Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TAUGHT LEARNED
The skill of the teacher to facilitate learning How do we know if the student has learned?
based on written curriculum with the aid of These are measured by tools in assessment,
instructional materials and facilities will be which can indicate the cognitive, affective,
necessary. and psychomotor.
The taught curriculum will depend largely Learned curriculum will also demonstrate
on the teaching style of the teacher and the higher order and critical thinking and
learning style of the learners. lifelong skills.
SUPPORTED HIDDEN/IMPLICIT
These include print materials like books, This curriculum is not deliberately planned,
charts, posters, worksheets, or non-print but has a great impact on the behavior of the
materials. learner.
Supported curriculum also includes facilities Peer influence, school environment, media,
where learning occurs outside or inside the parental pressures, societal changes, cultural
four-walled building. practices, natural calamities are some factors
that create the hidden curriculum.
ASSESSED
Trends: Equal opportunities for all. Contextualized The curriculum develops social relationships and
curriculum. Humanistic education. small group instruction.
Aim: To improve and reconstruct society. To rugg, curriculum should develop the
Education for change. whole child. It is child-centered.
With the statement of objectives and related
Role: Teacher acts agent of change and reforms learning activities, curriculum should
produce outcomes.
Focus: Present and future educational landscape.
Harold rugg emphasized social studies and
Trends: School and curricular reform. Global the teacher plans curriculum in advance
education. Collaboration and Convergence.
Peter Oliva (1992-2012)
Standards and Competencies
HISTORICAL FOUNDATION Described how curriculum change is a
cooperative endeavor.
Franklin Bobbit (1876-1956) Teachers and curriculum specialist
constitute the professional core of planners.
Started Curriculum development movement. Significant improvement through group
Curriculum as a science that emphasize on activity.
student's needs.
Curriculum prepares learners for adult life. Robert Gagne (1916-2002)
Objectives and activities grouped together
Proposed the Hierarchical Learning Theory
when task are clarified.
Behavior is based on prerequisite conditions.
Werret Charters (1875-1952) Introduced tasking in the formulations of
objectives
Like Bobbit, curriculum is science and
emphasizes student's needs. PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION
Objectives and activities should match.
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Subject matter or content relatives to
objectives. Father of the Classical Conditioning. Theory
Hollis Caswell (1901-1989) of S-R Theory
The key to learning is early years of life are
Sees curriculum as organized around social to train them what you want them to
functions of themes, organized knowledge become.
and learner's interest. S-R Theory is a foundation of learning
Caswell believes that curriculum, instruction practice called indoctration
and learning as interrelated.
Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)
Curriculum is a set of experience.
Ralph Tyler (1902-1994) Championed the Connectionism Theory
Proposed the three laws of learning
Tyler believes that curriculum is a science o Law of readiness
and an extension of school's philosophy. It is o Law of exercise
based on student's needs and interest. o Law of effect
The process emphasizes problem solving. Specific stimulus has specific response
The curriculum aims to educate generalists
and not specialists Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
Ralph Tyler Model: Four Basic Principles • Read professional publications on a regular basis
to keep up with current research and best practices
He posited four fundamentals principles which are
for using technology in instruction to enhance
illustrated as answers to the following question:
students’ literacy learning.
1. What education purposes should school seek to
Teacher educators
attain?
• Provide professional development and support to
2. What educational experiences can be provided
teacher education faculty to incorporate technology
that are likely to attain these purposes?
into their courses across the curriculum.
3. How can these educational experiences be
• Ensure that teacher preparation programs provide
effectively organized?
distributed practice to teacher candidates in
4. How can we determine whether these purposes technology enriched teaching throughout their
are being attained or not? teacher preparation.
Tyler’s Model shows that in curriculum • Assist induction programs for new teachers to
development, the following considerations should provide applications of instructional technology in
be made: the classroom.