HMManual

Hydromax
Windows Version 9.5

User Manual
© Formation Design Systems Pty Ltd 1984 - 2002

License and Copyright
Hydromax Program
© 1985-2002 Formation Design Systems.
Hydromax is copyrighted and all rights are reserved. The license for use is granted to the
purchaser by Formation Design Systems as a single user license and does not permit the
program to be used on more than one machine at one time. Copying of the program to
other media is permitted for back-up purposes as long as all copies remain in the
possession of the purchaser.
Hydromax User Manual

© 2002 Formation Design Systems.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted,
transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language in any form or
by any means, without the written permission of Formation Design Systems. Formation
Design Systems reserves the right to revise this publication from time to time and to
make changes to the contents without obligation to notify any person or organization of
such changes.
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY
Neither Formation Design Systems., nor the author of this program and documentation
are liable or responsible to the purchaser or user for loss or damage caused, or alleged to
be caused, directly or indirectly by the software and its attendant documentation,
including (but not limited to) interruption on service, loss of business, or anticipatory
profits. No Formation Design Systems’ distributor, agent, or employee is authorized to
make any modification, extension, or addition to this warranty.
iii
Contents
License and Copyright ..................................................................................................... iii
Contents..............................................................................................................................v
About this Manual..............................................................................................................1
Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................3
Chapter 2 Using Hydromax...............................................................................................1
Installing Hydromax ......................................................................................1
Starting Hydromax.........................................................................................1
Windows Registry ...............................................................................1
Preparing a Design for Hydromax .................................................................1
Opening a Design ..........................................................................................2
Analysis .........................................................................................................3
Choosing Analysis Type................................................................................4
Upright Hydrostatics ...........................................................................5
Large Angle Stability ..........................................................................5
Equilibrium Condition.........................................................................5
Specified Condition.............................................................................6
KN Values ...........................................................................................6
Limiting KG Analysis .........................................................................6
Longitudinal Strength..........................................................................7
Tank Calibrations ................................................................................8
Hydromax Limitations .............................................................................................9
Hull Shapes....................................................................................................9
Checking the Sections .......................................................................10
Checking the Sections in Maxsurf.....................................................11
Checking the Sectional Area Curve ..................................................13
Internal Structure...............................................................................13
Setting Initial Conditions .......................................................................................14
Coordinate System.......................................................................................14
Frame of Reference and Zero Point.............................................................14
Trim .............................................................................................................15
Trim for Limiting KG and KN analyses............................................15
Density.........................................................................................................15
Wave Definition...........................................................................................16
Grounding....................................................................................................17
Hog and Sag.................................................................................................17
Loadcase ......................................................................................................18
Loadcase Free Surface Moments.......................................................19
Compartment Definition..............................................................................19
Adding Simple Tanks ........................................................................19
Creating Tapered Tanks ....................................................................20
Linked Tanks and Compartments......................................................21
Adding Complex Tanks Using Surfaces ...........................................21
Forming Compartments.....................................................................23
Compartment Types ..........................................................................23
External Tanks...................................................................................24
Longitudinal Extents of Tank Bounding Boxes ................................24
Modelling Non-Buoyant Areas .........................................................25
Tanks in Compartments.....................................................................26
Linked Compartments and Damage Cases........................................26
Tanks Wholly Within a Compartment...............................................26
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Tanks Partially Within a Compartment .............................................28
Permeability.......................................................................................28
Relative Density of Tank Fluids........................................................28
Tanks and Surface Thickness ............................................................28
Compartment and Tank Ordering......................................................28
Compartment and Tank Visibility .....................................................29
Fluid Analysis Method ................................................................................29
Damage Definition.......................................................................................30
Other Initial Condition Data ........................................................................32
Stability Criteria...........................................................................................32
Upright Hydrostatics ..............................................................................................33
Choosing Upright Hydrostatics ...................................................................33
Initial Conditions .........................................................................................33
Setting a Range of Drafts ..................................................................33
Large Angle Stability.............................................................................................34
Choosing Large Angle Stability Analysis ...................................................34
Setting Heel Angles...........................................................................34
Equilibrium Analysis .............................................................................................36
Choosing Equilibrium Analysis...................................................................36
Unstable equilibria.......................................................................................36
Specified Conditions..............................................................................................40
Choosing Specified Condition Analysis ......................................................40
Specifying Heel, Trim and Immersion ..............................................40
KN Calculations.....................................................................................................41
Choosing KN Analysis ................................................................................41
Setting a Range of Displacements .....................................................41
Limiting KG...........................................................................................................43
Choosing Limiting KG ................................................................................43
Longitudinal Strength ............................................................................................45
Choosing Longitudinal Strength..................................................................45
Allowable Shears and Moments ........................................................45
Tank Calibrations...................................................................................................47
Choosing Tank Calibrations ........................................................................47
Compartment .....................................................................................47
Defining Tank Properties ..................................................................47
Starting and Stopping Analyses .............................................................................48
Data Transfer .........................................................................................................49
Saving Results to a File ...............................................................................49
Saving the Design ........................................................................................49
Saving Loadcases To a File .........................................................................49
Saving Damage Cases To a File ..................................................................49
Saving Compartment Definitions To a File.................................................49
Copying Data ...............................................................................................50
Copying Hull Views ....................................................................................50
Copying Graphs ...........................................................................................50
Printing...................................................................................................................51
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Print Preview ...............................................................................................51
Batch processing ....................................................................................................52
Chapter 3 Stability Criteria..............................................................................................53
Overview................................................................................................................54
Setting up criteria - the Criteria dialog...................................................................55
Resizing and adjusting the dialog’s layout ........................................56
Criteria tree list ............................................................................................56
Parent criteria ....................................................................................57
Moving criteria ..................................................................................57
Defining new custom criteria and groups..........................................58
Using the criteria tree list ..................................................................58
Selecting the criteria for analysis ......................................................58
Damage and Intact.............................................................................58
Criteria tree right-click context menu................................................59
Criteria details..............................................................................................60
Check boxes in criteria properties section of criteria dialog .............60
Criterion pass/fail test........................................................................61
Criteria help .................................................................................................61
Criteria results........................................................................................................62
Criteria results table...........................................................................62
Report and batch processing..............................................................63
Importing and saving criteria sets................................................................63
Default criteria library file.................................................................63
Saving criteria....................................................................................64
Importing criteria and specific criteria files ......................................64
Criteria file format.............................................................................65
Nomenclature.........................................................................................................66
Definitions of GZ curve features: ................................................................66
GZ Definitions...................................................................................68
Glossary .......................................................................................................70
Parent stability criteria ...........................................................................................71
Criteria at equilibrium..................................................................................71
Maximum value of heel, pitch or slope at equilibrium......................71
Minimum Freeboard at equilibrium ..................................................71
Maximum Freeboard at equilibrium..................................................71
Value of GMt or GMl at equilibrium ................................................72
GZ curve criteria (non-heeling arm) ............................................................72
Value of GMt at.................................................................................72
Value of GZ at ...................................................................................73
Value of maximum GZ......................................................................73
Value of GZ at specified angle or maximum GZ below specified
angle ..................................................................................................74
Ratio of GZ values at phi1 and phi2..................................................75
Angle of maximum GZ .....................................................................77
Angle of equilibrium .........................................................................77
Angle of downflooding......................................................................77
Angle of margin line immersion........................................................77
Angle of deck edge immersion..........................................................78
Angle of vanishing stability...............................................................78
Range of positive stability .................................................................78
GZ area between limits type 1 - standard ..........................................78
GZ area between limits type 2- HSC monohull type.........................80
GZ area between limits type 3 - HSC multihull type ........................82
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Ratio of GZ area between limits........................................................83
Ratio of positive to negative GZ area between limits........................86
Heeling arm definition.................................................................................89
General heeling arm ..........................................................................89
General cos+sin heeling arm .............................................................89
Heeling due to passenger crowding...................................................90
Heeling due to turning.......................................................................90
Heeling due to lifting of weights .......................................................91
Heeling due to towing or bollard-pull ...............................................92
Heeling due to wind...........................................................................93
Gust ratio ...........................................................................................94
Areas and levers ................................................................................94
Heeling arms for specific criteria - Note on unit conversion.......................95
IMO Code on Intact Stability A.749(18) amended to MSC.75(69) ..95
3.1.2.6 - Heeling due to turn 95
3.2 - Severe wind and rolling criterion (weather criterion) 96
IMO HSC Code MSC.36(63) ............................................................97
Annex 6 1.1.4 - Heeling moment due to wind pressure 97
Annex 7 1.3 - Heeling due to wind 98
USL code (Australia).........................................................................98
USL C.1.1.3 - Wind heeling moment 98
USL C.1.1.4 - Heeling moment due to turning 99
Heeling arm criteria ...................................................................................100
Value of GMt at equilibrium - general heeling arm ........................100
Value of GZ at equilibrium - general heeling arm ..........................100
Value of maximum GZ above heeling arm - general heeling arm ..101
Ratio of GZ values at phi1 and phi2 - general heeling arm.............102
Angle of maximum GZ above heeling arm - general heeling arm ..102
Angle of equilibrium - general heeling arm ....................................103
Angle of equilibrium ratio - general heeling arm ............................104
Angle of equilibrium - passenger crowding heeling arm ................104
Angle of equilibrium - high-speed turn heeling arm .......................105
Angle of equilibrium - derived wind heeling arm ...........................105
Angle of vanishing stability - general heeling arm..........................105
Range of positive stability - general heeling arm ............................106
GZ area between limits - general heeling arm.................................107
Ratio of areas type 1 - general heeling arm .....................................108
Ratio of areas type 1 - general cos+sin heeling arm........................109
Ratio of areas type 2 - general wind heeling arm ............................110
Multiple heeling arm criteria .....................................................................111
Ratio of GZ values at phi1 and phi2 - multiple heeling arms..........112
Angle of equilibrium - multiple heeling arms .................................112
GZ area between limits - multiple heeling arms..............................113
Ratio of areas type 1 - multiple heeling arms ..................................114
Heeling arm, combined criteria .................................................................115
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 1) - general heeling arm......115
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 1) - passenger crowding......116
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 1) - high-speed turn.............116
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 1) - general cos+sin heeling
arm...................................................................................................116
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 1) - lifting weight................117
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 1) - towing ..........................117
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 2) - general wind heeling arm117
viii
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 2) - wind heeling arm..........119
Other criteria..............................................................................................120
Other criteria - STIX .......................................................................120
Specific stability criteria ......................................................................................124
Chapter 4 Hydromax Reference ....................................................................................125
Windows ..............................................................................................................126
Damage Window .......................................................................................126
Loadcase Window .....................................................................................126
Adding and deleting loads ...............................................................127
Distributed loads..............................................................................128
Tank loads .......................................................................................128
Loadcase Formatting .................................................................................129
Adding Component or Heading Lines.............................................129
Adding Blank Lines.........................................................................129
Adding Total Lines..........................................................................129
Grouping Similar Tanks ..................................................................129
Input Window ............................................................................................129
Compartment Definition..................................................................129
Key Points and Downflooding Points .............................................130
Links to tanks or compartments ......................................................130
Adding Key Points ..........................................................................131
Editing Key Points...........................................................................131
Deleting Key Points.........................................................................131
Margin Line Points ..........................................................................131
Modulus Points................................................................................132
Report Window..........................................................................................132
Keyboard Support For Reports........................................................134
Opening and Saving the Report.......................................................134
Pasting images into the report .........................................................134
Graph Window...........................................................................................135
Graph type .......................................................................................135
Interpolating Graph Data.................................................................135
Results Window.........................................................................................135
Data selection ..................................................................................135
Data layout ......................................................................................136
Stability Criteria ..............................................................................137
Key Point Data ................................................................................137
Height/freeboard above free surface................................................138
View Window............................................................................................138
Toolbars ...............................................................................................................140
File Toolbar .....................................................................................140
Edit Toolbar.....................................................................................140
View Toolbar...................................................................................140
Analysis Toolbar .............................................................................140
Window Toolbar..............................................................................140
Visibility Toolbar ............................................................................141
Menus...................................................................................................................142
File Menu...................................................................................................142
New .................................................................................................142
Open ................................................................................................142
Close................................................................................................142
Save .................................................................................................142
Save As............................................................................................142
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Export ..............................................................................................142
Page Setup .......................................................................................142
Print .................................................................................................143
Exit ..................................................................................................143
Edit Menu ..................................................................................................143
Undo ................................................................................................143
Cut ...................................................................................................143
Copy ................................................................................................143
Paste.................................................................................................143
Select All .........................................................................................143
Fill Down.........................................................................................143
Table................................................................................................143
Add ..................................................................................................144
Delete...............................................................................................144
Add Surface Areas...........................................................................144
Error Values ....................................................................................144
View Menu ................................................................................................145
Zoom ...............................................................................................145
Shrink ..............................................................................................145
Pan ...................................................................................................146
Home View......................................................................................146
Set Home View ...............................................................................146
Colour..............................................................................................146
Font..................................................................................................146
Toolbar ............................................................................................146
Status Bar ........................................................................................146
Analysis Menu...........................................................................................147
Heel .................................................................................................147
Trim .................................................................................................147
Draft.................................................................................................147
Displacement ...................................................................................147
Specified Conditions .......................................................................147
Fluids ...............................................................................................147
Density.............................................................................................147
Waveform........................................................................................147
Hog and Sag ....................................................................................147
Criteria.............................................................................................147
Grounding........................................................................................148
Form Compartments........................................................................148
Set Analysis Type............................................................................148
Start Analysis ..................................................................................148
Resume Analysis .............................................................................148
Stop Analysis...................................................................................148
Case Menu .................................................................................................148
Add Damage Case ...........................................................................148
Delete Damage Case........................................................................148
Edit Damage Case ...........................................................................149
Display Menu.............................................................................................149
Data Format .....................................................................................149
Coefficients .....................................................................................149
Units ................................................................................................149
Visibility..........................................................................................149
Frame of Reference .........................................................................150
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Zero Point ........................................................................................150
Select View From Data ...................................................................150
Animate ...........................................................................................150
Window Menu ...........................................................................................150
Cascade............................................................................................151
Tile Horizontal ................................................................................151
Tile Vertical.....................................................................................151
Arrange Icons ..................................................................................151
View Direction ................................................................................151
Loadcase..........................................................................................151
Input.................................................................................................151
Results .............................................................................................151
Graph ...............................................................................................151
Help Menu .................................................................................................151
About Hydromax .............................................................................151
Appendix A Calculation of Form Parameters ...............................................................152
Definition and calculation of form parameters ..........................................152
Nomenclature ..................................................................................152
Length..............................................................................................152
Beam................................................................................................153
Draft.................................................................................................154
Midship Section...............................................................................154
Block Coefficient.............................................................................154
Midship Section Coefficient............................................................155
Prismatic Coefficient .......................................................................155
Waterplane Area Coefficient ...........................................................155
Maximum deck inclination..............................................................156
Trim angle .......................................................................................156
Potential for errors in hydrostatic calculations ..........................................156
Integration of wetted surface area ...................................................156
Reference Designs .....................................................................................157
Reference Calculations ..............................................................................158
Appendix B Criteria file format ....................................................................................159
Index...............................................................................................................................163
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About this Manual
This manual describes how to use Hydromax to perform hydrostatics and stability
analyses on you Maxsurf design.
Chapter 1 Introduction
Contains a description of Hydromax and its interface to Maxsurf.
Chapter 2 Using Hydromax

Explains how to use Hydromax’s powerful flotation and hydrostatic analysis routines to
best advantage.
Chapter 3 Stability Criteria

Gives details of the stability criteria that may be evaluated in Hydromax.
Chapter 4 Hydromax Reference

Gives details of Hydromax’s windows and each of Hydromax’s menu commands.
If you are unfamiliar with the Windows ’95/NT interface, please read the owner’s manual
supplied with your computer. This will introduce you to commonly used terms, and the
basic techniques for using any computer program.
Page 1
Chapter 1
Introduction
Hydromax is a hydrostatics and stability program specifically designed to work with
Maxsurf. Maxsurf design files may be opened directly into Hydromax, eliminating the
need for time-consuming digitising of drawings or hand typing of offsets. This direct
transfer preserves the three dimensional accuracy of the Maxsurf model.
For the calculation of large angle stability data, a range of heel angles may be specified,
together with a displacement and centre of gravity position. Displacement and centre of
gravity information is entered by way of a spreadsheet of weights and levers. Hydromax
then cycles through the heel angles, floating and trimming the hull to find equilibrium
and calculating hydrostatic data.
Upright hydrostatics can be calculated over a range of drafts. Hydromax can also
simulate the floating of a hull to its equilibrium position given a displacement and centre
of gravity. After finding equilibrium, Hydromax will perform longitudinal strength
calculations on the hull. In addition, tables of KN values can be calculated and presented
as a graph of stability cross curves.
Tanks can be defined and calibrated for capacity, centre of gravity and free surface
moment. Tanks and compartments can be flooded for purposes of calculating the effects
of damage.
Results are stored and may be reviewed at any time, either in tabular form, or as graphs
of the various parameters across the full range of calculation. All results are accumulated
in the Report window which can be saved, copied or printed for further reference.
In addition, views of the hull are shown for each heel and trim, complete with immersed
sectional areas, and actual waterlines. The centres of flotation, gravity and buoyancy are
also displayed. Heeled and trimmed hull forms and water plane shapes may be printed.
Page 3
Chapter 2
Using Hydromax
This chapter describes how to carry out the range of hydrostatics and strength analyses
available in Hydromax.
Installing Hydromax
Install Hydromax by inserting the CD and running the Setup program, then follow the
instructions on screen.
Starting Hydromax
After installation, Hydromax should be accessible through the Start Menu. Simply select
Hydromax from the Maxsurf menu item under the Programs menu in the Start menu.
Windows Registry
Certain preferences used by Hydromax are stored in the Windows registry. It is possible
for this data to become corrupted, or you may simply want to revert back to the default
configuration. To clear the Hydromax preferences, start the program with the Shift key
depressed. You will be asked if you wish to clear the preferences, click OK.
Preparing a Design for Hydromax

There are several important steps that must be carried out in Maxsurf before opening a
design in Hydromax:
Designs for use in Hydromax may have up to 200 symmetrical surfaces, or 400
asymmetrical surfaces (the maximum number of surfaces in Maxsurf Pro is 400). This is
because Hydromax reflects and duplicates symmetrical surfaces about the centreline so
that asymmetry due to heel may be modelled. If the model contains a mixture of
symmetrical and asymmetrical surfaces, the total surface count must not exceed 400,
with symmetrical surfaces being counted twice.
Ensure that you have used the Outside Arrows command to tell Maxsurf which direction
points outwards for each surface. The surface direction may be defined using the Outside
Arrows command from the Display menu in Maxsurf. The surface direction may then be
toggled by clicking on the end of the arrow.
Ensure that all surface intersections and trimming are correct. You should have
completely closed transverse sections (or sections with, at most, one opening). In
Maxsurf, define a large number of sections in the Grid Spacing dialog. Step through the
sections in the Body Plan view and check that they are formed correctly.
If surface thickness is to be used in hydrostatics calculations, ensure that the thickness

and projection direction have been specified for the hull shell surfaces. Thickness can be
specified differently for each surface, resulting in more accurate hydrostatics. If surface
thickness is to be used, all surfaces should have a non-zero thickness specified.
Page 1
If you wish bonded edges to be displayed in Hydromax, ensure that the design is save in
Maxsurf with bonded edges turned on.
Verify that all internal surfaces which are to be used as tank / compartment boundaries
are defined as Internal Structure. If a surface is defined as internal structure, it is not
included as part of the hull shell by Hydromax.
The other surface properties may be set for each surface using the Properties dialog from
the Surface menu in Maxsurf.
Maxsurf Surface Properties Dialog
Opening a Design
To open a design for analysis ensure that the design view window is active, then select
Open Design from the File menu. Choose a design from the standard Open dialog:
When a file is opened a dialog box is displayed allowing you to select what data should
be read from the file and how data should be calculated.
Page 2
If section data has been saved with the design file by Hydromax, it is possible to choose
whether to read the sections from the file to recalculate them. In most cases you can
simply read in the saved sections. If you want to change the number of sections, or
trimming information or include surface thickness, you must recalculate the sections.
If you are reopening an existing Hydromax file, you will be given the option of Reading
the sections from the file or Calculate sections. If you are opening a Maxsurf design file
for the first time, you will only be able to Calculate sections.
Reading sections from file will also open all the compartment definitions, loadcases,
damage cases and other Hydromax data associated with the design.
Choosing Calculate sections, will calculate the specified number of sections through the
hull. These will then be used for the Hydrostatics calculations. If the file is an existing
Hydromax file, any other data (compartment definitions, loadcases, damage cases etc.)
will not be loaded and you will have to either redefine it or load it from the individual
compartment definition, loadcase, etc. files. If you do not have the individual files, you
should choose Read sections from file and then save the compartment definition,
loadcase, etc. as individual files.
At this stage, surface thickness specified in the Maxsurf Surface Properties dialog may
be included. If the Maxsurf model has trimmed surfaces, the Use Trimmed Surfaces item
should be ticked. The speed of calculations for hullforms with parallel mid-body can be
improved by deleting redundant sections.
Analysis
Analysis with Hydromax is a five-step process:
• Open the Maxsurf design you wish to analyse.
• Choose the type of analysis you wish to perform. The options are:
Upright hydrostatics
Large angle stability
Equilibrium analysis
Specified Condition
KN values and cross curves of stability
Limiting KG analysis
Longitudinal Strength
Tank Calibrations
• Set up the analysis conditions you wish to use. These are:
Frame of Reference
Type of Fluid simulation
Page 3
Fluid Densities
Wave conditions if required
Grounding if required
Hog and Sag if required
Tank and Compartment definitions, where required
Damage condition, if required
Stability criteria if required
• Set up the specific Initial Conditions for the analysis you have chosen. These are:
Trim – fixed or free.
Loadcase condition (Displacement and C.G. position) for equilibrium
condition and large angle stability.
A range of drafts for upright hydrostatics.
A range of heel angles for KN calculations and large angle stability.
A range of displacements for KN calculations.
Specific conditions for the Specified Conditions Analysis.
A range of displacements and heel angles and selected criteria for limiting
KG Analysis
• Run the analysis cycle.
Note that fastest performance will be achieved by reducing the amount of redrawing that
is required from Hydromax. For this reason, it is best to turn off sections and, especially
waterlines, when performing an analysis. You may then turn them on again after the
analysis has completed. For fastest performance, e.g. when running in Batch mode,
minimise Hydromax so that no redrawing occurs.
Choosing Analysis Type

Click on the Analysis menu and drag the cursor down to the Analysis Type item. A
second menu will drop down to the right of the Analysis menu. To choose an analysis
type, drag the cursor to one of the items listed. Alternatively, the analysis method may be
selected from the pull-down box in the Analysis toolbar. Further, the analysis mode will
change with the currently selected results table and vice versa.
When performing the first five analysis types, there are three pairs of related variables
that are used:
Draft Displacement
Trim Longitudinal Centre of Gravity (LCG)
Heel Transverse Centre of Gravity (TCG)
The various analysis modes can be thought of as setting one variable in each pair to a
fixed value (independent variables) and deriving the others from the analysis (dependent
variables).
For example, the Upright Hydrostatics analysis consists of fixing heel and trim and
stepping through a series of fixed drafts. In this case the LCB and TCB (and therefore
the required LCG and TCG) are dependent variables
In the Specified Condition Analysis any combination of the variable pairs may be
specified.
Page 4
Upright Hydrostatics
For Upright Hydrostatics, Heel and Trim are fixed and Draft is varied in fixed steps.
Displacement and Centre of Buoyancy and other hydrostatic data are calculated during
the analysis.
Large Angle Stability

For the Analysis of Large Angle Stability, Displacement and Centre of Gravity are
specified in the loadcase. Trim may be fixed, or left free to find its equilibrium position.
Heel is specified in fixed steps.
The key output value is GZ (or righting lever), the horizontal distance between the
centres of gravity and buoyancy. A graph of these values at the various heel angles forms
a GZ curve.
Various other information is often overlaid on the GZ curve, including upright GM,
curves for wind heeling and passenger crowding levers and the angle of the first
downflooding point. These additional data depend on which (if any) stability criteria
have been selected.
Equilibrium Condition
Equilibrium Analysis requires that Displacement and Centre of Gravity are fixed.
Hydromax iterates to find the Draft, Heel Angle and Trim Angle that satisfy equilibrium.
If performed in conjunction with analysis in waves, the Equilibrium analysis will

automatically time step the waveform through a complete wavelength. This gives ten
columns of results, one for each movement of the wave crest. If necessary the results of
this time stepping can be animated giving a simple simulation of the hull motion in
waves. Note that this simulation only includes static behavior and does not cover
dynamic or inertial forces.
Page 5
Specified Condition
In this analysis mode, any combination of input variable pairs may be specified.
If fixed trim is specified, you may enter the trim or specify the forward and aft drafts
(these are at the perpendiculars as specified in the Frame of Reference dialog).
KN Values
KN values or Cross curves of stability are useful for assessing the stability of a vessel if
its VCG is unknown. They may be calculated for a number of displacements before the
height of the centre of gravity is known. The KN data may then be used to obtained the
GZ curve for any centre of gravity height (KG) using the following formula:
GZ = KN - KG * SIN(Heel)
where GZ is the righting lever measured transversely between the Centre of Buoyancy
and the Centre of Gravity, and KG is the distance from the baseline to the vessel’s
effective Vertical Centre of Gravity.
For KN analysis the initial LCG is fixed to the LCB position in the intact, upright, zero
trim case for each of the specified displacements. When the vessel is heeled, it may be
fixed or free to trim.
Displacement and Heel are varied in fixed steps. Output is in the form of a table of KN
values and a graph of Cross curves of stability.
Limiting KG Analysis
The Limiting KG analysis may be used to obtain the highest vertical position of the
centre of gravity (maximum KG) for a range of vessel displacements. At each of the
specified displacements, Hydromax runs several large angle stability analyses at
different KGs. The selected stability criteria are evaluated; the centre of gravity is
increased until one of the criteria fails.
A graph of maximum permissible GZ plotted against vessel displacement is produced:
Page 6
The output from the longitudinal strength calculations is a graph of weight, buoyancy,
net load, shear force and bending moment along the length of the hull.
The curves displayed on this graph are:
Weight The weight per unit length along the hull.

Buoyancy The buoyancy per unit length along the hull. This will
be reduced by the amount of any damage.
Net Load Weight minus Buoyancy
Shear Shear Force
Moment Bending Moment
These data are also displayed in the Strength table in the Results window. You can
display this table by choosing Longitudinal Strength from the Results sub-menu under
the Window menu.
For the purposes of strength calculations, any point loads in the load schedule will be
applied as a load evenly distributed 100mm either side of the position of the load.
Page 7
Tank Calibrations
Tanks can be defined and calibrated for capacity, centre of gravity and free surface
moment. Fluid densities and tank permeabilities can be varied arbitrarily.
Each tank that has been calibrated has a table of tank capacities available through the
Results window, and a separate graph of its volumetric properties available through the
Graph window.
Tank calibrations are for the upright (zero heel) vessel, but the vessel’s trim may be
specified.
Page 8
Hydromax Limitations
It is important to be aware of the limitations in the way you can create your model in
Maxsurf to allow accurate analysis to be carried out using Hydromax.
Hull Shapes
Hydromax works by applying trapezoidal integration to data calculated from a series of
cross sections taken through the hull surfaces. Where a hull consists of an open shell
(e.g. a hull surface with no deck), Hydromax will automatically close the section off with
a straight line.
If, however, the section is made up of two line segments, (e.g. having both a gap at the
centreline as well as an open deck), an ambiguity exists as to how the two line segments
will be connected. This is not an acceptable shape.
Hydromax deals only with sections that are completely closed, or can be unambiguously
closed. In the example above, if either the top or bottom gap had been closed in Maxsurf
the design would cease to be ambiguous.
Where multiple surfaces exist, Hydromax will link curve segments together end to end if
they coincide at a bonded edge, or are only separated by a small amount. Where surfaces
intersect, each surface will be closed before being intersected with another. The excess
portions of the curve will be trimmed off to form a single continuous contour.
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Hydromax will generally have no problem correctly interpreting your design as long as
these restrictions are observed:
• Make sure that each surface touches its adjacent surfaces at its edge, preferably
by bonding the edges together.
• Where surfaces intersect, trim away the excess regions of the surface; e.g. the part
of the keel that is inside the hull and the part of the hull that is inside the keel.
• Do not have surfaces that cannot be closed in an unambiguous fashion, i.e. a
maximum of one gap in a surface.
• Remember that the inner portions of each intersecting contour will be trimmed off.
• Internal structure surfaces are ignored when forming the hull contours.
Checking the Sections

It is good practice to check that Hydromax has been able to correctly interpret you
design after you have opened it. To do this, check the sections shown in the various view
windows. These should be continuous with no gaps and no unexpected lines. In
particular, look closely at intersections between surfaces to make sure that Hydromax
has interpreted the shape correctly.
Checking the sections is made easy by just displaying the section contours; use the
Display | Visibility dialog:
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View the model in the perspective and other views. Rotating the model in the perspective
view should enable you to determine whether the sections have been formed correctly:
Checking the Sections in Maxsurf

Since it is sometimes difficult to differentiate sections in Hydromax, it can be useful to
review the model in Maxsurf before loading it into Hydromax. Again, turn off all
contours except for the current section:
Then step through, section-by-section in the body plan view. (Make sure that there are a
sufficient number of sections defined in the grid spacing, especially in areas where the
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model is complicated. Any sections that are not closed (or have at most one opening that
will be closed with a straight line in Hydromax) or have any extra lines in the sections
are likely to cause problems when the model is brought into Hydromax.
Correct section: this section will be closed across the top.
Incorrect: areas in red ellipses will cause problems and should be trimmed off.
Correct section: excess topsides and deck have been trimmed away
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Checking the Sectional Area Curve
Another way of checking is to perform an analysis of the upright hydrostatics at one
draft and look carefully at the sectional area curve. If this displays any unexpected spikes
or hollows Hydromax may not have correctly interpreted the hull shape.
Internal Structure
The same rules apply for groups of surfaces used to define internal structural which have
been selected to form a tank or compartment boundary. Remember that hull structure is
ignored when forming the initial compartment sections. In the second stage, the
compartment sections are intersected to the hull surfaces so that the compartments are
made up of areas which are inside the hull. For the compartments to be formed correctly
in the initial stage, the selected internal surfaces must form the required closed sections.
See section on compartment definition for more details on defining tanks with internal
surfaces. The limitations for sections defined by internal structure are the same as those
for the hull sections.
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Setting Initial Conditions
Before you run any analysis using Hydromax, it is important that you set up the required
initial conditions for the design.
Coordinate System
Hydromax uses the following coordinate system:
+ve forward, +ve starboard, +ve up
Frame of Reference and Zero Point

When Hydromax opens a design, the Forward Perpendicular, Aft Perpendicular and
Amidships positions are based on the Frame of Reference and Zero Point specified in
Maxsurf. If you wish to change any of these positions, it is possible to do so using the
Frame of Reference option in the Display menu. Although it is possible to set the frame
of reference and zero point in Hydromax, it is highly recommended that they be set
correctly in Maxsurf and not changed in Hydromax or Workshop.
It is essential that a frame of reference be specified. Draft and trim are based on the
forward and aft perpendiculars, and if these are not in the correct position, some analysis
results will be meaningless.
Positions are entered relative to the zero point for the hull. Note that the zero point can
be changed using the Zero Point option in the display menu.
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The DWL field specifies the height of the design waterline. The Baseline field specifies
the position of the baseline - this may be an arbitrary distance below the hull if
necessary. By setting the Forward and Aft Perpendicular fields, one also define the
Amidships position.
The Find Base button is used to scan the hull shape and find the lowest point of the hull.
The Set to DWL automatically sets the Forward Perpendicular, Aft Perpendicular and
Amidships based on the ends of the current DWL.
Trim
For most analyses you may specify whether the vessel is free to trim or has fixed trim.
Select the Trim item in the Analysis menu to bring up the Trim dialog.
This allows you to specify a fixed trim with a positive, negative or zero value. Positive
trim is down by the stern, negative trim is down by the bow. If Free Trim is specified,
Hydromax will iterate to establish the trim that aligns the LCB and LCG.
Trim may be specified for Upright Hydrostatics, Large Angle Stability, KN Analysis
Limiting KG and Tank Calibrations. (For the Specified Condition analysis the trim may
be specified in the Specified Conditions dialog.) Equilibrium and Longitudinal Strength
Analyses always use a free trimming analysis where the LCB and LCG are aligned.
Trim for Limiting KG and KN analyses

Free to trim using a specified initial trim value. With this method, at each
displacement, the LCG of the vessel at the specified trim and zero heel is computed. This
LCG is then used to compute the free to trim vessel orientation at each heel angle as the
large angle stability analysis is performed. Thus, for each displacement, the upright
vessel trim will be the same, but the LCG will be different.
Free to trim to a specified LCG value. With this method, a constant, specified, LCG is
maintained for each displacement. This LCG is then used to compute the free to trim
vessel orientation at each heel angle as the large angle stability analysis is performed.
Thus, for each displacement, the LCG will be the same, but the upright vessel trim will
be different.
Density
Where necessary, the density of sea water (the fluid in which the vessel is floating) and
fluids commonly carried on board can be adjusted using the Density dialog.
Density using the current units, or non-dimensional relative density (specific gravity),
may be specified. Alternatively, density may be specified using Barrels as the unit of
volume. Conversions are performed automatically. Relative density is calculated relative
to a fluid having a density of 1000.0 kg/m3.
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Tanks that have been specified as containing one of these fluids will be updated
automatically when the density of the fluid is changed. Tank calibrations and loading
conditions will also be updated.
Note that the vessel’s hydrostatics are always calculated assuming that the vessel is
floating in the fluid labelled "Sea Water" this is the first fluid in the list. If the vessel is to
float in a different fluid, it is necessary to change the density of this fluid. Note that only
the custom fluids may have their names changed. Thus, if you wanted to carry out an
analysis for a vessel in fresh water, you would change the density of "Sea Water" to
1000.0 kg/m3.
Wave Definition
Hydromax is capable of analyzing hydrostatics and stability in arbitrary waveforms as
well as for a level water plane. To specify a waveform, select the Waveform command
from the Analysis menu.
The water plane can be specified as flat, or as a sinusoidal or trochoidal waveform. If a

waveform is specified, the wavelength, wave height and phase offset can be specified.
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The wavelength defaults to the waterline length of the hull at the DWL. If the
wavelength is modified the wave height defaults to a standard metric wave, equivalent to
-
Once a wavelength has been set, the wave height can be modified to give a non-standard
height.
The phase offset governs the position of the wave crest aft of the forward end of the
DWL, as a proportion of the wavelength. The phase offset varies between 0 and 1, both
of which correspond to a wave crest at the forward end of the DWL.
For example, a phase offset of 0.5, with a wavelength equal to the waterline length, will
give a single wave crest at amidships.
Grounding
Grounding is an additional analysis condition for the Equilibrium or Longitudinal
Strength analyses. It is possible to specify grounding on one or two points of variable
length. The Equilibrium analysis will determine whether the hull is grounded or free
floating and will trim the hull accordingly. Damage can be specified concurrently with
grounding.
Note that the grounding points are considered to span the transverse extents of the hull
and therefore constrain the heel to zero. The length of the grounding points is only used
when considering the load distribution for Longitudinal Strength analysis. Otherwise the
vessel is considered to pivot at the centre of the grounding point.
Hog and Sag

Hydromax has the option to apply hog or sag during the calculations. When hog is
specified the centre of the hull and frame of reference remain stationary and the ends of
the hull are deflected downward.
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When sag is specified the centre of the hull and frame of reference remain stationary and
the ends of the hull are deflected upwards.
Hog or sag is distributed in a parabolic curve centred at either the amidships location or a
specified longitudinal position relative to the zero point.
Hog and sag apply to all analysis modes including tank calibrations which will vary
slightly with changes in hog and sag.
Loadcase
For the calculation of Large Angle Stability, Equilibrium and Longitudinal Strength
analyses, Hydromax requires you to set up the displacement and centre of gravity
information using a spreadsheet displayed in the Loadcase window. This allows several
independent weights and levers to be combined and automatically included in the
analysis.
To create a new load case, bring the Loadcase window to the front and choose New
Loadcase from the File menu. A new load spreadsheet will be displayed in the Loadcase
window. You may have up to four loadcases open at one time. They may be saved and
loaded independently effectively allowing you any number of load cases.
Each time you make a change to the loading spreadsheet, Hydromax will recalculate
total displacement and centre of gravity values and display them in the bottom row of the
loading spreadsheet. It is these values which are used for the large angle stability
calculations.
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The load values and positions entered in the Loadcase window will also be used to
perform the longitudinal strength calculations at the conclusion of the equilibrium
analysis.
For more information, refer to the section in the Hydromax Reference chapter covering
the Loadcase window.
Loadcase Free Surface Moments

If the Fluids method (Analysis | Fluids) is set to “Use corrected VCG” then the loadcase
VCG will be corrected for the free surface moment of tanks that are less than 98%.
Hydromax chooses the worst free surface moment of each tank.
Should you wish to change the free surface moment, this is possible by adding a weight
item to the loadcase that has zero weight and a negative free surface moment:
Compartment Definition
To define a tank, compartment or non-buoyant volume, select Compartment Definition
from the Window menu. Now select New Compartment Definition from the file menu. A
window similar to the one below will appear.
By entering data in the columns of the table, you can define a boundary box for the
compartment and modify the compartment 's name, permeability and, in the case of a
tank, the relative density (specific gravity) of the contents. More compartments can be
added by selecting Add Compartment from the Edit menu. Compartments can be deleted
by highlighting the desired row with the cursor and selecting Delete Compartment from
the Edit menu.
Adding Simple Tanks

Simple tanks and compartments are created by specifying six values that define a box-
shaped boundary for the tank. These values are the fore and aft extremities of the tank,
the top and bottom, and the port and starboard limits of the tank.
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Creating Tapered Tanks
The default is for compartments to have parallel sides. If you wish to define tapered
compartments, it is possible to enter different transverse and vertical values for the
points defining the compartment ends.
The column headings in the Compartment Definition window include terms such as ’F
Bottom, ’A Top’, ’F Port’ and ’A Starboard’. The ’F’ and ’A’ abbreviations stand for
Forward and Aft, in other words the two ends of the compartment. You will notice that
aft columns contain the word "ditto". This means that the value is identical at the aft end
of the tank to the forward end, resulting in a parallel tank.
If a different value is entered in one of these aft columns, a tapered tank will result.
Tanks can be tapered or sloping in Plan or Profile views, but Hydromax does not have a
mechanism for sloping the tank boundary in the Body Plan view.
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Linked Tanks and Compartments
anks, compartments and non-buoyant volumes may be linked. This means that although
they are defined as separate tanks, they act as a single tank with a common free-surface.
To link tanks, compartments or non-buoyant volumes, first make them the same type as
the parent and give them the same name. The easiest way to do this is to copy and paste
the name from the Name column of the parent row into the Name column of the linked
tank row. They may then be linked to the parent by typing l or linked in the Type
column.
Adding Complex Tanks Using Surfaces

Complex tanks, compartments and non-buoyant volumes can also be defined by surface
boundaries as well as constrained to particular dimensions. This allows for modelling of
arbitrarily complex tanks.
The tank surfaces are entered by clicking in the box in the Boundary Surfaces column in
the middle of the Compartments Definition table. A dialog will appear that allows you to
select which surfaces form the boundary of the tank.
Note that for surfaces to appear in the dialog, they must have been defined as internal
structure in Maxsurf.
WARNING: If a design is to be updated in Maxsurf, all loading details, compartment

definitions, etc. MUST be saved as separate files BEFORE exiting Hydromax. This is
because when a Hydromax file is edited and re-saved in Maxsurf, Hydromax data such
as compartment definitions etc. stored in the design file are lost.
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If you wish to use a Maxsurf surface to define a tank or compartment, tick next to the
surface name in the Boundary Surface list. Note that surfaces appear twice as there will
be a starboard and a port side copy of each surface. The Starboard surface is mentioned
first in the list and the Port surface last. The port surface is also identified with the suffix
(P) after the name.
As with the hull sections, the surfaces selected to form the tank boundary must form
closed section contours at all longitudinal positions through the tank. The area inside the
selected surfaces will define the tank contour. This will then be intersected with the hull
surfaces so that the tanks lie inside the hull.
Note that it is also necessary to type in the extents of a tank or compartment defined
using surfaces. As for normal compartments, this is done by entering extents into the
Compartment Definition table. If you enter extents that are smaller than the shape
defined by the surfaces, the tank will be trimmed to the extents specified.
An example of how internal surfaces may be used to model a cylindrical tank inside a
compartment is shown below. Here five internal surface have been used. Two define the
cylindrical tank, "Cylinder, inner" and "Cylinder, outer", one to define each side. Then a
further two surfaces are added, one to the top, "Inner, top", and one to the bottom,
"Inner, bottom". Finally an "Outer" surface is added which is joined to the "Inner, top"
and "Inner, bottom" surfaces. Thus to define the internal tank you would select the
"Cylinder, inner" and "Cylinder, outer" surfaces. The enclosing compartment would then
be made up of two linked compartments. The first would be defined by: "Inner, top",
"Cylinder, inner" and "Inner, Bottom"; the second would be defined by "Outer" and
"Cylinder, outer".
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Forming Compartments
Once the boundary box of the tank has been defined it can be intersected with the hull to
create the tank shape. This is done either by selecting Form Compartments from the
Analysis menu or completing a Tank Calibration analysis.
Those portions of the compartment’s defining box that are outside the hull are trimmed
away, leaving a tank or compartment that conforms precisely to the hull shape. These
can be linked together to create more complex tank volumes.
Compartment Types
Six compartment types can be created using the Compartment Definition window -
tanks, linked tanks, compartments, linked compartments, linked negative compartments
and non-buoyant volumes.
Tanks will be included in the tank calibration output and be added to the loading
condition.
Linked Tanks will have their volume added to the parent tank having the same
tank name. They do not have a separate entry in the loading condition. In addition,
if a tank is damaged, any tank that it is linked to will also be regarded as damaged.
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Linked tanks are used when a tank has a complex shape that cannot be created by
intersecting one bounding box with the hull shape. Several tanks may be linked
together to form one larger tank. Tanks need not be adjoining to be linked, they
can be remote from one another, and in this case the tank linking simulates tanks
with cross connections.
Compartments are only used to specify compartmentalisation for damage. They

are not included in the tank calibration output and will not be added to the loading
condition.
Linked Compartments work the same way as linked tanks. This allows you to
damage a complex compartment configuration by linking compartments together
and damaging the parent compartment.
Linked Negative Compartments these allow you to subtract a volume from a

compartment and are useful if tanks are defined within a compartment – see below
for further details.
Non-Buoyant Volumes are only used to specify compartments of the vessel

which are permanently flooded up to the static waterline. They are ideal for
defining water-jet ducts, moon pools, etc. and essentially behave as damaged
compartments. They are not included in the tank calibration output and will not be
added to the loading condition.
To change the type of a tank, type the first character of the tank type (t, c or n) in the
Type column of the Compartment Definition window and then type Enter. This will be
automatically set the tank/compartment to the correct type.
External Tanks
External tanks may not be modelled in Hydromax. However, it is normally possible to
add "Hull" surfaces in the Maxsurf model which will enclose the external tanks. The
tanks can then be modelled in Hydromax. Note that these "external" surfaces will add to
the buoyant volume of the vessel.
Additional box-shaped hull surfaces used to define deck tanks
Longitudinal Extents of Tank Bounding Boxes

The volumes of tanks are computed by inserting a number of transverse sections between
the longitudinal limits specified in the compartment definition window. Where the hull
surfaces extend beyond these limits, the tanks will be accurately defined with a large
number of sections. However, if the longitudinal extents of the tank is limited by the
surfaces rather than the bounding box, it is possible that there will not be sufficient
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sections to accurately define the tank. Such a situation may arise for the external tanks
listed above. In this case, the longitudinal extents of the tank should be specified just
inside the longitudinal extents of the surfaces (1mm say).
Modelling Non-Buoyant Areas

Non-buoyant areas of the hull can normally be modelled with hull surfaces. However,
there are occasions when it is mode convenient to use non-buoyant volumes. These are
permanently flooded compartments.
Occasions where it is useful to use non-buoyant volumes include the modelling of bow
thruster ducts on very long vessels. If the vessel is very long, and the thruster duct is of
small diameter, there may not be sufficient sections to model it accurately (even if you
use the maximum of 200 sections for the Hydromax model). In this case you are better
off modelling the thruster duct as internal structure and using these surfaces to define a
non-buoyant volume.
Modelling the thruster duct as a non-buoyant volume has the additional advantage of
being able to specify a permeability, and hence account for the thruster.
Bow thruster tube modelled as two non-buoyant volumes
Propeller tunnels modelled with trimming surfaces
Page 25
Moon pools, water jet ducts and other items may all be modelled in a similar manner.
Tanks in Compartments
If you have a single tank within a compartment, there are now two ways in which this
may be defined. The first is to define six linked compartments which surround the tank.
A spreadsheet which automatically calculates the bounding boxes of the compartments is
installed when you install Maxsurf. If you selected C:\Program Files\Maxsurf as your
installation directory, the spreadsheet is installed here:
C:\Program Files\Maxsurf\Utilities\Hydromax\
and the spreadsheet is called:
Tank Within Compartment.xls
An alternative which may be more practical if there are several tanks within a
compartment. It is now possible to model tanks which tanks lie inside compartments.
Currently, this must be done manually, however in the future, this will be an automatic
process.
The procedure is to model the tank and compartment. It is then linked to the
compartment and specified as a negative volume. Hence when the compartment is
flooded due to damage, the negative volume which surrounds the tank is not included.
Linked Compartments and Damage Cases

Note that when specifying damage, all linked compartments, negative compartment
volumes etc. must have been already defined. If you add subsequent linked
compartments or negative compartment volumes to an already damaged compartment,
you will have to toggle the damage setting for the parent compartment to ensure that all
the linked compartments are damaged too.
Tanks Wholly Within a Compartment

For tanks which lie wholly within a singe compartment, follow the procedure outlined
below:
• Define the tanks and compartments, using boundary surfaces if required.
• Add extra compartments which will become negative compartment volumes lined
to the main compartment. One compartment is required for each of the tanks
which is inside the compartment.
These compartments are the second and third row in the table below. They
should have the same name as the main compartment and be of type
compartment. The dimensions and any boundary surfaces should exactly
correspond to the tanks which lie in the main compartment.
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• Link the negative volume compartments to the main compartment by selecting
“Linked Neg. Compart.” from the combo-box in the Type column of the
compartments.
Once linked, it will be placed under the parent compartment. As for other
linked compartments and tanks, ensure that the compartments to be linked
have identical names.
The compartment and its negative volumes are now linked. Not that if any
changes are made to the tanks, corresponding changes must be made to the
negative volumes.
In the picture above, the damaged compartment, with the excluded, negative
volumes can be seen.
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Tanks Partially Within a Compartment
For tanks which lie only partially within a singe compartment, follow the same
procedure as that outlined above, however, the negative volumes should be bounded by
the limiting compartment boundaries rather than include the whole tank.
Permeability
Tanks may have two permeabilities, one which is used when the tank is intact and the
other when it is damaged. Compartments and non-buoyant volumes have only one
permeability, however, this permeability is listed and may be edited in both permeability
columns; they are both kept synchronised.
Relative Density of Tank Fluids

Relative Density (Specific Gravity) values can be typed directly into the Relative
Density column of the Compartment Definition window.
Alternatively the fluid type can be entered into the Fluid Type column, either as the full
name, an abbreviated name or as one of the single letter codes. If a fluid type is entered,
the relative density value is obtained from the value specified in the Density dialog.
Whenever values are changed in the Density dialog, all entries for that fluid in the
compartment definition are automatically updated.
Acceptable fluid names and abbreviations are:

Fluid Name Abbreviations Code
Fresh Water Fre, Wat W
Salt Water Sea, Sal S
Fuel Oil Fue F
Diesel Oil Die D
Lube Oil Lub, Oil L
Gasoline Gas, Pe G
Tanks and Surface Thickness

If you have specified that Hydromax should include the surface thickness, the tanks,
compartments and non-buoyant volumes will correctly account for the surface thickness
and its projection direction; the tanks will go to the inside of the hull shell.
Surface thicknesses are not taken into account when Structure surfaces are used as
Boundary surfaces for tanks, hence you should design these surfaces to the inside of the
tank.
Compartment and Tank Ordering

Tanks defined in the Compartment Definition window appear in the loadcase in the same
order as they are defined in the Compartment Definition window. To reorder the tanks:
• Copy the tank definition data to Excel
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• Sort the rows in to the desired order
• Paste the data from Excel back into the compartment Definition window.
Take care if you have linked tanks – unlink them first. Also be aware that any selected
internal surface data will not be copied and you will have to reselect them manually.
Compartment and Tank Visibility

When creating complicated tank plans, it is often useful to check individual tanks.
Selected tanks may be displayed in the following manner:
• Define a damage case
• Select only damaged tanks and compartments for display, turn off the display of
intact tanks and compartments.
• Select whether you want to see the tank outline or the tank sections (tanks
sections are preferable when checking that tanks have been formed correctly since
it is these sections which are used to determine the tank volume and other
properties).
• Choose the damage case from the Analysis toolbar
• Make any tanks and compartments you wish visible damaged in the damage case
window.
Fluid Analysis Method

Hydromax allows you to specify two different ways of analysing any fluids contained in
tanks or compartments. The choice of method is made by selecting the Fluids command
from the Analysis menu. Note that the criteria in Hydromax assume that the corrected
VCG method is being used.
The two options are:
Use corrected VCG - Tank capacities and free surface moments are calculated for the
upright hull (zero trim and zero heel). The effective rise in VCG due to the tanks’ free
surface is calculated by summing the maximum free surface moment of all the tanks
filled less than 98% capacity and dividing by the total vessel displacement.
This method should be used when compiling a stability booklet for a design, as it
corresponds with the traditional approach used by naval architects and classification
societies worldwide. It is reasonably accurate at low angles of heel and trim.
In this case, the loading window will include a column for free surface moment and cells
for corrected fluid VCG. These values are automatically calculated from the maximum
free surface moments of the tanks calculated in the upright condition.
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Simulate fluid movement - This method is a faithful simulation of the movement of the
centre of gravity of the fluid in each tank. Every tank is rotated to the heel and trim angle
being analysed. Hydromax iterates to find the fluid level for the rotated tank at the
specified capacity. The new centre of gravity is calculated for each tank and used in the
analysis. The new LCG, VCG and TCG are calculated for the whole design and used in
the calculation of GZ, KG, and GM.
This approach is used when the stability of a vessel is being investigated and the closest
possible simulation of the hull’s behaviour is required. It is particularly useful at high
angles of heel or trim, or with tanks whose heeled water plane area may be significantly
different from the upright case (i.e. tall narrow tanks, or wide shallow tanks). The
penalty of using this approach is that the calculation time is longer, however the results
are significantly more accurate.
In this case free surface moments and corrected fluid VCG are not relevant and are not
included in the loading condition.
The fluid simulation is used for analyses which use a load case, i.e.: Large angle
stability, Equilibrium condition and Longitudinal strength. When fluid simulation is
used, in one of these analyses, the actual fluid level in the tank, filled to the volume
specified in the loadcase, will be displayed in the View Window. Otherwise the complete
tank will be shown.
Note that with this method, the upright GM should be estimated from the initial slope of
the GZ curve since the GM given in the Results table will not be adjusted for tank free
surface corrections.
Damage Definition
Hydromax is capable of including damage to a hull shape in all the analysis modes.
Hydromax allows you to set up a number of Damage Cases. By default, there is always
an Intact case. The Intact case may not be edited, and volumes which are normally
flooded should be defined as non-buoyant volumes.
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To add a damage case make the Damage window topmost and select Add Damage Case
from the Case menu. You may specify a name for the Damage Case in the dialog. Each
new damage case will have a column in the Damage Window and a tick may be placed
to indicate which tanks and compartments are damaged for that particular Damage Case.
To delete damage cases, simply select the columns to be deleted in the Damage Window
and select Delete Damage Case from the Case menu. Note that it is not possible to delete
the intact case.
The current damage case is selected from the Analysis toolbar.
The Loadcase and View windows will reflect the damage defined in the current damage
case. To perform analyses for the intact vessel, select Intact as the current damage case.
Any subsequent analyses will take into account the damaged compartments. Note that
carrying out a Tank Calibration analysis will force the Intact case to be selected.
When tanks have been damaged, their weights and levers are no longer used by the
Loadcase window to calculate the overall displacement and centre of gravity. Similarly,
their free surface moments are not included for the purposes of calculating a free surface
correction to the VCG.
Flooding is considered to be instantaneous up to sea level. Any tank fluids are treated as
having been completely replaced by sea water. Flooded calculations are effectively
carried out by the lost buoyancy method.
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Damaged tanks are shown in the Loadcase Window in the following manner, with the
label ’Damaged’ in the Quantity column, and all values set to zero.
Other Initial Condition Data

Other initial condition data may be defined. This includes down flooding points, margin
line and modulus points. The two former are used when evaluating criteria. See
Reference section for further details.
Stability Criteria
Stability criteria may be evaluated after a large angle stability analysis and after an
equilibrium analysis. Stability criteria are required to perform a limiting KG analysis.
Please refer to Chapter 3 for information on defining and selecting criteria.
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Upright Hydrostatics
Upright hydrostatics lets you determine the hydrostatic parameters of the hull at a range
of drafts.
Choosing Upright Hydrostatics

Select Upright Hydrostatics from the Analysis Type option in the Analysis menu or
toolbar.
Initial Conditions
The initial conditions required for Upright Hydrostatics are:
• Frame Of Reference from the Display menu (essential)
• Density from the Analysis menu
• Wave Form (if any) from the Analysis menu
• Damage (or Intact) from the Analysis toolbar
• Trim from the Analysis menu, you may specify a fixed trim for all drafts
• Draft from the Analysis menu specify range of drafts for analysis
Setting a Range of Drafts

A range of drafts for upright hydrostatic calculations can be specified using the Drafts
command from the Analysis menu.
Initial and final drafts can be entered, together with the number of drafts to be used. The
Vertical Centre of Gravity is also required for the calculation of GM etc.
When a design is first opened, the initial draft defaults to the draft at the DWL in
Maxsurf. Similarly the VCG defaults to the height of the DWL.
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Large Angle Stability
Large angle stability lets you determine the hydrostatic parameters of the hull at a range
of heel angles either with or without trim.
Choosing Large Angle Stability Analysis

Select Large Angle Stability from the Analysis menu or toolbar.
Initial Conditions
The initial conditions required for large angle stability are:
• Error Values from the Edit menu
• Fluid simulation type from the Analysis menu
• Stability Criteria from the Analysis menu
• Trim (fixed or free) from the Analysis menu
• Displacement and Centre of Gravity using the Loadcase window

• Heel from the Analysis menu, select range for analysis
Setting Heel Angles

A range of heel angles for large angle stability calculations can be specified using the
Heel command from the Analysis menu.
The positive heel direction may be chosen to be to starboard or to port. Note that the
stability criteria are evaluated on the positive side of the GZ curve and that
downflooding points are displayed only on the positive side too.
Heel angles between -180° and +180° are permitted but consecutive limits must increase.
The heel steps must be positive. If only one set of steps is required, simply put 0 in the
other steps.
If criteria are being evaluated, the heel range and heel angle steps should be chosen
accordingly, to ensure accurate evaluation of the criteria.
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If all the heel angle intervals are less than or equal to ten 10° a cubic spline will be fitted
through the data providing a smooth GZ curve.
WARNING: If there is any asymmetry in the vessel due to either: hull shape;
downflooding points; loading; damage; etc., and there is any doubt as to which will be
the worst heel direction, then the analysis should be carried out for both heel to starboard
and heel to port to find the most pessimistic condition.
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Equilibrium Analysis
Equilibrium analysis lets you determine the draft, heel and trim of the hull as a result of
the loads applied in the table in the Load window. The analysis can be carried out in flat
water or in a waveform.
Choosing Equilibrium Analysis

Select Equilibrium from the Analysis Type option in the Analysis menu.
Initial Conditions
The initial conditions required for Equilibrium analysis are:
• Error Values from the Edit menu
• Grounding (if any) from the Analysis menu
Unstable equilibria
When performing an equilibrium analysis, it should be borne in mind that Hydromax
starts to find the equilibrium position starting from upright. It is possible that, in the
upright condition, the vessel is in a state of unstable equilibrium. Because this is an
equilibrium position, Hydromax will stop the analysis having found an equilibrium
position. It is good practice to always perform a Large Angle Stability analysis as well as
the equilibrium analysis to check if the vessel is in stable or unstable equilibrium. This is
most likely to occur if the VCG is too high and the vessel has negative GM when
upright. The problem can be overcome by offsetting the weight of the vessel transversely
by a small amount; see below.
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The graph above shows the results of a Large angle stability analysis for a vessel with
negative initial GM. In practice this vessel would have a loll angle of approximately 25
degrees.
If a an equilibrium analysis is performed for this vessel with the transverse arm set to
zero, Hydromax will find the unstable equilibrium position with zero heel:
Results from Equilibrium analysis, note heel angle of zero:
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In practice, it is desirable to find the stable equilibrium position. To do this, first ensure
that the error values (Edit | Error value) are set as sensitive as possible. This will ensure
that the smallest possible heeling moment is required to find stable equilibrium position.
Now create a very small heeling moment. Either offset the lightship weight or you can
create a smaller moment by subdividing the lightship weight and only offsetting a
portion of it.
Now the results of the equilibrium analysis find the stable equilibrium position. Try and
use the smallest moment which will cause Hydromax to find the stable equilibrium
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position. If you apply too large a moment, the vessel will be rotated past the position of
stable equilibrium.
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Specified Conditions
Specified Condition analysis lets you determine the hydrostatic parameters and
equilibrium response of the hull as a result of changing the heel, trim and immersion.
Heel can be varied be specifying either the angle of heel or the TCG and VCG. Trim can
be varied by changing either the amount of trim, or the LCG and VCG. Immersion can
be varied by specifying either the displacement or the draft.
Choosing Specified Condition Analysis

Select Specified Conditions from the Analysis Type option in the Analysis menu or
toolbar.
Initial Conditions
The initial conditions required for Specified Condition analysis are:
• Specified Conditions from the Analysis menu
Specifying Heel, Trim and Immersion

Three Sets of variables are provided, labeled Heel, Trim and Immersion. One choice
must be made from each of these groups. Hydromax will then solve for the vessel
hydrostatics at the conditions specified.
Values from the current loading condition can be inserted into the Centre of Gravity and
Displacement fields by clicking on the Get Loadcase Values button.
Note that if the fluid simulation is turned on then the VCG obtained from the loadcase
will not include the free surface correction.
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KN Calculations
KN Analysis allows you to determine the hydrostatic properties of the hull at a range of
heel angles and displacements to produce a cross curves of stability.
Choosing KN Analysis
Select KN Values from the Analysis Type option in the Analysis menu or toolbar.
Initial Conditions
The initial conditions required for KN calculations are:
• Displacement from the Analysis menu, select range for analysis

Setting a Range of Displacements

A range of displacements for KN calculations can be specified using the Displacement
command from the Analysis menu.
Initial and final displacements can be entered, together with the number of displacements
required.
The heel angles used may differ from those used in the Large Angle Stability analysis.
To set the range of angles, select Heel from the Analysis menu.
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During a KN analysis, the longitudinal centre of gravity (LCG) of the vessel is placed at
the longitudinal centre of buoyancy of the intact vessel at the specified displacement
with zero trim and heel. The LCG is computed for each of the specified displacements.
Hydromax calculates the LCG of a damaged vessel using the intact state. This gives a
better calculation of damaged KNs when large trim angles are likely.
The righting lever, GZ, may be calculated from the KN cross curves of stability (at the
desired displacement) for any specified VCG using the following equation:
GZ = KN - KG * SIN(Heel)
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Limiting KG
Limiting KG analysis allows you to analyse the hull at a range of heel angles and
displacements to determine the highest value of KG that satisfies the selected criteria.
GZ curves are calculated for various KG values. After each cycle, the selected criteria
are evaluated to determine whether the CG may be raised or must be lowered.
When comparing the results of a limiting KG analysis to that of a Large Angle Stability
analysis, it is essential that the same heel angle intervals are used and that the free-to-
trim options and CG are the same. Some criteria, notably angle of maximum GZ, are
extremely sensitive to the heel angle intervals that have been chosen.
Choosing Limiting KG
Select Limiting KG from the Analysis Type option in the Analysis menu or toolbar.
Initial Conditions
The initial conditions required for Limiting KG analysis are:
• Criteria from the Analysis menu, select which criteria should be evaluated
• Displacement from the Analysis menu, select range for analysis
The range of displacements to be used are set in the same way as they are set in the KN
analysis.
The heel angles used may differ from those used in the Large Angle Stability analysis.
To set the range of angles, select Heel from the Analysis menu. See the Large Angle
Stability section for further details.
Since this is can be quite a time consuming analysis, you may wish to use a smaller
number of heel angles than for the Large Angle Stability calculations.
Note that the criteria are only evaluated on the positive side of the GZ curve, so if there
is any form of asymmetry, it may be necessary to run the analysis heeling the vessel to
both starboard and port.
Some criteria may depend on the vessel displacement and or vessel’s VCG. Where these
values are explicit in the criterion’s definition in Hydromax, the correct values of
displacement and VCG will be used in the evaluation of these criteria. However,
problems can arise if the criterion is only available in its generic form – most commonly
heeling arm criteria where the heeling arm is specified simply as a lever and not as a
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moment. In this case, since the heeling arm is not related to the vessel displacement in its
definition within Hydromax, the heeling arm will remain constant for all displacements
(where it is perhaps desired that the heeling arm should vary with displacement – for
example in the case where the heeling moment, rather than the heeling arm is constant).
The user has two options: calculate the worst-case lever based on the displacement and
VCG that result in the worst lever and see if the criterion is actually a limiting one for
KG; or calculate limiting KG at single displacements and change the heeling arm for
each displacement.
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Longitudinal Strength lets you determine the bending moments and shear forces created
in the hull due to the loads applied in the Loadcase window. The analysis can be carried
out in flat water or in a specified waveform.
Choosing Longitudinal Strength

Select Longitudinal Strength from the Analysis Type option in the Analysis menu or
toolbar.
Initial Conditions
The initial conditions required for Longitudinal Strength analysis are:
• Fluids simulation type from the Analysis menu
• Grounding (if any) from the Analysis menu
Allowable Shears and Moments

The Modulus window can be used to enter maximum allowable shears and moments. It
will also be used in future for entering section modulus to display bending stress. One or
more points can be entered in this window. Allowable shear and/or moment can be
specified at each point.
To start a table of allowable shear forces and bending moments, bring the Modulus table
to the front and choose New Modulus Points from the File menu with the Modulus
window frontmost. The allowable values can be saved and recalled as text files by using
Open and Save from the File menu. New allowable values can be inserted by selecting
Add from the Edit menu and entering a longitudinal position as well as an allowable
shear and/or moment.
Allowable values are displayed as lines on the longitudinal strength graph.
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Tank Calibrations
Tank Calibration allows you to determine the properties of the tanks you have defined in
the Compartment window, at a range of capacities.
Choosing Tank Calibrations

Select Tank Calibrations from the Analysis Type option in the Analysis menu or toolbar.
Initial Conditions
• Trim from the Analysis menu, you may specify a fixed trim for all drafts
• Tank definitions, permeability and contents, see below:
Compartment
Tank boundaries and the properties of the tank contents. This is done using the
Compartment Definition window.
Defining Tank Properties

Using the Compartment Definition window you can specify the permeability of the tank
and the relative density of the tank contents.
Note that permeability and relative density values can be changed after the tanks have
been calibrated, the capacities and free murface moments will be updated automatically.
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Starting and Stopping Analyses
To start the analysis, choose Start Analysis from the Analysis menu or toolbar.
Hydromax will step through the parameter ranges specified, floating the hull to
equilibrium conditions where required. At each iteration, Hydromax will redraw the
contents of the windows to display the current hull position.
Calculations may be interrupted at any time by hitting the Escape key. You can also
choose Stop Analysis from the Analysis menu or toolbar.
If you have stopped the analysis, you can resume calculation by selecting Resume
Analysis from the Analysis Menu or toolbar.
There may be a slight time delay on all of these operations while the current cycle is
finished.
You can also switch by clicking in the window of any background program. Hydromax
will continue to calculate in the background although its speed will be reduced.
The start, pause and resume functions are also available in the Analysis toolbar:
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Data Transfer
A wide range of options for transferring data from Hydromax to other programs such as
spreadsheets and word processors is provided.
Saving Results to a File

Once you have performed an analysis, the data generated may be saved as a text file.
This allows for further calculations to be done in a spreadsheet or for formatting to be
done in Word, Excel or other programs.
To save the data, ensure the Results window is topmost on the screen and choose the
table containing the data you wish to Save. Select Save or Save As from the File Menu.
Selecting this option saves all the data currently displayed in the Results window. The
Results files are saved as Tab delimited text, meaning that they can be read directly into
spreadsheets such as Excel with values being placed in individual spreadsheet cells.
Saving the Design

For convenience, the Hydromax design data, including the calculated sections,
loadcases, damage cases, compartment definition, downflooding points etc., may all be
saved in the Maxsurf design file. The additional data is appended to the end of the file.
To save the design, ensure that the View window is topmost and select Save from the
File menu.
WARNING: the appended data will be lost if the design is modified in Maxsurf. So it is
important to also save the loadcase, damage case, compartment definition etc. separately,
see below.
Saving Loadcases To a File

Once you have set up a loading spreadsheet, you can save it in a file on disk. This allows
the same loading spreadsheet to be recalled at any time for use with the same design or
with any other hull.
To save the loading data, ensure the Loadcase window is topmost on the screen and
choose Save Load Case from the File Menu. Selecting this option saves all the loads
displayed in the Loadcase window.
Saving Damage Cases To a File

Bring the Damage window to the front and select Save Damage Cases or Save Damage
Cases As from the file menu.
Saving Compartment Definitions To a File

To save a compartment definition to a file, bring the Input window to the front and
choose the compartment definition table; select Save Compartment Definition from the
File menu. You will be asked to name the file and select where it is to be saved.
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The other tables in the Input window may be saved in a similar way (Downflooding
points, Margin line points and Modulus points).
Copying Data
The data or loading tables may also be copied to the clipboard. Simply select a cell, row,
column, range of cells or the whole table and then choose the Copy command.
The data copied from the table will be placed on the clipboard and can then be pasted
into a spreadsheet or word processor for further work.
Copying data from the table with the Shift key depressed, will also copy the column
headings.
Copying Hull Views

Pictures of the hull in the View window may be copied to the Clipboard using the Copy
command from the Edit menu. A dialog appears after selecting the Copy command that
will allow you to set the scale of the copied picture.
These pictures can then be pasted into other applications or the Hydromax Report
window.
Copying Graphs
You can copy the contents of the Graph widow using the copy command. Note that the
picture that is placed in the clipboard will be the size that it was displayed on your
screen.
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Printing
Each of the windows in Hydromax may be printed. Simply bring the window you wish
to print to the front and choose Print from the File menu. Views of the hull in the View
window may be printed to scale as in Maxsurf.
Prior to printing you may wish to set up the paper size and orientation by using the Page
Setup command from the File menu. Note that in the report, the inserted tables will be
automatically formatted to fit the current page set up. However, once the tables have
been placed into the report, their formatting will not be changed by changes to the print
set up. Hence it is often most convenient to select the desired report page set up before
any analyses have been made.
Print Preview
The page to be printed is initially displayed in print preview mode. To print the page
click the Print button, otherwise click the Cancel button.
The printing may be forced to be black and white. Chose the Colours button and select
the options required. Note that the print preview is not refreshed after these changes, but
the selection will be reflected in the printout.
The titles may be edited by clicking the Titles button.
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Batch processing
Hydromax has basic batch processing capability. With a single command, Hydromax
will run Large Angle Stability and Equilibrium analyses for all combinations of load and
damage cases.
Results are written to a tab delimited text file which may be specified by the at the start
of the analysis.
The aim of the batch processing function is to:

• Provide the user with a simple and consistent way of carrying out Large Angle
Stability and Equilibrium analyses on a large number of load and damage cases.
• Facilitate export of the data from Hydromax and import into MS Excel for post
processing and report generation.
• Provide all relevant results and the data required to be able to reproduce the runs,
i.e.: analysis parameters, file name etc.
Note, that as a bi-product, the results are also spooled to the report window.
Analysis parameters such as trim, heel angles etc. are set in the normal way.
Any criteria which have been set are evaluated at the end of each analysis and the results
of these are also output to the text file.
Because the analyses are simply carried out one after the other, it is not possible to go
back to the results for a specific analysis from within Hydromax; only the results of the
final analysis will be stored in Hydromax.
Once the loadcases, damage cases, downflooding points, criteria and analysis parameters
for the Large Angle Stability and Equilibrium analyses have been set up, the Batch
Analysis is started with the Start Batch Analysis command in the Analysis menu.
Before analysis starts, you will be prompted to enter the name and location of the file
where Hydromax will write the results of the batch analysis. Once the analysis is
complete, this tab delimited text file may be imported directly into MS Excel for further
processing.
Please note that under most operating systems, minimising Hydromax can reduce the
time required to perform the calculations. This is because time consuming redrawing of
the design windows, graphs and tables is avoided.
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Chapter 3
Stability Criteria
This chapter describes how stability criteria are used in Hydromax. Stability criteria are
evaluated for Large Angle Stability, Equilibrium and Limiting KG calculations.
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Overview
Hydromax uses a single dialog to control all the stability criteria. This makes it quick
and easy to set which criteria should be included for analysis and to change criteria
parameters. In the criteria results table, much more data relating to the intermediate
calculations is available.
It is also possible for users to create their own custom sets of criteria by selecting from a
wide range of standard criteria types, called parent criteria. Users may save, import and
edit their criteria sets. These custom criteria files may be easily transferred via email.
Criteria may be identified as intact or damage criteria (or both). This ensures that the
correct criteria are evaluated and displayed during normal and batch analysis. Although
all criteria are displayed in the criteria table, only criteria that are applicable are added to
the report; i.e.: if the intact case is being computed, only the criteria that are selected for
evaluation during an intact analysis will be evaluated and added to the report, similarly
for the damage cases.
Criteria results are added to the Report after a Large Angle Stability or Equilibrium
analysis. However, only the applicable criteria are added to the report (although all are
displayed in the Results table); i.e.: after an Equilibrium analysis only those criteria that
are evaluated from Equilibrium data are added and after a Large Angle Stability analysis
only GZ based criteria are added to the report.
Help information relating to the use and parameters of each criterion is displayed in the
dialog.
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Setting up criteria - the Criteria dialog
The criteria are selected for inclusion in the analysis and have their parameters changed
in the Criteria dialog. Select Criteria from the Analysis menu:
or use the Criteria button, , in the analysis toolbar:
The criteria dialog is shown below:
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Resizing and adjusting the dialog’s layout
The dialog may be resized and a vertical and horizontal slider can be used to resize the
width of the Criteria List and the height of the Criterion Details areas. Note that if, in the
unlikely event that the dialog items vanish due to resizing the dialog, the dialog size can
be reset by holding down the “Shift” key when you open the dialog.
Criteria tree list

The left-hand pane displays the list criteria that are available. The list allows you to
manage your stability criteria.
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The criteria tree list
Parent criteria
Hydromax defines 2 default criteria groups: “Parent Criteria” and “My Custom Criteria”.
The Parent Criteria group contains all the parent criteria types that are available in
Hydromax. Each parent criterion allows you to perform a specific calculation; these are
the fundamental criteria from which criteria for specific codes are derived.
Parent criteria are special in that you cannot rename, delete or add criteria to the Parent
Criteria group. Also the parent criteria settings cannot be saved, they will always revert
to their default values when Hydromax is restarted. This is because the parent criteria are
intended for use as templates from which you can derive your own custom criteria. This
is done by dragging the required parent criteria in to the “My custom criteria” group or
any other group you create.
To distinguish the Parent criteria from your derived criteria, they are displayed in bold
text in the Criteria list.
Moving criteria
Criteria may be moved from one group to another by dragging them with the left-mouse-
button or by using the cut and paste functions in the right-click context menu (see
above). Note that if you drag a criterion from the Parent Criteria group a copy will be
made and the original will not be deleted.
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Defining new custom criteria and groups
New custom criteria sets may be created by first creating a new criterion group and then
dragging the desired criteria into the criterion group. By holding down the Ctrl button a
copy of the criterion being dragged is created (unless it is a parent criterion, in which
case a copy will be made regardless of whether the Ctrl key is held down or not).
Alternatively use the Copy and Paste functions from the right-click context menu (see
above).
It is extremely important to ensure that all criteria groups have unique names. If
duplicate group names exit, then loading the criteria file may cause unexpected results.
As criteria (and new groups) are loaded they are inserted into the first group that is found
with a name that matches the name of the group to which the criterion should belong. If
there are croups with the same name, all criteria that should be in a group of that name
will end up in the first one and none in the second.
Using the criteria tree list

The tree works in much the same way as the file folders in Windows Explorer:
• Click on the “+” sign to expand the folder (or double click on it).
• Click on the “-” sign to collapse the group (or double click on it).
• Click on an item’s name or icon to select it
• Once selected, click again on the on the item’s name to edit its name
Some short-cut keys for the tree list:

Tree control smart keys Function
Alt+Keypad * Recursively expands the current group
completely
Right Arrow or Alt+Keypad + Expands the current group
Left Arrow or Alt+ Keypad - Collapses the current group
Up Arrow Move one item up tree
Down Arrow Move one item down tree
Space Include criterion for analysis
Selecting the criteria for analysis

Criteria may be selected for analysis by ticking the tick box to the left of the criterion.
Other functions are available through a right-click menu. To select an entire group, right-
click on the group and chose Include for Analysis from the menu .
Damage and Intact

Criteria may be defined as intact or damage stability criteria (or both). Intact criteria are
only evaluated for the intact case and damage criteria are evaluated when a damage case
has been selected (irrespective of whether there are actually any damaged compartments
or tanks in the damage case). Criteria that are defined for both are always evaluated.
These options may either be set using the right-click menu or by ticking the appropriate
boxes in the bottom of the dialog:
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Intact and Damage tick-boxes
Criteria tree right-click context menu

Several options are available by right-clicking on a criterion or criterion group:
Criterion right-click menu

Include for Analysis:
Toggle whether the criterion (or all criteria within the group) should be evaluated.
Intact:
Toggle whether the criterion (or all criteria within the group) should be evaluated for
intact conditions.
Damage:
Toggle whether the criterion (or all criteria within the group) should be evaluated for
damaged conditions.
Lock:
Toggle whether the criterion (or all criteria within the group) are locked. If a criterion is
locked, this prevents inadvertent editing of its parameters. Locking is used for criteria
belonging to specific codes where the required values are fixed.
Add Group:
Add a new criterion group.
Cut:
Cut the criterion (or whole criterion group) to the clipboard. This may then be pasted
into another location in the tree.
Copy:
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Copy the criterion (or whole criterion group) to the clipboard. This may then be pasted
into another location in the tree.
Paste:
Paste the criterion (or whole criterion group) from the clipboard to the selected location
Rename:
Renames the criterion or group. This may also be done by selecting the label, then
clicking again in the label.
Delete:
Deletes the criterion or all the criteria and sub-groups within the group.
Criteria details
The specific details for a criterion are displayed in the table in the top-left of the dialog:
Criterion details table
To edit the parameters for a specific criterion, click on the criterion’s name in the tree
and the criterion’s parameters will be displayed on the table on the right. Edit the
parameters as required and then select the next criterion to be edited from the tree, or
click the dialog’s Close button. Please note that the criteria are updated as you change
their data and that there is no “Cancel” function for this dialog. If in doubt, use the File |
Save Criteria command to save a copy of your current criteria selection and data before
making any changes in the Criteria dialog.
The parameters which may be adjusted, have a white background; those which cannot be
edited have a grey background.
The values that are required for passing a criterion are in bold.
Check boxes in criteria properties section of criteria dialog

There is some subtly different behaviour for the check boxes in the dialog depending on
their context. In most cases there will be group of related options used to define a
criterion parameter. For example the limits for an upper integration range or the
individual criteria to be evaluated for a more complex criterion:
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In both of these cases the selection is cumulative and none of the selections are mutually
exclusive. However, at least one must be selected.
In other cases, where the items are mutually exclusive, the check boxes act as radio
buttons and only one may be selected. This occurs, for example, with the “Value of GMt
at” criterion:
Finally a check box can be used to select whether a specific effect should be included,
for example, GZ curve reduction in the wind heeling criteria:
Criterion pass/fail test

There are some subtle differences between the wordings for different criteria. For
example one criterion may state “Shall be greater than…”, whereas another may state
“Shall not be less than…”. Hydromax allows you to make this distinction by selecting
the required comparison from a combo-box in the criterion row of the details table:
Description Symbol Logical test

Shall be greater than > Greater than
Shall not be less than Greater than or equal to
Shall be less than < Less than
Shall not be greater than Less than or equal to
Criteria help
A brief description of the criterion is displayed in the lower right-hand pane. This help is
also available in the on-line help system.
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Criteria results
After a Large Angle Stability or Equilibrium analysis, criteria are evaluated and the
results displayed in the Stability Criteria table in the Results window. Criteria are also re-
evaluated whenever the Criteria dialog is closed. After calculation the relevant criteria
are also added to the Report.
Criteria results table

The tested criteria are listed one above the other. Intermediate values are displayed.
Values which could not be calculated, e.g.: angle of vanishing stability, angle of
equilibrium, etc., have n/a in the Actual and/or Value column. This is normally due to an
insufficient range of heel angle having been used.
Results may be displayed in “Verbose” format or “Compact” format (see above). The
format for the results table and the report are specified separately. Chose the Display |
Data Format command when the Stability Criteria results are displayed:
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Stability criteria results window: verbose format
Stability criteria results window: compact format
Report and batch processing

As noted earlier, only the relevant criteria results are added to the Report and/or Batch
file. Criteria that are not relevant, e.g.: damage criteria during intact analysis or
Equilibrium criteria during a Large Angle Stability analysis, are not added to the Report
(although they are displayed in the Criteria Results table).
Importing and saving criteria sets

It is possible to load and save the criteria. The parent criteria, built into Hydromax are
not saved, only the criteria that you create or import will be saved.
Default criteria library file

When starting, Hydromax, will try to open the default criteria library file called:
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“Hydromax Criteria Library.hcr” from the directory in which the Hydromax program
resides. If this file cannot be found, you will be prompted to locate a criteria file:
You may select an alternative file or click the Cancel button to proceed and be given the
default criteria which consists of the Parent criteria and a “My Custom Criteria” group.
The default criteria library or the alternative file that you selected will be automatically
updated every time the criteria dialog is closed.
Saving criteria
It is also possible to save the criteria into a new file - this can be useful when you are
defining new custom sets of criteria that you wish to keep separate or when defining
criteria sets for different vessels. Choose Save Criteria As from the File menu. This will
simply export all the custom criteria (parent criteria are not saved) to the specified file.
Further updates will, however, continue to be saved to the default criteria library file that
was opened when Hydromax was first started, so if you want to save any further changes
you will have to resave as described above.
Importing criteria and specific criteria files

New criteria may be added to your criteria list by importing them - choose Import
Criteria from the File menu. You will then be asked if you wish to keep the existing
criteria:
If you choose “Yes” you existing criteria will be kept, if you choose “No” all existing
criteria except the parent criteria will be removed and replaced by those in the file you
are opening. The default criteria library will be over-written with the new criteria so if
you wish to keep any custom criteria that you may have added to you default criteria
library, it is a good idea to save them first in a new file.
Note that when keeping your existing criteria, it is important to ensure that the group
names in the file you are importing are not the same as those that already exist. If this
does occur, the imported criteria will be found in the original groups not in the new
groups.
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A number of criteria files for criteria for specific codes are supplied with Hydromax.
These may be found in the “HMSpecificCriteria” folder.
Criteria file format

The criteria are save in a Hydromax criteria file with the extension .hcr. The file is a
normal PC text file which may be edited manually so as to generate custom criteria. The
typical format of the file is given in the Appendix. Editing this file will also allow you to
add your own help text or associate rich text format help files (rtf) files with your
criteria.
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Nomenclature
This section gives a brief description of the various values that are determined by
Hydromax in the evaluation of criteria.
There are two distinct types of criteria:

• Criteria that depend on the final static waterline of the vessel. These are computed
after an Equilibrium analysis has been performed. For example “Margin line not
immersed”.
• Those that are computed after a Large Angle Stability calculation. The criteria
depend on various calculations made from the GZ curve. For example “Area under
the GZ curve”. These are the majority of criteria.
Note that the meta-centre is always (even for Large Angle Stability criteria) computed
directly from the vessel’s hydrostatic properties (i.e. water-plane inertia and immersed
volume) at the specified heel angle and not from the slope of the GZ curve. This gives an
accurate result that is not dependant on the heel angles and intervals tested during the
analysis.
Definitions of GZ curve features:

Some typical GZ curves are shown below, the third graph shows the GZ curve with a
heeling arm overlayed.
Typical GZ curve
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Unusual GZ curve with double peak
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GZ curve with heeling arm superimposed
GZ Definitions
The table below defines how Hydromax calculates the various featured of the GZ curve:
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Angle of vanishing The angle of vanishing stability is the smallest positive
stability angle where the GZ curve crosses the GZ=0 axis with
negative slope.
Angle of vanishing The angle of vanishing stability with a given heeling arm
stability with is the smallest positive angle where the GZ curve crosses
heeling arm curve the heel arm curve where the GZ-Heel Arm curve has
negative slope.
Downflooding The downflooding angle is the smallest positive angle at
angle which a downflooding point becomes immersed.
Equilibrium angle The equilibrium angle is the angle closest to zero where
the GZ curve crosses the GZ=0 axis with positive slope.
Equilibrium angle The equilibrium angle with a given heeling arm is the
with heeling arm angle closest to zero where the GZ curve crosses the heel
curve arm curve where the GZ-Heel Arm curve has positive
slope.
First peak in GZ In some cases, the GZ curve may have multiple peaks,
curve this often occurs if the vessel has a large watertight
cabin. The angle of the first peak is lowest positive angle
at which a local maximum in the GZ curve occurs.
GM l or t Vertical separation of the longitudinal or transverse
metacentre and centre of gravity. The location of the
metacentre is computed from the water-plane inertia, not
the slope of the GZ curve. Note that the centre of gravity
used is the upright centre of gravity corrected by the free
surface moments of partially filled tanks in their upright
condition rotated to the specified heel (and trim) angle.
GZ Curve The curve of vessel righting arm (GZ) plotted against
vessel heel angle
Heeling arm curve A curve of heeling lever which is superimposed on the
GZ curve. This is typically used to assess the effects of
external heeling moments which are applied to the
vessel. These include the effects of wind, passenger
crowding, centripetal effects of tuning, etc. Depending
on the moment that they represent, the heeling arm
curves will have different shapes.
The heeling arms are never allowed to be negative; if the

cos function goes negative, the heeling arm is made zero.
If the heeling arm has a power of cos greater than zero,
the heeling arm is forced to be zero at heel angles greater
than 90° and less than -90°.
Maximum GZ Positive angle at which the value of GZ is a maximum
Maximum GZ Positive angle at which the value of (GZ - heel arm) is a
above heeling arm maximum
curve
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Glossary
The table below describes some commonly used terms:
φ Angle of heel measured from upright.
Deck Slope / The maximum slope of an initially horizontal, flat deck at
maximum slope the resultant vessel heel and trim. i.e. combined effect of
heel and trim.
Gust Ratio Used for some wind heeling criteria, the Gust Ratio is the
ratio of the magnitude of the gust wind heeling arm to the
steady wind heeling arm.
g = 9.80665ms-2 1998 CODATA recommended value for standard
acceleration of gravity
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Parent stability criteria
Criteria at equilibrium
These criteria are calculated after an equilibrium analysis and relate to the equilibrium
position of the vessel after the analysis. The equilibrium criteria are only displayed in the
report if you run an equilibrium analyses.
Maximum value of heel, pitch or slope at equilibrium

This criterion may be used to check the value of maximum Heel, Pitch or Maximum
slope (compared with an originally horizontal and flat deck).
Option Description Units

The angle of Choose from the following (case deg
insensitive auto-completion is used):
Heel
Pitch
MaxSlope
Shall be less than / Permissible value deg
Shall not be greater than
Minimum Freeboard at equilibrium

Checks whether the minimum freeboard is greater than a minimum required value. This
could be used to check margin line or downflooding point immersion.

The value of Choose from the following (case length
Marginline
DeckEdge
DownfloodingPoints
PotentialDfloodingPoints
EmbarkationPoints
ImmersionPoints
Shall be greater than / Permissible value length
Shall not be less than
Maximum Freeboard at equilibrium

Check that the maximum freeboard is less than a maximum required value. This could be
used to check that an embarkation point is sufficiently close to the waterline.
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Marginline
DeckEdge
DownfloodingPoints
PotentialDfloodingPoints
EmbarkationPoints
ImmersionPoints
To check that the freeboard lies between a specified range, use a combination of both
forms of the minimum/maximum freeboard critera.
Value of GMt or GMl at equilibrium

This criterion is used to check that the GM (transverse or longitudinal) exceeds a
specified minimum value.

GMtransverse
GMlongitudinal)
GZ curve criteria (non-heeling arm)

These criteria calculated from the GZ curve calculated from the Large Angle Stability
analysis in Hydromax.
Value of GMt at
Finds the value of GMt at either a specified heel angle or the equilibrium angle. The
criterion is passed if the value of GMt is greater then the required value. GMt is
computed from water-plane inertia and immersed volume.

Value of GMt at either
specified heel angle User specified heel angle deg
angle of equilibrium See Nomenclature deg
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Value of GZ at
Finds the value of GZ at either a specified heel angle, first peak in GZ curve, angle of
maximum GZ or the downflooding angle. The criterion is passed if the value of GZ is
greater then the required value.

Value of GZ at either
angle of first GZ peak See Nomenclature deg
angle of maximum GZ See Nomenclature deg
first downflooding See Nomenclature deg
angle
Value of maximum GZ
Finds the maximum value of GZ within a specified heel angle range. The criterion is
passed if the value of GZ is greater than the required value. If you want to check the
value of GZ at a certain angle you can set both specified angles as the required angle. If
any of the calculated angles for the upper limit are less than the lower limit, they will be
ignored when selecting the lowest. If all the upper limit values are less than the lower
limit, then the criterion will also fail. This functionality is to allow criteria such as “The
maximum GZ at 30deg or greater”.

Value of maximum GZ
in the range from the Lower limit for heel angle range, the
greater of greater of the following:
angle of equilibrium See Nomenclature
to the lesser of Upper limit for heel angle range, the lesser
of the following:
angle
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Value of Maximum GZ
Value of GZ at specified angle or maximum GZ below specified angle

If the angle at which maximum GZ occurs is greater than a specified value, the value of
GZ at the specified angle is calculated. Otherwise the value of maximum GZ is
calculated. The required GZ value depends on the angle at which maximum, see graph
below.
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heel angle at which If the angle of maximum GZ is greater deg
required GZ is constant than or equal to this value, the required
value of GZ is constant and is taken at this
specified angle. Otherwise the required
value of maximum GZ varies as a
hyperbolic function with the angle of
maximum GZ. This is φ 0
required value of GZ at Required value of GZ at the heel angle length
this angle is specified above. This is GZ (φ 0 )
If φ GZ ≥ φ 0 then GZ (φ 0 ) must be greater than the specified, constant value.

max
φ0
If φ GZ < φ 0 then GZ max must be greater than GZ (φ 0 )
max
φ GZ max
where:
φ 0 is the specified angle at which the required GZ value becomes a constant
φ GZ max
is the heel angle at which the maximum GZ of value occurs
GZ (φ 0 ) is the GZ value at φ 0 and GZ max is the maximum value of GZ.
Variation of required GZ with angle of maximum GZ
Ratio of GZ values at phi1 and phi2

Calculates the ratio of the GZ values at two specified heel angles. The criterion is passed
if the ratio is less then the required value.
GZ (φ1 )
Ratio = GZ (φ 2 )
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Phi1, first heel angle, First heel angle, the lesser of the
the lesser of following:
angle
Phi2, second heel angle, Second heel angle, the lesser of the
the lesser of following:
angle
Shall be less than / Permissible value %
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Angle of maximum GZ
Finds the angle at which the value of GZ is a maximum positive value, heel angle can be
limited by first peak in GZ curve and/or first downflooding angle. The criterion is passed
if the angle is greater then the required value.

Angle of maximum GZ
limited by first GZ The angle of maximum GZ shall not be deg
peak angle greater than the angle at which the first GZ
peak occurs
limited by first The angle of maximum GZ shall not be deg
downflooding angle greater than the angle at which the first
downflooding occurs
Shall be greater than / Permissible value deg
Angle of equilibrium
Finds the angle of equilibrium from the intersection of the GZ curve with the GZ=0 axis.
The criterion is passed if the equilibrium angle is less then the required value.

Angle of equilibrium
Angle of downflooding
Finds the angle of first downflooding. The criterion is passed if the downflooding angle
is greater then the required value.

Angle of downflooding
Angle of margin line immersion

Finds the first/minimum angle at which the margin line immerses. The criterion is passed
if the smallest angle at which the margin line immerses is greater then the required value.

Angle of margin line immersion
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Angle of deck edge immersion
Finds the first/minimum angle at which the deck edge immerses. The criterion is passed
if the smallest angle at which the deck edge immerses is greater then the required value.

Angle of deck edge immersion
Angle of vanishing stability

Finds the angle of vanishing stability from the intersection of the GZ curve with the
GZ=0 axis. The criterion is passed if the angle of vanishing stability is greater then the
required value.

Angle of vanishing stability
Range of positive stability

The angular range for which the GZ curve is positive is computed. The criterion is
passed if the computed range is greater then the required value.

Range of positive stability
from the greater of Lower limit
to the lesser of Upper limit of the range
angle
angle of vanishing See Nomenclature deg
stability
GZ area between limits type 1 - standard

The area below the GZ curve and above the GZ=0 axis is integrated between the selected
limits and compared with a minimum required value. The criterion is passed if the area
under the graph is greater then the required value.
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from the greater of Lower limit for integration, from greatest
angle of
to the lesser of Upper limit of integration, from lesser
angle of
angle
stability
Shall be greater than / Permissible value length.angle
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GZ area between limits type 2- HSC monohull type
The area under the GZ curve is integrated between the specified limits. However the
required minimum area depends on the upper integration limit. The required area is
defined below and is based on the area required for IMO MSC.36(63) §2.3.3.2 and IMO
A.749(18) §4.5.6.2.1. The criterion is passed if the computed area under the graph is
greater then the required value.
The required area is defined as follows:

If φ max ≥ φ 2 : required area = A2 ;
If φ max ≤ φ1 : required area = A1 ;
 A − A2 
A2 +  1 (φ2 − φmax )
If φ1 < φ max < φ 2 : required area = φ −
 2 1φ ;
Where:
φ max is the upper integration limit;
A1 is the area under the GZ curve required at the specified lower heel angle φ1 ; and A2 is
the area under the GZ curve required at the specified higher heel angle φ 2 .
For example, if the lower angle was 15° and the required area at this angle was
0.07m.rad and the upper angle was 30° and the required area at this angle was
0.055m.rad, then the required area would be given by:
 0.07 − 0.055 
A = 0.55 +  (30 − φ max )
 30 − 15 
or simplifying:
A = 0.55 + 0.001 (30 − φ max )
Variation of required area with upper integration limit
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GZ area between limits type 2- HSC
monohull type
angle of
to the lesser of Upper limit of integration, from smallest
angle of
angle
stability
lower heel angle Minimum angle that requires a GZ area deg
greater than .. Until this angle the required
GZ area is constant
required GZ area at Value of GZ area that is required until the length.angle
lower heel angle lower heel angle
higher heel angle Angle from which the required GZ area deg
remains constant onwards
required GZ area at Value of GZ area that is required from the length.angle
higher heel angle higher heel angle onwards
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GZ area between limits type 2- HSC monohull type
GZ area between limits type 3 - HSC multihull type

The area under the GZ curve is integrated between the specified limits. However the
required minimum area depends on the upper integration limit. The required area is
defined below and is based on the area required for IMO MSC.36 (63) Annex 7 §1.1.
The criterion is passed if the computed area under the graph is greater then the required
value.
required area = A1 (φ1 / φ max ) ;
Where:
φ max is the upper integration limit;
A1 is the area under the GZ curve required at the specified higher heel angle φ1 .
For example, if the upper angle ( φ1 ) was 30° and the required area at this angle ( A1 ) was
0.055m.rad, then the required area would be given by:
A = 0.55(30 / φ max )
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Variation of required area with upper integration limit

GZ area between limits type 3 - HSC
multihull type
angle of
to the lesser of Upper limit of integration, from lesser
angle of
angle
stability
higher heel angle Heel angle at which required GZ area is deg
specified
required GZ area at Value of GZ area that is required until the length.angle
higher heel angle higher heel angle
Ratio of GZ area between limits

This criterion calculates the ratio of the two areas between the GZ curve and the GZ=0
axis.
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φ2
Area 1
∫ GZ (φ )dφ
φ1
Ratio = = , where “abs” means the absolute value of.
abs(Area 2 )  φ4 
abs ∫ GZ (φ )dφ 
φ 
 3 

Ratio of GZ area between limits
Area 1 from the greater of Area 1 lower integration limit, φ1
Area 1 to the lesser of Area 1 upper integration limit, φ 2 deg
first downflooding angle See Nomenclature deg
angle of vanishing stability See Nomenclature deg
Area 2 from the lesser of Area 2 lower integration limit, φ3
first downflooding angle See Nomenclature deg
angle of vanishing stability See Nomenclature deg
Area 2 to Area 1 upper integration limit, φ4
Shall be greater than / Permissible value %
This criterion is designed to be calculated on the positive side of the GZ curve only; GZ
areas below the GZ=0 axis on the negative heel angle side of the GZ curve are not
considered positive. Typically, Area 1 would be from equilibrium to vanishing stability
and Area 2 would be from vanishing stability to 180deg, see graph below.
In the example below, the lower and upper integration limits for Area 1 are equilibrium
and vanishing stability, respectively and the limits for Area 2 are vanishing stability and
180deg.
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Ratio of GZ area between limits – Example 1
In the following example the upper limit for Area 1 has been set to the downflooding
angle. The limits for Area 2 remain unchanged.
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In this final example, the lower integration range for Area 2 has been reduced to the
downflooding angle. Note that Area 2 is now A1 – A2.
Ratio of positive to negative GZ area between limits

This criterion calculates the ratio of GZ area above the GZ=0 axis to that below the axis
in the given heel angle range.

Ratio of positive to negative GZ area
between limits
in the heel angle range from User specified lower limit heel angle deg
to User specified upper limit heel angle deg
Shall be greater than / Permissible value %
Area 1
Ratio = ,
abs(Area 2 )
where “abs” means the absolute value of. And the areas are defined as follows:
Page 86
If both heel angle limits are ]HUR$UHDLVWKHWRWDODUHDEHWZHHQWKH*=FXUYHDQG
GZ=0 axis, where the value of GZ > 0; Area 2 is the total area between the GZ curve and
GZ=0 axis, where the value of GZ < 0. Area 1 is positive, Area 2 is negative.
Ratio of positive to negative GZ area between limits.

Positive heel: lower limit = 0deg, upper limit = 180deg.
If both heel angle limits are < zero: Area 1 is the total area between the GZ curve and
GZ=0 axis, where the value of GZ < 0; Area 2 is the total area between the GZ curve and
GZ=0 axis, where the value of GZ > 0. Area 1 is positive, Area 2 is negative.
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Negative heel: lower limit = -180deg, upper limit = 0deg.
If the lower heel angle limit < zero and the upper heel angle limit > zero (the upper limit
is assumed to be greater than the lower limit): Area 1 is the total area between the GZ
curve and GZ=0 axis, where the value of GZ > 0 for heel angles SOXVWKHDUHD
between the GZ curve and GZ=0 axis, where the value of GZ < 0 for heel angles < 0;
Area 2 is the total area between the GZ curve and GZ=0 axis, where the value of GZ < 0
for heel angles SOXVWKHDrea between the GZ curve and GZ=0 axis, where the value
of GZ > 0 for heel angles < 0. Area 1 is positive, Area 2 is negative.
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Positive and negative heel: lower limit = -180deg, upper limit = 180deg.
Heeling arm definition

There are several heeling arms that are used for the criteria. They are defined below.
General heeling arm

The general form of the heeling arm is given below:
H (φ ) = A cos n (φ )
where:
φ is the heel angle,
A is the magnitude of the heeling arm,
cos n describes the shape of the curve.
Typically n=1 is used for passenger crowding and vessel turning since the horizontal
lever for the passenger transverse location reduces with the cosine of the heel angle. For
wind n=2 is often used heeling because both the projected area as well as the lever both
decrease with the cosine of the heel angle. However, some criteria, such as IMO Severe
wind and rolling (weather criterion) have a heeling arm of constant magnitude, in this
case n=0 should be used.
General cos+sin heeling arm

Some criteria, notably lifting of weights, require a heeling arm with both a sine and
cosine component:
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(
H (φ ) = k A cos n (φ ) + B sin m (φ ) )
It should be noted that provided the indices are both unity, the same heeling arm form
may be used for computing towing heeling arms of the form:
H (φ ) = k (A cos(φ + δ ) + B sin(φ + δ ) )
in this case a constant angle (in the case of towing, the angle of the tow above the
horizontal) is included.
It may be shown that this is equivalent to:

H (φ ) = k (C cos(φ ) + D sin(φ ) )
where:
R2 B
C=
1 + tan 2 (α − δ ) , D = C tan(α − δ ) , R 2 = A 2 + B 2 and tan α = A
Heeling due to passenger crowding

The magnitude of the heel arm is given by:
n pas MD
H pc (φ ) = cos n (φ )
∆
where:
n pas is the number of passengers
M is the average mass of a single passenger
D is the average distance of passengers from the vessel centreline
∆ is the vessel mass (same units as M )
The heeling arm parameters are specified as follows:

number of passengers: Number of passengers
nPass
passenger mass: M Average mass of one passenger mass
distance from Average distance of the passengers from length
centreline: D the centreline
cosine power: n Cosine power for curve - defines shape
Heeling due to turning

The magnitude of the heel arm is derived from the moment created by the centripetal
force acting on the vessel during a high-speed turn and the vertical separation of the
centres of gravity and hydrodynamic lateral resistance to the turn. The heeling arm is
obtained by dividing the heeling moment by the vessel weight. The heeling arm is thus is
given by:
v2
H t (φ ) = a h cos n (φ )
Rg
where (in consistent units):
a is a constant, theoretically unity
v is the vessel velocity
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R is the radius of the turn
h is the vertical separation of the centres of gravity and lateral resistance

constant: a Constant which may be used to modify the
magnitude of the heel arm, normally unity
vessel speed: v Vessel speed in turn length/time
turn radius: R Turn radius may be specified directly length
turn radius, R, as Or, as some criteria require, as percentage %
percentage of Lwl of Lwl
Vertical lever: h There are four options for specifying h (all length
options are calculated with the vessel
upright at the loadcase displacement and
LCG):
User specified
h = KG h is taken as KG - position of G above length
baseline in upright condition
h = KG - mean draught h is taken as KG less half the mean length
/2 draught.
h = KG - vert. centre of h is taken as the vertical separation of the length
projected lat. u’water centres of gravity and underwater lateral
area projected area.
Heeling due to lifting of weights

This is used to simulate the effect of lifting a weight from its stowage position. The
magnitude of the heel arm is given by:
M
H lw (φ ) = [h cos(φ ) + v sin(φ )]
∆
where:
M is the mass of the weight being lifted
h is horizontal separation of the centre of gravity of the weight in its stowage position
and the suspension position
v is vertical separation of the centre of gravity of the weight in its stowage position and
the suspension position
∆ is the vessel mass (same units as M )
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Mass being lifted: M Mass of weight being lifted mass
vertical separation of Vertical separation of suspension point length
suspension from from weight’s original stowage position on
stowage position: v the vessel. This value is positive if the
suspension position is above the original
stowage position.
horizontal separation of Horizontal separation of suspension point length
suspension from from weight’s original stowage position on
stowage position: h the vessel This value is positive if the
horizontal shift of the weight should
produce a positive heeling moment.
Heeling due to towing or bollard-pull

The magnitude of the heel arm is given by:
H tow (φ ) =
T
g∆
[
v cos n (φ + τ ) + h sin(φ + τ ) ]
where:
T is the tension in the towline or vessel thrust, expressed as a force.
h is horizontal offset of the tow attachment position from the vessel centreline
v is vertical separation tow attachment position from the vessel’s vertical centre of
thrust
∆ is the vessel mass
n is the power index for the cosine term which may be used to change the shape of the
heeling arm curve
τ is the (constant) angle of the towline above the horizontal. It is assumed that the
towline is sufficiently long that this angle remains constant and does not vary as the
vessel is heeled.

tension or thrust: T Tension in towline or vessel thrust force
vertical separation of Vertical separation tow attachment length
propeller centre and tow position from the vessel’s vertical centre
attachment: v of thrust. This value is positive if the tow
line is above the thrust centre.
horizontal offset of tow Horizontal offset of the tow attachment length
attachment: h position from the vessel centreline. This
value is positive if the offset is in the
direction of the tow.
angle of tow above Angle of tow above the horizontal deg
horizontal: tau
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Heeling due to wind
In the case of the wind pressure based formulation, the wind heeling arm is given by:
PA(h − H ) n
H w (φ ) = a cos (φ )
g∆
where:
a is a constant, theoretically unity
A is the windage area at height h
∆ is the vessel mass
P is the wind pressure
H is the vertical centre of hydrodynamic resistance to the wind force
In the case of the wind velocity based formulation, the wind heeling arm is given by:
v 2 A(h − H ) n
H w (φ ) = a cos (φ )
g∆
where:
a is now effectively an average drag coefficient for the windage area
v is the wind speed.
And the other parameters are described as above.
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constant: a Constant which may be used to modify
the magnitude of the heel arm, normally
unity
wind model Pressure or Velocity (type “P” or “V”)
wind pressure or Actual velocity of pressure - depends on Pa or
velocity wind model length/
time
area centroid height: h Height of user defined total or additional length
windage area
total area: A User may specify either a total windage length2
area
additional area: A Or, an area to be added to the windage length2
area computed by Hydromax based on
the hull sections
height of lateral There are four options for specifying H length
resistance: H (all options are calculated with the vessel
upright at the loadcase displacement and
LCG):
User specified
H = mean draught / 2 H is taken as half the mean draught. length
H = vert. centre of H is taken as the vertical centre of length
projected lat. u'water underwater lateral projected area.
area
H = waterline H is taken as the waterline length
Gust ratio
Some criteria require a Gust Ratio this is the ratio of the magnitude of the wind heeling
arm during a gust to the magnitude of the wind heeling arm under steady wind.
H gust
GustRatio =
H steady
Areas and levers

Some criteria require the evaluation of above and below water lateral projected areas and
their vertical centroids. The user may also specify additional areas and vertical centroids
or the total areas and vertical centroids. In all cases the vertical centroids are given in the
Maxsurf/Hydromax co-ordinate system; i.e.: from the model’s vertical datum, positive
upwards.
Centres of area are calculated for the upright vessel (zero trim and heel) at the mean
draught. The areas are calculated from the hydrostatic sections used by Hydromax, thus
increasing the number of sections will increase the accuracy of the area calculation;
further, only “Hull” surfaces are included in the calculation - “Structure” surfaces are
ignored.
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The vertical position of the keel, K, is assumed to be at the baseline (as set up in the
Frame of Reference dialog), even if the baseline does not correspond to the physical
bottom of the vessel.
Heeling arms for specific criteria - Note on unit conversion

There are quite a few different ways in which different authorities define their heeling
arms. The approach that has been taken in Hydromax is to reflect the physics of what is
generating the heeling moment.
Be careful as some criteria specify heeling arms and some specify heeling moments or
“moments” in mass.length. All Hydromax criteria use a heeling arm since this is what is
ultimately plotted on the GZ curve. To obtain the heeling arm from the heeling moment,
it is necessary to divide by vessel weight ( g∆ ); and in the case of “moments” in
mass.length, it is necessary to divide by vessel mass.
In the following section, the conversions for some common criteria have been explained.
IMO Code on Intact Stability A.749(18) amended to MSC.75(69)

3.1.2.6 - Heeling due to turn
Heeling moment defined by:
V02  d
M R = 0.196 ∆ tonne  KG − 
L  2  [kNm]
Where:
MR = heeling moment in tonne.m
V0 = service speed in m/s
L = length of ship at waterline in m
∆ tonne = displacement in tonne
d = mean draught m
KG = height of centre of gravity above keel in m
Hence the heeling arm, H R = 1000M R / ∆g [m], is given by:

V02 ∆  d  1000 V2  d
H R = 0.196  KG −  = 0.196 0  KG − 
L 1000  2  ∆g Lg  2  [m]
Where:
g = standard acceleration due to gravity = 9.80665 m/s2
∆ = displacement in kg
The heeling arm in Hydromax is defined as:

V2
HR = a h
Rg [m],
Where:
V = vessel speed in m/s
R = radius of turn in m
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h = height of centre of gravity above centre of lateral resistance in m
a = non-dimensional constant (theoretically unity)
Thus equating the required IMO heeling arm to the Hydromax heeling arm, we obtain:
V2 V02  d
a h = 0.196  KG − 
Rg Lg  2
Equating similar terms:

 d
h =  KG − 
 2
V = V0
and assuming that the ratio of the turn radius to the vessel length is 5.1:1, we obtain:
R
= 510%
L
and
a = 0.196 × 510% = 0.9996
R
a = 0.196
Note that it suffices that L and any ratio of turn radius to vessel length and
a
constant that satisfies this relationship may be chosen, the choice of a ratio of 5.1:1
merely gives a constant approaching the theoretically correct value of unity.
3.2 - Severe wind and rolling criterion (weather criterion)

Heeling arm defined by:
PAZ
lw1 =
1000 g 9.81∆ tonne [m]
Where:
l w1 = heeling arm in m
P = wind pressure in Pa
A = projected lateral windage in m2
Z = vertical separation of centroids of A and underwater lateral area in m
g 9.81 = IMO assumed value of gravitational acceleration - 9.81m/s2

PA(h − H )
Hw = a
g∆ [m]
Where:
h = height of centroid of A in m
H = height of centroid of underwater lateral area in m
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PA(h − H ) PAZ
a =
g∆ 1000 g 9.81∆ tonne

h−H = Z
and
g 9.80665
a= = = 0.99966
g 9.81 9.81
IMO HSC Code MSC.36(63)

Annex 6 1.1.4 - Heeling moment due to wind pressure
Heeling moment defined by:
M v = 0.001PAZ [kNm]
Where:
Mv = heeling moment in kNm
Hence the heeling arm, H v = 1000 M v / ∆g [m], is given by:

1000 PAZ
H R = 0.001PAZ =
∆g ∆g [m]
Where:

PA(h − H )
Hw = a
g∆ [m]
Where:
PA(h − H ) PAZ
a =
g∆ g∆

h−H = Z
and
a = 1 .0
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Annex 7 1.3 - Heeling due to wind
Heeling arm defined by:
PAZ
HL1 =
9800∆ tonne [m]
Where:
HL1 = heeling arm in m

PA(h − H )
Hw = a
g∆ [m]
Where:
PA(h − H ) PAZ
a =
g∆ 9800∆ tonne

h−H = Z
and
g∆ 9.80665∆
a= = = 1.00068
9800∆ tonne 9 .8 ∆
USL code (Australia)

USL C.1.1.3 - Wind heeling moment
USL wind heeling “moment” is specified as:
M = 0.000102 PA(h − H ) [tonne.m]
Where:
Thus the heeling arm is given by:

1000
H = 0.000102 PA(h − H )
∆ [m]
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PA(h − H )
H =a
g∆ [m]
Where:
Thus equating:
PA(h − H ) 1000
H =a = 0.000102 PA(h − H )
g∆ ∆
simplifying and rearranging:

a = 0.000102 × 1000.0 × g = 0.102 × 9.80665 = 1.0002783
USL C.1.1.4 - Heeling moment due to turning

USL wind heeling “moment” is specified as:
2
v kts ∆ tonnes h
M = 0.0053
L [tonne.m]
Where:
v kts = vessel speed in knots
L = Waterline length of vessel in m
Thus the heeling arm is given by:

2
v kts ∆ tonnes h 1
H = 0.0053 × 1000.0
L ∆ [m]
Where:

V2
H =a h
Rg [m],
Where:
V = vessel speed in m/s
R = radius of turn in m
Thus equating the required USL heeling arm to the Hydromax heeling arm, we obtain:
V2 2
v kts ∆ tonnes h 1
a h = 0.0053 × 1000.0
Rg L ∆
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simplifying and rearranging:
2
R v kts ∆ tonnes R 1 1
a = 5.3 g = 5.3 g
LV 2
∆ 2
L 0.5144 1000.0
-2
finally, with g = 9.80665 [ms ]:
R
a = 0.196424
L
R
= 509%
Assuming that the ratio of the turn radius to the vessel length, L gives a value
for a:
a = 0.196424 × 509% = 0.999798
R
a = 0.196424
Note that it suffices that L and any ratio of turn radius to vessel length
a
and constant that satisfies this relationship may be chosen, the choice of a ratio of
509% merely gives a constant approaching the theoretically correct value of unity.
Heeling arm criteria

These criteria are derived from the GZ curve calculated from the Large Angle Stability
analysis in Hydromax in conjunction with user defined heeling arms. In all cases there is
a generic form of the criterion with the general form of the heeling arm and in some
cases; the same criteria are given with a specific, heeling arm due to wind pressure,
passenger crowding or vessel turning.
Value of GMt at equilibrium - general heeling arm

Calculates the transverse metacentric height (GMt) at the intersection of the GZ and heel
arm curves. The criterion is passed if the GMt value is greater then the required value.
GMt is computed from the waterplane inertia and the displaced volume at the
equilibrium heel angle.
Uses the general heel arm as described in §General heeling arm
Value of GZ at equilibrium - general heeling arm

Calculates the value of the GZ curve at the equilibrium intersection of the GZ and heel
arm curves. The criterion is passed if the GZ value is greater then the required value.
Uses the general heel arm as described in §General heeling arm
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Value of GZ at equilibrium - general heeling arm
Value of maximum GZ above heeling arm - general heeling arm

Finds the maximum value of (GZ - heel arm) at or above a specified heel angle. The first
downflooding angle may be selected as an upper limit. The criterion is passed if the
value of (GZ - heel arm) is greater then the required value.
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Value of maximum GZ above heeling arm - general heeling arm
Ratio of GZ values at phi1 and phi2 - general heeling arm

Used to check the ratio of GZ values at two points on the GZ curve. The heel arm is used
to define the equilibrium angle and the heel angle where (GZ - heel arm) is maximum.
The criterion is passed if the ratio is less than the required value.
GZ (φ1 )
Ratio = GZ (φ 2 )
Angle of maximum GZ above heeling arm - general heeling arm

Calculates the heel angle at which the difference between the GZ curve and the heeling
arm is greatest (GZ - Heel Arm is maximum, positive). The criterion is passed if the
angle is greater then the required value.
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Angle of maximum GZ above heeling arm - general heeling arm
Angle of equilibrium - general heeling arm

Calculates the angle of equilibrium with a general heeling arm applied. The equilibrium
angle is the smallest positive angle where the GZ and heeling arm curves intersect and
the GZ curve has positive slope. The criterion is passed if the equilibrium angle is less
then the required value.
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Angle of equilibrium - general heeling arm
Angle of equilibrium ratio - general heeling arm

Calculates the ratio of the angle of equilibrium (with a general heeling arm applied) to
another, selectable angle. The angle of equilibrium is computed as described in §Angle
of equilibrium - general heeling arm.
φ equilibrium
Ratio =
φ specified
The other angle used to compute the ratio may be one of the following:
Required angle for ratio calculation Auto complete text
Marginline immersion angle MarginlineImmersionAngle
Deck edge immersion angle DeckEdgeImmersionAngle
Angle of first GZ peak DownfloodingAngle
Angle of maximum GZ MaximumGZAngle
First downflooding angle FirstGZPeakAngle
Angle of maximum GZAngle of vanishing VanishingStabilityWithHeelArmAngle
stability with heel arm
Angle of equilibrium - passenger crowding heeling arm

Calculates the angle of equilibrium with the heeling arm due to passenger crowding
applied. The heeling arm is calculated from the number, weight and location of the
passengers.
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Angle of equilibrium - high-speed turn heeling arm
Calculates the angle of equilibrium with the heeling arm due to high speed turning
applied. The heeling arm is calculated from the turn radius, vessel speed and height of
the vessel’s center of gravity, see §Heeling arm definitions: heeling due to turning.
Angle of equilibrium - derived wind heeling arm

The derived wind heeling criterion is used to check that the steady heel angle due to
wind pressure exceeds a certain value. The steady heel arm is derived from a gust of
specified ratio. The wind gust will cause the vessel to heel over to the lesser of a
specified heel angle, angle of the first GZ peak, angle of maximum GZ or the first
downflooding angle.
The vessel is assumed to be safe from gusts up to the specified ratio, if the angle of
steady heel is greater than the angle. This means that the lesser of: a specified heel angle,
first peak in GZ curve, angle of maximum GZ or the first downflooding angle, should be
large enough to withstand a gust from a steady wind heeling angle larger than ….
Angle of equilibrium - derived wind heeling arm
Angle of vanishing stability - general heeling arm

Calculates the location of the first intersection of the GZ curve and heel arm curve where
the slope of the GZ curve is negative. The criterion is passed if the angle is greater then
the required value. This criterion should not be confused with the range of positive
stability.
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Angle of vanishing stability - general heeling arm
Range of positive stability - general heeling arm

Computes the range of positive stability with the heeling arm.
Range of stability = Angle of vanishing stability - Angle of equilibrium
The criterion is passed if the value of range of stability is greater then the required value.
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Range of positive stability - general heeling arm
GZ area between limits - general heeling arm

Computes the area below the GZ curve and above the heel arm curve between the
specified heel angles. The criterion is passed if the area is greater than the required value.
φ2
(GZ (φ ) − heel arm(φ ) )dφ
Area = ∫φ1
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GZ area between limits - general heeling arm
Ratio of areas type 1 - general heeling arm

The ratio of the area between the GZ curve and heel arm and the area under the GZ
curve is computed. This criterion is based on the area ratio required by various Navies’
turning and passenger crowding criteria. Type 1 stands for which areas are being
integrated to calculate the ratio (see graph). The criterion is passed if the ratio is greater
than the required value.
φ2
Area 1 = ∫φ (GZ (φ ) − heel arm(φ ) )dφ

1 ;
φ4
Area 2 = ∫φ GZ (φ )dφ
3 ;
Area 1
Ratio = Area 2
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Ratio of areas type 1 - general heeling arm
Ratio of areas type 1 - general cos+sin heeling arm

This is a very similar criterion to § Ratio of areas type 1 - general heeling arm; the only
difference being the shape of the heel arm. In this criterion the heel arm has both a and
a component. This is used to simulate the effects of lifting weights and is used by
several Navies.
The modified form of the heeling arm is given below, for further information also see
§Heeling arm definitions: general cos+sin heeling arm.
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(
H (φ ) = k A cos n (φ ) + B sin m (φ ) )
φ2
(GZ (φ ) − heel arm(φ ) )dφ
Area 1 = ∫φ 1 ;
φ4
Area 2 = ∫φ
GZ (φ )dφ
3 ;
Area 1
Ratio = Area 2
Ratio of areas type 2 - general wind heeling arm

This criterion is used to simulate the effects of wind heeling whilst the vessel is rolling in
waves. Because of the many different ways in which this criterion is used it has several
options for defining the way in which the areas are calculated.
If a gust ratio of greater than 1.0 is used, the vessel is assumed to roll to windward
(under the action of waves with the steady wind pressure acting on it, then roll to
leeward under a gust. Hence the rollback angle is taken from the equilibrium angle with
the steady wind heeling arm, but the integration for Area 1 is taken from the equilibrium
with the gust wind heeling arm.
The roll back may be specified as either a fixed angular roll back from the angle of
equilibrium with the steady wind heel arm or can be rolled back to the vessel equilibrium
angle ignoring the wind heeling arms (i.e.: where the GZ curve crosses the GZ=0 axis
with positive slope).
φ2
(GZ (φ ) − gust heel arm(φ ))dφ
Area 1 = ∫φ 1
φ2
Area 2 = ∫φ (steady heel arm(φ ) − GZ (φ ))dφ

1
Area 1
Ratio = Area 2
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Ratio of areas type 2 - general wind heeling arm
Multiple heeling arm criteria

These criteria are used to check the effects of combinations of three heeling arms:
passenger crowding, turning and wind. The combined heeling arms are computed by
adding the values of the individual heeling arms at each heel angle.
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Ratio of GZ values at phi1 and phi2 - multiple heeling arms
Checks the ratio of GZ values as per “Ratio of GZ values at phi1 and phi2 - general
heeling arms”
Ratio of GZ values at phi1 and phi2 - multiple heeling arms
Angle of equilibrium - multiple heeling arms

Checks the equilibrium heel angle as per “Angle of equilibrium - general heeling arm”
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Angle of equilibrium - multiple heeling arms
GZ area between limits - multiple heeling arms

Checks the area under the heel angle as per “Heel: Area between GZ and heeling arm
curves”
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GZ area between limits - multiple heeling arms
Ratio of areas type 1 - multiple heeling arms

Checks the area under the heel angle as per “Heel: Ratio of areas (method 1)”
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Ratio of areas type 1 - multiple heeling arms
Heeling arm, combined criteria

Several criteria require the evaluation of several individual criteria components.
Although it is possible to evaluate these criteria by evaluation of their individual
components, for simplicity the common combinations have been combined into single
criteria. Note that at least one of the individual criteria has to be selected.
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 1) - general heeling arm

This is a combined criterion where three individual criteria must be met. These are:
1. Angle of steady heel must be less than a specified value. The angle of steady heel is
obtained as per Angle of equilibrium- general heeling arm.
2. The area ratio must be greater than a specified value. The area ratio is evaluated as
per Ratio of areas type 1 - general heeling arm
3. The ratio of the value of GZ at equilibrium to the value of maximum GZ must be less
than a specified value.
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Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 1) - general heeling arm
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 1) - passenger crowding

This criterion is essentially the same as its generic form: Combined criteria (ratio of
areas type 1) - general heeling arm, however the heel arm is the specific passenger
crowding form.
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 1) - high-speed turn

areas type 1) - general heeling arm, however the heel arm is the specific high-speed
turning form.
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 1) - general cos+sin heeling arm

The lifting criterion is the same as the Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 1) - general
heeling arm except that the heel arm has both a cos and sin component.
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Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 1) – cos+sin heeling arm
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 1) - lifting weight

areas type 1) - general cos+sin heeling arm, however the heel arm is the specific lifting
of a heavy weight form.
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 1) - towing

areas type 1) - general cos+sin heeling arm, however the heel arm is the specific towing
form.
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 2) - general wind heeling arm

This is a widely applicable wind heeling criterion in its most generic format. The heeling
arm is specified simply by a magnitude and cosine power. Optionally, a gust wind can be
applied.
1. Angle of steady heel must be less than a specified value. The angle of steady heel is
obtained as per Angle of equilibrium- general heeling arm.
2. The area ratio must be greater than a specified value. The area ratio is evaluated as
per Ratio of areas type 2 - general heeling arm.
3. The ratio of the value of GZ at equilibrium to the value of maximum GZ must be less
than a specified value.
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Area definition
If required, a reduction of the GZ curve may be applied. If this is done all calculations
are done using a reduced GZ’ curve which is computed at each heel angle as follows:
GZ ’ (φ ) = GZ (φ ) − B cos m (φ )
This criterion may be used to evaluate the following specific criteria (as well as many
others of similar format):
• US Navy DDS079-1: §079-1-c(9) 1, §079-1-c(9) 4,
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• Royal Navy NES 109: §1.2.2, §1.3.5, §1.4.2 Initial impulse and Wind heeling criteria
• RAN A015866: §4.4.4.2, §4.8, §4.9.5
• IMO A.749(18) Code on intact stability: §3.2
• IMO MSC.36(63) High-speed craft code §2.3.3.1
Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 2) - wind heeling arm

This criterion is exactly the same as “Combined criteria (ratio of areas type 2) - general
wind heeling arm” except that the magnitude of the heeling arm is automatically
calculated from the wind pressure (or velocity), projected area and area lever
information.
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Area definition
Other criteria
Other criteria, which do not easily fall into the categories above, are found here.
Other criteria - STIX

The stability index criterion or STIX criterion as described in ISO/FDIS 12217-
2:2001(E) is used to assess the stability of sailing craft. The required input parameters
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are described below. Please refer to ISO/FDIS 12217-2:2001(E) for exact definitions of
parameters and how they should be calculated.
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delta Adjustment to STIX rating, either 0 or 5.
δ = 5 if the vessel, when fully flooded
with water, has reserve buoyancy and
positive righting lever at a heel angle of 90º
. δ = 0 in all other cases.
AS, sail area ISO 8666 Sail area as defined in ISO 8666. Note that length2
no additional windage areas are calculated
by Hydromax for this criterion.
height of centroid of Height of sail area centre of effort from length
AS model’s vertical datum (not necessarily the
waterline, this is not the same as the STIX
variable hCE which is measured from the
waterline, positive up).
LH, length Hull length as defined by ISO 8666. This length
may be either specified or calculated by
Hydromax. Hydromax calculates this
parameter as the overall length of the
vessel (all hull surfaces) in the upright,
zero trim condition.
BH, beam of hull Hull beam as defined by ISO 8666. This length
parameter as the overall beam of the vessel
(all hull surfaces) in the upright, zero trim
condition.
LWL, length waterline Hull waterline length in the current load length
condition as defined by ISO 8666. This
parameter as the waterline length of the
vessel (all hull surfaces) at zero heel and at
the loadcase displacement and centre of
gravity; if the analysis is carried out free to
trim, the waterline of the trimmed vessel is
used.
BWL, beam waterline Hull waterline beam in the current load length
condition as defined by ISO 8666. This
parameter as the waterline beam of the
vessel (all hull surfaces) at zero heel and at
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used.
height of immersed Height of centre of the lateral projected length
profile area centroid immersed area of the hull from model’s
vertical datum (not necessarily the
waterline, this is not the same as the STIX
variable hLP ); may be specified or
calculated by Hydromax. Hydromax
calculates this parameter at zero heel and at
used.
Shall be greater than / Hydromax uses the numerical STIX rating
Shall not be less than value rather than the STIX design category.
Hydromax caulates the various factors and STIX rating according to ISO/FDIS 12217-
2:2001(E). Note that a downflooding angle is required to calulate the STIX index.
Hence, if no downflooding points are defined, or defined downflooding points do not
immerse within the selected heel angle range, the angle of downflooding is taken to be
the largest heel angle tested. This affects the calculation of the Wind Moment and
Downflooding factors.
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Specific stability criteria
A number of criteria files for criteria for specific codes are supplied with Hydromax.
These may be found in the “HMSpecificCriteria” folder.
Most specific criteria are locked; those that are not locked require your ship design data
to be input.
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Chapter 4
Hydromax Reference
This section describes the windows and menu commands of the Hydromax program.
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Windows
Hydromax uses a range of graphical, tabular, graph and report windows.
Damage Window
The Damage window is used to specify which tanks and compartments are flooded in
each damage case. There is always an Intact case, which may not be edited, this is the
default condition. If flooded volumes are required in the intact case they should be
defined as non-buoyant volumes.
Damage cases may be added by bringing the Damage window to the front and selecting
Add Damage Case from the case menu. The new damage case name may be typed in the
dialog:
The new damage case will be inserted before the column selected in the Damage
window. To append at the end of the list, select the Intact case’s column.
To delete damage cases, select the columns to be deleted and choose Delete Damage
Case from the Case menu.
The name of the current damage case my be changed by selecting Edit Damage Case.
The current damage case is selected from the pull down list in the Analysis toolbar. The
loadcase and view will reflect the current damage case and any analyses will use this
damage.
Loadcase Window
To create a load case, select Load Case 1 from the Load Case sub-menu in the Window
menu. Then select New Load Case from the File menu. A new load spreadsheet will be
displayed in the Loadcase window.
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Up to twenty-five different load cases can be stored in Hydromax at the same time and
each one can be selected and used for analysis. Each may be saved and loaded
independently effectively allowing you as many loadcases as you require.
The maximum number of loadcases (up to twenty-five) which can be loaded in

Hydromax at any one time is set by selecting Max. Number of Loadcases from the Case
menu. You may then enter the maximum number of load cases you require.
You must restart Hydromax for this change to take effect. In most cases, you will only
need to set this once to the maximum number of loadcases you are ever likely to use. It is
not something we expect users to change frequently.
Please note that if you attempt to load a design which has more loadcases than the
maximum you have currently set in Hydromax, you will receive a warning and the file
will not be loaded. You must increase the maximum number of allowable loadcases and
restart Hydromax before you can load the design; this is the main reason for setting this
parameter to a sensible maximum and not changing it.
Click on the cell containing the load name and type in a name for this load, for example
"Lightship", and press the Tab key to go to the next column in the table.
For each item in the list, you can specify a quantity, so if the item was cargo with a
weight per unit, you could use the quantity and mass columns to automatically calculate
a total. The mass of each item should be entered in the next column.
Tab to the next column and enter the horizontal lever for this particular load item. After
you type in this number, press enter and the LCG will be automatically re-calculated and
displayed in the bottom row of the table.
Note that levers in Hydromax are measured from the Zero Point. You can change the
position of the Zero Point by using the Zero Point command from the Display menu.
Adding and deleting loads

You can repeat this process for the vertical and transverse levers, and for as many loads
as you wish to include. To add an extra load to the spreadsheet, choose Add Load from
the Edit menu. A new load will be inserted into the table.
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If you want to remove a load from the table, simply click anywhere in the row you want
to remove, and choose Delete Load from the Edit menu. If you wish to delete several
loads simultaneously, click and drag so that all of the loading rows that you wish to
delete are selected, then select Delete Load.
Distributed loads
Distributed loads can be entered in the Loadcase window in the forward limit and aft
limit cells. The forward limit and aft limit columns only appear when Longitudinal
Strength analysis is selected.
If Longitudinal Arm is changed in the Loadcase window, the forward and aft limits will
be moved by the same amount.
Note that since the load is distributed as a trapezium, the centre of gravity should lie
within the middle third between the forward and aft limits of the load. For a uniformly
distributed load, the centre of gravity should be midway between the forward and aft
limits.
Tank loads
When you create tanks using the compartment definition, they will be included
automatically in the Loadcase Condition.
Tanks have a quantity value expressed as a percentage of full and at first will show
question marks for their weights and levers. This is because the calculation of each tank
level is relatively slow, so it is only performed when you wish the values to be updated.
To do this, enter the percentage levels you want for each tank in the quantity column,
than select Form Compartments from the Analysis menu or toolbar. Alternatively you
can enter the tanks weight and the capacity will be calculated by Hydromax.
Tank volumes are entered as a percentage of full capacity or a weight. If the corrected
VCG fluid option has been chosen, the Loadcase will sum the free surface moments,
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divide by the total displacement to obtain the VCG correction and adjust the VCG
accordingly to obtain the corrected fluid VCG.. Note that the tank’s maximum free
surface moment is used if that tank is less than 98% full in which case the free surface
moment is 0.
Irrespective of whether you have updated the values in the Loadcase Condition, the
Loadcase will be automatically updated as the first step of any analysis using the
Loadcase information.
Loadcase Formatting
Hydromax allows you to improve the presentation of the Load Case window by adding
blank, heading or sub-total lines in the table.
Adding Component or Heading Lines

Components or headings can be included in a load case by preceding the text with a
period (.) character.
Adding Blank Lines

A blank line can be added into the load case by making the item name field blank.
Adding Total Lines

A subtotal can be displayed for several loads within a load case. To do this the item
name field must commence with the word ‘total’.
Grouping Similar Tanks

Tanks are listed in the loadcase in the order they are defined in the Compartment
Definition window. If you wish to change the order in which tanks appear in the
loadcase, it is necessary to reorder them in the Compartment Definition window.
Input Window
The Input window contains tables where the additional Hydromax design data is entered.
The tables in the Input window contain the: Compartment Definition; Downflooding
Points; Margin Line Points and Modulus tables.
Compartment Definition
To start adding compartments, select the Compartment Definition table by clicking on
the Compartment Definition tab at the bottom of the Input window. Select New
Compartment Definition from the File menu; this will give you a new set of
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compartment definitions with one default tank. See the Compartment definition section
of the Using Hydromax chapter for full details on how to define the tanks.
Compartments may be added or deleted by selecting Add or Delete Compartment from

the Edit menu. Add will add a tank after the currently selected compartment and Delete
will delete the currently selected compartment(s). The accelerator keys Ctrl+A and
Ctrl+D may also be used to Add and Delete respectively.
Key Points and Downflooding Points

Key points such as deck edges and hatch openings can be defined in Hydromax using the
Downflooding Points window. Downflooding points are tested for immersion by the
Large Angle Stability analysis and by various stability criteria. The points may be
displayed on the Design View window and will be displayed in different colours
depending on whether or not they are immersed. Immersed key points will be displayed
in the same colour as flooded tanks or compartments.
Key points may be placed asymmetrically, a positive offset is to starboard and a negative
offset is to port. Vessels which have symmetrical key points on starboard and port sides
must have both key points added to the table.
There are several types of Key Points:

• Down Flooding points
• Potential Down flooding points
• Embarkation points
• Immersion Points
Only downflooding points are used in determining the downflooding angle which is used
in criteria evaluation. The other types of points have their freeboard measured but are not
used during criteria evaluation and are for information only.
The type of Key Point may be selected from the combo-box in the Type column of the
Down Flooding Points table in the Input window:
Links to tanks or compartments

Downflooding points may be linked to tanks or compartments. Select the tank or
compartment from the combo-box in the Linked to column of the Down Flooding Points
table in the Input window:
Downflooding points which are linked to tanks or compartments which are damaged in
the currently selected damage case, will be ignored when computing the downflooding
angle. These downflooding points will appear italicised prefixed and an asterisk
postfixed to the downflooding point’s name in the DF Angles table of the Results
window:
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The downflooding angles for each of the points, are displayed in the results window. The
downflooding angles are computed during a large angle stability analysis; the freeboards
after an Equilibrium analysis.
Adding Key Points

The Key Points table works in a similar manner to the Compartment Definition table. To
start adding downflooding points, select New Downflooding Points from the File menu.
You will be given a default point. To add additional downflooding points to the table,
choose Add Point from the Edit menu. A new point will be inserted after the currently
selected row in the table.
Editing Key Points

Key points are specified by entering a name, a longitudinal position, a transverse offset
from the centreline, and a height. Click in any cell and enter the name or value you
require. All points are entered relative to the current zero point.
Deleting Key Points

To delete a Key point, click anywhere in the row of the point to be deleted and select
Delete. To delete more than one point at a time, click and drag over the rows you want
deleted.
Select Delete from the Edit menu, and the selected rows will be deleted.
Margin Line Points

The margin line is used in a number of the criteria. Hydromax automatically calculates
the position of the margin line 76mm below the deck edge when the hull is first read in.
If necessary, the points on the margin line may be edited manually in the Margin Line
Points window.
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Points may be added or deleted as required using the procedure described for the
downflooding points.
Modulus Points
This table is used to define the allowable limits for shear force and bending moment
during the longitudinal strength calcuations.
Report Window
Hydromax contains a Report window. This window is used to create a progressive
summary of the analyses that have been carried out. This report can be edited via Cut,
Copy and Paste; printed and saved to, and recalled from a disk file.
The Report window offers full editing features, allowing you to edit and manipulate text
much as you would in any other word processor. This makes it even easier to customize
your reports. In addition, files are loaded and saved in Rich Text Format (RTF), allowing
you to load them directly into your favorite word processor for further editing should
you need to.
The Report window has it’s own toolbar permanently attached to the view, as well as a
ruler showing you tab stops, indentation and margin widths. Underneath all of this you
have your actual editing area.
Note that it is best to set up the desired page size, orientation and margins before staring
any analyses. This way Hydromax will make best use of the page when inserting tables,
graphs and text. Changing the page layout after data has been inserted will not reformat
the tables etc.
The toolbar has a number of buttons that allow you to change either the current settings,
or the section of text that is currently highlighted.
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The toolbar contains the following items:
Font combo box Use this to change the current font
Font Size combo box Use this to change the current font size
Bold Use this to toggle the Bold style
Italic Use this to toggle the Italic style
Underline Use this to toggle the Underline style
Right/Left Justify Use this to toggle Left/Right Justification
Centre Justify Use this to toggle Centre Justification
Double Line Spacing Use this to toggle Single/Double Line
Spacing
Indent Margin Left Indent the Left Margin
Indent Margin Right Indent the Right Margin
Hanging Indent Indent the Hanging Indent
The Ruler comes in two formats, in metric and in inches - the format you have displayed
on your screen depends on the current Dimension Units you have (use Units in the
Display menu to change this). The format shown below is metric.
The Ruler allows you to set left, right, centre, and decimal tab stops. The tab stops are
very useful for creating columns and tables. A paragraph can have as many as 20 tab
positions
The ’left’ tab stop indicates where the text following the tab character will start. To create
a left tab stop, click the left mouse button at the specified location on the ruler. The left
tab stop is indicated on the ruler by an arrow with a tail toward the right.
The ’right’ tab stop aligns the text at the current tab stop such that the text ends at the tab
marker. To create a right tab stop, click the right mouse button at the specified location
on the ruler. The right tab stop is indicated on the ruler by an arrow with a tail toward the
left.
The ’centre’ tab stop centres the text at the current tab position. To create a centre tab
stop, hold the shift key and click the left mouse button at the specified location on the
ruler. The centre tab stop is indicated on the ruler by a straight arrow.
The ’decimal’ tab stop aligns the text at the decimal point. To create a decimal tab stop,
hold the shift key and click the right mouse button at the specified location on the ruler.
The decimal tab stop is indicated on the ruler by a dot under a straight arrow.
To move a tab position using the mouse, simply click the left mouse button on the tab
symbol on the ruler. While the mouse button is depressed, drag the mouse to the desired
location and release the mouse button.
To clear a tab position, simply click on the desired tab marker.
Normally, a tab command is applicable to every line of the current paragraph. However,
if you highlight a block of text before initiating a tab command, the tab command is then
applicable to all the lines in the highlighted block of text.
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Keyboard Support For Reports
In addition to menu support, there are also several useful keystrokes that are available
while editing the report. These are listed below for convenience:
Ctrl+B Toggle Bold on/off
Ctrl+I Toggle Italics on/off
Ctrl+U Toggle Underline on/off
Ctrl+PageUp Position at the top of the report

Ctrl+PageDown Position at the bottom of the report
Ctrl+Enter Insert a page break
Opening and Saving the Report

The report can be saved to a file or read in from a file using the Save and Open Menu
command. This is useful if you wish to append an analysis to a report that had been
calculated at some time in the past. (Load in the old report, perform the analyses; the
new results will be appended to the end of the report which may be resaved.
Pasting images into the report

Sometimes it is desirable to insert schematic images of the vessel into the repot. This is
very easily done by copying an image from one of the design views and then pasting it
into the report at the desired location. Ensure that the colours selected will be easily
visible in the white background of the report view.
Depending on which Microsoft operating system you are using (notably Win98), the
image may not maintain its aspect ratio and may be pasted into the report as a square. To
overcome this problem, paste the image into Microsoft Word first, then copy it from
Word back into the Hydromax report window.
Changing the scale will affect the size of the image and hence the thickness of the lines.
For example, copying the image at 1:100 instead of 1:50 will effectively double the
thickness of the lines if you make the images the same size in the report. Remember that
you can change the font size in the design window.
hatch 1 hatch 2 hatch 3

Tank 3 cf
cg Tank
Tank Tank
4 12
cg cb cg
cg Baseline
zerocg
pt.
AP MS FP
Image copied at 1:500 (Word image displayed at 200%)
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hatch 1 hatch 2 hatch 3
Tank 3 cfcg Tank1 2

Tank
cg Tank 4
cb cgcg Baseline
cg
AP zero pt.
MS FP
Image copied at 1:250 (Word image displayed at 100%)
Graph Window
The Graph window displays graphs which show the results of the current analysis.
Graph type
Hydromax can graph many types of data depending on the type of analysis being
performed. These graphs include Upright Hydrostatics, Curves of Form, GZ curves,
Longitudinal Strength and Tank Capacities. These can all be displayed via the Graph
item in the Windows menu.
In some cases, such as hydrostatics, multiple sets of data are plotted on the same graph.
Interpolating Graph Data

To display an interpolated value from one of the curves, use the mouse to click anywhere
on the curve. The data in the lower left corner of the window will change to display the
curve name and co-ordinates of the mouse on the curve. Click anywhere on the dashed
line and drag it with the mouse; as you move the cursor the interpolated values will be
displayed.
Results Window
The Results window displays tables which show the results of the current analysis.
Data selection
It is possible to configure Hydromax so that only the results that you wish to see are
displayed. To do this, choose Data Format from the Display menu. You may change the
table to view the results from the last analysis of each type.
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A dialog similar to the one above will appear. Items that are selected with a tick will be
displayed in the Results window and on any printed output. Items that are not selected
are still calculated during the analysis cycle, but are not displayed. You may change the
display format at any time after the analysis without having to redo the calculations.
The LCB and LCF can be displayed in the Results windows relative to the Zero Point
specified or from the Amidships location. To choose either format, select Data Format
from the Display menu and click on either the From Amidships or the From Zero Pt
items.
Data layout
Analysis data can be formatted vertically or horizontally to fit better on the screen or the
printed page. For example, with Upright Hydrostatics, the data can be formatted so that
each draft has a column of results, or so that each draft is on a separate row.
To change the format, select Data Format from the Display menu, and select either the
horizontal or vertical layout button.
The data for each of the analysis types is stored in a separate table in the Results
window. Changing the current analysis mode will change the current table in the Results
window.
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Two additional tables are available in the Results window. These are: the Stability
Criteria and Key Point Data (downflooding angles and freeboards).
Stability Criteria
If stability criteria are turned on in the analysis menu, they will be evaluated during
Large Angle Stability and/or Equilibrium analyses. The results of the criteria evaluation
are presented in this table. The direction of heel for which the criterion was evaluated
and whether the criterion was passed or failed is displayed in the Status column.
Key Point Data

After a Large Angle Stability analysis, the Key Point Data table lists the downflooding
angles of the margin line, deck edge and defined downflooding points. In addition, the
first downflooding point is marked on the large angle stability graph. Only the positive
downflooding angles are displayed, hence if there is any asymmetry, the large angle
stability analysis should be carried out heeling both to starboard and to port.
The freeboards of the various points are given when an Equilibrium or Specified
Condition analysis has been performed. The longitudinal positions at which the
minimum freeboard for the margin line and deck edge occurred are also specified.
Downflooding points that are linked to tanks or compartments which are damaged in the
currently selected damage case, will be ignored when computing the downflooding
angle. These downflooding points will appear italicised prefixed and an asterisk
postfixed to the downflooding point’s name in the Key Point Data table of the Results
window:
A downflooding angle of zero degrees indicates that the key point is immersed at zero
degrees of heel.
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The downflooding can be visualised by returning to the Large Angle Stability table in
the results view, selecting the column at the closest heel angle and selecting Select View
From Data in the Display menu.
The hull will then be rotated to the selected position in the View window.
Height/freeboard above free surface

The freeboard of each Key Point is also calculated. The freeboard is for the vessel
condition currently displayed in the Design view. Hence if the display is changed, for
example by using the Select View from Data command (Data menu), the Key Point
freeboards will be updated. Negative freeboards, i.e. where the Key Points are immersed
are displayed in red.
The freeboard calculated is the vertical distance of the Key Point above the local free
surface, hence the local free surface height if a waveform is selected will be taken into
account. The freeboard is recalculated after each Equilibrium and Specified Conditions
analysis.
View Window
The View window displays the hull, frame of reference, immersed sections of the hull
and any compartments, and the centroids of gravity, buoyancy, and flotation. These
positions are represented by:
centre of buoyancy cb
centre of gravity cg
centre of flotation cf
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You can choose which type of view is displayed by selecting from the Window menu or
the View toolbar
The Zoom, Shrink, Pan and Home View commands from the View menu may be used
and work in exactly the same way as in Maxsurf. If a Perspective view is shown, you
may also use the Pitch, Roll and Yaw indicators to change the angle of view. Please refer
to the Maxsurf manual if you are unfamiliar with these functions.
You may set the visibility of the various display elements by using the Visibility
command from the Display menu. Two sets of visibility flags are maintained, one is used
for all analyses other than tank calibration and the other is used for when the tank
calibration analysis is selected.
If a view window is visible when an analysis is being carried out, it will display the hull
shape using the correct heel trim and immersion for the current iteration of the analysis.
After an analysis, the Select View from Data command in the Display menu may be used
to move the hull to a selected position from the Results window.
The view of the tanks, compartments and non-buoyant volumes can be toggled between
an outline view or a view of the sections.
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Toolbars
Hydromax has a number of icons arranged in toolbars to speed up access to some
commonly used functions. You can hold your mouse over an icon to reveal a pop-up tip
of what the icon does.
File Toolbar
The File toolbar contains icons that execute the following commands:
New - Open - Save - Cut - Copy - Paste - Print
Edit Toolbar
The Edit toolbar contains icons that execute the following commands:
Add Row - Delete Row
View Toolbar
The View toolbar contains icons that execute the following commands:
Zoom - Shrink - Pan - Home View
Analysis Toolbar
The Analysis toolbar contains icons for selecting the current analysis, loadcase and
damage case:
Analysis Type - Current Loadcase - Current Damage Case
The Analysis toolbar also contains icons that execute the following commands:
Criteria (dialog) | Start Analysis - Stop Analysis - Resume Analysis | Form
Compartments
Window Toolbar
The Window toolbar contains icons that make the corresponding window come to the
front:
Perspective - Plan - Profile - Body Plan | Report - Graph - Results | Loadcase - Damage
Case | Compartment - Downflooding - Margin Line - Modulus
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Visibility Toolbar
The Visibility toolbar contains icons that show or hide various items in the graphical
views:
Sections – Datum Waterline – Waterlines |
Margin Line – Downflooding Points |
Tanks – Damaged Tanks – Compartments & NBVs – Damaged Compartments & NBVs
– Tank/Compartment/NBV Names – Tank/Compartment/NBV Sections |
Render – Render transparent – Toggle custom light 1 – Toggle custom light 2 – Toggle
custom light 3 – Toggle custom light 4
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Menus
The following section describes all of the menu commands available in the Hydromax
program.
File Menu
The File menu contains commands for opening and saving files and printing.
New
Creates a new table for whichever input table is frontmost, e.g: when the Loadcase
Condition is the frontmost window, the New command will create a new loading
condition. When the Compartment Definition window is frontmost, New creates a new
compartment definition.
Open
When no design is open, selecting the Open command will show a dialog box with a list
of available Maxsurf designs. Select the design you wish to open, click the Open button.
The requested design will read and its hull shape calculated for use in Hydromax.
If a design is already open, the Open command will open whichever file corresponds to
the frontmost input window.
Close
The Close command will delete the data in the frontmost window. Hydromax will ask
whether you wish to save any changes.
Selecting Close when one of the design view windows is frontmost will close the current
Maxsurf design.
Save
Selecting Save will save the contents of the frontmost window to a file on the disk.
Save As
Selecting Save As performs the same function as save but allows you to specify a new
filename preventing the original file from being overwritten.
Export
Selecting Export enables you to export a Hydromax file as a variety of different file
formats such as DXF or IGES.
Also allows users to export Hydromax files which are compatible with earlier versions of
Hydromax.
Page Setup
The Page Setup dialog allows you to change page size and orientation for printing.
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Print
The Print command allows you to print the contents of the frontmost window on the
screen.
Exit
Exit will close Hydromax and all the data windows. If you have any data or results
which have not been saved to disk, Hydromax will ask you if you wish to save them
before quitting.
Edit Menu
The Edit menu contains commands for working with tables
Undo
Undo may be used with desk accessories, but cannot be used on Hydromax drawing
windows or data windows.
Cut
Cut may be used in the Report window but cannot be used on Hydromax drawing or data
windows.
Copy
The Copy command allows you to copy data from any of the windows, including the
design view, input tables, results tables and graph window.
Paste
Choose the Paste command to Paste data into the Loadcase window or other input tables,
or the Report window. Paste cannot be used in the View, Graph or Results windows.
Select All
Selects the entire Report.
Fill Down
Copies text in a table down a column like a spreadsheet.
Table
Performs operations on Hydromax’s Report window.
Insert New Table

Create a new table in the Report.
Insert Row
Insert a new row into the current table in the Report.
Split Cell
Split the currently selected cell into two separate cells in a table in the Report.
Merge Cells
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Merge the selected cells in a table into a single cell in the Report.
Delete Cells
Delete current cell, column or row or a range of cells, columns or rows in the
Report.
Row Positioning
Set Justification for the current table row or an entire table in the Report.
Cell Border
Set Cell Border Width for a single cell or range of cells in the Report.
Cell Shading
Set Cell Shading Percentage for a single cell or a range of cells in the Report.
Show Grid
Toggle table grid lines in the Report.
Add
The Add command is used to add an entry to the input tables.
Delete
The Delete command will delete rows from the input tables. If no rows are selected, the
last row in the window will be deleted, otherwise all selected rows will be deleted.
Add Surface Areas

This command automatically adds the surface areas and centres of gravity of all hull
surfaces into the current loading condition. This is useful for estimating the initial weight
of hull plating.
Error Values
Defines the error values that Hydromax uses to determine when to finish an iteration
during Large Angle Stability or Equilibrium analysis. Ideal Error values can range
between 0.1% and 0.00001% (1 gram in 10 tonnes of displacement). Acceptable Error
values can range from 1.0% to 0.001%. Acceptable Error values should always be
greater than Ideal Error values.
Hydromax will attempt to solve the analysis to within the ideal error value. If this is not
achieved within a certain number of iterations, but the acceptable error has been
achieved, Hydromax will continue. If convergence to within the acceptable error has not
been achieved, Hydromax will display a warning. Note that this warning is not displayed
during batch analysis, instead the warning is written in the batch file.
One of the most common causes of non-convergence is if the specified displacement

exceeds the volume of the completely submerged vessel and it sinks. Also convergence
may be poor if the trim angle approaches ±90°. If Hydromax thinks that it is likely that
the model has sunk (waterplane area is zero at the current condition) the following dialog
will be displayed. The specified displacement and the actual displacement at the current
iteration are provided for information.
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If there is a convergence problem which appears not to be due to sinking, then the
following dialog will be displayed. This problem can sometimes occur if the specified
displacement is extremely small and the vessel has a large flat bottom, producing a
highly non-linear waterplane area vs. draught plot.
However, there are occasions when convergence will not necessarily occur within the
maximum allowable number of iterations. This can occur if the vessel has a large
discontinuity in the waterplane area vs. draught curve or moment to trim vs. trim angle
curve or moment to heel vs. heel angle curve. If Hydromax fails to converge it will give
you a warning, but will allow you the option of continuing the search. If you choose to
continue, Hydromax will search for the equilibrium position indefinitely. If the search is
unsuccessful after a reasonable period of time, you can interrupt Hydromax by pausing
the analysis.
View Menu
The View menu contains commands for controlling the views in the graphics windows.
Zoom
The Zoom function allows you to examine the contents of the View window in detail by
enlarging the selected area to fill the screen.
Shrink
Choosing Shrink will reduce the size of the displayed image in the View window by a
factor of two.
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Pan
Choosing Pan allows you to move the image around within the View window.
Home View
Choosing Home View will set the image back to its Home View size.
Set Home View

Choosing Set Home View allows you to set the Home View in the View window. To set
the Home View, use Zoom, Shrink, and Pan to arrange the view, then select Set Home
View from the View menu.
Colour
The Colour function allows you to set the colour of lines, labels, and graphs.
Remember to always be careful when using colour. It is very easy to get carried away
with bright colours and end up with a garish display that is uncomfortable to work with.
In general it is best to use a neutral background such as mid grey or dull blue and use
lighter or darker shades of a colour rather than fully saturated hues.
From the scrollable list, select the item whose colour you wish to change. The item’s
current colour will be displayed on the left of the dialog. To change the colour click in
the box and select a new colour form the palette
Font
Font command allows you to set the size and style of text.
The text style chosen will affect the display and printing of all text in the Report,
Loadcase, Graph, Curve of Areas, and Results windows.
Toolbar
Allows you to turn the Toolbars on and off.
Status Bar
Allows you to turn the Status Bar on and off at the bottom of the screen.
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Analysis Menu
The Analysis menu can be used to change the current analysis mode. It also contains
commands to set the input data required for the current analysis.
Heel
Selecting Heel allows you to specify the three ranges of heel angles that you wish
Hydromax to step through. Separate ranges may be set for Large Angle Stability, KN
and Limiting KG analyses.
Trim
Free trimming is activated by setting the Free Trim box, otherwise all calculations are
performed with fixed specified trim.
Draft
The range of drafts used for the analysis of upright hydrostatics can be set using this
command.
Displacement
The range of displacements used for the analysis of KN values and Limiting KG can be
set using this command.
Specified Conditions
Allows you to specify Heel, Trim, CG, Displacement and Draft for the Specified
Condition analysis.
Fluids
Allows you to specify whether to use Corrected VCG method or Simulate Fluid
Movement method. When analysing the fluid contained in tanks.
Density
This command allows you to set the density of fluids used in the analysis.
Waveform
The Waveform command allows you to perform analysis for a flat waterplane or
sinusoidal or trochoidal waveforms.
Hog and Sag

Allows you to define the amount of hog or sag to be applied to the hull when calculating
the vessel’s hydrostatics.
Criteria
The Criteria menu item allows you to specify the stability criteria to be checked when a
Large Angle Stability analysis is performed. Some stability criteria require an
Equilibrium analysis to be performed as they relate to the equilibrium position reached
after damage to the hull has been included.
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This also specifies the criteria to be evaluated in the limiting KG analysis.
Grounding
Specifies grounding on one or two points of variable length. The Equilibrium analysis
will determine whether the hull is grounded or free floating and will trim the hull
accordingly. Damage can be specified with grounding.
Note that for the time being the grounding points are considered to span the transverse
extents of the hull and therefore constrain the heel to zero.
The width of the grounding point is only used when calculating the distributed load in
Longitudinal Strength analysis, otherwise it is assumed to be a point of contact.
Form Compartments
Selecting Form Compartments instructs Hydromax to intersect the tank boundaries
defined in the Compartment Definition window with the hull surface and calibrate the
tanks.
Set Analysis Type

Choose the analysis type you wish to use from the sub-menu.
Start Analysis
Selecting Start Analysis causes Hydromax to start performing the specified analysis. The
analysis may be halted at any time by choosing Stop Analysis from this menu; also.
Resume Analysis
If you have halted analysis by choosing Stop Analysis, Resume Analysis may be used to
restart calculation from the point where it was interrupted.
Stop Analysis
This command halts analysis at the current iteration. Note that the analysis may not have
been completed and in the case of large angle stability, equilibrium condition and KN
values, any data displayed for the final iteration may be incorrect.
Case Menu
The case menu is used to add, delete and rename damage cases.
Add Damage Case

Adds a damage case before the currently selected damage case in the Damage Case
window. If either none or the intact case is selected. The new damage case will be added
to the end of the list.
Delete Damage Case

Deletes the current damage case(s) in the Damage Case window.
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Edit Damage Case
Allows the name of the selected damage case, other than the intact case, to be edited.
Display Menu
The Display menu contains commands for controlling the data which are displayed in the
graphics and other windows.
Data Format
Data Format allows you to choose which stability data are tabulated. A dialog box allows
you to choose from a range of stability variables.
Coefficients
In Hydromax you may choose between the length between perpendiculars and the
waterline length for the calculation of Block, Prismatic and Waterplane Area
Coefficients. Select Coefficients from the Display menu:
Units
The units used may be specified using the Units command. In addition to the length and
mass units classes, units for speed (used in wind heeling and heeling due to high-speed
turn etc. criteria) and the angular units to be used for areas under GZ curves; the angular
units for measuring heel and trim angles are always degrees, may also be set.
Visibility
The visibility of tanks, compartments, labels, hull contours, and other items in the design
view may be set by using this dialog.
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Frame of Reference
If the positions of the Baseline and/or Perpendiculars need to be changed from those
defined in the Maxsurf model, they may be changed using the Frame of Reference
command. It is highly recommended that the correct frame of reference be set in
Maxsurf prior to loading the design into Hydromax. This will ensure that a consistent
frame of reference is used in all the programs.
Zero Point
This function sets the longitudinal and vertical reference point for all measurements,
including the centre of gravity. It is highly recommended that the correct zero point be
set in Maxsurf prior to loading the design into Hydromax. This will ensure that a
consistent zero point is used in all the programs.
Select View From Data

This function may be used to synchronise the display in the Design View window with
one of the sets of data in Results window. The view may be set from any of the results
from Upright Hydrostatics, Large Angle Stability or Equilibrium analyses. Simply
highlight the column or row which corresponds to the condition you wish to view and
select Select View From Data; the Design View will change to match the condition in
the selected row or column in the Results window.
Animate
Selecting Animate will animate the stability sequence in the design View window,
through the range of heel angles specified. You may set the initial viewing position in
the Perspective View window using the Pitch, Roll and Yaw indicators. When
Hydromax has finished calculating the frames the sequence may be replayed by moving
the mouse from side to side. Clicking the mouse button will terminate the animation.
If animation is chosen after an Equilibrium Analysis has been performed in waves, the
animation will automatically cycle through the full range of wave phases, giving a
simple visual simulation of the motion of the hull through a wave pattern.
Window Menu
The items in this menu each represent a Hydromax window. Selecting the item brings
the appropriate window to the front.
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Cascade
Displays all the Windows behind the active Windows.
Tile Horizontal
Layout all visible windows across the screen.
Tile Vertical
Layout all visible windows down the screen.
Arrange Icons
Rearranges the icons of any iconised window so that they are collected together at the
bottom of the Maxsurf program window.
View Direction
Select the desired view direction from the sub-menu. The selected design window will
then be brought to the front.
Loadcase
Brings the Loadcase window to the front. The Loadcase window allows you to enter a
series of component weights, together with their longitudinal and vertical distances from
the zero point. These inputs are used to calculate the total Displacement and Centre of
Gravity for Stability, KN and Equilibrium analysis.
Input
Choose from the Input item to bring the desired Input window to the front and display
the Compartment Definition, Downflooding Points, Margin Line Points or Modulus
table.
Results
Choose from the Results item to bring the desired Results window to the front and
display the desired table.
Graph
Brings the selected Graph window to the front. The Graph window displays a number of
different graphs, depending on which analysis mode is currently active.
Help Menu
Provides access to on-line help system.
About Hydromax
Displays information about the current version of Hydromax you are using.
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Appendix A
Calculation of Form Parameters
This Appendix explains how the calculation of form parameters (CB, CP, AM, etc.) are calculated
in Hydromax and investigates why differences with other hydrostatics packages may occur.
Definition and calculation of form parameters

Below is a summary of the definitions of basic vessel particulars and form parameters used in
Hydromax.
Nomenclature
Amax Maximum immersed cross-sectional area to waterline
under investigation
AWP Area of waterplane at the waterline under investigation
BOA Overall beam of whole vessel (above and below
waterline)
BWL Maximum waterline beam at design waterline
B Maximum beam of waterline under investigation
b Waterline beam of station under investigation
LOA Length overall
LWL Length of design waterline
LBP Length between perpendiculars
L length of waterline under investigation
T0 Draft from some arbitrary baseline (normally the lowest
point on the design)
T Maximum immersed depth of hull
t Draft (immersed depth) of station under investigation
∇ Immersed volume of displacement at waterline under
investigation
Length
The design waterline or DWL is a waterline near which the fully loaded design is intended to
float under normal circumstances. The forward perpendicular is normally defined as the
intersection of the DWL with the bow. The after perpendicular is normally defined as the
position of the rudder post, or possibly the transom.
Several lengths may be defined: the LBP is the length between perpendiculars, this may be
different from the length of the DWL (LWL) and in general, will also be different from the
LOA (overall length). In some cases, particularly for resistance prediction purposes, it may be
more appropriate to define an effective length of the underwater body, features such as bulbous
bows and overhangs can make the LBP, LWL and LOA quite different. In addition, for
calculations at drafts other than the DWL, it may be appropriate to use the actual waterline
length at that draft (L).
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Some of the more common lengths which may be used to characterise a vessel
In Hydromax you may choose between the length between perpendiculars and the waterline
length for the calculation of Block, Prismatic and Waterplane Area Coefficients. Select
Coefficients from the Display menu:
Beam
It is normal to use the maximum waterline beam for calculation of coefficients, and this may be
of the DWL or the waterline under consideration. However, there may be times when it is
appropriate to use the maximum immersed beam (e.g. submarine, vessel with tumble-home or
blisters). For the calculation of section area coefficients it is normal practice to use the beam and
draft of the section in question.
Vessel with tumble-home
Catamarans and other multihull vessel pose another difficulty. In some cases the overall beam is
of importance, in others, the beam of the individual hulls may be required.
Hydromax uses the total waterline beam of immersed portions of the section for
calculation of block coefficient and other form parameters. For the case of a monohull this
will be the normal waterline beam. For catamarans this will be twice the demihull beam
(remember that the total displaced volume is used and hence the block coefficient is the
same a that of a single demihull). For the section shown below, the beam used would be the
sum of B1, B2 and B3.
Page 153
Multihull beams
Draft
The draft is normally specified from a nominal datum. Normally this datum is the lowest part of
the hull. However, for vessels with raked keel lines or yachts, the datum may be elsewhere. In
Hydromax drafts are defined from the datum line. However, there are also occasions when the
immersed depth of the section is a more relevant measure of draft, this is often the case when
form parameters are calculated.
Hydromax uses the depths that stations extend below the waterline for calculation of form
coefficients. For calculations of block coefficient, the greatest immersed section depth is
used; for calculations of section area coefficients, the immersed depth of the section in
question is used.
Draft measurements
Midship Section
It is current usual practice to define the midship section as midway between the perpendiculars,
however for some vessels it is defined as the midpoint of the DWL. For vessels with no parallel
mid-body, the section with greatest cross-sectional area may also be of particular interest.
When comparing form coefficients such as CP and CM , remember that Hydromax uses the
station with the maximum immersed cross-sectional area at the waterline under
consideration.
Block Coefficient
Principles of Naval Architecture defines the block coefficient as:
"the ratio of the volume of displacement of the moulded form up to any waterline to the volume
of a rectangular prism with length, breadth and depth equal to the length, breadth and mean draft
of the ship at that waterline."
However, the actual definitions of the length, beam and draft used vary between authorities.
Length may be LBP, LWL or some effective length. The beam may be at amidships or the
Page 154
maximum moulded beam of the waterline; or may be defined according to another standard –
this may be important for hulls with significant tumble-home or blisters below the waterline.
Hydromax uses the length of the waterline under consideration, L, the maximum
waterline beam of that waterline, B. The draft is the depth below the waterline of the
deepest section, T. Note that B and T need not occur at the same longitudinal station.
∇
CB =
L ⋅ B ⋅T
Midship Section Coefficient

Principles of Naval Architecture defines the midship coefficient as:
"the ratio of the immersed area of the midship station to that of a rectangle of breadth equal to
moulded breadth and depth equal to moulded draft at amidships."
It should be noted that, for sections which have significant tumble-home or blisters below the
waterline, the midship section coefficient can be greater than unity.
The midship section coefficient used by Hydromax, is calculated at the station with
maximum cross-sectional area. The beam used is the waterline beam at this station, b, and
the draft is the immersed depth of the station, t.
Amax
CM =
b⋅t
Prismatic Coefficient
Principles of Naval Architecture defines the prismatic coefficient as:
"the ratio between the volume of displacement and a prism whose length equals the length of
the ship and whose cross-section equals the midship section area."
Again the definition of midship section and vessel length depend on the standard being used.
Hydromax uses the length of the waterline under investigation, L, and the maximum
immersed cross-section area Amax.
∇
CP =
L ⋅ Amax
Waterplane Area Coefficient

Principles of Naval Architecture defines the waterplane area coefficient as:
"the ratio between the area of the waterplane and the area of a circumscribing rectangle."
Hydromax uses the length of the waterline, L, and the maximum beam of the waterline, B.
AWP
CWP =
L⋅B
Page 155
Maximum deck inclination
Hydromax now calculates the maximum inclination of an imaginary, initially horizontal deck.
Deck camber and initial deck slope are not taken into account.
Trim angle
The trim angle as defined by:
 Ta − T f 
θ = tan − 1 

 L pp 
where: θ is the trim angle; Ta , Tf are the aft and forward draughts at the corresponding
perpendiculars and LPP is the length between perpendiculars.
Potential for errors in hydrostatic calculations

There are a number of potential sources of error when calculating the hydrostatic properties of
immersed shapes. These mainly occur from the integration method used and occur in both hand
calculation and most automatic calculations carried out by computer. Both methods use
numerical integration techniques which are normally either based on Simpson’s rule or the
Trapezium rule. As with all numerical integration schemes the accuracy increases as the step
size is reduced, hence computer calculations offer an enormous advantage compared with hand
calculation due to the increased speed and accuracy with which these calculations may be
carried out. With hand calculations, it is normal to use perhaps 21 sections and perhaps 3-5
significant figures; with computer calculations, it is quite feasible to use 200 sections or more
with 10s of significant figures. These effects are noted from comparing the results of different
hydrostatics packages on the same hullform. In general differences for basic parameters such as
displacement etc. are under 0.5% (note that, in general, agreement of hand calculations to within
2% is considered good). Differences in derived form parameters may show considerable
variation. However, this is primarily due to differences in the definitions used – see discussion
above.
The 0.5% error discrepancy noted above, may be attributed to a number of causes:
• Convergence limits when balancing a hull to a specified displacement or centre of gravity.
• Different number of integration stations used, and their distribution. Where there are large
changes in shape, such as near the bow and stern, the stations should be more closely
spaced. This can be of particular importance if the waterline intersects the stem profile
between two sections.
• Differences in the hull definition, and number of interpolation points used to define each
section. If the surface is exported as DXF poly-lines then the precision used and the
number of straight line sections used to make up the poly-line are important.
• The integration method used: trapezium, Simpson, or higher order methods.
Integration of wetted surface area

At first glance, it may seem that wetted surface area may be calculated by simply integrating the
station girth along the length of the hull, in a similar way that one might integrate the station
cross-sectional area along the length of the hull to obtain the volume. However, this is not the
case and the wetted surface area can only be accurately integrated by summing elemental areas
over the complete surface. Further, the error due to integrating girths along the vessel length
cannot be removed simply by increasing the number of integration stations. The only accurate
numerical method is to sum the areas of individual triangles interpolated on the parametric
surface.
The differences are easily shown by considering the surface area of half a sphere. This is given
analytically by: A = 2πR 2 , where R is the radius of the circle.
Page 156
It may be shown that the area obtained by integrating the girth of the sphere along its length is
given by:
A = 2πR 2 , note that this is with an infinite number of integration steps, and there is a error
π
factor of , or approximately 57%.
2
However, for normal ship hulls, the differences will be much less due to the greatly reduced
longitudinal curvature. Surface areas calculated by the ’Calculate Areas’ dialogue in Maxsurf are
the most accurate since they are derived from the actual parametric definition of the surface.
Those calculated by Hydromax and most other hydrodynamics packages which use a number of
vertical stations to define the hull will be subject to the error described above.
Reference Designs
A folder of reference hull shapes is included with Maxsurf and Hydromax. These designs are of
simple geometric shapes and can be used to validate calculations performed by Hydromax.
Below is a table of results derived analytically from these shapes compared with results
obtained from Maxsurf and Hydromax at different precisions.
Page 157
Index
Reference Calculations
Hydrostatics calculations for various reference designs, comparison of Maxsurf and Hydromax with analytical values
sphere 10m diam at 5m draft

Volume m^3 WP Area m^2 VCB m LCB m Trans. I m^4 Long. I m^4 Volume WP Area Trans. I Long. I
Analytically derived 261.79939 78.53982 -1.875 0 490.873852 490.87385 % error % error % error % error
Hydromax High Precision 260.4998 78.381 -1.874 0 488.6807269 489.14247 -0.50% -0.20% -0.45% -0.35%
Hydromax Low Precision 260.34279 78.357 -1.874 0 488.564741 488.93873 -0.56% -0.23% -0.47% -0.39%
Maxsurf Hi Precision 261.532 78.341 -1.875 0 490.57 485.761 -0.10% -0.25% -0.06% -1.04%
Maxsurf Low Precision 257.105 77.849 -1.871 0 483.191 480.89 -1.79% -0.88% -1.57% -2.03%
10m Cylinder 10m diam. at 5m draft

Analytically derived 392.699 100 -2.122 0 833.333333 833.33333 % error % error % error % error
Hydromax High Precision 391.991 100 -2.121 0 833.333333 833.33333 -0.18% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Hydromax Low Precision 391.991 100 -2.121 0 833.333333 833.33333 -0.18% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Maxsurf Hi Precision 392.522 100 -2.122 0 833.333 833.333 -0.05% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Maxsurf Low Precision 389.874 100 -2.118 0 833.333 833.333 -0.72% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Box 20m long 10m beam at 5m draft

Analytically derived 1000 200 -2.5 0 1666.666666 6666.6667 % error % error % error % error
Hydromax High Precision 1000 200 -2.5 0 1666.666666 6666.6667 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Hydromax Low Precision 1000 200 -2.5 0 1666.666666 6666.6667 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Maxsurf Hi Precision 1000 200 -2.5 0 1666.667 6666.667 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Maxsurf Low Precision 1000 200 -2.5 0 1666.667 6666.667 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Parabolic Wigley type Hull, LWL=15m,B=1.5m,D=0.9375

Analytically derived 9.375 15 -0.352 0 1.92875 168.75 % error % error % error % error
Hydromax High Precision 9.364 14.985 -0.352 0 1.92527 168.4685 -0.12% -0.10% -0.18% -0.17%
Hydromax Low Precision 9.351 14.98 -0.352 0 1.92418 168.3773 -0.26% -0.13% -0.24% -0.22%
Maxsurf Hi Precision 9.372 14.999 -0.351 0 1.927 168.63 -0.03% -0.01% -0.09% -0.07%
Maxsurf Low Precision 9.302 14.942 -0.351 0 1.91 167.621 -0.78% -0.39% -0.97% -0.67%
Page 158
Appendix B
Criteria file format
The criteria are save in a Hydromax criteria file with the extension .hcr. The file is a normal PC
text file which may be edited manually so as to generate custom criteria. The typical format of
the file is given below:
Hydromax Criteria File

[units]
LengthUnits = m
MassUnits = tonne
SpeedUnits = kts
AngleUnits = deg
GZAreaGMAngleUnits = deg
[end]
[criterionGroup]
GroupName = Specific Criteria
ParentGroupName = root
[end]
[criterionGroup]
GroupName = My Custom Criteria
ParentGroupName = root
[end]
[criterionGroup]
GroupName = STIX input data
ParentGroupName = Specific Criteria
[end]
[criterion]
Type = CTStdAreaUnderGZBetweenLimits
RuleName = STIX input data
CritName = GZ area to the lesser of downflooding or…
CritInfo = Area under GZ curve between specified heel…
CritInfoFile = HMCriteriaHelp\StixHelp.rtf
Locked = true
TestIntact = true
TestDamage = false
Test = false
Compare = GreaterThan
UseLoHeel = false
UseEquilibrium = true
UseHiHeel = false
UseFirstPeak = false
UseMaxGZ = false
UseFirstDF = true
UseVanishingStab = true
LoHeel = 0.0
HiHeel = 30.0
Page 159
RequiredValue = 0.000
[end]
[criterion]
Type = CTStdAngleOfVanishingStab
RuleName = STIX input data
CritName = Angle of vanishing stability
CritInfo = Calculates the angle of vanishing stability…
CritInfoFile = HMCriteriaHelp\StixHelp.rtf
Locked = true
TestIntact = true
TestDamage = false
Test = false
Compare = GreaterThan
RequiredValue = 0.0
[end]
The file must have “Hydromax Criteria File” in the first row. The first section of the
file is the units section and this specifies the units that are to be used in the file. There are two
angular units:
AngleUnits Specifies the units for angular measurements,
e.g. range of stability
GZAreaGMAngleUnits Specifies the angle units used for area under
GZ graph and for GM.
The criteria then appear after the units section and as many criteria as required may be included.
The common parameters for all criteria are as follows:
Type Describes the type of criterion
RuleName Text which specifies the rule to which the
criterion belongs
CritName Text which specifies the criterion’s name
CritInfo Verbose description of the criterion
Locked Whether the criterion may be edited in
Hydromax or not. If Locked is set to true, it is
not possible to edit the criterion’s parameters
in Hydromax
The other parameters which may be set depend on the criterion type. The available criterion
types are as follows:
Page 160
Criteria at equilibrium
CTStdEquiAngle Angle of equilibrium
CTStdEquiFreeboard Freeboard at equilibrium
CTStdEquiGM GM at equilibrium
GZ curve criteria
CTStdValueOfGMAt Value of GM at specified
heel angle
CTStdValueOfGZAt Value of GZ at specified
heel angle.
CTStdValueOfMaxGZ Maximum value of GZ in
specified range
CTStdRatioOfGZValues Ratio of two GZ values at
specified heel angles.
CTStdAngleOfMaxGZ Angle at which maximum
GZ occurs.
CTStdAngleOfEquilibrium Angle of equilibrium.
CTStdAngleOfDownflooding Angle at which first down
flooding point is
immersed.
CTStdAngleOfVanishingStab Angle of vanishing
stability.
CTStdRangeOfStability Range of positive
stability.
CTStdAreaUnderGZBetweenLimits Area under GZ curve
CTStdHSCMonoAreaUnderGZBetweenLimits Area under GZ curve –
required area depends on
upper limit, linear
CTStdHSCMultiAreaUnderGZBetweenLimits Area under GZ curve –
required area depends on
upper limit, exponential
Heeling arm criteria
CTStdHeelValueOfGMAtEquilibrium Value of GM at angle of
equilibrium with specified
heel arm.
CTStdHeelValueOfGZAtEquilibrium Value of GZ at angle of
equilibrium with specified
heel arm.
CTStdHeelValueOfMaxGZAboveHA
CTStdHeelRatioOfGZValues
CTStdHeelAngleOfMaxGZAboveHA
CTStdHeelAngleOfEquilibrium Angle of equilibrium with
specified heel arm.
Generic heeling arm
CTStdPassengerCrowdingAngleOfEquilibrium Angle of equilibrium with
specified heel arm.
Passenger crowding
heeling arm
CTStdHighSpeedTurnAngleOfEquilibrium Angle of equilibrium with
specified heel arm.
Turning heeling arm
CTStdDerivedHeelArmAngleOfEquilibrium Derived wind heeling
CTStdHeelAngleOfVanishingStab Angle of vanishing
stability with specified
heel arm.
CTStdHeelRangeOfStability Range of stability with
generic wind heeling arm
Page 161
CTStdHeelAreaBetweenGZAndHABetweenLimits Area between GZ curve
and heeling arm
CTStdHeelRatioOfAreas1Turning Area ratio, method 1
using generic heeling arm
CTStdHeelRatioOfAreas1Lifting Area ratio, method 1
using sin+cos heeling arm
CTStdHeelRatioOfAreas2 Ratio of areas based on
US Navy wind heeling
criterion.
Multiple heeling arm criteria
CTStdMultiHeelRatioOfGZValues GZ ratio for combined
heeling arms
CTStdMultiHeelAngleOfEquilibrium Angle of equilibrium for
combined heeling arms
CTStdMultiHeelAreaBetweenGZAndHABetweenLimits Area between GZ curve
and heeling arm, for
combined heeling arms
CTStdMultiHeelRatioOfAreas1Turning Ratio of areas method 1
for combined heeling
arms
Heeling arm, combined criteria
CTStdHeelGenericTurning Combined criteria for
turning
CTStdHeelGenericLifting Combined criteria for
lifting of heavy weights
CTStdHeelGenericWindHeeling Combined angle of
equilibrium, ratio of GZ
values and ratio of areas
criteria for specified
heeling arm; based on US
Navy wind heeling
criterion. Uses generic
heeling arm
CTStdHeelWindHeeling Combined angle of
equilibrium, ratio of GZ
values and ratio of areas
criteria for specified
heeling arm; based on US
Navy wind heeling
criterion. Uses wind
heeling arm
Page 162
Index
A D
About Hydromax, 151 Damage, 30
Add, 144 Damage Case, saving, 49
Add Damage Case, 148 Damage Window, 126
Add Load, 127 Data Format, 149
Add Point, 131 Data layout, 136
Add Surface Areas, 144 Data selection, 135
Aft Perpendicular, 14 Delete, 144
Allowable shears and moments, 45 Delete Cells, 144
Amidships, 14 Delete Damage Case, 148
Analysis, 3 Delete Load, 128
Analysis in waves, 5 Density, 15, 147
Analysis Menu, 147 Design, saving, 49
Analysis Toolbar, 140 Displacement, 41, 147
Analysis type, choosing, 4 Display Menu, 149
Animate, 150 Downflooding Angles, 137
Arrange Icons, 151 Downflooding points, 130
Downflooding points, linking to tanks or
B
compartments, 130
Baseline, 15 Draft, 33, 147, 154
Beam, 153 DWL, 15, 33
Block Coefficient, 154
E
C
Edit Damage Case, 149
Cascade, 151 Edit Menu, 143
Case Menu, 148 Edit Toolbar, 140
Cell Border, 144 Equilibrium, 5, 36
Cell Shading, 144 Equilibrium condition, 5
Center of buoyancy, 138 Error Values, 144
Center of flotation, 138 Exit, 143
Center of gravity, 138 Export, 142
Close, 142
F
Coefficients, calculation of, 149
Colour, 146 File Menu, 142
Compartment Definition, 19, 129 File Toolbar, 140
Compartment definition, saving, 49 Fill Down, 143
Compartment types, 23 Flooding, 31
Compartments, 24 Fluid analysis method, 29
Compartments, forming, 23 Fluid VCG, 30, 129
Compartments, tapered, 20 Fluids, 147
Convergence, 144 Font, 146
Coordinate system, 14 Form Compartments, 23, 148
Copy, 50, 143 Forward Perpendicular, 14
Corrected VCG, 29 Frame of Reference, 14, 150
Criteria, 147 Free Surface Moment, 29, 128
Cut, 143 Free surface moments, 19
Page 163
Freeboard, 137, 138 M
G Margin Line points, 131
Maximum deck inclination, 156
Graph, 151
Maximum shears and moments, 45
Graph data, interpolating, 135
Merge Cells, 143
Graph type, 135
Midship Section, 154
Graph Window, 135
Midship Section Coefficient, 155
Grounding, 17, 148
Modulus points, 132
GZ, 5
Modulus Window, 45
H
N
Heel, 147
New, 142
Heel angles, 34
Non-Buoyant Volume Definition, 19
Help Menu, 151
Non-Buoyant Volumes, 24
Hog and Sag, 17, 147
Home View, 139, 146 O
Horizontal lever, 127
Open, 2, 142
I Opening a design, 2
Immersion Angles, 137 P
Input, 151
Page Setup, 142
Input Window, 129
Pan, 139, 146
Insert New Table, 143
Paste, 143
Insert Row, 143
Preferences, 1
Installing Hydromax, 1
Preparing a design for Hydromax, 1
Internal Structure, 13
Print, 143
K Print Preview, 51
Prismatic Coefficient, 155
Key Point Data, 137
Key points, 130 R
Key points, adding, 131
Reference Designs, 157
Key points, deleting, 131
Relative Density, 15, 19, 28
Key points, editing, 131
Report Keystrokes, 134
KN Values, 41
Report Window, 132
KN Values, 6
Results, 151
L Results Window, 135
Results, saving, 49
Large Angle Stability, 5, 34
Resume Analysis, 48, 148
Length, 152
Row Positioning, 144
Limiting KG, 6, 43
Linked Compartments, 24 S
Linked Negative Compartments, 24
Save, 49, 142
Linked Tanks, 23
Save As, 142
Load, adding, deleting, 127
Sectional Area Curve, 13
Loadcase, 18, 151
Sections, Checking, 1
Loadcase formatting, 129
Sections, Checking in Hydromax, 10
Loadcase Window, 126
Sections, Checking in Maxsurf, 11
Loadcase, Blank lines, 129
Sections, Closing, 9
Loadcase, Grouping tanks, 129
Select All, 143
Loadcase, Headings lines, 129
Select View From Data, 150
Loadcase, saving, 49
Set Analysis Type, 148
Loadcase, Total lines, 129
Set Home View, 146
Loads, distributed, 128
Shift Key, 1
Longitudinal Strength, 7, 45
Page 164
Show Grid, 144 Stability criteria, damage and intact settings,
Shrink, 139, 145 58
Simulate fluid movement, 30 Stability criteria, defining custom criteria, 58
Specific Gravity, 15, 19, 28 Stability criteria, details, 60
Specified Condition, 6, 40, 147 Stability criteria, equilibrium, 71
Split Cell, 143 Stability criteria, General cos+sin heeling arm,
Stability, 34 89
Stability booklet, 29 Stability criteria, General heeling arm, 89
Stability criteria, 32 Stability criteria, Gust ratio, 94
Stability Criteria, 137 Stability criteria, GZ area between limits -
Stability criteria, Angle of deck edge general heeling arm, 107
immersion, 78 Stability criteria, GZ area between limits -
Stability criteria, Angle of downflooding, 77 multiple heeling arms, 113
Stability criteria, Angle of equilibrium, 77 Stability criteria, GZ area between limits type
Stability criteria, Angle of equilibrium - 1 - standard, 78
derived wind heeling arm, 105 Stability criteria, GZ area between limits type
Stability criteria, Angle of equilibrium - 2- HSC monohull type, 80
general heeling arm, 103, 104 Stability criteria, GZ area between limits type
Stability criteria, Angle of equilibrium - high- 3 - HSC multihull type, 82
speed turn heeling arm, 105 Stability criteria, GZ curve features, 66
Stability criteria, Angle of equilibrium - Stability criteria, GZ, non-healing arm, 72
multiple heeling arms, 112 Stability criteria, Heeling due to bollard-pull,
Stability criteria, Angle of equilibrium - 92
passenger crowding heeling arm, 104 Stability criteria, Heeling due to lifting of
Stability criteria, Angle of margin line weights crowding, 91
immersion, 77 Stability criteria, Heeling due to passenger
Stability criteria, Angle of maximum GZ, 77 crowding, 90
Stability criteria, Angle of maximum GZ Stability criteria, Heeling due to towing, 92
above heeling arm - general heeling arm, Stability criteria, Heeling due to turning, 90
102 Stability criteria, Heeling due to wind, 93
Stability criteria, Angle of vanishing stability, Stability criteria, IMO Code on Intact Stability
78 A.749(18), 95
Stability criteria, Angle of vanishing stability - Stability criteria, IMO HSC Code MSC.36(63,
general heeling arm, 105 97
Stability criteria, Areas and levers, 94 Stability criteria, importing, 64
Stability criteria, Combined criteria (ratio of Stability criteria, list, 56
areas type 1) - general cos+sin heeling arm, Stability criteria, Maximum Freeboard at
116 equilibrium, 71
Stability criteria, Combined criteria (ratio of Stability criteria, Maximum value of heel,
areas type 1) - general heeling arm, 115 pitch or slope at equilibrium, 71
Stability criteria, Combined criteria (ratio of Stability criteria, Minimum Freeboard at
areas type 1) - high-speed turn, 116 equilibrium, 71
Stability criteria, Combined criteria (ratio of Stability criteria, moving criteria, 57
areas type 1) - lifting weight, 117 Stability criteria, Other criteria - STIX, 120
Stability criteria, Combined criteria (ratio of Stability criteria, overview, 54
areas type 1) - passenger crowding, 116 Stability criteria, parent criteria, 57
Stability criteria, Combined criteria (ratio of Stability criteria, pass/fail test, 61
areas type 1) - towing, 117 Stability criteria, Range of positive stability,
Stability criteria, Combined criteria (ratio of 78
areas type 2) - general wind heeling arm, Stability criteria, Range of positive stability -
117 general heeling arm, 106
Stability criteria, Combined criteria (ratio of Stability criteria, Ratio of areas type 1 -
areas type 2) - wind heeling arm, 119 general cos+sin heeling arm, 109
Page 165
Stability criteria, Ratio of areas type 1 - Tank, complex, 21
general heeling arm, 108 Tank, in Compartments, 26
Stability criteria, Ratio of areas type 1 - Tank, Linked, 21
multiple heeling arms, 114 Tank, Ordering, 28
Stability criteria, Ratio of areas type 2 - Tank, Permeability, 28
general wind heeling arm, 110 Tank, simple, 19
Stability criteria, Ratio of GZ area between Tank, Surface Thickness, 28
limits, 83 Tank, tapered, 20
Stability criteria, Ratio of GZ values at phi1 Tank, Visibility, 29
and phi2, 75 Tanks, 23
Stability criteria, Ratio of GZ values at phi1 Tanks, External, 24
and phi2 - general heeling arm, 102 Tanks, Non-Buoyant Areas, 25
Stability criteria, Ratio of GZ values at phi1 Tile Horizontal, 151
and phi2 - multiple heeling arms, 112 Tile Vertical, 151
Stability criteria, Ratio of positive to negative Time step, 5
GZ area between limits, 86 Toolbars, 140, 146
Stability criteria, report and batch processing, Trapezoidal integration, 9
63 Trim, 15, 147
Stability criteria, resizing dialog, 56 Trim angle, 156
Stability criteria, results, 62 Trim, fixed, 15
Stability criteria, saving, 64 Trim, free, 15
Stability criteria, selecting for analysis, 58
U
Stability criteria, setting up for analysis, 55
Stability criteria, USL code, 98 Undo, 143
Stability criteria, Value of GMt at, 72 Units, 149
Stability criteria, Value of GMt at equilibrium Upright hydrostatics, 5
- general heeling arm, 100
V
Stability criteria, Value of GMt or GMl at
equilibrium, 72 View Direction, 151
Stability criteria, Value of GZ at, 73 View Menu, 145
Stability criteria, Value of GZ at equilibrium - View Toolbar, 140
general heeling arm, 100 View Window, 138
Stability criteria, Value of GZ at specified Visibility, 149
angle or maximum GZ below specified Visibility Toolbar, 141
angle, 74 W
Stability criteria, Value of maximum GZ, 73
Stability criteria, Value of maximum GZ Waterplane Area Coefficient, 155
above heeling arm - general heeling arm, Wave definition, 16
101 Wave height, 17
Start Analysis, 48, 148 Waveform, 147
Starting Hydromax, 1 Waveform, sinusoidal, 16
Status Bar, 146 Waveform, trochoidal, 16
Stop Analysis, 48, 148 Wavelength, 17
Window Menu, 150
T Window Toolbar, 140
Table, 143 Windows Registry, 1
Tank Calibrations, 8, 47 Z
Tank Definition, 19
Tank definition, saving, 49 Zero Point, 14, 127, 150
Tank Fluids, 28 Zoom, 139, 145
Tank loads, 128
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Hydromax

Windows Version 9.5

© Formation Design Systems Pty Ltd 1984 - 2002

Hydromax User Manual

Chapter 2 Using Hydromax

Chapter 3 Stability Criteria

Chapter 4 Hydromax Reference

Preparing a Design for Hydromax

If surface thickness is to be used in hydrostatics calculations, ensure that the thickness

Maxsurf Surface Properties Dialog

Choosing Analysis Type

Large Angle Stability

If performed in conjunction with analysis in waves, the Equilibrium analysis will

A graph of maximum permissible GZ plotted against vessel displacement is produced:

The curves displayed on this graph are:

Weight The weight per unit length along the hull.

Checking the Sections

Checking the Sections in Maxsurf

Correct section: this section will be closed across the top.

+ve forward, +ve starboard, +ve up

Frame of Reference and Zero Point

Trim for Limiting KG and KN analyses

The water plane can be specified as flat, or as a sinusoidal or trochoidal waveform. If a

Hog and Sag

Loadcase Free Surface Moments

Adding Simple Tanks

Adding Complex Tanks Using Surfaces

WARNING: If a design is to be updated in Maxsurf, all loading details, compartment

Compartments are only used to specify compartmentalisation for damage. They

Linked Negative Compartments these allow you to subtract a volume from a

Non-Buoyant Volumes are only used to specify compartments of the vessel

Additional box-shaped hull surfaces used to define deck tanks

Longitudinal Extents of Tank Bounding Boxes

Modelling Non-Buoyant Areas

Bow thruster tube modelled as two non-buoyant volumes

Propeller tunnels modelled with trimming surfaces

Linked Compartments and Damage Cases

Tanks Wholly Within a Compartment

• Define the tanks and compartments, using boundary surfaces if required.

Relative Density of Tank Fluids

Acceptable fluid names and abbreviations are:

Tanks and Surface Thickness

Compartment and Tank Ordering

Compartment and Tank Visibility

Fluid Analysis Method

The two options are:

The current damage case is selected from the Analysis toolbar.

Other Initial Condition Data

Choosing Upright Hydrostatics

Setting a Range of Drafts

Choosing Large Angle Stability Analysis

• Displacement and Centre of Gravity using the Loadcase window

Setting Heel Angles

Choosing Equilibrium Analysis

• Displacement and Centre of Gravity using the Loadcase window

Results from Equilibrium analysis, note heel angle of zero:

Choosing Specified Condition Analysis

• Specified Conditions from the Analysis menu

Specifying Heel, Trim and Immersion

• Displacement from the Analysis menu, select range for analysis

Setting a Range of Displacements

Choosing Longitudinal Strength

• Displacement and Centre of Gravity using the Loadcase window

Allowable Shears and Moments