parent metal reheat
crack under the overlay welding layer (including austenitic stainless steel and nickel alloy) for
the pressure equipment, and the quality classification of the testing result.
5.2.2 Test method
a) Make ultrasonic testing for overlay welding layer from the overlay welding layer side
with double crystal normal probe and longitudinal wave double crystal angle beam
probe;
b) Make ultrasonic testing for parent metal welding layer from the parent metal side with
single normal probe and longitudinal wave single angle beam probe;
5.2.3 Probe
5.2.3.1 Double crystal probe
a) The included angle between two sound beams of the double crystal probe (straight and
oblique) shall be able to satisfy the requirement for observed acoustic field covering the
49
whole detecting area, so as to make the probe be possessed of maximal detection
sensitivity for the area. Total probe area shall not be more than 325mm2 and the
frequency is 2.5MHz; but to reach the required definition, other frequencies may also be
adopted. Interval sound effect of the two wafers shall be all right.
b) Longitudinal wave double crystal angle beam probe: K=2.75 (refraction angle β=70°),
and the focal depth shall lie in the binding site between the overlay welding layer and
parent metal.
5.2.3.2 Single normal probe
The probe shall generally not be more than 625mm2, and the frequency is 2MHz~5MHz.
5.2.3.3 Longitudinal wave angle beam probe
The probe frequency is 2MHz~5MHz, K=1 (refraction angle β=45°).
5.2.4.1 The reference block shall adopt materials with identical material or material with
similar acoustic characteristic with the material of the workpiece, and then, be made of
identical welding technology. Its parent metal, fusion face and overlay welding layer shall not
have flaw with flat-bottom pore in equivalent diameter of greater than or equal toφ2mm. The
overlay welding layer surface state of the test block shall be identical to the surface condition
of the workpiece overlay welding layer.
5.2.4.2 The testing from the overlay welding layer side is using T1-type test block and the
parent metal thickness T shall at least be 2 times the overlay welding layer thickness. T1-type
test block sees Figure 27.
50
Figure 27 T1-type Test Block
5.2.4.3 The testing from the parent metal side is using T2-type test block, and the difference
between the parent metal thickness T and the inspected parent metal thickness shall not be
more than 10%>T1-type test block sees Figure 28. If the workpiece thickness is too large,
length L of T2-type test block shall comply with the testing requirement.
51
5.2.4.4 The testing for the unbound between overlay welding layer and parent metal is using
T3-type test block (see Figure 29). When testing from the parent metal side, test block from
Figure 29 a) may be adopted, and the difference between the parent metal thickness of the
tested workpiece and the parent metal thickness of the test block shall not be more than 10%.
When testing from the overlay welding layer, test block from Figure 29 b) is adopted, and the
parent metal thickness of the test block shall be at least 2 times the over welding layer
thickness.
5.2.5 Sensitivity calibration
5.2.5.1 Calibration with T1-type test block
a) Calibration for the sensitivity of the longitudinal wave double crystal angle beam
probe: place the probe on the overlay welding layer of the block, move the probe to make
it acquire the maximum reflection wave amplitude from φ1.5mm cross pore, regulate the
attenuator to make the echo amplitude be 80% of the full scale, the reading herewith is
the reference sensitivity.
b) Calibration for the sensitivity of double crystal normal probe: place the probe on the
overlay welding layer of the block, move the probe to make it acquire the maximum
reflection wave amplitude from φ3mm flat-bottom pore, regulate the attenuator to make
52
the echo amplitude be 80% of the full scale, the reading herewith is the reference
sensitivity
a) Place single normal probe on one side of the parent metal, so as to make the echo
amplitude of φ3mm flat-bottom pore be 80% of the full scale, the reading herewith is the
reference sensitivity.
b) Calibration for the sensitivity of longitudinal wave angle beam probe: place the probe
on the overlay welding layer of the block, move the probe to make it acquire the
maximum reflection wave amplitude fromφ1.5mm cross pore, regulate the attenuator to
make the echo amplitude be 80% of the full scale, the reading herewith is the reference
sensitivity.
a) Calibration for the sensitivity of double crystal normal probe: place the probe on one
side of the overlay welding layer, so as to make the echo amplitude of φ10mm
flat-bottom pore be 80% of the full scale; the reading herewith is the reference
sensitivity.
b) Calibration for the sensitivity of the single normal probe: place the probe on one side
of the parent metal, so as to make the echo amplitude of 10mm flat-bottom pore be 80%
of the full scale; the reading herewith is the reference sensitivity.
5.2.6 Scanning method
5.2.6.1 The testing shall be made from one side of the parent metal or overlay welding layer;
if the testing result is doubtable, the testing may also be complemented from the other side.
5.2.6.2 The scanning sensitivity shall be increased by 6dB on the basis of the reference
sensitivity.
5.2.6.3 When testing with double crystal angle beam probe, two scanning shall be made on
the overlay welding surface in 90°direction; when testing with double crystal normal probe; it
shall be scanning perpendicular to the overlay welding direction. When scanning, it shall
ensure that the sound insulation layer of the separated piezoelectric element shall be parallel
to the overlay welding direction.
5.2.6.4 The equivalent size of the flaw shall be determined with 6dB method.
The quality classification of the overlay welding layer sees Table 24.
53
Table 24 Quality Classification of the Overlay Welding Layer
Unbound flaw of
Flaw Flaw in the interface of the
Flaw in the overlay welding side the overlay welding
classification overlay welding side
layer
Flaw (longitudinal wave double crystal angle

Flaw ( longitudinal wave double
beam probe and longitudinal wave angle beam
crystal angle beam probe and Unbound area with
probe) with equivalence of less than
I longitudinal wave angle beam flaw diameter of
φ1.5mm-2dB; flaw (single normal probe and
probe) with equivalence of less less than 25mm
double crystal normal probe) with equivalence of
thanφ1.5mm-2dB
less than φ3mm
Flaw ( longitudinal wave double crystal angle

Flaw (longitudinal wave double
beam probe and longitudinal wave angle beam
crystal angle beam probe and Unbound area with
probe) with equivalence ofφ1.5mm-2dB~φ
II longitudinal wave angle beam flaw diameter of
1.5mm+2dB; flaw ( single normal probe and
probe) with equivalence 25mm~400mm
double crystal normal probe) with equivalence of
ofφ1.5mm-2dB~φ 1.5mm+2dB
φ3~φ4 and with length of less than 30mm
Flaw exceeding II-level or the harmful flaws like Flaw exceeding II-level or the That exceeds II
III
crack is found harmful flaws like crack is found level
5.3 Ultrasonic testing and quality classification of butt welding joint for aluminum and
aluminum alloy pressure equipment
5.3.1 Scope
This Article specifies the ultrasonic testing and quality classification of butt welding
joint for the aluminum and aluminium alloy pressure equipment
This Article is applicable to ultrasonic testing of butt welding joint for aluminum and
aluminum alloy pressure equipment in thickness of greater than or equal to 8mm.
This Article is not applicable to ultrasonic testing of cast steel butt welding joint for
aluminum/aluminium alloy pipe pressure equipment with outside diameter of less than
159mm and pipe saddle fillet weld with inside diameter of less than or equal to 200mm;
however, it is not applicable to ultrasonic testing of longitudinal welding joint with inside to
outside diameter ratio of less than 80%.
5.3.2.1 The reference block shall have identical or close acoustic property with that of the
inspected aluminium plate, but shall not have flaw with equivalent diameter of greater than or
equal to φ2mm flat-bottom pore.
5.3.2.2 The test block dimension and shape see Figure 30 and Table 25.
54
Figure 30 Shape of the Reference Block
Table 25 Dimension of the Reference Block
Test block No. Test block length L Test block thickness, T Determination scope of application for the test block
1 300 25 8~40
2 500 50 >40~80
a) Before testing, splash, rustiness and oil foot in the turnover zone shall be removed.
b) After the passed examination for the appearance and testing surface of the soldered
joint, testing may be made then.
5.3.3.2 Selection for the probe
Generally, K2 angle beam probe with frequency of 2.5MHz shall be adopted, if

necessary, probe with other parameters may also be selected.
5.3.3.3 Manufacture of distance-amplitude curve
Distance-amplitude curve is drafted by mensuration on the reference block, and it is

mainly consisted of EL, SL and RL. Its benchmark reflector is φ2mm horizontal clear
opening; see Figure 31 and Table 26.
55
Figure 31 Distance-Amplitude Curves
EL SL RL
φ2rnm-18dB φ2rnm-12dB φ2rnm-14dB
5.3.3.4 Scanning sensitivity
The scanning sensitivity is no less than the part with the maximum sound path
The scanning scope shall comply with 5.1.4 and the scanning method shall comply with
5.1.6.
5.3.5 Flaw quantitative testing
5.3.5.1 The sensitivity shall be regulated to SL sensitivity.
5.3.5.2 When all reflection wave amplitudes reach or exceed SL flaw, their position,
maximum reflection wave amplitude and flaw equivalence shall be determined.
5.3.5.3 The flaw position determination shall be made on the basis of acquiring the maximum
5.3.5.4 Determination for the maximum reflection wave amplitude of the flaw: Move the
probe to the maximum reflection ferry signal position of the flaw, measure the amplitude size
and determine its area in distance-amplitude curve,
5.3.5.5 Flaw quantification
56
It shall determine equivalent diameter φ of the flaw or indicating length △L of the flaw
according to maximum reflection wave amplitude of the flaw. The specific method refers to
5.1.7.
5.3.6 Evaluation of flaw
5.3.6.1 The signal exceeding EL shall pay attention to whether harmful flaw characteristics
like crack is possesses; if this may exist, the evaluation shall be made by changing the probe
K-value, adding testing surface, observing dynamic wave pattern and combining with
structural process characteristics; if the wave pattern cannot be judged, integrated
determination shall be made by assisting with other test methods.
5.3.6.2 When the indicating length of the flaw is less than 10mm, it is calculated as 5mm.
the smaller flaw, they shall be treated as one flaw, and the indicating length is based on the
sum of the two flaws lengths (the spacing is count off the flaw length).
Quality classification of the butt welding joint is in accordance with those specified in
Table 27.
Table 27 Quality Classification of Butt Welding Joint mm
Classification Plate thickness T Reflection wave amplitude (in area) Indicating length L of single flaw
<8 I Non-cracking flaw

I 8~40 ≤10
II
>40 ≤T/4, it is 20 maximumly
8~40 ≤15
II II
>40 ≤T/3, it is 27 maximumly
II That exceeds II level
III ≥8 III All of the flaws
I, II and III Harmful flaws like crack
Note: butt welding joint with unequal plate thicknesses is taking the thickness from the thinner plate side.
57
6. Ultrasonic testing and quality classification of circumferential butt
welding joint for pipes and pressure pipeline of the pressure
equipment
6.1 Ultrasonic testing and quality classification of circumferential butt welding joint for
pipes and pressure pipeline of the steel pressure equipment
6.1.1 Scope
This Article specifies ultrasonic testing method and quality classification of

circumferential butt welding joint for the pipe and pressure pipeline of the steel pressure
equipment.
This Article is applicable to ultrasonic testing of circumferential butt welding joint for
the pipe and pressure pipeline of the pressure equipment with wall thickness of greater than or
equal to 4mm and outside diameter of 32rnm~159mm or wall thickness of 4mm~6mm and
outside diameter of greater than or equal to 159mm.
This Article is not applicable to the ultrasonic testing of circumferential butt welding
joint for the pipe and pressure pipeline of the cast steel and austenitic stainless steel pressure
equipment.
6.1.2 Test block
6.1.2.1 The test block manufacturing shall comply with Article 3.5.
6.1.2.2 The curvature of the test block shall be identical or close to the diameter of the
inspected pipe, and their curvature radius difference shall not be greater than 10% of the
inspected pipe diameter. The accepted test block types are GS-1, GS-2, GS-3 and GS-4, and
their shape and dimension shall be in accordance with those specified in Figure 32 and Table
28 respectively. GS-1 test block is applicable to circumferential butt welding joint testing for
pipe and pressure pipeline of the pressure equipment with curvature radius of greater than
16mm~24mm; GS-2 test block is applicable to circumferential butt welding joint testing for
54mm~80mm;
58
Figure 32 Shape and Dimension of GS Test Block
Table 28 Circular Arc Curvature Radius of the Test Block mm
Circular arc curvature radius of the test block

Test block type
R1 R2
GS-1 18 22
GS-2 26 32
GS-3 40 50
GS-4 60 72
6.1.3 Probe
6.1.3.1 Line focusing angle beam probe and double crystal angle beam probe are
recommended to be adopted, and their properties shall be able to meet the testing
requirement.
6.1.3.2 The probe frequency is generally 5MHz; when the wall thickness is greater than
15mm, probe in frequency of 2.5MHz is adopted. The horizontal skew angle for the main
sound beam axial line of the probe shall not be greater than 2°.
6.1.3.3 Selection for K-value of the angle beam probe may refer to Table 29. If necessary,
probe with other K-value may also be adopted.
6.1.3.4 Curvature of the probe voussoir shall be processed into the shape anastomosing to the
outside diameter of the pipe. Probe with processing curvature shall determine its K-value and
front edge value, and the primary reflection must be at least scanning to soldered joint root.
6.1.4 Testing position and turnover zone of the probe
59
Table 19 Selection for K-value of the Angle Beam Probe
Wall thickness, mm Probe K-value Front edge of the probe, mm
4.0~8 2.5~3.0 ≤6
>8~15 2.0~2.5 ≤8
>15 1.5~2.0 ≤12
6.1.4.1 Generally, the testing is required to be made from both sides of the butt welding joint;
if restricted by the condition and the testing can only be made from one side of the soldered
joint, two or more probes with different K-value shall be adopted, and this shall be explained
in the report.
6.1.4.2 The turnover zone of the probe shall remove the weld spatter, scrap iron, oil foot and
other impurities; its surface roughness Ra≤6.3μm, the turnover zone of the probe shall be
greater than 1.5P and the calculation for P complies with 5.1.4.
6.1.5 Drafting of distance-amplitude curve
6.1.5.1 The scanning baseline is generally regulated according to horizontal 1:1.
6.1.5.2 Reference block correspondent with the curvature of the practical workpiece is
selected.
6.1.5.3 The distance-amplitude curve is drafted according to the measured data on the
accepted test block for probe used and instrument, and the family of curves is consisted of EL,
SL and RL. Compartment between the EL and SL (including EL) is I area, compartment
between the SL and RL (including SL) is II area, and RL and its above region are III area, see
Figure 33.
Figure 33 Schematic Diagram of Distance-Amplitude Curve
60
6.1.5.4 The distance-amplitude curve sensitivity for different wall thicknesses shall be in
accordance with those specified in Table 30.
Wall thickness, mm EL SL RL
≤8 φ2×20-16dB φ2×20-10dB
>8~15 φ2×20-16dB φ2×20-13dB φ2×20-7dB
>15 φ2×20-10dB φ2×20-4dB
6.1.5.5 When testing, it may refer to Annex F (normative), and make compensation for the
detection sensitivity according to the practical measured result; the compensation dosage shall
be counted into the distance-amplitude curve.
6.1.5.6 The scanning sensitivity shall not be less than the EL sensitivity in the part with the
maximum sound path.
6.1.6.1 Generally, the probe is hackled scanning from both sides of the butt welding
perpendicular to the soldered joint, fore-and-aft movement distance of the probe shall comply
with the requirement, while the sway distance of the probe shall be less than half of the probe
wafer width.
6.1.6.2 In order to observe dynamic waveform of the flaw or to distinguish artefact signal, so
as to determine the position, direction and shape of the flaw, back and forth, right and left, or
corner scanning methods may be adopted.
6.1.7 Flaw quantitive testing
6.1.7.1 For flaws with all of the reflection wave amplitudes lying in or above the II-area, the
determination for position, maximum reflection wave amplitude and indicating length of the
flaw shall be made.
6.1.7.2 The flaw position determination shall be made on the basis of acquiring the maximum
6.1.7.3 Determination for the maximum reflection wave amplitude of the flaw: Move the
probe to the maximum reflection wave signal position of the flaw, measure the amplitude size
and determine its region in distance-amplitude curve.
6.1.7.4 Determination for the indicating length of the flaw is made according to the following
method.
a) When the reflection wave of the flaw has only one high spot, and the spot lies in or
above II-area, its indicating length is measured with absolute sensitivity method of SL.
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b) When the peak value of the flaw reflection wave is changing repeatedly and has many
high spots, moreover, the spot lies in or above II area, its indicating length shall be
measured with absolute sensitivity method of SL.
c) When the reflection wave peak of the thereof lies in I area, and if it must be record, its
indicating length shall be measured with absolute sensitivity of EL.
d) Indicating length I of the flaw shall be calculated according to Formula (6):
I=L×(R-H)/R (6)
Where:
L——Sway distance of the probe, mm;
R——Outside diameter of the pipe, mm;
H——Depth from the flaw to the external surface (indicated depth), mm
6.1.8 Assessment for flaw
6.1.8.1 The signal higher than the EL shall pay attention to whether it is possessed of harmful
flaws characteristic like crack; if it is doubt, comprehensive analysis shall be adopted, that is,
observe the dynamic wave pattern of the flaw by changing its probe K and then, combine with
the welding technology.
the smaller flaw, they shall be treated as one flaw, and the indicating length of single flaw is
based on the sum of the two flaws lengths (the spacing is counted off the flaw length).
6.1.8.3 The indicating length of single punctated flaw is calculated as 5mm.
Quality classification of the butt welding joint is in accordance with those specified in
Table 31.
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Table 31 Quality Classification of Butt Welding Joint
Internal flaw of the soldered joint Incomplete root penetration flaw of the soldered joint
Soldered joint
Reflection wave Indicating length L of Indicating length
classification Indicating length of the flaw, mm 2)
amplitude (in area) single flaw, mm of the flaw, mm
I Non-cracking flaw The length is less than or equal to

L=T/3, it is 5
1)
I ≤T/4 , it is 10 10% of the welding seam perimeter
II minimumly
maximumly and is less than 30
The length is less than or equal to

≤T/3, it is 15 L=2T/3, it is 6
II II 15% of the welding seam perimeter
maximumly minimumly
and is less than 40
II That exceeds II level
III All of the flaws That exceeds II

III That exceeds II level
Harmful flaws like level
I, II and III
crack
Note: within the precinct of 10mm welding seam, if stripped flaw and incomplete fusion are coexisted, it shall be judged to be
III-level.
1) The soldered joint with unequal plate thicknesses takes the thickness from the thinner plate side.
2) When the total accumulative length of the flaw is less than the indicating length of single flaw, it is based on the indicating
length of single flaw.
6.2 The ultrasonic detection and grading of press equipment pipes of aluminum and
aluminum alloy, and pressure circumferential welding joints
6.2.1 Detection range
This provision specifies the ultrasonic detection method and quality grading of pressure
equipment pipes of aluminum and aluminum alloy, and circumferential welding joints in
pressure tubing. This provision is applicable to the adapter tubes of aluminum and aluminum
alloy and the circumferential welding joints with wall thickness≥5mm and the outside
diameter 80mm-159mm or the wall thickness 5.0mm- 8mm and the outside
diameter≥159mm.
This provision is not applicable to the ultrasonic detection of fillet welding with inner
diameter≤200mm, nor the ultrasonic detection of the piping longitudinal welding joints with
outside diameter< 250mm, or the ratio of inside and outside diameters<80%.
6.2.2.1 The material quality of the reference block shall coincide with or close to acoustic
properties of the detected aluminum pipes and their production shall meet the specifications in
3.5.
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6.2.2.2 The curvature of the reference block shall coincide with or close to the pipe diameter
of the detected pipes, and the difference of their radiuses of curvature shall ne no greater than
10% of the pipe diameter of the detected pipes. The types of reference block adopted are
GS-3 and GS-4, and their shape and size shall respectively meet the specifications in Figure
34 and Table 32. According to the requirements of practical work, other forms of layouts may
be adopted or standard orifice may be appended appropriately.
6.2.2.3 With the requirements of sensitivity being satisfied, other types of reference blocks
may also be adopted.
Figure 34 the Shape and Size of the Reference Block
Table 32 The circular arc's curvature radius of the reference block

The circular arc's curvature radius of the reference block
Reference block type
R1 R2
GS-3 40 50
GS-4 60 72
6.2.3 Probe
6.2.3.1 The line focusing probe, macle angle probe and other probes are recommended to
adopt, and their performance shall be able to satisfy the detection requirements.
6.2.3.2 In general, the probe adopts the frequency of 5MHz; while the wall thickness is
greater than 15mm, it may adopt the frequency of 2.5MHz. The horizontal slip angle of the
probe's main beam axis shall be no greater than 2°.
6.2.3.3 The K-value of angle beam probe may be selected in reference to the specifications in
Table 29. If necessary, it may select other values.
6.2.3.4 The curvature of the probe wedge shall be processed into the shape coinciding with
the outside diameter of the outside diameter. The probe with processed curvature shall
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conduct measuring on K-value and front edge value; the measuring requires that the primary
wave shall at least cover the root of welded joints.
6.2.4 The detection position and the turnover zone of the probe
6.2.4.1 In general, it requires the butt welding joints shall be detected on both sides; while it is
only able to detect on one side for limited conditions, it shall adopt the probe with two or
more K-values and shall give explanations in the report.
6.2.4.2 The probe turnover zone shall be cleaned off weld spatters, iron scraps, oil foot and
other impurities with probe's surface roughness Ra≤6.3μm; the roughness in turnover zone
shall be no greater than 1.5P, and P shall be calculated according to the specifications in 5.1.4.
6.2.5 Drafting of distance-amplitude curve
6.2.5.1 In general, it shall adjust the scan baseline by horizontal 1:1.
6.2.5.2 It shall select the reference block corresponding to the practical curvature of work
pieces.
6.2.5.3 The sensitivity of distance-amplitude curve with different wall thickness shall meet
the specifications in Table 30.
6.2.5.4 In detection, the coupling loss and material attenuation shall be compensated, and
compensation dosage shall be accounted into the distance-amplitude curve. See
distance-amplitude curve in Figure 35.
Figure 35 the Sketch of Distance-Amplitude Curve
65
6.2.5.5 The examined sensitivity shall not be lower than the sensitivity of the assessment
curve on the maximal sound path.
6.2.6 Quantitative determination of flaws
6.2.6.1 For the flaws with reflected wave breadth lying in II area or above, it shall conduct
measuring on the position of the flaw, the maximal reflected wave breadth and indication
length of the flaw.
6.2.6.2 The position determination of flaws shall take the position with maximal reflected
wave breadth.
6.2.6.3 The measuring of the maximal reflected wave breadth. The probe shall be moved to
the position where the maximal reflected wave signal appears, and test the amplitude size
there and ascertain its location in the distance-amplitude curve.
6.2.6.4 The indication length of the flaw shall be measured according to the following
method:
a) While there is only one apex in the reflected wave. And while the apex lies in the Ⅱ
area or above, the indicator length shall be tested in absolute sensitivity method of ration
line.
b) While there are several apexes with varied peak value, and they lie in II area or above,
the indicator length shall be measured in absolute sensitivity method of ration line.
c) While the maximal reflected wave breadth lies in I area, the indicator length shall be
measured in absolute sensitivity method of the assessment curve, if it is necessary to
record.
d) The indicator length shall be calculated according to the specifications in 6.1.7.
6.2.7 The assess of flaw
6.2.7.1 For the signal whose signal exceeds the assessment curve, it shall notice whether there
are harmful flaws such as crackles; if it is doubted, it shall adopt the probe with changed
K-value to observe the dynamic wave pattern of the flaws, and shall conduct aggregate
analysis with the consideration of welding technology.
6.2.7.2 While the two flaws are in line and their distance is less than the less length of the two,
they shall be handled as one flaw, and the sum of the two lengths shall be taken as the
indication length of the flaw (the distance is not covered).
6.2.7.3 The indication length of single dot flaw shall take 5mm.
6.2.8 Quality grading
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See the quality grading of butt welding joints in Table 31.
7. The ultrasonic detection of press equipment in-service
7.1 Scope
This chapter is applicable to the ultrasonic detection of press equipment in-service.
7.2 Ultrasonic detection of the raw materials and parts of the press equipment
in-service.
While the ultrasonic detection of the raw materials and parts of the press equipment
in-service is conducted, its primary coverage shall meet the relevant regulations in Chapter 4.
For the ultrasonic detection of the bolt or stud, besides the relevant regulations in 4.6, it
shall detect whether there are cracks in the roots. The major detection items are as follows:
a) At the tip of the bolt or stud, the detection of longitudinal wave and oblique incidence
shall be conducted by applying the angle beam probe with longitudinal wave and small
K-value.
b) On the unthreaded position of the bolt or stud, the detection in axial direction shall be
conducted by adopting angle beam probe of transverse wave with the frequency K1.5-
K2.5.
c) The reference samples of the detection of longitudinal wave and oblique incidence and
the axial detection of traverse wave shall be produced by adopting the bolt or stud which
has the same or close materials, forms and specification as detected pieces. The reflector
of the artificial flaw (grooving) lay on the maximal detection sound path and is
perpendicular to axis of the bolt or stud shall adopt the shape and size as shown in Figure
36.
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Note 1 r——the inside radius of the worm mm; L——the artificial grooving length, mm; b—— the artificial grooving
depth, mm.
Note 2: if the grooving is processed at thread root, the grooving shall drop down spiral helix angle; here b refers to the
depth below the thread root.
Figure 36 Artificial Grooving
d) While the bolts or studs in-service are under ultrasonic detection, if there are flaw
reflected breadth at the thread root which is greater than the height of the grooving
reflected wave, the bolts or studs shall be seen as discard.
7.3 The ultrasonic detection of the butt welding joints of the press equipment in-service
7.3.1 The ultrasonic detection of butt welding joints of steel press equipment in-service
7.3.1.1 The detection method and technical requirements
While the ultrasonic detection of butt welding joints of the press equipment in-service is
conducted, the detection method and main detection technical requirements shall meet the
relevant specifications in Chapter 5. While the reflected echo of the flaw is detected in the
practical detection, it shall conduct measurements on the echo amplitude, depth of burial,
indicator length, flaw orientation, flaw position, and self altitude in the ration line or above
and shall make decisions of the types and natures of the flaws as far as possible. While the
flaw is considered harmful, even if it lies in or below the ration line, the measurement of the
above parameters shall be conducted. While the above parameters are tested, they shall
68
generally be adopted perpendicular wave and the sensitivity shall be examined as required.
But the noise reflected echo height shall not exceed 20% of the full-scale value.
7.3.1.2 The measurement of flaw amplitude
Lay the probe on the position with maximal flaw reflected wave, and use the attenuator
to read out the wave versus amplitude ratio, and the decibel value above the SL.
7.3.1.3 The measurement of the flaw position and indicating length
The flaw position usually includes flaw depth of burial and plane position. The depth of
burial refers to the distance of flaw away from the detection area. The probe shall be laid on
the position of maximal flaw reflected wave, and the depth of burial shall be determined
according to the flaw's location reflecting on the scan line (vertical).
While the plan position of the flaw is measured, the probe shall be laid on the position of the
maximal flaw reflected wave, and then it can be ascertained according to the location of
maximal flaw reflected wave on scan line (horizontal). The indication length of the flaw shall
be measured according to the relevant specifications in 5.1.6.
7.3.1.4 Determination of flaw's physical dimension
7.3.1.4.1 For the flaws which in two headings (length heading * height heading) belong to
mode 1 (refer to Annex H (Normative) for mode recognition), namely the dot flaws, the size
may be estimated in AVG method.
7.3.1.4.2 If the flaws (linear flaws) in length heading belong to mode 2 and belong to mode 1
in height heading, the size in height heading may be estimated in AVG method.
7.3.1.4.3 For the flaws belonging to mode 2 both in length heading and in height heading, the
size in the height heading may be ascertained in the tip diffraction echo method or tip
maximal echo method; the measuring methods refer to Annex I (Normative) and Annex J
(Normative). If the tip diffraction echo and tip maximal echo are unable to be ascertained in
measurement, the size can be measured in 6dB method; the measuring method refers to
Annex K (Normative).
7.3.1.4.4 For the flaws belonging to mode 3a or 3b both in length heading and in height
heading, the size in the height heading may be ascertained in the tip diffraction echo method
or tip maximal echo method; the measuring methods refer to Annex I (Normative) and Annex
J (Normative). If the tip diffraction echo and tip maximal echo are unable to be ascertained in
measurement, the size can be measured in 6dB method; the measuring method refers to
Annex K (Normative).
7.3.1.4.5 The determination methods of multiple flaws and cluster flaw size
69
a) If in the envelope curve of A-type scan echo the wave peak of each echoes cannot be
identified in the fluorescent scanning line (namely the spacing between each reflector
came cannot be determined by manual operation), the flaw can but only be considered as
one (determined by the wave contour line of multiple echoes); its size in height heading
may be measured in the tip diffraction echo method and tip maximal echo method. If the
tip diffraction echo and tip maximal echo are unable to be ascertained in measurement,
the size can be measured in 6dB method
b) If in the envelop line of A-type scanning echo, the wave peaks of each echoes are able
to be identified on the fluorescent scanning line, the flaw size in height heading may be
measured according to the method in 7.3.1.4.1~7.3.1.4.4.
7.3.1.5 Determination of flaw types
7.3.1.5.1 For the over-proof flaws, it shall determine the flaw types and natures according to
the amplitude height, position, orientation, indicating length, self height, combining with flaw
static waveform, dynamic waveform, echo envelop line, scanning methods, as well as the
welding methods of welded joints, welding techniques, piece structure, groove form, material
characteristics, and heat treatment conditions. Usually it shall determine the dot flaws, linear
flaws (strip slag inclusion, incomplete fusion, lack of fusion and so on) and planar flaws
(crackles, planar incomplete fusion, and planar lack of fusion and so on). The determination
methods refer to Annex H (Normative) and Annex (Normative).
7.3.1.5.2 While it is comparatively difficult to adopt the ultrasonic detection to determine the
flaw size and type or the flaws are in comparatively concentration, x-ray or other detections
shall be added for further synthetic judgment.
7.3.1.5.3 For the flaw of the press equipment in-service discovered by ultrasonic detection, it
shall be checked against detection reports of manufactured and assembled raw materials or
reports in last detection period, so as to find out whether the discovered flaw is a new one and
whether there are any expansion.
7.3.1.6 Flaw recording
7.3.1.6.1 It shall record the ultrasonic detection outcome of the flaw according to the technical
regulation requirements for periodical survey rules of pressure vessels in-service and boilers.
7.3.1.6.2 Based on the requirements, the safety adjuster, according to design, manufacturing,
use and detection, may record and supply the critical dimension of allowable flaw (including
position, length and self height); in detection, it only need record the flaws greater than the
limiting size, and deliver the recording to adjuster for assess and disposal.
7.3.1.6.3 The recording shall include flaw position, type, orientation, amplitude, indicating
length and self height as well as flaw distribution figure. The record shall be signed by
operating personnel and responsible personality.
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7.3.2 The ultrasonic detection of the stainless steel clad layer of the press equipment
in-service
While the stainless steel clad layer of the pressure vessels in-service are under ultrasonic
detection, the detection method and technical requirements shall meet relevant regulations in
5.2. While over-proof flaws are found, it shall measure the flaw position, type, orientation,
amplitude, indicating length and self height according to relevant regulations in 7.3.1 and
shall supply flaw distribution figure and flaw record.
7.3.3 The ultrasonic detection of welded joints of aluminum and aluminum alloy pressure
vessels in-service
While welded joints of aluminum and aluminum alloy pressure vessels in-service are
under ultrasonic detection, the detection method and technical requirements shall meet
relevant regulations in 5.3. While the over-proof flaws are found, they shall be tackled
according to the relevant regulations in 7.3.1.
7.4 The ultrasonic detection of the pipe of press equipment in-service and
circumferential welding joints of pressure tubing
7.4.1 The ultrasonic detection of the pipe of steel press equipment in-service and
circumferential welding joints of pressure tubing
While the pipe of steel press equipment in-service and welded joints of pressure tubing
are under ultrasonic detection, the detection method and technical requirements shall meet
relevant regulations in 6.1. While the detection finds that the echo amplitude of the flaw
locates in III area, the flaw is rated disqualified according to the relevant regulations in 6.1,
and the flaw is regarded as harmful by detection personnel, the flaws shall be tackled
according to relevant regulations in 7.3.1.
7.4.1.2 It shall record the ultrasonic detection outcome of the flaw according to the technical
regulation requirements for periodical survey specifications of industry piping in-service.
7.4.2 The ultrasonic detection of the pipes of aluminum and aluminum alloy press equipment
in-service and the circumferential welding joints of pressure tubing.
While the pipe of aluminum and aluminum alloy press equipment in-service and the
circumferential welding joints of pressure tubing are under ultrasonic detection, the detection
method and technical requirements shall meet relevant regulations in 6.2. While the detection
finds that the echo amplitude of the flaw locates in III area, the flaw is rated disqualified
according to the relevant regulations in 6.2, and the flaw is regarded as harmful by detection
personnel, the flaws shall be tackled according to relevant regulations in 7.3.1.
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8. Ultrasonic detection reports
The ultrasonic detection report shall at least include the following contents:
a) Client;
b) The working piece detected: title, serial number, specification, material, groove type,
welding method and heat treatment state;
c) Detection equipment: defectoscope, probe, reference block;
d) Detection code: technical grade, K-value of the probe, probe frequency, detection
plane, and detection sensitivity;
e) The detection position and the flaw type, size, position and distribution shall be
indicated in the sketch; if there are any position which can not be detected for the
limitation of geometric shape, it shall be illustrated in the sketch.
f) Detection outcome and quality grading, detection standard name and acceptance level;
g) The signature and technical qualifications of detection personnel and responsible

personality;
h) Detection date.
72
Annex A (Normative) the Performance Requirements for TR
Transducer
A.1 Characteristic curve of distance-amplitude
While the reference block in Figure 2 is adopted, it shall measure the echo height (unit:
dB) at each thickness, and draw the characteristic curve as shown in Figure A.1; the
characteristic curve shall satisfy the following conditions:
a) For the echo height at the thickness of 19mm, the maximal echo altitude difference
shall be in the range of 3Db~6dB.
b) For the echo height at the thickness of 3mm, the maximal echo altitude difference
shall also be in the range of 3dB~6dB.
Figure A.1 the Characteristic Curve of Distance-Amplitude Detected by TR Transducer
A.2 Surface echo height
The surface echo height measured in direct contact method shall be at least 40dB lower
than maximal echo height.
A.3 Detection of sensitivity
Move the probe to point at the φ5.6mm flat bottomed hole shown in Figure A.2; its
difference between echo height and maximal echo altitude shall be in the range of
-10dB~+2dB.
73
Figure A.2 Detection Instruments and the Probe Reference Block with Composite Performance
A.4 Effective beam width
Point at theφ5.6mm flat bottomed hole shown in Figure A.2, and move the probe in
parallel to sound wave's divisional plane; measure the beam width according to 6dB
method; for the detection of steel plate of press equipment in-service, its virtual value
shall be no greater than 16mm.
74
Annex B (Normative) the Transverse Wave Detection of Steel Plate
for Press Equipment Use
B.1 Scope
This annex specifies the ultrasonic detection methods of non-sandwich flaws in steel
plates detected by angle beam probe (transverse wave) and it can be seen as the supplement to
normal probe detection.
B.2 Detection device
B.2.1 In principle, it shall adopt KI angle beam probe; the diameter of the round wafer shall
be between 13mm-25mm, and the square wafer area shall be no less than 200mm2. If there
are special needs, probe of other sizes and K-values may be adopted.
B.2.2 The detection frequency: 2MHz- 5MHz.
B.3 Reference block
B.3.1 The steel plate for reference block use shall be as thick as that of the detected one, and
have same or similar acoustic characteristics.
B.3.2 The artificial flaw reflector on the reference block shall have V-shaped groove, the
angle shall be 60°, the groove depth shall be 3% of the plate thickness, and the groove length
shall be at least 25mm.
B.3.3 The size and V-shaped groove of the reference block shall meet the specifications in
Figure B. l.
Figure B.1 Reference Block
B.3.4 For the steel plate with thickness greater than 50mm, another calibration notch as
shown in B.3.3 shall be processed on the underside of the steel plate.
75
B.4 The determination of the reference sensitivity
B.4.1 The steel plates with thickness less than or equal to 50mm
B.4.1.1 It shall place the probe one the side of the reference block with groove and point the
sound beam at the broadside of the groove, then it shall find out the maximal amplitude of the
whole span reflection; then regulate instrument to make the maximal amplitude being 80% of
the full-scale value, and mark down the position of the signal on the screen.
B.4.1.2 Move the probe to get the second whole-span signal, found out the signal's maximal
reflected wave amplitude and then mark down the position on the screen; connect the two
groove echo amplitude values into a line, namely the distance-amplitude curve.
B.4.2 The steel plates with thickness from 50+mm to 150mm
B.4.2.1 Point the sound beam of the probe at the groove on the reference block rear and find
out the maximal amplitude of first half span echo. Adjust instrument to make the reflected
wave amplitude as 80% of the full-scale value, and mark down the signal position on the
screen. Without adjusting the instrument, repeat this operation on the 3/2 span.
B.4.2.2 Without adjusting the instrument, place the probe again on the surface of the
reference block to point the wave beam on the surface groove and find out the position of the
whole span-maximal reflected wave. Mark down this value point on the screen.
B.4.2.3 Connect the dots in B.4.2.1 and B.4.2.2 on the screen into a line, namely
distance-amplitude curve.
B.4.3 The steel plates with thickness from 150+mm to 250mm
B.4.3.1 The probe shall be placed on the surface of the reference block and the sound beam
shall be pointed at the groove on the undersurface of the reference block to find out the
amplitude peak position of the first half span echo. Adjust instrument to make the reflected
wave amplitude as 80 of the full-scale value, and mark down the amplitude value on the
screen.
B.4.3.2 Without adjusting the instrument, The probe shall be again placed on the surface and
the whole span shall be pointed at the groove to get the maximal reflection; mark down the
amplitude value on the screen.
B.4.3.3 Connect the dots in B.4.3.1 and B.4.3.2 on the screen in a line, namely the
distance-amplitude curve.
B.5 Scanning methods
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B.5.1 On the rolled surface of the steel plate, the scanning shall be conducted on the grid lines
which are vertical or horizontal to the steel plate's major calendaring direction; the center
distance of grid lines shall be 200mm.
B.5.2 While signals of flaws are found, the probe shall be moved so as to be able to get
maximal reflection on the screen.
B.5.3 For the flaw with its amplitude equaling to or exceeding distance-amplitude curve, its
position shall be marked down; the probe shall be moved so as to make the amplitude descend
to 25% of the full-scale value and then measure its length. For the flaw with its amplitude
lower than distance-amplitude curve, it may be recorded on list if the indicating length is
comparatively long.
B.5.4 On the position of each recording, 100% detection shall be conducted in the region of
200mm*200mm (accounting from the flaw center).
B.6 Acceptance level
The flaw signals which are equal to or exceed the distance-amplitude curve all shall be
regard disqualified. But if the longitudinal wave method is applied as assisting detection and
the detected flaws are naturally in hierarchical type, they shall be tackled according to the
specification of longitudinal wave detection.
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Annex C (Normative) Ultrasonic Crossing Testing on Pressure
Equipments with Steel Forgings
C.1 Scope
This Annex is applicable to the ultrasonic transverse wave testing on pressure

equipments that the ratio between internal and external diameters is greater than or equal to
80% with ring-form annular and cylinder-shape forgings.
C.2 Probe
C.2.1 The nominal frequency of probe is mainly 2.5MHz.
C.2.2 The wafer area of probe is 140mm2~400mm2.
C.2.3 In principle, the K1 probe shall be adopted, but other K value probe may also be
adopted according to the different geometric shapes of workpiece.
C.3 Test block for sensitivity calibration
For adjusting the detection sensitivity, the reference blocks may be manufactured with
the finishing allowance part at the wall thickness or length of inspected workpiece. At the
internal and external surfaces of forging, it shall process parallel V-groove separately along
the axial direction and the circumferential direction as the standard groove. The length of
V-groove: 25mm, depth is 1% of the wall thickness of forging, and angle is 60°. Other
equivalent reflectors (such as corner reflector) may also be adopted.
C.4 Testing method
C.4.1 Scanning mode
C.4.1.1 Scanning direction (see figure C.1)
78
Figure C.1 Scanning Direction of Transverse Wave Testing on Forgings
G.4.1.2 Travel speed of probe shall not exceed 150mm/s.
C.4.1.3 The scanning coverage percentage shall be above 15% of the probe width.
C.4.2 Determination of reference sensitivity
It shall collimate probe from the outer disk of forging with the standard groove at inner
disk, adjust the increment to make maximal reflecting height be 80% of the full-scale, mark
this value on panel as the reference sensitivity; without changing the adjusting state of
instrument, it shall move the probe to measure the standard groove at outer disk and also mark
the maximal reflecting height on the panel. It shall connect the forementioned two points with
straight line; draft the space-amplitude curve to make it include the whole testing scope. The
reference sensitivity in the testing of inner disk shall also be determined according to
forementioned method, but the slide wedge of probe shall be accorded with the curvature of
inner circle.
C.5 Recording
It shall record the flaw reflexivity and position when the amplitude scope is larger than
50% of the height of space-amplitude curve (reference line). The discontinuity indication
length of flaw shall be measured according to 6dB method. And it shall be treated as single
flaw (the interspace is not accounted) when the space among two adjacent flaws is less than
or equal to 25mm.
C.6 Quality gradation
C.6.1 When the flaw amplitude is larger than space-amplitude curve (reference line), the
quality grade is set down as Grade III.
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C.6.2 The flaws with amplitude at 50%~100% of the space-amplitude curve (reference line)
shall be graded according to Table C.1.
Table C.1 Quality Grade of Flaw
Quality grade Discontinuity indication length of single flaw
I ≤1/3 of wall thickness, and ≤100mm
II ≤2/3 of wall thickness, and ≤150mm
III Be larger than grade II
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Annex D (Normative) Axial-direction Crossing Testing on Full-fusion
Welding of Pressure Equipments with Steel High-pressure Seamless
Pipe
D.1 Scope
This Annex is applicable to the axial-direction ultrasonic transverse wave testing on

bearing equipments with seamless steel pipe.
D.2 Testing facilities
The testing facilities are composed of ultrasonic flaw detector and angle probe, the probe
shall match with the surface of surface well, the wafer length is less than or equal to 25mm,
and the probe frequency is 2.5MHz~5MHz.
D.3 Test block for sensitivity calibration
D.3.1 The sensitivity calibration test block shall be adopted those steel pipes that have same
specifications and same or similar material and heat treatment technology with tested steel
pipe, and shall have no flaw that may influence the indication of artificial flaws.
D.3.2 the dimensions, V-groove, and positions of test block for testing the
transverse-direction flaw of steel pipe shall be in accordance with those specified Figure D.1
and Table D.1.
Figure D.1 Test Block for Transverse-direction Flaw
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Table D.1 Flaw Gradation mm
Grade Length l Groove depth of artificial flaw t
I 40 5% of nominal wall thickness, 0.2 minimally and 1.0 maximally
II 40 8% of nominal wall thickness, 0.2 minimally and 2.0 maximally
III 40 10% of nominal wall thickness, 0.2 minimally and 3.0 maximally
D.3.3 Generally, the artificial flaw groove of test block for testing the transverse-direction
flaws of steel pipe shall be processed at outer surface, and the internal and external surfaces
shall processed at the same time when the outside diameter is greater than or equal to 80mm
and the wall thickness is greater than or equal to 10mm. In the same test block, the artificial
flaws at external surface along the axial direction of steel pipe shall be with adequate space
with a view to be easily recognized in debugging.
D.4 Determination of reference sensitivity
D.4.1 It may also directly regulate the reflection echo amplitude of V-groove at reference
block to 50% of the full-scale of screen and take this scale as the reference sensitivity.
D.4.2 As for the reference blocks of the processing groove at internal and external surfaces, it
shall adjust the echo amplitude of the groove at internal surface to 80% of the full-scale, and
mark the reflection echo amplitude point of external surface groove at the screen to draft the
space-amplitude curve.
D.5 Evaluation of result
D.5.1 this steel pipe is unqualified if the flaw echo amplitude is greater than or equal to the
reference echo amplitude of artificial flaw or higher than the space-amplitude curve.
D.5.2 The acceptance grade is determined by the agreement of the contract parties.
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Annex E (Normative) Angle probe Testing on Pressure Equipments
with Austenitic Steel Forging
E.1 Scope
This Annex is applicable to the ultrasonic angle probe testing on pressure equipments
that the ratio between internal and external diameters is greater than or equal to 80% with
austenitic steel ring or cylinder-shaped forgings.
E.2 Reference block
For adjusting the detection sensitivity, the reference blocks may be manufactured with the
finishing allowance part at the wall thickness or length of inspected workpiece. At the internal
and external surfaces of forging, it shall process parallel V-groove separately along the axial
direction and the circumferential direction as the standard groove. The length of V-groove is
25mm, depth f is 3% or 5% of the wall thickness of forging, and the angle is 60°. Other
equivalent reflectors (such as corner reflector) may also be adopted.
E.3 Scanning mode
The scanning direction complies with Figure D.1 in Annex D (normative).
E.4 Determination of reference sensitivity
E.4.1 Generally, when the grooving method is adopted, it shall put the probe at the external
disk, the sound beam is perpendicular to the length direction of notch groove. It shall move
the probe and regulate the sensitivity of instrument to make the heights of the secondary
reflecting echo of grooves at outer wall (w-type reflection) and inner wall (N-type reflection)
be at least 20% of the full-scale. And then it shall connect the first and second echo peak
points of outer wall groove or the peak points of the first and second echoes of inner wall as
the full-span calibrated space-amplitude curve.
E.4.2 If the second echo of at least 20% of full scale can not be got by adopting full-span
adjustment at the grooves of surfaces at inner and outer walls, it shall adopt half-span for
adjusting (here, both inner and outer walls shall be set with one groove to make them be
unaffected with each other). The height of the first echo from outer wall groove shall be at
least 20% of the full scale. The peak points of the first echoes from inner wall groove and
outer wall groove shall be connected as the half-span calibrated space-amplitude curve.
E.4.3 Generally, the cylinder-shaped forgings with internal diameter less than 500mm and
length exceeding 900mm shall not be scanned from the internal surface.
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Annex F (Normative) Measurement for Loss Allowance in Sound
Energy Transmission
F.1 General requirement
Two major factors in operation that may influence the reflecting amplitude are: The
attenuation of the materials and the sound energy loss at surface caused by the surfaceness
and coupling condition of workpiece.
The attenuation of the material of carbon steel or low alloy steel plate may not be
considered when the frequency is less than 3MHz, sound path does not exceed 200mm or the
attenuation coefficient is less than 0.01dB/mm. Both the standard block and reference block
shall be in accordance with this requirement.
In the testing of tested workpiece, the attenuation correction of material shall be taken
into consideration in determining the flaw reflecting amplitude when the sound path is large
or the attenuation coefficient of material exceeds the forementioned scope. And the sound
energy loss at surface shall also be taken into consideration when the surface of workpiece is
rough.
F.2 Measurement for the transverse-wave ultrasonic attenuation
F.2.1 The plane-type test block, with same or similar material with tested workpiece, about
40mm in thickness and with same surfaceness with reference block, shall be manufactured,
see Figure E1.
Figure F1 Measurement of Ultrasonic Attenuation
F.2.2 The angle probe shall time sweep the lines when the instrument is adjusted according to
1:1 in depth.
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F.2.3 Another angle probe with the same dimension, frequency, and K value with this one
shall be adopted, these two angle probes shall be put at the slab test block according to the
direction showed in Figure F1, the space among their incidence points is 1P, the instrument is
adjusted to one transmitter and one receiver state to find the maximal reflecting amplitude and
record the amplitude value H1 (dB).
F.2.4 The two probes shall be drawn apart to the position with space of 2P to find the
maximal reflection reflecting amplitude and record the amplitude value H2 (dB).
F.2.5 The attenuation coefficient aH may be calculated with equation (F1)~(F2):
a H = (H 1 − H 2 − < ) / (S 2 − S 1 ) (F1)
S1 = 40 / cos β + l1 (F2)
S 2 = 80 / cos β + l1 (F3)
l1 = l 0 tan α / tan β (F4)
Where:
l0——Space from wafer to incidence points, which may also be taken as simple
treatment, l=l0, mm;
△——Difference among the reflecting amplitude of large planes with sound path as S1
and S2 when the attenuation of material is not considered. It may be either calculated with
equation 20lg (S2/S1) or looked up from the space-amplitude curve of this probe, △ is about
6dB.
F.2.6 In figure F.1, the material attenuation of workpiece may not be considered if the
difference among the amplitudes measured at the test surfaces of test block and reference
block does not exceed 1dB.
F.3 Measurement of transmission loss allowance
F.3.1 The angle probe shall time sweep the lines when the instrument is adjusted in depth.
F.3.2 Another angle probe with same dimension, frequency, and K value with this one shall
be adopted, these two probes shall be put at the test surface at reference block according to
the direction showed in Figure F2, and the space of the incidence points of these two probes is
1P. The instrument shall be adjusted to the one transmitter and one receiver state.
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F.2 Measurement of transmission loss
F.3.3 It shall find the maximal reflecting amplitude at reference block and record the
amplitude value H1 (dB).
F.3.4 It shall measure the maximal reflecting amplitude of received wave at the tested
workpiece (without passing through welding joints) and record the amplitude value H2 (dB).
F.3.5 Transmission loss allowance △V shall be calculated according to equation (F5):
△V=H1-H2-△1-△2 (F.5)
Where:
△1——When the material attenuation is not considered, it is the difference among the
reflecting amplitude dB at large planes of sound path S1 and S2 that may either be calculated
with equation 20lg(S2/S1) or be looked up from the space-amplitude curve of probe;
S1——Sound path in reference block, mm;
S2——Sound path in parent metal of workpiece, mm;
△2——The difference of the ultrasonic material attenuation between sound path S1 in

test block and sound path S2 in workpiece, dB. And this item may not be considered if the
attenuation sensitivity of the material of test block is less than 0.01dB/mm.
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Annex G (Normative) Ultrasonic Testing and Quality Gradation for
the Butt Welding Joints of 6mm~8mm Steel Pressure Equipments
G.1 Scope
G.1.1 This section specifies the ultrasonic detection and quality gradation for the butt welding
joints of 6mm~8mm steel pressure equipments.
G.1.2 This section is applicable to the ultrasonic testing on full-fusion butt welding joints of
parent metal in thickness of 6mm.
G.1.3 This section is not only inapplicable to the testing on cast steel and austenitic steel
welding joints, the butt welding joints of the steel pressure equipments with outside diameter
being less than 150mm, the fillet welds of pipe saddle with internal diameter being less than
or equal to 200mm, but also the testing on longitudinal welding joints with the outside
diameter being less than 250mm or the ratio between internal and external diameters being
less than 80%.
G.2 Testing personnel
Staffs engaged in the testing according to this annex shall have a special training on thin
plate ultrasonic detection for certain period. They shall know the structural features of the
light-gauge welding joints, grasp the transmitting characteristics of ultrasonic waves in thin
plate, and are able to give out correct analysis and judgment for the spurious signals that may
appear in the testing.
G.3 Test block
G.3.1 The test block shall be manufactured in accordance with those specified in of this part.
G.3.2 The adopted reference block is CSK-IIAm. Its shape and dimension shall be separately
in accordance with those specified in Figure G.1.
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Note: L——Length of test block, which is determined by the used (is 200mm in general).
Figure G1 CSK-IIAm Test Block
G.4 Detecting preparation
Such as the testing grade, testing surface, testing probe, and testing frequency shall be in
accordance with those specified in 5.1.2 and 5.1.4 of this section.
G.5 Drafting of space-amplitude curve
The sensitivity, drafting and scanning sensitivity of space-amplitude curve shall be in

accordance with those specified in 5.1.5 of this section.
G.6 Testing method
The testing method shall be in accordance with the related requirement specified in 5.1.6
of this section.
G.7 Quantitative testing of flaws
The quantitative testing of flaws shall be in accordance with the related requirement
specified in 5.1.7 of this section.
G.8 Evaluation and quality gradation of flaws
The evaluation and quality gradation of flaws shall be in accordance with the related
requirement specified in 5.1.8 and 5.1.9 of this section.
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Annex H (Normative) Dynamic Waveform of Echo
H.1 Types of the dynamic waveform of echo
H.1.1 Waveform mode I
Table H.1 represents the waveform mode I produced by the point reflector, that is to
display one acute echo at screen. When the probe scans backwards and forwards from side to
side, its amplitude shall smoothly came up from zero to the maximal value, and then smoothly
drop down to zero, and this is the signal feature of flaws with dimension being less than the
limit of discriminability (the flaw size is less than the diameter of sound beam of ultrasonic
probe at flaw position).
Figure H.1 Dynamic Waveform of the Echo of Point Reflector
H.1.2 Waveform mode II
The screen shall display one acute echo when the probe detects flaw at different
positions. When the probe scans backwards and forwards from side to side, the amplitude
smoothly rises from zero up to peak value at the very start, the amplitude does not change
fundamentally or varies within scope of ±4db when the probe continues to move, and
smoothly drop down to zero again at last. Figure H.2 represents the waveform mode II
produced by large smoothing flat reflector when the sound beam approaches vertical
incidence.
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Figure H.2 Dynamic Waveform of the Echo of Large Smoothing Flat Reflector by Approaching Vertical
Incidence
H.1.3 Waveform mode III
H.1.3.1 Waveform mode IIIa
The screen shall display one ragged echo when the probe detects flaw at different
positions. The echo amplitude shows very irregular waving state when the probe is moved
(±6dB). Figure H.3 represents the waveform IIIa produced by large irregular reflector when
the sound beam approaches the vertical incidence.
90
Figure H.3 Dynamic Waveform of the Echo of Large Irregular Reflector by Approaching Vertical Incidence
H.1.3.2 Waveform mode IIIb
The screen shows a series of continuous signals in bell shape (a large number of small
wave crest) of pulse envelope when the probe detects flaws in different positions. Each small
wave crest shall move in pulse envelope when the probe is moved, and the amplitude shall
gradually rises from zero up to maximal value and drop down to zero again.
The signal amplitude changes greatly (±6dB). Figure H.4 represents the dynamic waveform
IIIb produced by large irregular reflector when the sound beam approaches the oblique
incidence.
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Figure H4 Dynamic Waveform of the Echo of Large Irregular Reflector in Oblique Incidence
H.1.4 Waveform mode Ⅳ
The screen shows a group of dense signals (may be recognized or not be recognized at
the baseline in screen) when the probe detects the flaws at different positions and the signals
is ups and downs when the probe is moved. If the signals are recognized, it may discover that
each separate signal shall indicate the features of waveform I. Figure H.5 represents the
dynamic reflecting waveform Ⅳ produced by dense flaws.
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Figure H.5 Dynamic Waveform of the Echoes of Multiple Flaws
H.2 Distinguishment of dynamic waveform of echo
It shall be very careful to distinguish waveform I from II when the space of sound path is
large, because the platform-type dynamic waveform may be difficult to be discovered unless
the reflector is very large. When the space exceeds 200mm, the boundary point of attenuation
20dB shall be lined out at reflector and compare the space with the width of 20dB to
distinguish them.
In addition, it shall be paid with special attention when the probe scans at surface of
curvature because the dynamic waveform of echo may change obviously. The two cases
showed in Figure H.6 and Figure H.7 proves this. In Figure H.6, the dynamic performance of
echo showed by point reflector is similar to waveformⅡ but not waveform I. In figure H.7,
the reflecting features of reflector if waveform IIIa, but it is waveform IIIb in flat surface.
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Figure H.7 Influence of Bent Surface on the Echo Dynamic Characteristics of Plane Reflector
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Annex I (Normative) Height Measurement of Flaws (1)
Height Measurement of Flaws with Ultrasonic Extreme point
Diffracted Wave Method
I.1 Scope
This annex specifies the ultrasonic detection method for the measuring the flaw height
by adopting extreme point diffracted wave method.
I.2 Testing personnel
Staffs engaged in the testing according to this annex shall have a special training on
measuring flaw height with extreme point diffracted wave method for certain period. They
shall also grasp certain basic knowledge on fracture mechanics and welding, grasp the
transmitting characteristics of extreme point diffracted wave, are able to make correct analysis,
judgment and treatment for the problems appearing in the detection.
I.3 General requirement
I.3.1 The measurement with extreme point diffracted wave method shall adopt the direct
wave and one-bounce reflecting echo method may also be adopted when it is indeed have
difficulty.
I.3.2 The sensitivity shall be determined as it is required, but it shall make the noise echo
height not exceed 20% of the full-scale of screen.
I.3.3 In principle, it should select K1 and 2.5MHz~5MHz probe. When it measures the height
with double probes, their K value and the sound path of the inner longitudinal wave of wedge
block shall be same.
I.3.4 All the main technical parameters such as width and scope of the sound beam of
focusing angle probe shall be in accordance with the requirements of tested flaws.
I.4 Extreme point diffracted wave measuring method
I.4.1 Extreme point diffracted wave method
This method mainly recognize the diffracted echo according to the extreme point
reflection wave of flaw and determine the height of flaw according to the delay time
difference between the diffracted echoes of both extreme points of flaw. See Figure I.1.
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Figure I.1 Measurement for Flaw Height with Extreme point Diffracted Echo Method
I.4.2 Measurement procedure
I.4.2.1 It shall accurately adjust the baseline at CSK-IA and CSK-IIIA test blocks.
I.4.2.2 It shall adjust the range. See Figure 1.2.
Horizontal amendment:
△L1=R·sinβ (I.1)
Depth amendment:
△H1=R·cosβ (I.2)
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Figure I.2 range adjustment
I.4.2.3 Measuring method
I.4.2.3.1 Open flaw
a) See figure I.3 when the testing surface and flaw are not at the same surface.
Figure I.3 Height Measurement when the Testing and Open Flaw are not at the Same Surface
1) It shall put the probe at the back side of the surface opening, the axial line of
sound beam is collimated with the angle mirror, record the △C when the reflection
echo height is 80% the screen, see Figure I.3 a).
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2) The sensitivity shall be increased up to 15dB~25dB, the probe scans along the
spreading direction of flaws, the echo at the first peak value when the axial line of
sound beam completely leave the extreme point of flaw is the extreme point
diffracted wave. Record the space △DW between this extreme point and the testing
surface, see Figure I.3b).
3) The flaw height △H shall be calculated according to equation (I.3):
△H=△C-△DW (I.3)
b) See figure I.4 when the testing surface and flaw are not at the same surface.
Figure I.4 Height Measurement when the Testing and Open Flaw are at the Same Side
The flaw height shall be calculated according to equation (I.4):
△H=△DW (I.4)
I.4.2.3.2 Internal flaw of welding joint
a) Measurement for the height of the internal vertical flaws of butt-welding joints with
mono-angle probe
The probe is placed at any testing surface to move backwards and forwards slowly for
scanning the flaw; when the up and down extreme points of flaw reflect waves, the probe
shall be moved slightly to make the up and down extreme point diffracted echo adjacently
98
appear in front of the upper extreme point and behind the lower extreme point of the flaw,
record the echo position and calculate the flaw height according to equation (I.5).
△H=△DWdown -△DWup (I.5)
b) Measurement for height of internal slant flaws in butt-welding joint with mono-angle
probe.
When the extreme points A and B are detected, the probe shall be slowly moved to scan
the flaws, when echoes are discovered to be diffracted at point A and B, the migration
distance L of probe shall be accurately measured, and then the probe shall be moved to the
corresponding side to measure L with the above method.
Figure I.5 Measurement for Height of Internal Slant Flaw of Butt-welding Joints with Mono-angle probe
It may be explained as vertical flaw when the moving spaces of L1 and L2 are
symmetrical. In principle, it is slant flaw when L1>L2 or L2>L1.
The slope angle θ of flaw may be calculated according to equation:
θ = tan −1 [(L− < H tan β ) / < H ] (I.6)
The slant length AB of slant flaw shall be calculated according to equation (I.7):
[
AB = (L − < H tan β ) / < H 2
2
]
1/ 2
(I.7)
Where:
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AB——Slant length of flaw, mm;
△H——Slant height of flaw, mm;
tanβ——The tangent value of the refraction angle of angle probe;
L (L1 or L2)——Distance from point B to point A the probe moves, mm.
c) Height measurement with the V-shape connecting method of double- angle probe
The V-mode connecting method with double-angle probe may be adopted to measure the
height (see Figure 1.6) when the flaw is far away from the testing surface or the diffracted
signal of extreme point can not be identified for it is swamped by the scattered wave at
extreme point.
Figure I.6 Measurement for Height of Flaw with V-mode Connecting Method with Double-angle probe
The operation steps are as follows:
1) Two spherocrystal focusing angle probes (or general probes) of same model shall
be adopted, and their K value shall be same.
2) The depth from the up and down extreme points to the testing surface shall be
measured with mono-angle probe. See I.4 for the identification of the diffracted
wave at extreme point.
3) The probe (probe 1) shall be put at the upper extreme point of flaw, the other
probe (probe 2) shall be put at symmetrical position at the opposite side, the
instrument shall be set to one transmitter and one receiver state and the reflecting
amplitude is adjusted to 80% of the screen.
100
4) The probe 2 shall be moved to make the amplitude of reflection wave at extreme
point reach 80% of the screen and fix the probe 2; the probe 1 shall be moved to
scan the reflection wave of extreme point. The probe 1 shall be fixed when the
signal amplitude reaches the maximal value or new maximal reflection wave
appears before it, the probe 2 shall be moved again to scan the diffracted echo at
upper extreme point. These two probes shall be moved in turn till ultimately affirm
the diffracted wave of the extreme point of flaw. The time delay (time difference
value) of the diffracted wave at the extreme point of extreme point may be measured
to get the depth △DWup from the upper extreme point to the testing surface.
5) The two probes shall be move in turn and scan the diffracted wave at the lower
extreme point of flaw to get the depth △DWdown from the lower extreme point to the
testing surface of flaw.
The flaw height shall be calculated according to equation (I.8):
△H=△DWdown -△DWup (I.8)
I.5 Precautions
I.5.1 It shall read the amplitude of diffracted echo at the extreme point of flaw, and the
amplitude shall be the peak position above 10% of the full scale at the longitudinal axis of
screen.
I.5.2 The test value shall be recorded and read with accuracy to 0.1 in order to ensure the
measurement precision of height.
I.5.3 The gate of instrument shall be fixed at the diffracted echo-peak of the extreme point
when record the flaw height.
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Annex J (Normative) Height Measurement of Flaws (2) Height
Measurement of Flaws with Ultrasonic Terminal Maximal Echo
Method
J.1 Scope
This annex specifies the ultrasonic detection method for the measuring the flaw height
by adopting terminal maximal echo method.
J.2 Testing personnel
measuring flaw height with terminal maximal echo method for certain period. They shall also
grasp certain basic knowledge on fracture mechanics and welding, grasp the characteristics of
terminal maximal echo method, are able to make correct analysis, judgment and treatment for
the problems appearing in the detection.
J.3 General requirement
I.3.1 The measurement with terminal maximal echo method shall adopt the direct wave, and
one-bounce reflecting echo method may also be adopted when it is indeed have difficulty.
J.3.2 The sensitivity shall be determined as it is required, but it shall make the noise echo
J.3.3 In principle, it should select K1 and 2.5MHz~5MHz probe.
J.3.4 All the main technical parameters such as width and scope of the sound beam of
focusing angle beam probe shall be in accordance with the requirements of tested flaws.
J.4 Measuring method
J.4.1 Measurement procedure
The probe shall scan along the spreading direction of flaw. It shall have duplicate
measurement from several directions or with other angles of sound beam as many as possible
in order to ensure not to skip any extreme point of flaw. The large plane or volume- shape
flaw shall be measured at several positions along the length direction. It shall scan backwards
and forwards at the direction perpendicular to the flaw length when measure the flaw height.
Due to the difference among the shapes of flaw head ends, the probe shall be properly rotated
in scanning with a view to clearly detect the echo at head end. When many disordered wave
102
crests exist, the echo that is able to determine the maximal self height of flaw shall be
identified as the echo at flaw head end, showed as Figure J.1. In measurement, the echo A and
A1 of peak value at both ends of flaw shall be taken as the basic point. In principle, the basic
point is based on the leading edge value of echo when the wave height at head end is 50% of
the full amplitude in screen (see figure J.2).
Note: A and A1 at both sides of flaw may be measured when the echo at head end reaches maximal value.
Figure J.1 Measurement for the Flaw Self Height with Head End Maximal Amplitude Method
Figure J.2 Sound Path Reading of the Head-end Echo
J.4.2 Measurement
a) Internal flaws: Showed as figure J.3 a), the probe shall scan backwards and forwards
and detect the echoes at the up and down head ends of the flaws in front of the behind the
103
probe position, and the flaw self height △H shall be calculated according to equation
(J.1). The height may also be directly measured by adjusting the baseline with 1:1 in
depth.
< H = (W2 − W1 ) cos θ (J.1)
In the equation, the W1 and W2 are separately the sound path between the peak value
echoes of up and down ends of flaw and the points of incidence, θ is refraction angle.
Figure J-3 Measuring Method of Flaw Height
b) Surface open flaw: Showed as figure J.3 b), it shall detect the peak echo at the flaw
head end and calculated the flaw height △H according to equation (J.2) and (J.3).
When the flaw opening and detecting surface are at the same side (see the right half
figure of Figure J.3 b)):
△H=Wcosθ (J.2)
Where: W is the sound path between the peak value echo of the flaw end and the
incidence point of probe, θ is the refraction angle.
When the flaw is at the opposite side of the detecting surface (see the left half figure of
Figure J.3 b)):
△H=(t-W) cosθ (J.3)
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Where: W is the sound path between the peak value echo of the flaw end and the
incidence point of probe, and θ is the refraction angle and t is the wall thickness.
J.5 Precautions
J.5.1 When detect the transverse flaws, it shall polish off the parts that are not convenient for
recognizing the flaws, and then add the x-ray detection when the detection is complicated due
to that the ultrasonic beams are scattered caused by groups of transverse flaws.
J.5.2 As for such volume flaws as bubbles and slag inclusions, it is complicated due to the
echo height increases so little when the dimension is increased. These flaws shall be
redetected with X-ray if it is indeed required.
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Annex K (Normative) Height Measurement of Flaws (3) Height
Measurement of Flaws with 6dB Method
K.1 Scope
This annex specifies the ultrasonic test method for measuring the flaw height with 6dB
method.
K.2 Testing personnel
detecting flaw height with 6dB method for certain period. They shall also grasp certain basic
knowledge on fracture mechanics and welding, grasp the characteristics of 6dB method, are
able to make correct analysis, judgment and treatment for the problems appearing in the
detection.
K.3 General requirement
K.3.1 The measurement with t 6dB method shall adopt the direct wave, and one-bounce
reflecting echo method may also be adopted when it is indeed have difficulty.
K.3.2 The sensitivity shall be determined as it is required, but it shall make the noise echo
K.3.3 In principle, it should select K1 and 2.5MHz~5MHz probe.
K.3.4 All the main technical parameters such as width and scope of the sound beam of
focusing angle beam probe shall be in accordance with the requirements of tested flaws.
K.4 Measuring method
K.4.1 Measurement procedure
The probe shall scan perpendicular to the direction of welding joint, and shall observe
the shape of echo envelope line by spreading along the elevation direction of flaw. If the echo
at end of flaw is obvious, the maximal echo section at end shall be taken as the starting point
of 6dB method; if the flaw echo only has single peak with obvious variation, the maximal
echo section shall be taken as the starting point; if the echo height has little change, the height
value of semi-wave before the echo rapidly falls as the starting point of the 6dB method. See
point A and A1 in Figure K.1.
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Figure K.1 Measurement for Flaw Height with 6dB Method
K.4.2 Measurement
The selected value of echo height shall be adjusted to 80%~100% of the height of full
screen; the sound beam shall be moved to make it away from the flaw edge till the echo
height reduces by 6dB. And the position of flaw edge shall be marked out according to the
known position of the incidence point of probe, the angle of sound beam and length of sound
path.
K.4.2.1 Internal flaws
Self height of flaw:
△H= (W2-W1) cosθ (K.1)
Where W1 and W2 are separately the sound paths from the positions of upper and
lower edges to the incidence point, θ is the refraction angle.
K.4.2.2 Surface open flaw
107
a) When the flaw opening is at the detecting side
△H=W·cosθ (K.2)
Where W1 is the sound path from the position of lower edge to the incidence point, p is
the refraction angle.
b) When the flaw opening is at the opposite side of detecting surface
△H= t - W·cosθ (K.3)
Where:
T——Wall thickness, mm;
W——Sound path from the upper edge of flaw to the incidence point, mm;
θ——Refraction angle, (°).
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Annex L (Normative) Type Identification and Property Judgment of
Flaws
L.1 Type identification of flaws
L.1.1 General method for identifying the flaw type
Various scanning with the directions of one or more than one sort of sound beams should
be made, including backwards and forwards, side-to-side, rotating and swivel scan, to identify
the flaw type through the overall evaluation on different kinds of ultrasonic information.
L.1.2 Dot-shape flaws
L.1.2.1 Summary
Dot-shape flaw refers to such small flaws as bubbles and slag inclusions that are mostly
belong to volume flaws.
L.1.2.2 Echo features of dot-shape flaws
When the echo amplitude is small and it displays dynamic waveform I as the probe scans
from side to side and backwards and forwards, the rotating scanning shall have the same
condition. When the swivel scan for flaw is adopted, it shall detect with different sound
beams at different directions, the echo height shall be fundamentally same after the path
difference is corrected.
L.1.3 Linear flaws
L.1.3.1 Summary
The flaws are with obvious indicating length but can not be measured with its cross
dimensions. This type of flaw includes linear slag inclusion, linear incomplete fusion or linear
incomplete fusion. This type of flaws may be discontinuous in length, such as the chain slag
inclusion, discontinuous incomplete fusion and discontinuous incomplete fusion.
L.1.3.2 Features of echo
Generally, the probe shall indicates the features of waveform I when it scans this type of
flaw backwards and forwards, it shall indicates waveform II or the waveform somewhat
similar to waveform IIIa when it scans from side to side. In the rotating or swivel scan, the
echo height falls rapidly at both sides of the direction vertical to the flaw surface. It is proved
109
that the flaw is fundamentally continuous so long as the signals are not obviously
disconnected for a large distance.
If the cross-section of flaw approximately is cylindrical form, the echo height has small
changes after the distance of acoustic axis is corrected as long as the sound beam is
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of flaw.
If the cross-section of flaw is of flat shape, the echo height in the direction that is
perpendicular to the flaw surface has obvious drops when the flaw is detected with different
angle from different directions.
The envelope of the wave height of discontinuous flaw has obvious drops in length
direction, the swivel scan shall be applied near to the obvious disconnected position, it is
proved that the flaw is discontinuous and no obvious secondary echo appears if the wave
height is observed dropping rapidly near to the vertical direction.
L.1.4 Volume flaws
L.1.4.1 Summary
These sorts of flaws have measurable length and obvious cross dimensions, such as the
large irregular or spheroidal slag inclusion.
L.1.4.2 Echo features
Generally, the side-to-side scan indicates the dynamic waveform II or IIIa, and the
backward and forward scan shall indicate waveform IIIa or IIIb.
In the rotating scan, if the sound beam is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of flaw,
the displayed waveform shall be a little similar to the waveform IIIb; generally, the maxima
echo may be observed. In swivel scan, the echo height has irregular variation at both sides of
the vertical direction of the axial line of flaw.
This kind of flaws have large variation in direction or are able to be detected by
replacing various angles of sound beams, but the echo height has irregular variation.
L.1.5 Flat flaws
L.1.5.1 Summary
These kinds of flaws have length and obvious self height. Some surfaces are smooth but
some are rough. They include fractures, plane incomplete fusion or plane incomplete fusion.
110
Echo dynamic waveform II or IIIa and IIIb shall be displayed in the side-to-side and
backward and forward scans.
The rotating and swivel scans shall be applied on the smooth-faced flaws, the echo
height falls rapidly at both sides of the direction that is perpendicular to the flaw surface.
When the rotating scan is applied on rough-surfaced flaws, feature of waveformⅢ shall be
displayed, but when the swivel scan is applied, the echo height varies irregularly at both sides
of the direction that is perpendicular to the flaw surface.
Generally, the echo amplitude varies greatly due to that the orientations of flaws in
relation to the wave beam and their surfaceness are different.
L.1.6 Multiple flaws
L.1.6.1 Summary
It is a group of flaws with a little space among them that the ultrasonic waves can not
separately used to locate and quantify them. Such as the concentrated porosity or reheat
cracks.
The echoes produced by each reflector appear at different positions at the baseline in
irregular order in the side-to-side and backward and forward scans. Each separate signal
displays the features of waveform I. According to the irregularity of according to echo, the
kind of flaws are able to be distinguished from the fractures of many reflecting surfaces.
With the rotating and swivel scans, whether the dense flaws are of round type or
flat-type dot-shapes may approximately be known.
The average magnitude value of the echo height shall be measured with different angles
from different directions; it is proved that they are a group of flat dot-shaped reflectors if the
reflection is with obvious directionality.
L.2 Judgment of flaw property
L.2.1 Reference for judging the flaw property
a) Workpiece structure and mode;
b) Base materials and welding materials;
c) Welding method and welding technology;
d) Geometric positions of flaws;
111
e) Height of the maximal reflection echo of flaw;
f) Directional reflecting characteristics of flaws;
g) Static waveform of flaw echo;
h) Dynamic waveform of flaw echo.
L.2.2 Procedure for judging the flaw property
a) In principle, those whose reflecting amplitude is lower than the evaluation line or
those are judged to be qualified in this section shall not be determined with their
property.
b) As for those unqualified ones, their types shall be firstly identified, generally, those
may be judged as dot-shaped flaws shall not be determines with their property.
c) As for those flaws that are judged as linear, volume, plane or multiple flaws, by
measuring and referring to such parameters as the surface and depth position, flaw height,
echoing characteristics of flaw at each direction, flaw orientation, flaw waveform,
dynamic waveform, echo envelope line and scanning method, and combining with the
workpiece, groove mode, material characteristics, welding technology and welding
method, it shall comprehensively judge and determine the practical property of flaws as
far as possible.
Generally, the identification of the flaw type and the judgment of their property and their
location and quantification shall be gone hand in hand or went on separately.
112
Annex M (Informative) Ultrasonic Testing and Quality Gradation
for the Butt Welding Joints of Titanium Pressure Equipments
M.1 Scope
M.1.1 This annex adopts A-type pulse-echo supersonic flaw detector to detect mainly
mono-angle probe with and classify the detection result.
M.1.2 This annex is applicable to the ultrasonic detection on butt welding joints of titanium
pressure equipments that is greater than or equal to 8mm in thickness.
M.1.3 This annex is not only inapplicable to the detect the circumferential butt-welding joints
of the pipes and pressure pipelines with outside diameter being less than 159mm and the pipe
saddle fillet welds with internal diameter being less than or equal to 200mm of the titanium
pressure equipments, but also the detection on longitudinal welding joints with the outside
diameter being less than 250mm or the ratio between internal and external diameters being
less than 80%.
M.2 Reference block
M.2.1 The material of reference block shall be same or similar to that the tested titanium plate,
the flaws with equivalent diameter of flat bottomed hole being greater than or equal to φ2mm
shall not exist after the ultrasonic detection.
M.2.2 The reference block shall be manufactured in accordance with the requirement
specified in 3.5.
M.2.3 See Table M.1 and Figure M.1 for the dimensions and shape of the reference block.
Figure M.1 Shape of Reference Block
113
Table M.1 Dimensions of Reference Block
Test block No. Test block length L Test block thickness T Measurement range of test block
1 300 25 8~40
2 500 50 >40~80
M.3 Detecting preparation
M.3.1 Detecting surface
a) Before detection, the splash, tarnish and oil dirt at the moving zone of probe that may
influence the spreading of sound beam shall cleaned. The rough surface shall be polished
to keep good acoustic contact.
b) The appearance and detecting surface of welding joints shall be detected only after
they have passed examination.
M.3.2 Selection of probes
Generally, MHz and K2 angle probes with frequency of 2.5 shall be adopted. If
necessary, probes with other parameters may also be adopted.
M.3.3 Drafting of distance-amplitude curve
The distance-amplitude curve composed of SL, RL, and EL shall be drafted through
actual measurement at the reference block, see Figure M.2. See Table M.2 for the sensitivity
of distance-amplitude curve.
Figure M.2 Distance-Amplitude Curve
Table M.2 Sensitivity of Distance-amplitude Curve
Evaluating line Sensing line Rejection line
φ2mm-18dB φ2mm-12dB φ2mm-4dB
M.3.4 Scanning sensitivity
114
Scanning sensitivity is not lower than the evaluating line.
M.4 Scanning method
Scanning method shall be in accordance with those specified in 5.1.5 and the detection
range shall be in accordance with those specified in 5.1.4.
M.5 Quantification of flaws
Flaws at or above the sensing line shall be measured for their amplitude and indicating
length.
M.5.1 The indicating length of flaw shall be measured with the method specified in 5.1.6.
a) The indicating length shall be measured with 6dB method when the reflection wave is
only with one high point.
b) The indicating length shall be measured with terminal 6dB method when the
reflection wave is with many high points.
M.5.2 The flaws with indicating lengths being less than 10mm shall be calculated as 5mm.
M.5.3 The flaws with echo height between the evaluating line and sensing line, if it is
suggested need to be recorded, may also be measured for the amplitude and indicating length
with the forementioned method.
M.6 Quality gradation
Quality gradation of butt-welding joints shall be gone on according to those specified in

Table M.3.
Table M.3 Quality Gradation of Butt-welding Joints

Grade Plating thickness T Zone of reflection wave Discontinuity indication length of single flaw L
<8 I Non-fracture type flaws

I 8~40 ≤10
II
>40 ≤T/4, Not exceeding 20 maximally
8~40 ≤13
II II
>40 ≤20
III II
II Exceeding Grade III
IV ≥ III All flaws
I, I, and III Harmful flaws such as fractures
Note: The butt-welding joints with unequal plating thickness shall be taken with the thickness value at thin plate side.
115
Annex N (Informative) Ultrasonic Detection and Quality Gradation
of Austenitic Stainless Steel Butt-welding Joints
N.1 Scope
N.1.1 This annex specifies the ultrasonic detection method and quality gradation on
butt-welding joints of austenitic stainless steel with thickness among 10mm~50mm.
N.1.2 This annex is not only inapplicable to the ultrasonic detection on the cast steel welding
joints, the circumferential butt-welding joints with outside diameter being less than 159mm
and the pipe saddle fillet welds with internal diameter being less than or equal to 200mm of
the austenitic stainless steel pressure equipments, but also the ultrasonic detection on
longitudinal welding joints with the outside diameter being less than 250mn or the ratio
between internal and external diameters being less than 80%.
N.2 Testing personnel
ultrasonic detection method of austenitic stainless steel butt-welding joints for certain period.
They shall also grasp certain basic knowledge on material and welding, have certain
knowledge on the welding, solution treatment and stabilizing treatment of austenitic stainless
steel, and are able to make correct analysis, solution treatment and treatment for the problems
appearing in the detection.
N.3 Probes, instruments and their assembly performance
N.3.1 Probes
This annex recommends adopting high-damp spike-pulse longitudinal-wave mono-angle

probe. The double-wafer longitudinal-wave angle probe or focusing longitudinal-wave angle
probe may also be adopted for satisfying the requirement on sensitivity and signal-to-noise
ratio.
N.3.1.1 The frequency of probe is 2.5MHz.
N.3.1.2 The K value of probe: Generally, the K1 probe shall be adopted, but probes with other
K values mat also be adopted as required.
N.3.2 Assembly performance
116
The adopted flaw detector shall be matched with the adopted probes with a view to
obtain optimum sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio. The space among the two
distance-amplitude curves plotted when the sound beam separately passes through the base
materials and the welding joints shall be less than 10dB.
N.4 Test block
N.4.1 The materials of reference block shall be same as the detected materials and flaws with
equivalent diameter of flat bottomed hole being greater than or equal to φ2mm are not
allowed to exist. The test block shall be set with one butt-welding joint at its center, and this
welding joint shall be similar with the detected welding joint and shall be manufactured with
same welding technology. N.4.2 The shape and dimensions of reference block are showed as
Figure N.l.
Figure N.1 Reference Block
N.5 Regulation of instruments
N.5.1 The baseline of flaw detector shall be regulated according to 1:l in depth or level.
N.5.2 Distance-amplitude curve
The distance-amplitude curve shall be drafted with the data measured at reference block
with probe and equipment combination. The sound beam shall pass through the metal of
welding joints when measure the echo height of cross bore. Zone from the evaluating line to
the zone bellow sensing line is Zone I; zone from sensing line to the zone bellow rejection
117
line is Zone II; and zone including the rejection line and zone above it is Zone III. See Table
N.1 for the sensitivities of rejection line RL, sensing line SL and evaluating line EL.
Table N.1 Sensitivity of Distance-amplitude Curve
Plating thickness, mm T≤50
Rejection line (RL) φ2×30-4dB
Sensing line (SL) φ2×30-12dB
Evaluating line (EL) φ2×30-18dB
N.5.3 In order to compare the difference between the structure and base material of welding
joint, the sound beam may only pass through the base material zone and plot another distance-
amplitude curve [(a) line in Figure N.2].
Figure N.2 Schematic Diagram of Distance-amplitude Curve
N.6 Testing preparation
N.6.1 Detecting surface
In principle, it shall apply primary wave method (straight beam method) to detect at the
both sides of welding joints by adopting the longitudinal-wave angle probe of single angle.
Restricted by the geometrical condition, when the detection can only be applied at one side or
one surface of the welding joint, it shall planish the weld reinforcement of the welding joint or
the longitudinal-wave angle probe shall be add to detect with two sound beam angles, and the
detection area shall be reduced as far as possible.
N.6.2 Travel zone of probe
118
N.6.2.1 The weld spatter, scrap iron, oil dirt and other foreign substance shall be cleaned
away from the travel zone of the probe at both sides of welding joint. The weld reinforcement
at the welding joint shall be polished to be level with the adjacent base material.
N.6.2.2 The travel zone N of probe shall be in accordance with the equation (N.1):
N≥1.5KT (N.1)
Where:
T——Thickness of base material, mm;
K——tanβ, β is the refraction angle of probe.
N.7 Detection
N.7.1 General requirement
N.7.1.1 Scanning sensitivity shall not be lower than the sensitivity of evaluating line. The
sensitivity shall be increased by 6dB again if the signal-to-noise ratio allows.
N.7.1.2 The echo with its amplitude exceeding the evaluating line shall be judged whether it
is flaw echo according to the position and direction of probe, the position of reflection wave
and the condition of welding joint. And it shall place stress on observing the echo that is in
front of the screen in order to avoid the disturbance of distortion transverse wave.
N.7.2 Detection on longitudinal flaws
N.7.2.1 In order to detecting the longitudinal flaws, the angle probe shall make
sawtooth-shape scan at the direction that is perpendicular to the welding joint. The distance of
the fore-and-aft movement of probe shall be able to ensure the sound beam scan the whole
cross section and heat-affected zone of welding joint. The probe shall also be rotated by
10°~15° in the scanning. And the coverage area of probe sound beam shall be enlarged
properly if the probe is not rotated.
N.7.2.2 In order to determine the position, direction and shape of flaws, observe the dynamic
waveform or distinguish the flaw wave and spurious signal, the four basic scanning mode of
probe such as backward and forward, side-to-side, rotor angle, swivel scanning may be
adopted.
N.7.3 Transverse flaw detection
N.7.3.1 As for the welding joint with reinforcement, the probe and the center line of welding
joint shall be make into 10°~20° at edges of both sides of welding joint and make the probe
have oblique parallel movement at two directions, see Figure N.3.
119
N.7.3.2 As for the welding joint with reinforcement, the probe shall be put at the surface of
welding joint to make parallel scan at two directions, see Figure N.3.
a) Lateral scan with oblique angle b) Parallel scan
Figure N3 Parallel and Lateral Scan with Oblique Angle
N.8 Flaw record
N.8.1 Recording level
N.8.1.1 The flaw with reflecting amplitude at the sensing line and the zone above it shall be
recorded.
N.8.1.2 The flaw with reflecting amplitude at the Zone I shall be recorded if it is judged as
dangerous flaw.
N.8.1.3 The flaw position shall be measured with the position to get the maximal reflecting
amplitude of the flaw. It shall separately record the position of flaw along the direction of
welding joint, the vertical distance from the flaw to the detecting surface as well as the
distance that the flaw deviates from the center line of welding joint.
N.8.2 Indicating length of flaw
N.8.2.1 As for flaws with reflecting amplitude at the sensing line and the zone above this line,
hereinafter, two methods are recommended to measure the indicating length of flaw.
a) The indicating length shall be measured with 6dB method when the reflection wave of
flaw is only with one high point.
b) In the scanning procedure for measuring the length, when the reflection wave crest is
discovered to be varied with many high points, it shall measure the length with the terminal
maximal echo with 6dB method.
120
N.8.2.2 When the flaw with reflecting amplitude in Zone I is needed to be recorded, it shall
measure the length with the sensitivity of evaluating line by adopting absolute sensitivity
method.
N.9 Evaluation of flaws
N.9.1 It shall paid attention to whether the echo that exceeds the evaluating line is with
features of harmful flaws such as fractures, and shall make judgment by combining the flaw
position, dynamic waveform and technological features. Other methods shall be added to
make overall evaluation if the judgment can not be made accurately.
N.9.2 It shall be calculated as 5mm when the indicator length is less than 10mm.
N.9.3 If the space among two adjacent flaws is less than the length of the smaller length, they
shall be treated as one flaw and the sum of their length shall be taken as the discontinuity
indication length of single flaw. When the strip flaws are approximately dispersed over one
straight line, distance between the two extreme points shall be taken as the space; and as for
dot-shape flaws, the distance between two flaw centers shall be taken as the space.
N.10 Quality gradation
Quality gradation of butt-welding joints shall be gone on according to those specified in

Table N.2.
Table N.2 Quality Gradation of Welding Joint
Plating thickness T, Zone of reflection

Grade Discontinuity indication length of single flaw L, mm
mm wave
Non-fracture type flaws (without requirement on the indicating length

I
I 10~50 of flaw)
II L≤T/3, and is 10 maximally
II 10~50 II L≤2T/3, is 12 minimally and 30 maximally
II Exceeding Grade II
III All flaws (without requirement on the indicating length of flaw)

III 10~50
Harmful flaws such as fractures (without requirement on the indicating
I, II, and III
length of flaw)
Note: The butt-welding joints with unequal plating thickness shall be taken with the thickness value at thin plate side.
121

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JB

Professional Standard of the People's Republic of China

Replace part of JB 4730-1994

Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipment -

Issued on July 26, 2005 Implemented on November 1, 2005

Issued by the National Development and Reform Commission

JB/T 4730.1~4730.6-2005 "Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipments" is consisted

——Part 1: universal requirement;

——Part 2: radiation testing;

——Part 3: ultrasonic testing;

——Part 4: magnetic particle testing;

——Part 5: penetration testing;

——Part 6: vortexing testing

4 Add ultrasonic testing content for the in-use pressure equipment.

This Part is proposed by China Standardization Committee on Boilers and Pressure

Part 3: Ultrasonic Testing

JB/T 4730.1 Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipment-Part 1: General

JB/T 9214-1999 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of A Scope

JB/T 10061-1999 General Technical Specifications for A-type Pulse-echo Supersonic

3.1 Ultrasonic testing personnel

3.2 Testing equipment

3.2.2 Defectoscope, probe and system performance

3.2.2.3 The system performance of reflectoscope and probe

3.3 General method for ultrasonic testing

3.3.1 Testing preparation

3.3.2 Scanning coverage

3.3.3 Travel speed of the probe

3.3.4 Scanning sensitivity

3.4 System calibration and recheck

3.4.1 General requirements

3.4.2 Instrument calibration

3.4.3 Determination for newly bought probe

If the following conditions are encountered, it shall recheck the system:

c) Continuous work for more than 4h;

d) When the work finishes

3.4.7 Matters needing attention when calibrating and rechecking

3.5 Test block

3.5.1 Reference block

a) Reference block for steel plate: CBI and CBII;

b) Reference block for forgings: CSI, CSII and CSIII;

3.5.2 Reference block

4. Ultrasonic testing and quality classification of raw materials and

spares for the pressure equipment

4.1.2 Selection of probe

Dimension of the probe

Wafer area is no less than

>20~40 Single crystal normal probe 5 φ14mm~φ20mm

>40~250 Single crystal normal probe 2.5 φ20mm~25 mm

4.1.3 Reference block

Figure 1 CBI Reference Block

Table 2 CBII Reference Block

Distance from the testing

CBII-1 >20~40 15 ≥20

CBII-2 >40~60 30 ≥40

CBII-3 >60~100 50 ≥65

CBII-4 >100~160 90 ≥110

CBII-5 >160~200 140 ≥170

CBII-6 >200~250 190 ≥220

4.1.4 Reference sensitivity

4.1.5 Test method

4.1.5.1 Testing surface

4.1.5.2 Coupled mode

4.1.5.3 Scanning mode

b) According to the requirements of contract, technical agreement or design, other forms

3.JBT 4730.3-2005 承压设备无损检测第3部分超声检测-en

3.JBT 4730.3-2005 承压设备无损检测第3部分超声检测-en