Traffic Engineering-V (UG) - Class Note

4/1/2022
NPTEL Online Certification Course on

Traffic Engineering
Traffic Safety
Prof. Bhargab Maitra
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
India
IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I
Road Safety Scenario
IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 2
1
4/1/2022

Global Scenario
• Every year 1.3 million people die & 50 million people
suffer injury due to road traffic crashes
• Road traffic crashes is the 8th in the leading cause of
deaths
 1st in the leading cause of deaths for children & young
adults (5-29 yr)
• Death-rates(per 100,000 population) in Low-income
countries are 3 times higher than in high-income
countries
 90% of the deaths are from Low & Middle-income
countries

• The rate of road traffic death (per 100,000 population) is highest in Africa,
followed by South-East Asia region POPULATION ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS VEHICLES
• Rateof road traffic deaths have been

found to be increasing in these regions
30
26.1 26.6 High-income Middle-income Low-income
2013 2016
Rate of death/ 100,000
25
20.7 Source: Global Status Report
19.8
20 17.9 18 18 18.3 18.2 on Road Safety (2018)
population
15.9 15.6 16.9

15
10.4
9.3
10
0
Africa Americas Eastern Europe South-East Western World
Mediterranean Asia Pacific
WHO Region
2
4/1/2022

Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) and Road Safety
• Pedestrians, Bicyclists and Motorcyclists are easily injured and killed in

crashes, due to lack of any protective shells around them
• More than half of all road traffic deaths are among vulnerable road users
Global Death Share Proportion Source: Global Status Report on Road Safety (2018)
17%
Pedestrians & Cyclists
26%
Motorized Two-Wheelers
VRUs ~ 54%
Car Occupants
28%
Others / Unspecified
29%

Global Plan: Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021-2030
• Target: To reduce road traffic deaths & injuries BY AT
LEAST 50% during this period
• Requirementto achieve the target: Governments &

partners to implement integrated SAFE SYSTEM
APPROACH
 Requires calls for action on the following

components:
3
4/1/2022

Scenario in India
• 150 thousand people are killed from 450 thousand of road traffic crashes
every year
• National Highways (NHs) comprise of less than
2% of the entire road network, but account for
more than 35% of total traffic fatalities
Year Crashes Deaths Injuries

2017 4,64,910 1,47,913 4,70,975
2018 4,67,044 1,51,417 4,69,418
2019 4,49,002 1,51,113 4,51,361

Comparison of Persons Killed in Road Crashes in India
• More than 57% of all road traffic deaths include VRUs

st
• The share of VRU deaths have increased as compared to
previous year
40 36.5 37.1
2018 2019
30
Percentage
20
15 17.1 16.6 15.8
10 9 9.7 9.4
10 5.4
4.4 4.4 4.3
2.4 2.8
0
Pedestrian Bicycle Motorcycles Autos Cars & LMVs Trucks Buses Others
Source: Road Accidents in India (2019) Road User Categories
4
4/1/2022
Causes of Road Crashes

Common Risk Factors of Road Crashes and Fatalities
Human Errors Unsafe Road Inadequate

• Speeding Infrastructure Post-crash Care
• Drunken Driving • Unsafe Road • Quality of pre- Inadequate Law
Unsafe Vehicles
• Nonuse of helmet Design & hospital & Enforcement
/ seatbelts Facilities hospital care
• Rule Violation
• Distraction
5
4/1/2022

• Road traffic crashes may cause due to:
}
 Human factors
Acting individually or
 External or road environmental factors together in any
combination
 Vehicular / mechanical factors
Road Environment: 28%

65%
25%
2%
1% Human Factors: 96%
Vehicle Factors: 8% 5%
2%
Source: Wierwille et al. (2002)

Causes of Road Crashes Reported in India
Share of Road Crashes due to Rule Violation
Human Factors: 17.4 Over-speeding
3.3
 Traffic rule violations Drunken Driving
1.2
Driving on Wrong Lane
 Driving without valid driver license 5.4
71.1 Red light Violation
2.7
 Non-use of safety devices Use of Mobile Phone
40 Others
2018 2019
Percentage share in
30
Total Fatalities
20
Share of Fatalities due to
Non-use of Safety Devices 10 Source: Road Accidents
in India (2019)
0
Helmets Seatbelts
Non-usage of Safety Device
6
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Road Environment Factors: Vehicular Factors:
 Land-use type  Over-aged vehicles
 Road features (straight, curve, steep etc.)  Overloading
 Type of junction & type of traffic control
 Weather condition Share of Road accidents

80 74.5 based on Land-use Type
73.6
15 Residential
2018 2019 19
60
Share of Crashes
Institutional
40
7
Commercial
20
9.4 8.9 9.2 9.2 45 14
6 7.5
0.9 0.9 Open Area
0 Source: Road
Sunny / Clear Rainy Foggy / Misty Hail / Sleet Others Accidents in India
Weather Type (2019) Others
Factors Influencing Human

Characteristics
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4/1/2022
Factors Influencing Human Characteristics

Human Characteristics influence safety in many ways:
• Micro-sleep
 Sleepiness, often combined with repetitive monotonous driving task
 Drowsiness (lasting for a fraction of second or up to few seconds
• Distraction
 Use of cell-phones
 Loss in concentration

The Driver – Vehicle – Road System
• The driver- vehicle- road system recognizes that the driver
 Receives & process inputs from operating environments (road & vehicle)
 Makes prediction and decision about appropriate actions
 Execute those actions via the vehicle
 Receives feedback about their effects
• Comfortable & safe driving occurs when they operates
 Well below a stressful processing rate and not
stressed with decision makings
 Above a minimum level of arousal
8
4/1/2022

Physical Characteristics
Vision Characteristics
• Ability to see: In adverse weather conditions
• Visual acuity & Field of vision: Key criteria in
determining placement of traffic signs
• Colour vision: Key criteria in determining the

colour of traffic signs
• Impact of Aging on Vision
 Experience low light level, face trouble in judging gaps
(Depth perception)
 Poor contrast sensitivity & discrimination of colour

• Visual Reception: Glare Recovery
 Ability to recover from the effects of glare
 For example, need to provide light transitions at entry/ exit of tunnels
Hearing Perception
• Receiving Sound stimuli -important to detect warning
sounds
Mental Make-up
• Knowledge, Skill, Intelligence, Experience of the road

users
9
4/1/2022

Psychological Characteristics
• Attentiveness • Phobias
• Anger • Superstition
• Fear • Impatience
• Anxiety
• Perception-Reaction process
 Used for Signal Design and Braking Distance

Environmental Characteristics
• Traffic stream characteristics
 Traffic flow, travel time, etc.
• Facilities for the traffic

 Type of road, road side facilities, etc.
• Atmospheric conditions
 Weather conditions, visibility, etc.
• Locality
 Land-use type
10
4/1/2022

Other Factors Influencing Human Characteristics
Pavement Marking
• Importance of pavement markings and their influence on
safe driving is well known, especially for
 Night time driving
 Driving in difficult weather conditions (rain, fog,
snow, etc.)
 Old age drivers
• Edge lines have a significant impact on roadway
departure crashes
• Raised pavement markers have an impact on night-time
crashes, depending upon AADT and degree of curvature

Retroreflectivity in Marking and Signage
Headlights
•A measurement of efficiency of a pavement
marking to return light in the general direction
from which it came
• Generallyachieved either by ‘glass beads’ or Retroreflector
‘prismatic cube corners’ on the marking Retroreflected light is returned in
a cone back toward the direction
material of the light source
Mirror-like Matte or Diffuse Retroreflection

Reflection (Specular) Reflection
11
4/1/2022
Road Safety Engineering

• A competence and experience in the investigation
and analysis of crash locations and/or potential
crash location, and the design of effective remedial
engineering treatment
• A Multi-disciplinary subject and elements may include
 Crash investigation
 Crash reduction
 Crash prevention
• Both prevention and cure should be inherent elements
of an overall road safety management system
12
4/1/2022

Different Ways to Deal with the Road Safety Issues
Road Safety Assessment & Analysis
Proactive Approaches Reactive Approaches
•Road safety audits

•Safe system approach
•Assessing road user’s • Descriptive • Crash prediction
behaviour/ perception analysis of the models
•Simulation based studies police-reported • Crash severity models
•Surrogate safety crash data, etc. etc.
measures, etc.

Reactive Approaches
• Associated with identification of locations
experiencing safety problems
(screening), problem definition (diagnosis), and the identification and
implementation of countermeasures (cure)
• Downsides:
 Solely depend on crash data, which is often underreported, incomplete
and/or insufficient for accurate diagnosis & intervention in LMICs
 Require the identification of high crash locations
before improvement plans
 Might be more costly as improvements are necessarily
implemented on a road already built & open to public
13
4/1/2022

Proactive Approaches
• Associated with the prevention of safety problems before they manifest
themselves in the form of a pattern of crash occurrence
• Advantages:
 Crash prevention: It is not necessary for crashes to occur before crash
prevention measures are taken
 Lower costs: Changing plans are easier and less
costly
Effective road safety management programs should
exercise an optimal balance between reactive and
proactive strategies
Crash Data
14
4/1/2022
Crash Data
Need for Crash Data
• Road authorities need to have crash data to reduce crashes and/or

severity of the crashes
• The accuracy of investigating, analysing and
effectively treating crash locations relies on the
availability of comprehensive data and quality the
data about crashes and about road & traffic
characteristics of the crash locations
Crash Data
Good Crash Data
Characteristics of Good Crash Data
• Crash locations are accurately pinpointed
• The sequence of events in a crash are
properly mentioned
• The contributing factors in a crash or a group of

crashes are mentioned
• All relevant information regarding a crash are included

(road-geometric features, other external factors of the
crash location)
15
4/1/2022
Crash Data
Advantages of Good Crash Data
• Common risk factors across a number

of crashes can be identified
• The cost consequences of a single

crash, all crashes at one location or
several crashes with common factors
can be identified
• Several crash sites can be identified and

ranked, so that treatment can be applied
to the most worthy sites first, etc.
Crash Data
Crash Data Sources Road Authority

Police Crash
Primary Data Report Form
Source
Crash Data Base
Hospital Record
Data Insurance
Source Companies
Interviews of Road
Users
Secondary
Data Source Local Knowledge
Others
16
4/1/2022
Crash Data Collection System

Traditional Methods
Police-Reported FIRs
• Crash data recorded in police FIR, with

at least one eyewitness report
• Summary is prepared by the police

stations and finally aggregate data
sent to MORTH on annual basis
17
4/1/2022

Format of MoRTH Form (17 item): Data is recorded according to-
1. Accidents by month of the year
10. Cause of accident
2. Area and time (Urban/Rural)
11. Fault of driver of Motor Vehicle
3. Classification of roads (NH/SH/etc.)
12. Type of Victims, Age, Sex
4. Type of location (13 items)
13. Details of Drivers
5. Type of junction & traffic control
14. Vehicle Particulars
6. Weather conditions
7. Vehicle types 15. Type of persons killed
8. Age of vehicles 16. Road condition
9. Nature of accident 17. Road features

ACCIDENT REPORT FORM VEHICLE RELATED FACTORS
Sample of the
ACCIDENT REFERENCE NUMBER Y Y M M D D TIME TYPE OF VEHICLE DIRECTION OF TRAVEL VEHICLE MANOEUVERE VEHICLE VEHICLE VEHICLE
1. BICYCLE VEHICLE 1 1 2 3
POLICE STATION PLACE DAY OF WEEK 2. MOTORCYCLE/ MOPED VEHICLE 2 CHANGING LANE
3. AUTO RICKSHAW OVERTAKING
VEHICLE 3
Accident Report
ACCIDENT RELATED FACTORS 5. CAR, SUV OVERTAKING IN LEFT
6. MINILORRY N
OVERTAKING IN RIGHT
WEATHER CONDITION COLLISION TYPE ROAD TYPE 7. LORRY REVERSING
8. MINIBUS NW NE
SUNNY HEAD ON COLLISION EXPRESS WAY STOPPED
Form
RAINY REAR END COLLISION NH 9. BUS
W E GOING STRAIGHT
RIGHT ANGLE COLLISION 10. TRAILER
CLOUDY SH TURNING LEFT
11.TRACTOR
FOG & MIST LATERAL COLLISION/SIDE SWIPE DISTRICT/ ARTERIAL ROADS SW SE TURNING RIGHT
12. OTHER MOTOR VEHICLE
SNOW CHAIN COLLISION LOCAL/ COLLECTOR ROADS U TURN
13. OTHER NON MOTOR VEHICLE
DUSTY STORM COLLISION WITH PEDESTRIAN VILLAGE ROADS S SLOWING
COLLISION WITH PARKED VEHICLE PARKED
ACCIDENT SEVERITY COLLISION WITH OBSTACLE AREA TYPE
FATAL URBAN SUBURBAN RURAL VEHICLE DEFECTS VEHICLE VEHICLE VEHICLE
COLLISION WITH ANIMAL
GRIEVOUS 1 2 3
OVERTURNING VEHICLE DETAILS
RESIDENTIAL AREA DEFECTIVE BRAKES
MINOR HIT AND RUN
BUSSINESS CENTRE DEFECTIVE STEERING VEHICLE VEHICLE TYPE REGISTRATION NUMBER AGE
NO INJURY
SCHOOL ZONE PUNTURED TYRES VEHICLE 1
PROPERTY DAMAGE
NUMBER OF VEHICLES INVOLVED COMMERCIAL ZONE BALD TYRES VEHICLE 2
UNKNOWN OVERLOAD VEHICLE 3
NUMBER OF PERSON INVOLVED OTHERS
PERSON RELATED FACTORS
ROAD RELATED FACTORS
PERSON CLASS DRIVER PASSENGER
CARRIAGEWAY TYPE JUNCTION TYPE LIGHT CONDITION AGE OFFICIAL DETAILS
DIVIDED CARRIAGEWAY ROUNDABOUT DAY, STREEY LIGHT PRESENT
SEX
UNDIVIDED CARRIAGEWAY 4 LEGGED INTERSECTION DAY,NO STREET LIGHT FIR NUMBER:
ACCIDENT SEVERITY FATAL
NO JUNCTION DAY,STREET LIGHT UNKNOWN
JUNCTION CONTROL GRIEVOUS
T OR Y JUNCTION NIGHT, STREET LIGHT LIT DATE OF OCCURENCE:
AUTHORIZED PERSON MINOR
STRAIGHT ROAD NIGHT,STREETLIGHT UNLIT
TRAFFIC SIGNAL UNKNOWN
ROAD WITH SLIGHT CURVE NIGHT, NO STREET LIGHT / /
GIVEWAY SIGN & MARKING LICENCE LEGAL (Y/N)
ROAD WITH SHARP CURVE NIGHT,STREET LIGHT UNKNOWN
UNCONTROLLED SEAT BELT USED (Y/N)
HELMET USED (Y/N) DATE OF INFORMATION
ROAD SURFACE CONDITION NUMBER OF LANES IN EACH DIRECTION PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES ALCOHOL TEST POSITIVE RECEIVED:
DRY 1 NO FACILITIES NEGATIVE
SLIPPERY 2 AUTHORIZED PERSON UNKNOWN / /
SNOW 3 OR MORE ZEBRA CROSSING
WET FOOTBRIDGE/ SUBWAY
PEDESTRIAN CASUALITIES INFORMANT DETAILS:
FLOOD SPEED LIMIT <40 40-60 60-80 >80 CENTRAL REFUGE ISLAND
AGE
POTHOLES/RUTTING FOOTPATH
SEX
ACCIDENT SEVERITY FATAL
COLLISION DIAGRAM GRIEVOUS
MINOR
LATTITUDE UNKNOWN OFFICER IN CHARGE:
N LONGITUDE PEDESTRIAN IN CARRIAGEWAY ON PEDESTRIAN FACILITY
NEARBY LANDMARKS LOCATION IN CARRIAGEWAY ELSEWHERE
DISTANCE FROM NEARBY LANDMARK ON FOOTWAY OR VERGE
REMARKS ON REFUGE CENTRAL ISLAND
ON SHOULDERS
SIGNATURE
UNKNOWN
18
4/1/2022

Modern Methods
Data Acquisition at Source Through
Mobile Device: Examples

Automatic Feeding of Data Using GeoSMS or Data Transfer
• To develop four databases:
 Accident related
 Road related
 Vehicle related
 Person related (including driver/pedestrian, Accused/Victim)
• Using query to extract relevant information and fill up
the 17 item format of MoRTH
• Thisensures one time data entry and minimum post
processing
19
4/1/2022

Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD)
• Indian Government
has recently launched the central accident database
management system: Six states are included as pilot project
• The IRAD mobile application will enable police personnel to enter details
about a road accident, along with photos and videos, following which a
unique ID will be created for the incident
• Engineers from the Public Works Department or the
local body receive an alert on his mobile device
• Then the person visits the accident site, examine it, and
feed the required details, such as the road design.
THANK YOU
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4/1/2022

NPTEL Online Certification Course on

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I

Road Safety Scenario

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 2

Road Safety Scenario

Road Safety Scenario

• Rateof road traffic deaths have been

15.9 15.6 16.9

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 4

Road Safety Scenario

• Pedestrians, Bicyclists and Motorcyclists are easily injured and killed in

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 5

Road Safety Scenario

• Requirementto achieve the target: Governments &

 Requires calls for action on the following

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 6

Road Safety Scenario

Year Crashes Deaths Injuries

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 7

Road Safety Scenario

• More than 57% of all road traffic deaths include VRUs

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 8

Causes of Road Crashes

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 9

Causes of Road Crashes

Human Errors Unsafe Road Inadequate

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 10

Causes of Road Crashes

Road Environment: 28%

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 11

Causes of Road Crashes

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 12

Causes of Road Crashes

 Road features (straight, curve, steep etc.)  Overloading

 Type of junction & type of traffic control

 Weather condition Share of Road accidents

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 13

Factors Influencing Human

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 14

Factors Influencing Human Characteristics

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 15

Factors Influencing Human Characteristics

Factors Influencing Human Characteristics

• Colour vision: Key criteria in determining the

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 17

Factors Influencing Human Characteristics

 For example, need to provide light transitions at entry/ exit of tunnels

• Knowledge, Skill, Intelligence, Experience of the road

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 18

Factors Influencing Human Characteristics

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 19

Factors Influencing Human Characteristics

• Facilities for the traffic

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 20

Factors Influencing Human Characteristics

Factors Influencing Human Characteristics

Mirror-like Matte or Diffuse Retroreflection

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 22

Road Safety Engineering

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 23

Road Safety Engineering

IIT Kharagpur | Traffic Engineering| Module I 24