Lecture 3

Probability and Statistics

Ikram-E-Khuda

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 Counting Techniques
• Rules of sums and products are used to define different
grouping methods in statistics.

• These grouping methods further ease our way to count

samples spaces and favorable events.

• We use two characteristics to define different grouping

methods and thus counting techniques. These characteristics
are:
– Repetition is allowed or not allowed
– Order matters or does not matter

• These two characteristics give us two types of counting

techniques. Copyrights Lecture developed and prepared
by Ikram-E-Khuda
 Example
• Group1=> 123
• Group2=> 321

• Group 1=> GOD

• Group 2=>DOG

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Counting Techniques

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 Permutations-Rule 1
• Consider the following blank space
_____
26 => it can be filled in 26 different ways
In how many ways could this be filled with any English
language letter?

• Consider the following blank spaces

26 26
_____ _____ => 26 x 26 = 262 = nr
In how many ways could these two be filled with any English
language letters? CA, AC are different, 12, 21

• Consider the following blank spaces

26 26 26
_____ _____ ______ => 26 x 26 x 26 = 263
In how many ways could these be filled with any three
English language letters?
Copyrights Lecture developed and prepared
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 Permutations-Rule 1
• Consider the following blank spaces
10
_____
In how many ways could this be filled with any decimal
digit?

• Consider the following blank spaces

10 10
_____ _____ => 10 x 10= 102
In how many ways could these be filled with any two
decimal digits?

• Consider the following blank spaces

10 10 10
_____ _____ ______ => 103
In how many ways could these be filled with any three
decimal digits? Copyrights Lecture developed and prepared
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 Total Sample Space for tossing two
dice in accordance to their face value?
Condition: Repetitions allowed and order
matters

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 Total Sample Space for tossing two
dice in accordance to their face value

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 Sample space for tossing a coin 3
times?
Condition: Repetitions allowed and order
matters

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Total Sample Space for tossing a coin 3
times

Copyrights Lecture developed and prepared

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 Example Solution

P(HHH) + P(HHT)+P(HTH) +P(HTT)+P(THH)+P(THT)+P(TTH)+P(TTT)=1

P(HHH) + P(HHT)+P(HTH) +P(HTT)+P(THH)+P(THT)+P(TTH)= 1-P(TTT)

= 1-(1/8)= 7/8

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 The Factorial and Permutation Rule 2
• Consider 4 chairs A,B,C,D. In how many ways can
we arrange 4 people on these 4 chairs (turn by
turn) such that all of them are occupied?

_____ ______ ______ ______

4 x 3 x 2 x1=24 => 4!

6x5x4x3x2x1= 6!
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 ABCD BACD CABD DABC
ABDC BADC CADB DACB
ACBD BDAC CBAD DBAC
ACDB BDCA CBDA DBCA
ADCB BCAD CDAB DCAB
ADBC BCDA CDBA DCBA

6X4=24 => THIS IS ONLY POSSIB LE WHEN ORDER MATTERS AND REPETITION IS NOT ALLOWED

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 Permutation Rule 2
• Consider 4 chairs A,B,C,D. In how many ways
can we arrange all these 4 chairs such that
order matters and no repetition is allowed?
ABCD BACD CABD DABC
ABDC BADC CADB DACB
ACBD BDAC CBAD DBAC
ACDB BDCA CBDA DBCA
ADCB BCAD CDAB DCAB
ADBC BCDA CDBA DCBA

6X4=24 => THIS IS ONLY POSSIB LE WHEN ORDER MATTERS AND REPETITION IS NOT ALLOWED

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 Combination Rule
• Consider 4 chairs A,B,C,D. Arrange all these 4
chairs such that order does not matter and
repetition is not allowed?
ABCD BACD CABD DABC
ABDC BADC CADB DACB
ACBD BDAC CBAD DBAC
ACDB BDCA CBDA DBCA
ADCB BCAD CDAB DCAB
ADBC BCDA CDBA DCBA

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 Permutation Rule 2
• Consider 4 chairs A,B,C,D. In how many ways
can we arrange 3 out of 4 chairs such that order
matters and no repetition is allowed?
BCD ACD ABD ABC
BDC ADC ADB ACB
CBD DAC BAD BAC
CDB DCA BDA BCA
DCB CAD DAB CAB
DBC CDA DBA CBA

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 Combination Rule
• Consider 4 chairs A,B,C,D. In how many ways
can we arrange 3 out of 4 chairs such that
order does not matter and repetition is not
allowed?

ABC
BCD
ACD
DBA

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 Permutation Rule 2
• Consider 4 chairs A,B,C,D. In how many ways
can we arrange 2 out of 4 chairs such that
order matters and no repetition is allowed?

AB AC AD BC BD CD
BA CA DA CB DB DC

4P2= 12
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 Combination Rule
• Consider 4 chairs A,B,C,D. In how many ways
can we arrange 2 out of 4 chairs such that
order does not matter and no repetition is not
allowed?

AB AC AD BC BD CD

4C2= 6

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 Permutation Rule 2
• Consider 4 chairs A,B,C,D. In how many ways
can we arrange 1 out of 4 chairs such that
order matters and no repetition is allowed?

A,B,C,D

4P1=4

Copyrights Lecture developed and prepared

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 Combination Rule
• Consider 4 chairs A,B,C,D. In how many ways
can we arrange 1 out of 4 chairs such that
order does not matter and no repetition is not
allowed?

A,B,C,D

4C1=4
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Sample space for drawing two balls from
the bag?
Condition: Repetitions not allowed and
order does not matter

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Copyrights Lecture developed and prepared
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 Example Problem
A shipment of 7 television sets contains 2
defective sets. A hotel makes a random purchase
of 3 of the sets.

Find the frequency and probability distribution

for the random variable indicating defective sets
in the purchase.

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 Random Variable shows the count of defective sets in the purchase=X

X=01,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,010,111,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,130,231,2,2,2,235

Random Frequency Relative Frequency/

Variable/ Probability
Group
(X)
0 (2C0)(5C3)=10 10/35

1 (2C1)(5C2)=20 20/35

2 (2C2)(5C1)=5 5/35
Total N=7C3=35 1
Copyrights Lecture developed and prepared
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 Example Problem
• Find the probability distribution of the sum of
the numbers when a pair of dice is rolled?
Consider the case of order matters and
repetitions are allowed. Show your answer in
frequency distribution table.

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 Example Problem
Random Variable shows the sum of numbers on two dice=X
Random Frequency Relative Frequency/
Variable/ Probability
Group
(X)
2 1 1/36
3 2 2/36
4 3 3/36
5 4 4/36
6 5 5/36
7 6 6/36
8 5 5/36
9 4 4/36
10 3 3/36
11 2 2/36
12 1 1/36
Total N=62 =36 1
Random Variable shows the sum Copyrights
of numbers Lectureon two dice=X
developed and prepared
X=2,3,3,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,6,7,7,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,8,9,9,9,9,10,10,10,11,11,12
by Ikram-E-Khuda