COLLEGE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

DIPLOMA IN BUILDING SURVEYING

BST150

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II

ASSIGNMENT 1

PREPARED FOR:

SIR MOHD DZULKARNAEN BIN SUDIRMAN

PREPARED BY:

No. NAME MATRIC NO

1 AINA QISTINA BINTI ALIAS 2022843548

AP1192C
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 PREFACE
1.1 DETAIL OF SELECTED BUILDING……………………………………………1
1.2 LOCATION, BUILDING AREA………………………………………………….2

2.0 DISCUSSION
2.1 WALL INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………..3
2.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF WALLS……………….……………………………4
2.2.2 TYPES OF WALL FINISHES……………………………………………….7
2.2 CASE STUDIES
2.2.1 TYPE OF WALL……………………………………………………………..8
2.2.2 MATERIAL OF THE WALL………………………………………………...8
2.2.3 FINISHES OF THE WALL………………………………………………….10
2.2.4 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE WALL………………………..11

3.0 MEASURED DRAWING…………………………………………………………13

4.0 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………….14

5.0 APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………15

6.0 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….16
1.0 PREFACE

1.1 DETAIL OF SELECTED BUILDING

PUSAT ISLAM, UITM SERI ISKANDAR,PERAK

The Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak Branch is dedicated to making every effort to
help UiTM achieve its goals of becoming the premier institution and a top centre for
higher education

At the beginning of its establishment, this temporary campus consisted of 6 units of

two-storey shophouse and was added from time to time to become 15 units as
administrative offices, lecture rooms, student dormitories, libraries, mosque, dining
halls and stores. In addition, as many as 31 single-storey terrace house units have
been rented as dormitories for student accommodation.

Pusat Islam is the building that used as the mosque for the students and staff. The
basement of this building is used as a common hall that called Dewan Ibnu Khaldun.
1.2 LOCATION,BUILDING AREA

The building that we chose to do study about the material of building is Pusat Islam.
Pusat Islam is located in the middle between Dewan Sri Iskandar and near to Kolej
Indera Sakti.

Diagram 1 Key plan

Diagram 2 Location Plan

2.0 DISCUSSION
2.1 WALL INTRODUCTION
- A wall in construction is to part the interior space, support the structure and offer
insulation and protection from the elements. Many materials can be used to create
walls such as brick, concrete and timber. In general, walls are crucial parts of building
construction, having both practical and aesthetically pleasing functions.

Traditionally, walls held up the weight of floors and roofs, but modern steel and
reinforced concrete frames, as well as strong timber and other skeleton systems,
only need external walls for protection. On the ground level, they are occasionally
omitted to make access more convenient.

Wall placement is influenced by the kind of support provided by the floors and
roofs.The typical beam supports' maximum length determines the separation
between bearing walls, and they must be joined to walls at both ends. Except for the
dome, all types of floors and roofs can be supported most readily by straight, parallel
walls.

In addition, the wall could contain other kinds of services like plumbing or electrical
wiring. Framed walls and mass-walls are the two primary types of wall construction.
The load is conveyed to the foundation in framed walls by posts, columns, or studs.
The structural elements (such as 24 studs in a house wall), insulation, and finish
elements or surfaces (such as plasterboard or panelling) are the three or more
independent parts that make up a framed wall. Mass-walls are constructed of a solid
material such as masonry or concrete.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF WALL

1) Strength and stability

2) Weather resistance

3) Fire resistance

4) Thermal insulation

5) Sound insulation
2.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF WALLS

An element of a structure is a load-bearing wall. From the top and upper levels all
the way down to the foundation, it supports the weight of the home. It supports
structural elements such as walls, slabs, and beams (sturdy wood or metal
components) on floors above. A load bearing wall is one that lies right above the
beam. It's made to support the vertical load. Another way to say this is that a wall is
more likely to be a load-bearing wall if there are no other walls, posts, or other
supports directly above it. The weight of load-bearing walls is also their own. Usually,
this wall runs along the top of each floor. Walls that support loads may be utilized
either inside or outside.

Non bearing wall is a wall that does not help the structure to stand up and hold up
only itself.It cannot support the above floor and roof loads. It is a framed building.
They usually serve as interior partitions that separate the building's rooms. They
have lightweight construction. Any non-load bearing walls can be taken down without
jeopardizing the building's security. The joists and rafters can be used to identify non-
load bearing walls. They are not in charge of providing the property with gravitational
support. It is economical. "Curtain wall" is the name given to this structure.

TYPES OF WALL

1) LOAD BEARING WALLS

- MASONRY WALL

The term "masonry" refers to the area of a building where brick, concrete blocks,
structural clay tile and stone are employed. Mortar holds these components together.
Cement mix, the substance used for pavements, patios and driveways, is not mortar
for construction. Lime, sand, and gypsum are all present in the mortar mixture in the
appropriate amounts. On the other hand, cement mix does not contain lime and has
stones in the sand.

The most resilient component of any building or structure is its masonry walls. The
term "masonry" refers to construction using mortar as a joining substance with
individual units of blocks, stones, marbles, rocks, solid squares, tiles, etc. Sand and a
limiting substance are combined to make mortar. Concrete, lime, dirt, or any other
building supplies might be limiting materials.
Masonry projects are completed by professionals, and the unit serves a variety of
functions. Some construct buildings, some create obstacles to demarcate property
lines, and some erect home walls for structural usage.

Masonry walls render strengths, lasting to the structure, and help to maintain indoor
and outdoor temperature as well as keeps protect the buildings from the outside
world. Depending on the motor mix materials, there are various types of Masonry
Walls used in building constructions.
Types or Categories:
1) Load- bearing masonry wall
A wall that supports a load depends on its weight construction and the base
structure's labour to support the load. Large buildings typically employ this kind of
wall. construction work on dwellings or towering buildings, for instance.
2) Reinforced masonry wall
Any type of brick, concrete, or other masonry material that strengthens the use of
other construction materials to increase resistance to degradation due to weight-
bearing or other forms of stress is used to construct a reinforced masonry wall. Both
load-bearing and non-load-bearing walls of this type are possible. Exterior walls
made of concrete blocks or clay bricks are one of the common examples of masonry.
3) Hollow/Cavity masonry wall
With cement blocks, hollow masonry walls are constructed. Use of this brick wall type
prevents humidity from entering the structure. In masonry walls, it makes a hollow
space between the interior and exterior. Climate control will also be aided by cavity
walls. Hollow masonry units or hollow and solid masonry units combined are used to
build modern masonry walls.
4) Composite masonry wall
Stones and bricks or hollow bricks and bricks are two common combinations used to
create composite masonry walls. By using materials of higher quality and excellent
workmanship in the faces, this style of wall construction aims to lower the overall cost
of construction while increasing the durability of the building.
5) Post tensioned masonry wall
By adding an additional axial load to masonry constructions, post-tensioning
increases lateral force resistance. This kind of wall has advantages over its
equivalents that are conventionally reinforced, such as greater in-plane strength and
the absence of post-earthquake wall displacements that are still present. Today,
post-pensioning is widely employed in bridge construction.

- PRECAST CONCRETE WALL

Precast concrete walls are built by pouring concrete into a reusable wall mould or
form, allowing it to cure in a controlled environment, then transporting it to the job site
and lifting it into position. The precast walls' primary purpose is to expedite the
building process.

CHARACTERISTIC OF PRECAST CONCRETE WALLS

1. Thermodynamic Resistance
Precast walls get its ability to perform in cold weather primarily from the amount of
insulation placed inside the reinforcing divider, which is often a metal stud wall.
2. Moisture Defence
Since the precast walls are not physically connected to the other structural parts,
such as columns and beams, moisture protection for the precast walls is of utmost
importance.
3. Resilience
Precast walls share the same durability characteristics as concrete. In any case, the
type of connections that are created with the structural member affect how durable
they are.
2.1.2 TYPES OF WALL FINISHES

Wall finishes refer to the material used to cover the surface of the interior walls in a
building. There are many different types of wall finishes, each with their own unique
look and benefits. The term “wall finishes” is exactly what the term sounds like; it is
the final touches placed on a wall that completed the wall with an acceptable visual
look. The finish to a wall can range from simple paint to expensive wallpaper to
elaborate plastering, but the end result will always be the same.

WALL FINISHES FUNCTIONS

1) To reduce the amount of light penetration

2) For decoration and nice arrangement.
3) To make sure the construction building is high in quality
4) To provide a flat and smooth surface
5) To protect slab and concrete.

TYPES OF WALL FINISHES

1) Plastering
A solid mixture of sand, lime, and different additives that is applied internally or
externally and is wet-applied in one or more coats to provide a smooth, hard surface
finish is called plaster. A surface that is uneven can be rendered into a smooth, level
surface using plaster. The material used to complete the plastering task is mortar.

MORTAR FOR PLASTERING

-Mixture ratio 1:3 (cement : sand) = Thickness 25mm

- Mixture ratio 1 : 4 = Thickness 16mm

-mixture ratio 1 : 5 = Thickness >12mm

2) Painting

One of the easiest and least expensive way to change a dull, boring room into a
bright and clean room. Painting is the practise of applying paint, pigment, colour or
other medium to a surface ( support base ). Painting is a mode of expression and the
forms are numerous.

TYPES OF PAINTS

-Anti-corrosive paints- used to protect metal structures

-Cement based paint - for painting external surfaces since it is waterproof
- Oil paint - possess good capacity and low gloss on surface
- Synthetic rubber paints - Dries quickly and uniform colour is maintained.
2.2 CASE STUDIES

2.2.1 TYPE OF WALL IN RESEARCHED AREA

Observing the building, we conclude that the ground floor of Pusat Islam ( Dewan
Ibnu Khaldun) is using a Masonry Wall.

MASONRY WALL

Masonry walls are the most durable part of any building or structure. Masonry is the
word utilized for development with mortar as a coupling material with singular units of
blocks, stones, marbles, rocks, solid squares, tiles, and so forth. Mortar is a blend of
restricting material with sand. Restricting materials can be concrete, lime, soil, or any
other constructing materials.

A load-bearing wall is a wall that bears a load reposing upon it, which depends on
weight construction and the work of foundation structure. This kind of wall is typically
utilized for huge projects, including towering skyscrapers or housing construction.

2.2.2 MATERIALS OF THE WALL

It is primarily constructed out of stone, concrete blocks, or brick. Weight is moved

from the root to the foundation with the aid of the load-bearing wall. This kind of wall
is dependent on the kinds of buildings and how many stories they have, which are
measured to determine an appropriate thickness to support the weight above them.

Materials :

MATERIALS USE

- Natural stones are quarried or smaller

pieces of rock to partly trimmed pieces of
stones are extensively used for domestic
coursed masonry, while precisely cut
blocks of stones are used to make
ashlars stoneworks.

NATURAL STONE

-To make walls in masonry construction

BRICKS
 - artificial material bigger than wall bricks
in size and are used in masonry.

BLOCKS

- To carry the end of a beam and to

distributed its load

WALL PLATE

- To bind building materials such as

bricks and stones into a solid mass
( wall)

MORTAR
2.2.3 FINISHES OF THE WALL

The term "wall finishes" describes the substance used to cover the surface of an
interior wall in a structure. There are numerous varieties of wall finishes, each with a
distinctive appearance and advantages.

For our researched area, we observed that Pusat Islam’s ground floor are using 3
types of wall finishes :

1. Plastered and painted

- Plastering
A solid mixture of sand, lime, and different additives that is applied internally or
externally and is wet-applied in one or more coats to provide a smooth, hard surface
finish is called plaster. A surface that is uneven can be rendered into a smooth, level
surface using plaster. The material used to complete the plastering task is mortar.

- Painting
Painting is the practise of applying paint, pigment, colour or other medium to a
surface ( support base ). Painting is a mode of expression and the forms are
numerous.

Finishing paints contain a synthetics resinso that it is easily applied, quick drying and
have a good adhesive properties.

Possible type of paints that are used :

1) Semi-matt paint
2) Cement-based paints

2. Fabric Acoustic Panel ( Cladding) (Main hall)

Cladding is done mainly for aesthetic and protect from weathering effect. In this case,
the acoustic panel were used for decreasing the echo. It provided strength to wall.

Fabric Acoustic Wall Panels are sound-absorbing panels with cloth coverings that
you may put on the walls or ceiling of your room to reduce echo. Clarity to original
sound is restored by reducing your background noise level. superior sound quality
outcomes.

We assumed the main cause of this type of finishes was used is for reducing echo in
the room since its on the ground floor and the room basically use for occasions that
require the use of microphones and speakers that can produce echo and make the
occupants discomfort.

3. Wall Tiles ( Bathroom )

Glazed tiles with that are designed for indoor use and are non-vitreous. Virtually all
wall only tiles are glazed and most contemporary porcelain and ceramic floor tiles. A
glossy glazed tile has a reflective surface and can brighten up a space. They are
easy to clean and can add a sense of luxury.
2.2.4 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

1) BRICK WALLING

METHOD EXPLAINATION

- All clay bricks shall be soaked in a suitable tank or

pit to be provided by the contractor for at least half an
hour before being laid and shall be kept wet whilst
being laid

The top wall left off shall be thoroughly wet before

work is resumed. All constructed walling must be left
wet and properly protected from the direct sunlight
during the following day. The contractor shall provide
sufficient means to ensure that this is done.

- All bricks shall be properly bedded in mortar and all

joints shall be thoroughly flushed up and raked out to
a depth of 13mm as the works proceeds. No joint shall
exceed 10mm in thickness.

- Brickwork shall be carried up perfectly true and

plumb in a uniform manner. No one portion being
raised more than 1m above another at one time. The
vertical points of every alternate course shall be kept
perpendicular over one another, and all
perpends,quoins, etc shall be commencing one
course above floor level.

- All bricks walls shall be constructed on reinforced

concrete beams in accordance with the drawings. No
brick walls except lightweight partitions are allowed to
be constructed on reinforced concrete slabs.

- All half brick walls shall be built in stretcher bond

while all other brick work shall be built in english bond.
FINISHES

- Plastering and Painting

METHOD EXPLAINATION

- Plastering can be done by applying layer by layer.

There are 3 layers :

1) Render Layer (9mm - 12mm)

2) Floating Layer - surface is plastered and flatten
3) Finish Layer - smoothen out by melting cement
( can add chalk to produce smoother surface)
1) Surface preparation :
Cover all surfaces that will not be painted. Remove
any obstacles as possible.
2) Priming paints ( First coat to seal the surface)
- Protect the surface against damp air.
3) Undercoating Paints ( Build up the protective
coating)
- To provide the correct surface for finishing coat.
4) Finishing Paints

- Acoustic Panel

METHOD EXPLAINATION

1) Mark on the wall where the panel will go. Place

impaling clip 4’’ inside of where the panel will be
mounted.
2) Place a dollop, that’s the technical term, of industrial
strength construction adhesive, like Loctite Power Grab,
next to each clip.
3) Place each panel onto the wall, on top of the clips
4) done

- Wall Tiles

METHOD EXPLAINATION

-Wall tiles are to set with thick wet mortar bedding on

walls prepared . Mortar mix 1 : 4 (portland cement :
sand).
- Thickness of bedding shall range between (15-
20mm).
- Tiles are to be beaten and set firmly in place to
ensure full contact between tile back and bedding in full
area of tile.
3.0 MEASURED DRAWING

1) WALL
4.0 CONCLUSION

Based on this report, we found out that the materials that been used for the building
process of our researched area are suitable and according to the design standards of
the building. Though there are a slightly difference in height between the actual
building and the measured drawing, we believe that this must happened because of
the current situation that prevents the responsible contractors from using the original
plans.

This slight changes can be say as “unrecorded change” which apparently is

common in site works. As long as the actual function and the stability or the
workability of the object is not affected, this case is permissible.

Furthermore, It’s reasonable to have a defect in a building that was built in 1985.

There are a few defect at our researched area :

1) Wall paint

- there is some paint that has come off. It may happen due to the exposure to a
various weather.

1) Wall structure

- Slight cracked on the wall. It may happen due to temperature changes and
variations in humidity levels will cause the structure to over swell and cracked.

Only high-quality materials will allow for a succesful design, so materials are the key
to a well-functioning structure.The materials used in construction have a significant
impact on their quality. Your choice of building materials will determine the general
strength, endurance, and personality of the structure. Thus, when choosing building
materials, one should be careful and precise. Analysing each material's durability,
cost, beauty, and upkeep is the most efficient way to choose the ones that best meet
your needs.

Lastly, from the making of the measured drawing for this building, we realized
that why and how the building element is attached is important for the building
making process. The measured drawings provide the specifications of the building
elements. The specifications will detail the materials, procedures needed to complete
the works. They give the graphical portrayal, indicating the course of action of parts,
detailing and measurements. Without this graphical portrayal, workers would not be
able to produce an accurate and stable building which leads to many consequences.
REFERENCES

1) Hayashi, Sei, and Tomoyuki Gondo. "Analysis of the construction of a reinforced

concrete free-form roof formwork and the development of a unit-construction
method." Journal of Building Engineering 34 (2021): 101924.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352710220335567

2) Papaodysseus , Constatin, et al. “Determination of the method of construction of

1650 BC wall paintings. “ IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine
intelligence 28. 9 (2006): 1361-1371.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1661540/

3) NEENU S K, THE CONSTRUCTOR, “ Construction Techniques in acoustic

planning” , Dec 2016.

https://theconstructor.org/building/construction-techniques-in-acoustic-planning-of-a-
building/14976/#:~:text=Special%20acoustical%20treatment%20is%20the,separated
%20by%20a%20resilient%20material.

4) DESIGNING BUILDINGS, AUG 2022 “BRICK WALL”

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Brick_wall

5) STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR BUILDING WORKS 2020, JKR 20800-0226-

20 , ISBN 978-967-2284-14-7, JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA, KEMENTERIAN
KERJA RAYA.