CHAPTER 7 — EMERGING NATIONALISM

Vocabulary

•Episcopal Visitation – an official pastoral visit conducted by the bishop on a diocese to

examine the conditions of a congregation; often done once every three years.

•Garrote – an apparatus used for capital punishment in which an iron collar is tightened
around a condemned person’ neck.

•Polo – system of forced labor that required Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old to render
service for a period of 40 days

•Regular Clergy – priests who belong to religious orders.

•Secular Clergy – priests who do not belong to religious orders and are engaged in pastoral
work.

•Tributo – system of taxation imposed by the Spanish colonial government on the Filipinos in
order to generate resources for the maintenance of the colony.

What is the CAVITE MUTINY?

• On January 20, 1872, approximately 250 Filipino soldiers and workers rose in revolt at an
arsenal in Cavite under the leadership of Sgt. La Madrid.

• It was a movement of opposition to the decree of Governer-General Rafael de Izquierdo:

“The abolition of Filipino Soldiers and Workers exemption from tributes (tributo) and forced
labors (Polo)”.

• The mutiny in Cavite began earlier in the evening and many of those who pledged support
defected and vowed loyalty to Spain. 11 Spaniards were killed but an immediate assault led
by government forces put an end to the uprising after three days.

• The Spanish Government used this as a means to suppress the increasing calls for more
liberal administrations.

SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT — “The Battle of Priestly Dominance: Regulars vs. Seculars”

• Regular Priests: Priests whose jurisdiction fell on their elected prelates; More prepared for
missionary work because of their standards of discipline and asceticism.
• Job description: Introduce Catholicism, convert the natives, and establish religious
communities.
• Secular Priests: Priests who “live in the world”. They were under the authority of bishops
and NOT member of a religious order.

•Job descriptions: Management of the Religious Communities, and, ideally, the Continuation
of the work already laid down by the regular clergy.

• After the efforts of Fr. Mariano Gomez and Fr. Pedro Pelaez failed, the struggle took on a
different tone towards 1860s: secularization was no longer limited to questions of merit and
competence. In 1864, this led to racial equality.
GOMBURZA: As a result of the revolt in Cavite, several priests, laymen, lawyers and
businessmen were arrested sentenced to varying terms of exile in Guam by the order of
Governor-General Izquierdo. However, guilty of treason as the instigators of the mutiny, Fr.
Jose Burgos, Fr. Mariano Gomez and Fr. Jacinto Zamora were condemned to death by garrote
on February 15, 1872. They died on February 17, 1872 alongside Saldua, a former
artilleryman, in front of almost 40,000 Filipinos.

CHAPTER 8: IMAGINING A NATION

o Towards the end of 19th century, economic conditions in the Philippines gad improved
in such a way that it was possible for many creole and mestizo families to send their
sons to school not only in Manila but also in Europe.
o The young Filipino students sojourn to the Peninsula would awaken in their minds
ideas about progress and love for their motherland.
o 19" century Spain going through several processes of change. Politically speaking, the
restoration put back into place the monarchy of Alfonso XII and established a
constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature.
o The Constitution of 1876 ensured that the political stability relied on the rotation of the
Liberal and Conservative parties in the government. The parliamentary system of two
parties, however, was weakened by managed elections and numerous turnovers of
government emplovees.
o While the Constitution of 1876 declared Catholicism as the religion of the state, private
sectors of other religions was tolerated, CHURCH HAD LITTLE INFLUENCE ON
POLITICAL MATTERS
o The ENVIRONMENT where Filipinos immersed themselves, ENVIRONMENT ALLOWED
THESE
o YOUNG FILIPINO STUDENTS TO THINK, QUESTION, AND IMAGINE WHAT NATION IS

VOCABULARY

• Cortes - legislative or law making body of the Spanish Government

• Creole - a Spaniard born in the Philippines
• Mestizo - an individual born of mixed ancestry; may refer to a Spanish mestizo or Chinese
Mestizo Propaganda - Information used to promote or publicize a particular cause or point of
view.
• Restoration - refers to the Spanish Restoration; a period in Spanish history spanning the
years 1874-1931 that saw the restoration of the monarchy under Alfonso XII together with the
establishment of a bicameral legislature

o The earliest attempt to unite Filipino's studying in Spain was the formation of the
Circulo Hispano
Filipino, an organization under the leadership of a creole, Juan Atayde/
o It had the support of the Spaniards who were sympathetic towards Filipino's.
o The Cirulo published a bi-weekly newspaper entitled Revista del Circulo Hispano-
Filipino in 1882, but only lasted 1883.
o In 1883, periodical entitled Los Dos Mundos came out with the intention of demanding
for the overseas Hispanic colonies equality of rights and equal opportunities for
progress.
o Although it could not be determined wether the newspaper was a Filipino project,
Graciano Lopez Jana and Pedro Govantes y Azcarraga involved as staff members.
 Other Filipino like Rizal and Eduardo de Let also contributed articles concern with
sicio-political and economic reforms in the Philippines.
o During the time of Rizal's 1" novel, Noli Me Tangere, came out 1887, another
newspaper titled Espana en
Filipinas began its publication through the support of creoles and mestizos in Madrid.
o The newspaper also short lived because of GLARING DIFFERENCES AND INTERNAL
FEUDING (pagtatalo) AMONG ITS STAFF
o In 1889, Filipino community in Barcelona prepares for the new publication of periodical
(a magazine or newspaper published at regular intervals.) supporters are Mariano
Ponce and Pablo Rianzares.
Graciano Lopez Jana as editor, Marcelo H. Del Pilar also joined the efforts.
o February 15, 1889 La Solidaridad 1 released. I$ article, the staff defined its program as
"to combat all reaction, to impede all retrogression, to applaud and accept every
liberal idea, to defend all progress" newspaper sought (1) Philippines representation in
the Cortes, (2) freedom for the press, (3) and the end of the practice of exiling
residents without due process.
o La Solidaridad often ran articles dealing with Spanish politics, attacks on friars, and
reforms for the Philippines.
o Among who contributed articles were Jose Rizal, Dominador Gomez, Jose Maria
Panganiban, Antonio Luna, and renowned Filipinist scholar Ferdinand Blumentritt.
o Del Pilar gradually took on the active role of running the paper, Lopez Jaena editor, and
spent most of his days in cafes and was known to be incapable of sustained work.
o Del Pilar decided to go to Madrid with the paper, and on November 15, 1889 1st issue
printed in Madrid
came out
o By 1890, Rizal always held the opinion that to serve the country better, one had to
bring the issues closer to home. One had to speak to the Filipinos, rather than the
Spaniards. Del Pilar on the other hand, was a skilful politician who felt that efforts at
persuading the Spanish leaders and officials needed to be continued and that this was
the best way to achieve the reforms Filipino were seeking.
o Things came to a head when at a New Year's Eve Banquet in 1891,3 inconclusive
ballots on the 1" day and 2 more ballots on 2nd day and Rizal won because of the
Manipulation of Mariano Ponce, few weeks later Rizal left. Rizal stopped in contributing
in La Solidaridad rather focus on writing novels.
o The periodical only last until 1895, because of lack of fund and internal feuding,
newspaper release its final issue on November 15, 1895. In its final issue, its editor,
Del Pilar had written "We are persuaded that no sacrifices are too little to win the
rights and the liberty of a nation that is oppressed by slavery".