Experiment No.

05
Date: 11-10-2023

1) Aim:
(i) To show the existence of three phases, namely gas, liquid and solid in case nitrogen.
(ii) To find out the relation between boiling point temperature vs. the vapor pressure on top of the liquid.

2) Equipment Required:

• Vacuum rotary vane pump • RTD sensor

• Control valve • LN2 Vertical insulated vessel
• Pressure gauge • Copper wires
• Temperature controller • Bellow hose.

3) Theory:
The normal boiling point of liquid nitrogen is 77.36 K. The critical point temperature and pressure, according to the
phase diagram of nitrogen, are 126.1 K and 3.39 MPa respectively. At triple point, corresponding to temperature and
pressure of 63.2 K and 113.7 kPa respectively, all three phases co-exist.

Pressure on top of the liquid, when reduced to the triple point pressure, formation of solid nitrogen co-existence of three
phases on top of liquid nitrogen can be seen. Simultaneous measurements of pressure and temperature of liquid nitrogen
generate the desired relation expected in the second objective.

The measured temperature and pressure relationship can be verified from the theoretical relationship between the boiling
point (T) and the vapour pressure (p) given by the following equation.

p C2 T
ln = C1 − − C3 ln − C4 T + C5 T 2
po T To

Where,
po = 101.325kP a
T o = 77.344K
C1 = 13.2569758
C2 = 930.15333
C3 = 2.3668
C4 = 0.0328844
C5 = 1.67138 × 10−4

4) Experimental Setup:
Experimental Setup is given below:
 Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup.

The description of the experimental setup is given below:

• Vacuum rotary pump: A vacuum rotary pump, often referred to as a rotary vane pump, is a type of positive
displacement pump used to create a vacuum within a closed system. It operates by using rotating vanes or blades
to move gas or air from the inlet to the outlet, which reduces the pressure inside the system, thereby creating a
vacuum.

• Control valve: A control valve is a key component in various fluid control systems and industrial processes. Its
primary function is to regulate the flow of fluid (such as gases, liquids, or slurries) by varying the size of the flow
 passage through the valve. Control valves are essential for maintaining desired process conditions, such as pressure,
temperature, and flow rate.
• Temperature monitor: A temperature monitor, also known as a temperature sensor or thermometer, is a device or
instrument used to measure and monitor temperature levels in various environments, systems, or processes.

• Pressure gauge: A pressure gauge is a mechanical or electronic instrument used to measure and display the pressure
of a gas or liquid in a closed system. Pressure gauges are widely used in various industries and applications where
monitoring and control of pressure is essential.

• Double-walled glass vessel: It is vacuum insulated double wall type storage vessel made from stainless or alloy
steel which is used to store cryogenic liquid such as liquid nitrogen, oxygen etc.

5) Experimental procedure:
The following steps have been followed:
1. Switch on the rotary vane vacuum pump 1 to create vacuum in the annular space.
2. Remove top cover and pour liquid nitrogen in the double walled vessel.
3. Place the top cover and tighten it to the top flange with bolts. 4. Record the temperature and pressure values.
5. Connect the top flange port to rotary vane vacuum pump 2 Start evacuation on top of liquid. Adjust the pressure on
top of the liquid using the valve 2
6. Simultaneously measure temperature and pressure
7. Reduce the pressure to triple point pressure to see thin layer of solid ice on top of the liquid.
Record all data in tabular form, draw appropriate graphs, compare the data with theoretically predicted values and discuss
about different observations made.
6) Results: Following observations were made: