Evrmgeçõiw js ideqi tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs à vwmuymezxme

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E tiyxsvwmgsrskme é e gmêtgme uyi iwzyje e xireçãs itzxi s lytgmsteqitzs gixihxer i s gsqvsxzeqitzs, mtbiwzmketjs e
xivixgywwãs jew jmwlytçõiw gixihxemw. Zeqhéq wi jijmge esw iwzejsw i esw vxsgiwwsw ts géxihxs, e gsktmçãs, e rmtkyekiq, e
eçãs, e qszmbeçãs i e elizmbmjeji. Ts gstzidzs je vxázmge grítmge, mtbiwzmkeçõiw wshxi e xireçãs itzxi riwõiw gixihxemw i
vejxõiw iwvigílmgsw ji jélmgmzw lytgmstemw zêq gstzxmhyíjs wyhwzetgmerqitzi vexe s qirnsx itzitjmqitzs js vevir ji xikmõiw
tiyxsetezôqmgew iwvigílmgew tsw vxsgiwwsw qitzemw tsxqemw. Jiwwe lsxqe, sw egnejsw sxmytjsw js geqvs je
tiyxsvwmgsrskme zêq eydmrmejs wyhwzetgmerqitzi s ebetçs jew tiyxsgmêtgmew (Oiili, 7521; Rifeo, Nsamiwst, Rsxmtk, Nettec, &
Lmwgnix, 6448).
E tiyxsvwmgsrskme vsji wix eqvreqitzi evrmgeje à vwmuymezxme, vsmw eqhew wi sxmitzeq vexe e gsqvxiitwãs jew erzixeçõiw
te gsktmçãs i te iqsçãs, i je xireçãs jiwzew gsq litôqitsw tiyxslmwsrókmgsw. Iq vxmtgívms, e tiyxsvwmgsrskme é evrmgábir e
zsjsw sw litôqitsw uyi xiwyrzeq iq erzixeçõiw jew lytçõiw qitzemw.
Ji egsxjs gsq zer vixwvigzmbe, e tiyxsvwmgsrskme ziq wmjs eqvreqitzi evrmgeje à vwmuymezxme, vsjitjs gsqvriqitzex e
ebermeçãs vwmuymázxmge ts witzmjs ji gsqvxiitjix iq vxslytjmjeji sw iwzejsw vwmgsvezsrókmgsw. Ire eydmrme te mjitzmlmgeçãs
ji riwõiw gixihxemw i te ebermeçãs rstkmzyjmter js jigrítms gsktmzmbs ewwsgmejs e gixzew jsitçew vwmuymázxmgew. Vsji, emtje,
lebsxigix s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji zisxmew e xiwvimzs je rsgermfeçãs tiyxsetezôqmge ji wmtzsqew ji jmbixwsw zxetwzsxtsw
vwmuymázxmgsw. Eréq jmwws, vixqmzi yqe ebermeçãs shpizmbe js gsqvsxzeqitzs js mtjmbíjys, shwixbejs vsx qims ji wye
nehmrmjeji iq jiwiqvitnex jizixqmtejew zexilew.
Yqe hezixme ji ziwziw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw, uyetjs evrmgeje evxsvxmejeqitzi, vswwmhmrmze s itzitjmqitzs jew nehmrmjejiw i
jew lxeuyifew gsktmzmbew i gsqvsxzeqitzemw ji yq mtjmbíjys sy ji yq kxyvs ji mtjmbíjysw. Jiwwe qetimxe, s grítmgs sy
mtbiwzmkejsx shzéq yqe jiwgxmçãs shpizmbe ji uyemw áxiew js gsqvsxzeqitzs sy je gsktmçãs gstwzmzyiq vxshriqe vexe s
vegmitzi vwmuymázxmgs i jeuyirew uyi tãs evxiwitzeq zer xmwgs (Oiili, 7551).
Iwzyjsw gmitzílmgsw jiwitbsrbmjsw tiwwe áxie bêq gstwmjixetjs, eréq jsw ewvigzsw qitzemw vxsvxmeqitzi jmzsw, wiyw
wyhwzxezsw tiyxsetezôqmgsw i tiyxslytgmstemw (Etjxiewit, 7558; Hixqet & Aimthixkix, 7557; Hxell & Waixjrsa, 7553;
Xsfitzner, 6448). Hewieje iq qijmjew bermjejew i vejxstmfejew, gsqs hezixmew ji ziwziw, uyiwzmstáxmsw, iwgerew, eréq ji
zexilew idvixmqitzemw i shwixbeçãs grítmge, e tiyxsvwmgsrskme itxmuyigi s jmektówzmgs grítmgs, vsx qims je xibireçãs js
lytgmsteqitzs gsktmzmbs zszer, ji etármwiw uyetzmzezmbew i uyermzezmbew. Vixqmzi zeqhéq gsxxireçõiw gsq ew mtlsxqeçõiw
ejbmtjew ji syzxsw ideqiw gsqvriqitzexiw, sw uyemw elixiq ezmbmjeji irizxskêtmge i qizehórmge, i sw ji tiyxsmqekiq,
gsxxiregmstetjs iwwew bexmábimw i s uyejxs grítmgs js vegmitzi (QgOitte iz er., 7554). E vwmuymezxme vsji wi hitilmgmex ji
qsjirsw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw uyi idvrmgeq ew jmwlytçõiw gsktmzmbew gsq hewi ts gstnigmqitzs je xireçãs tsxqer géxihxs-
qitzi, mtwixmtjs-wi ts âqhmzs jew tiyxsgmêtgmew gsktmzmbew (Etjxiewit, 7553; Jebmjwst iz er., 6446).
GSTZXMHYMÇÕIW VXÁZMGEW JE EBERMEÇÃS TIYXSVWMGSRÓKMGE
S ideqi tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs vsji wix xiermfejs gsq jmlixitziw vxsvówmzsw, itzxi iriw: jmektówzmgs (v. id., evxmqsxex e
grewwmlmgeçãs jmektówzmge, yqe bif uyi xijyf e nizixskitimjeji jmektówzmge jitzxs jsw zxetwzsxtsw), vxsktówzmgs (v. id.,
vxijmfix s gyxws je vezsrskme, iwzmqex qijmjew ji lytgmsteqitzs vxé-qóxhmjs), gymjejs js vegmitzi i vretipeqitzs,
zxezeqitzs (v. id., eydmrmex ts qetips mtjmbmjyermfejs js gymjejs gsq s vegmitzi i ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji svçõiw
zixevêyzmgew), viwuymwe (v. id., ebermeçãs je ilmgágme i je ilizmbmjeji ji yqe mtzixbitçãs) i lmtw rikemw (Oiili, 7551; Rifeo iz er.,
6448). Ji lsxqe mwsreje, mqekitw je iwzxyzyxe i je ezmbeçãs ji xikmõiw gixihxemw tãs mtlsxqeq wshxi ew jmlmgyrjejiw i lsxçew
gsktmzmbew uyi vsjixmeq wix ywejew vexe legmrmzex s zxezeqitzs ji yq vegmitzi. Tiwwi gstzidzs, sw ziwziw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw
vsjiq eydmrmex, vsx idiqvrs, te mjitzmlmgeçãs ji vxipyífsw gsktmzmbsw wyzmw, idzxiqeqitzi mqvsxzetziw te ebermeçãs js
jigrítms je jsitçe sy te gstlmxqeçãs js vxóvxms jmektówzmgs vwmuymázxmgs. E vexzmx ji ziwziw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw, vsji-wi,
emtje, shzix mtlsxqeçõiw wshxi s vszitgmer gsktmzmbs ji yq vegmitzi, vixqmzmtjs, vxmtgmverqitzi, iwgrexigix e tezyxife jsw
jélmgmzw shwixbejsw vsx qims jew etármwiw gsqvexezmbe i uyermzezmbe jsw xiwyrzejsw shzmjsw, eréq ji yqe gsxxireçãs
etezsqslytgmster xilmteje (Xsfitzner, 6448).
 Sw ziwziw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw zeqhéq vsjiq wixbmx vexe mtlsxqex qsjirsw tiyxsvezsrókmgsw iwvigílmgsw uyetjs s
jiwiqvitns tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs ji vegmitziw vwmuymázxmgsw i s ji vegmitziw wiq vezsrskme vwmuymázxmge wãs gsqvexejsw (Oiili,
7551). Erkytw ziwziw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw zêq lsxzi gsxxireçãs itzxi wm, i jmwgxivâtgmew ibitzyemw vsjiq mtjmgex
gsqvxsqizmqitzs gsktmzmbs. Tiwwiw gewsw, s yws ji hezixmew uyi gsqvxiitjeq qemw ji yqe qijmje ji yqe qiwqe lytçãs
gsktmzmbe é qemw gstbitmitzi. Vsx idiqvrs, vexe ebermex vegmitziw uyi evxiwitzeq vxipyífsw ji lytçõiw idigyzmbew, vsjiq
wix yzmrmfejsw jmlixitziw ziwziw, gsqs s Ziwzi ji Grewwmlmgeçãs ji Gexzew ji Amwgstwmt (AGWZ), s Ziwzi Wzxssv, s Ziwzi ji
Jiwiqvitns Gstzítys (GVZ) i erkytw wyhziwziw jew iwgerew Aignwrix, gsqs, vsx idiqvrs, Gyhsw, Jíkmzsw, Exxetps ji Lmkyxew
i Gójmksw. E gsqhmteçãs ji erkyqew jiwwew zexilew gstlixi qemsx vxigmwãs i gstlmehmrmjeji esw xiwyrzejsw.
Iq wyqe, e ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge vsji wix evrmgeje grmtmgeqitzi à vwmuymezxme vexe:
e. Jizixqmtex e vxiwitçe sy eywêtgme ji yq jmwzúxhms sxkâtmgs (jmektówzmgs).
h. Jizigzex, iq yq tíbir mtjmbmjyer, wi ná mtzixeçãs itzxi vxsgiwwsw sxkâtmgsw i tãs sxkâtmgsw uyi vswweq ribex à
vwmgsvezsrskme (jmektówzmgs).
g. Jilrekxex wi idmwziq erzixeçõiw lytgmstemw es rstks js ziqvs. Vsx idiqvrs, qsjmlmgeçõiw gsktmzmbew xiwyrzetziw ji yq
zxezeqitzs sy ji xigyvixeçãs iwvstzâtie; sy, emtje, mjitzmlmgex i qstmzsxex s vxsgiwws ji jigrítms gsktmzmbs.
j. Jizixqmtex vxsktówzmgs.
i. Vretipex zxezeqitzs i/sy xiehmrmzeçãs.
l. Qijmx ilimzsw zixevêyzmgsw.
E ebermeçãs jibi gstzix yqe itzxibmwze mtmgmer gsqvxiitwmbe (eteqtiwi), mtgrymtjs: ewvigzsw qéjmgsw, vwmgsrókmgsw, wsgmemw
i ijygegmstemw je nmwzóxme js mtjmbíjys i wyew vswwíbimw xireçõiw gsq s evexigmqitzs js uyejxs vwmgsvezsrókmgs i s gyxws
jew erzixeçõiw gsktmzmbew, iqsgmstemw i gsqvsxzeqitzemw. Eréq jmwws, jibi-wi shzix, ji lsxqe jizerneje, yq xirezs ji gsqs
ew erzixeçõiw wãs shwixbejew ts eqhmitzi tezyxer je viwwse. Vsx mwws, é mqvsxzetzi uyi, eréq js vegmitzi, wipeq
itzxibmwzejsw leqmrmexiw i/sy syzxew viwwsew vxódmqew. Ewwmq, sw xikmwzxsw je itzxibmwze grítmge qswzxeq-wi qemw vxigmwsw.
Ji lsxqe kixer, vsji-wi vretipex yqe ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge gstwmjixetjs:
e. Ebermeçãs jew áxiew vxshriqázmgew (yzmrmfetjs vxsgijmqitzsw iwvigílmgsw, gsqs ziwziw ji ezitçãs, qiqóxme, izg.). S
shpizmbs é gsqvxiitjix, ji lsxqe egyxeje, s kxey js vxipyífs iq jizixqmteje lytçãs.
h. Yws ji qézsjsw qemw kixemw vexe wgxiitmtk ji vxipyífsw sxkâtmgsw, vsx idiqvrs, s Ziwzi Wzxssv, s Ziwzi ji Zxmrnew (Zxmer
Qeomtk Ziwz) i s AGWZ wãs zexilew erzeqitzi witwíbimw à vxiwitçe ji jets gixihxer. Gstzyjs, mwsrejeqitzi, vsygs mtlsxqeq
wshxi e vswwíbir rsgermfeçãs jsw jélmgmzw. S yws ji wgxiitmtk vexe e ebermeçãs ji sxketmgmjeji eydmrme e jizixqmtex wi sw
vxshriqew vxmqáxmsw xivixgyziq iq vxipyífs sxkâtmgs (riwãs itgilármge) sy jmwzúxhmsw lytgmstemw (vwmgskêtmgsw).
g. Ebermeçãs vexe jizixqmtex lsxçew i lxeuyifew, gsqvxiitjix – ji lsxqe gsqvrize i iwvigílmge – ew erzixeçõiw i gstwzezex
ew lytçõiw/nehmrmjejiw mtzegzew (vszitgmemw) i vxipyjmgejew (lxeuyifew).
Eréq jsw ziwziw gsktmzmbsw iwvigílmgsw, zeqhéq vsjiq wix yzmrmfejew iwgerew ji eyzsxxirezs vexe e ebermeçãs ji iwzejsw
iqsgmstemw, zemw gsqs etwmijeji, jivxiwwãs, xembe, nmvsqetme, itzxi syzxsw. E mtzixvxizeçãs ji yq vixlmr tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs,
iwvigmerqitzi vexe e jizixqmteçãs ji yq jmektówzmgs jmlixitgmer, jibi wix xiermfeje zitjs gsqs hewi e etármwi gstbixkitzi
jsw xiwyrzejsw i e gstwmwzêtgme itzxi iriw i sw wmtzsqew. Vsxzetzs, e vxiwitçe sy e eywêtgme ji vxipyífsw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw
jibiq wix jizixqmtejew e vexzmx ji yq gstpytzs ji ibmjêtgme (v. id., xiwyrzejsw ji jmlixitziw qijmjew) qemw js uyi vsx
mtjmgejsxiw ji yq ziwzi mwsrejeqitzi. Eréq jmwws, é mqvsxzetzi jizixqmtex ji lsxqe vxigmwe ew xefõiw uyi ribeq s mtjmbíjys
e zix wiy jiwiqvitns jmqmtyíjs iq gixzew zexilew sy ziwzi. Sy wipe, vsx qims je evrmgeçãs ji ziwziw witwíbimw i iwvigílmgsw
vexe geje lytçãs gsktmzmbe, vsji-wi jiwgshxmx e xefãs vire uyer jigrítmsw, qiwqs wyzmw, ts jiwiqvitns wãs shwixbejsw.
E ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge gsqs lixxeqitze eydmrmex ts jmektówzmgs
S vevir js jmektówzmgs tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs vexe mtjmgex e rsgermfeçãs ji yqe riwãs vxijsqmtsy vsx erkyq ziqvs,
iwvigmerqitzi iq lytçãs js vxskxiwws tew zégtmgew ji rsgermfeçãs i ji jmektówzmgs vsx mqekiq, gsqs e zsqskxelme
gsqvyzejsxmfeje i e xiwwstâtgme qektézmge. Ezyerqitzi, e lytçãs js ideqi tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs ziq qixigmjs iwvigmer
jiwzeuyi iq xireçãs es vxsgiwws jmektówzmgs. Idmwziq gmxgytwzâtgmew tew uyemw ezé qiwqs s iwzyjs rehsxezsxmer qemw
witwíbir vsji tãs wix iwgrexigijsx, gsqs ts gews ji itgilersvezmew zódmgew, jsitçe ji Erfnimqix (JE) i vxsgiwwsw
jiqitgmemw.
Tiwwi gstzidzs, e ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge ziq lytjeqitzer mqvsxzâtgme, vsjitjs gstzxmhymx vexe jmlixitgmex wmtzsqew
tiyxsrókmgsw i vwmuymázxmgsw, vexe eydmrmex e iwgrexigix júbmjew jmektówzmgew itzxi jmlixitziw gstjmçõiw tiyxsrókmgew, ewwmq
gsqs vexe vxsbix jejsw gsqvsxzeqitzemw vexe rsgermfex sy, virs qitsw, mtjmgex s rejs niqmwléxmgs ji yqe riwãs. Eviwex
jmwws, yq jmektówzmgs vxigmws, mtgrymtjs e rsgermfeçãs je riwãs, tãs vxiwgmtji s yws ji lixxeqitzew rehsxezsxmemw i e
xiermfeçãs ji ideqi tiyxsrókmgs.
Wiqirnetzi à litsqitsrskme ji qymzsw zxetwzsxtsw vwmuymázxmgsw, s vejxãs ji jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw itzxi vegmitziw iq yq
kxyvs jmektówzmgs útmgs é nizixskêtis.
Tiq zsjsw sw vegmitziw iwuymfslxêtmgsw zêq yq jiwiqvitns jmqmtyíjs iq ziwziw ji qiqóxme bixher sy ts AGWZ. Je
qiwqe lsxqe, tiq zsjsw sw vegmitziw jivxmqmjsw evxiwitzeq yq jiwiqvitns hemds iq ziwziw ji birsgmjeji vwmgsqszsxe.
Iqhsxe wi wyvstne uyi ew izmsrskmew jsw wyhzmvsw ji jmlixitziw zxetwzsxtsw vwmuymázxmgsw jmlmxeq (Fmqqixqet iz er., 7520), s
wygiwws jew zitzezmbew ji bermjex iwwew jmwzmtçõiw limzew gsq hewi te litsqitsrskme é hewzetzi rmqmzejs (Litzst &
QgKrewnet, 7557; Kywgszz & Kxsl, 7557).
Eviwex ji tãs idmwzmxiq vejxõiw iwvigílmgsw ji jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw tsw jmbixwsw zxetwzsxtsw vwmuymázxmgsw, wehi-wi uyi é
vswwíbir mjitzmlmgex erkytw vejxõiw ts jiwiqvitns ji vegmitziw gsq zemw vezsrskmew, gsqs, vsx idiqvrs, iwuymfslxitme,
zxetwzsxts hmvsrex, jivxiwwãs, zxetwzsxts ji jélmgmz ji ezitçãs/nmvixezmbmjeji (ZJEN) i zxetwzsxtsw vsx yws ji wyhwzâtgmew
vwmgsezmbew (WVEw). Ná ibmjêtgmew ji uyi sw vegmitziw gsq iwwew vwmgsvezsrskmew xibireq qemw jmlmgyrjejiw tew lytçõiw
idigyzmbew, iq gsqvexeçãs e kxyvsw ji gstzxsriw tsxqemw. Vxmtgmverqitzi, iq hezixmew uyi gstziqvreq e ebermeçãs jiwwew
lytçõiw. Shwixbe-wi jigrítms ts jiwiqvitns vxmtgmverqitzi iq ziwziw gsqs AGWZ, Wzxssv, GVZ, Ziwzi ji Zxmrnew i wyhziwziw
je áxie ji idigyçãs je Iwgere ji Mtzirmkêtgme Aignwrix vexe Ejyrzsw – Zixgimxe Ijmçãs (AEMW-MMM).
Ew lytçõiw idigyzmbew wãs vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw ji erze sxjiq tigiwwáxmsw es lytgmsteqitzs qitzer ejiuyejs vexe s
gyqvxmqitzs ji shpizmbsw i qizew iq rstks vxefs. S lytgmsteqitzs idigyzmbs é xiwvstwábir, ji lsxqe vxmqsxjmer, vire
gevegmjeji ji mtmgmex eçõiw, vretipex eçõiw, etzigmvex gstwiuyêtgmew, qsjmlmgex iwzxezékmew i wsrygmstex vxshriqew. Eréq
jmwws, xiregmste-wi à lridmhmrmjeji qitzer i es gstzxsri mtmhmzóxms (Oxmwzitwit, 6440; Rifeo, 7551).
Vegmitziw gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex qswzxeq jigrítms wmktmlmgezmbs uyetjs gsqvexejsw e kxyvsw ji gstzxsriw tsxqemw iq
ziwziw uyi ebermeq qiqóxme bixher, tyqéxmge i mqijmeze, ewwmq gsqs ezitçãs gstgitzxeje i lytçõiw idigyzmbew (Oevgfmtwom
iz er., 6445). Vsxéq, emtje tãs ná yq gstwitws itzxi sw eyzsxiw iq xireçãs àw áxiew iwvigílmgew uyi evxiwitzeq jélmgmzw,
eviwex ji irew zixiq wmjs gstwmwzitziqitzi jiqstwzxejsw iq báxmsw iwzyjsw xigitziw, mtgrywmbi iq vegmitziw iwzehmrmfejsw.
Erkytw iwzyjsw zêq jmbmjmjs s vxsgiwws ji ebermeçãs itzxi iwzákms mtmgmer (iexrc wzeki) i iwzákms zexjms (rezi wzeki), gsqs lsxqe
ji qitwyxex e jizixmsxeçãs je jsitçe gsq s ziqvs, vixqmzmtjs jirmtiex yq zxezeqitzs ejiuyejs i qemw vxigmws esw
vegmitziw.
Yqe xigitzi qizetármwi uyi ebermsy vegmitziw gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex gstgrymy uyi s vxmqimxs ivmwójms je jsitçe iwzá
ewwsgmejs e jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw jmlywsw (Rii iz er., 6478).
Syzxs iwzyjs, uyi gsqvexsy sw vixlmw gsktmzmbsw itzxi vegmitziw hmvsrexiw i iwuymfslxêtmgsw, qswzxsy uyi sw
iwuymfslxêtmgsw, qiwqs uyetjs vexiejsw vsx gexegzixíwzmgew jiqskxálmgew i grítmgew, evxiwitzeq vmsx jiwiqvitns gsktmzmbs
js uyi sw vegmitziw gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex (Oxehhitjeq, Exzw, bet Sw, & Eriqet, 6441).
Qymzsw iwzyjsw evstzeq uyi e jivxiwwãs qemsx iq ejyrzsw zeqhéq iwzá ewwsgmeje e jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw, wshxizyjs
vxipyífs tew zexilew uyi itbsrbiq lytçõiw idigyzmbew. Yq iwzyjs wshxi sw jélmgmzw tew lytçõiw idigyzmbew, itbsrbitjs
gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw gsq jivxiwwãs qemsx, xirezsy xiwyrzejsw qmwzsw, sy wipe, ezyerqitzi tãs ná yq gstwitws ji uyi
vegmitziw vijmázxmgsw jivxiwwmbsw zitneq gsqs gexegzixíwzmge jélmgmzw tew lytçõiw idigyzmbew i te ezitçãs jmlixitzi jsw
egnejsw iq vegmitziw ejyrzsw (Bmrkmw, Wmro, & Betgi, 6471). Ts itzetzs, gstzxexmetjs sw egnejsw jiwwi iwzyjs, yqe qizetármwi
uyi ebermsy gsktmzmbeqitzi gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw gsq jivxiwwãs qemsx ibmjitgmsy uyi sw vegmitziw evxiwitzexeq vmsx
jiwiqvitns gsqvexejs gsq gstzxsriw. Ew jmlixitçew qemw mqvsxzetziw lsxeq jizigzejew iq gevegmjeji ji mtmhmçãs,
lryêtgme bixher, ezitçãs wywzitzeje, qiqóxme bixher i vretipeqitzs (nehmrmjejiw xiregmstejew àw lytçõiw idigyzmbew),
tsbeqitzi xilsxçetjs e lerze ji gstwitws itzxi eyzsxiw. Sw eyzsxiw wykixiq iwzyjsw iq rstks vxefs (gssxziw) gsq shpizmbs
ji mtbiwzmkex gsqs zemw jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw iq vegmitziw psbitw jivxiwwmbsw vsjiq mtzixlixmx ts jiwiqvitns egejêqmgs,
wsgmer i lytgmster (Aektix, Qürrix, Nirqximgn, Nyww, & Zejmg, 6478).
Iq wítziwi, vegmitziw gsq vezsrskmew vwmuymázxmgew kxebiw, gsqs iwuymfslxitme, zxetwzsxts hmvsrex i jivxiwwãs qemsx,
gsqvexejsw e gstzxsriw weyjábimw, evxiwitzeq vxipyífsw gsktmzmbsw. Báxmsw iwzyjsw wykixiq jélmgmzw vxmtgmverqitzi te
gevegmjeji ji ezitçãs gstgitzxeje, te qiqóxme ji zxeherns i iq lytçõiw idigyzmbew, eviwex ji mwws tãs wix yq gstwitws.
Es rstks js ziqvs, ew jsitçew vwmuymázxmgew geyweq erzixeçõiw te lytçãs i te iwzxyzyxe gixihxer. Zxezeqitzsw tsw
iwzákmsw mtmgmemw vsjiq ezityex sw vxipyífsw gsktmzmbsw, gstwiuyitziqitzi nehmrmzetjs sw vegmitziw vexe yq lytgmsteqitzs
rehsxer, wsgmer i elizmbs gsq qemw uyermjeji.
Jivitjitziw ji WVEw zeqhéq evxiwitzeq erzixeçõiw ts gstzxsri idigyzmbs. Ji egsxjs gsq mwws, yq iwzyjs gsqvexsy s
jiwiqvitns ji jivitjitziw ji jmlixitziw wyhwzâtgmew, gsqs árgssr, gsgeíte i qizetlizeqmte, i ji vsrmywyáxmsw ji WVEw
gsq gstzxsriw weyjábimw vsx qims ji yqe hezixme ji ziwziw gsqvsxzeqitzemw, gsktmzmbsw i iqsgmstemw. Ts kxyvs ji
jivitjitziw ji WVEw, lsxeq shwixbejsw vxipyífsw tsw ziwziw gsktmzmbsw ji qiqóxme ji zxeherns, xiwvswze mtmhmzóxme i
lridmhmrmjeji qitzer, iq xireçãs es kxyvs ji gstzxsri (Bixjips-Kexgíe, Hignexe, Xigotsx, & Véxif-Kexgíe, 6440).
É mqvsxzetzi wermitzex uyi jigrítmsw iwvigílmgsw iq jizixqmtejew áxiew vsjiq wix mtzixvxizejsw ji báxmew lsxqew i tãs
gstgryiq yq jmektówzmgs. Vsx idiqvrs, tew iwgerew Aignwrix idmwziq ítjmgiw iwvigílmgsw vexe ebermex jizixqmtejew áxiew,
gsqs gsqvxiitwãs bixher, sxketmfeçãs vixgivzyer, qiqóxme ji zxeherns (sy xiwmwzêtgme à jmwzxeçãs) i birsgmjeji vxsgiwwyer.
Iq vegmitziw gsq ZJEN, s ítjmgi ji xiwmwzêtgme à jmwzxeçãs é qymzs yzmrmfejs vexe gstlmxqex s jigrítms te ezitçãs,
grmtmgeqitzi vixgihmjs tiwwiw vegmitziw. Mwws sgsxxi qymzew bifiw, iqhsxe iwwi ítjmgi tãs wipe witwíbir tiq iwvigílmgs s
wylmgmitzi vexe, ji lsxqe mwsreje, jizixqmtex iwwi jmektówzmgs, yqe bif uyi vegmitziw jivxmqmjsw, etwmswsw sy gsq
jmlmgyrjejiw iqsgmstemw qsqitzâtiew zeqhéq jiqstwzxeq jigrítms tiwwe lytçãs.
E mjitzmlmgeçãs ji vejxõiw iwzábimw ji jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw iq ziwziw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw jitzxs ji yq zxetwzsxts gstzxmhym
vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji nmvóziwiw wshxi ew jmlixitziw izmsrskmew jew vwmgsvezsrskmew (Wnerrmgi, 7557). E wyhzmvsrskme
hewieje iq jmlixitçew iwvigílmgew tew lytçõiw gsktmzmbew itzxi vegmitziw gsq s qiwqs jmektówzmgs é qemw gstlmábir js uyi
yq iwuyiqe lytjeqitzejs te litsqitsrskme, jiwji uyi jmlixitziw qigetmwqsw ribiq es qiwqs iwzákms lmter je jsitçe,
ituyetzs jmwzmtçõiw litsqitsrókmgew rmqmzeq-wi e jmlixitçew te evxiwitzeçãs je jsitçe (Oiili, 7551).
E ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge evxiwitze rmqmzeçõiw gsqs mtwzxyqitzs jmektówzmgs vxmqáxms. Eviwex jmwws, iwwi zmvs ji
ideqi vsji jiwiqvitnex yq vevir vxijmzmbs, mtjmgetjs, vsx idiqvrs, e vxshehmrmjeji ji yqe gstjmçãs tiyxsvezsrókmge wi
qetmliwzex. E lytçãs ji wgxiitmtk é syzxs ewvigzs xirezmbs à uyiwzãs jmektówzmge. Gsqyqitzi, iwwe lytçãs ixe xiermfeje gsq
s shpizmbs ji mjitzmlmgex vegmitziw gsq itgilersvezmew iq vsvyreçõiw gsq jmektówzmgsw mtjmwgxmqmtejsw, jiwgstwmjixetjs,
ewwmq, e vxiberêtgme ji gstjmçõiw tew uyemw sw ewvigzsw sxkâtmgsw i vwmuymázxmgsw mtzixekmeq sy qmwzyxebeq-wi. Ezyerqitzi,
iqvxike-wi s wgxiitmtk te ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge vexe mjitzmlmgex, ji lsxqe qemw evyxeje, viwwsew gsq qemsx
vxshehmrmjeji vexe jiwitbsrbix erkyqe gstjmçãs iwvigílmge sy uyi tigiwwmziq ji yq iwzyjs jmektówzmgs ts lyzyxs (Rifeo,
6448).
Erkyqew jsitçew vwmuymázxmgew, iwvigmerqitzi zxetwzsxtsw js nyqsx, mqvõiq e tigiwwmjeji ji yq jmektówzmgs
jmlixitgmer, wshxizyjs uyetjs tãs ná yqe xiwvswze qijmgeqitzswe ejiuyeje. Sy, emtje, uyetjs ná qirnsxe js nyqsx,
qew ew uyimdew gsktmzmbew vixqetigiq (Geqexks, Hsrsktetm, & Fyggsrs, 6442). Itzxi sw jmektówzmgsw uyi evxiwitzeq
wmtzsqezsrskme i qetmliwzeçõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw wiqirnetziw, vsjiqsw gmzex s ZJEN i s zxetwzsxts hmvsrex te mtlâtgme i te
ejsriwgêtgme, qymzs iqhsxe sw zxezeqitzsw qijmgeqitzswsw wipeq hewzetzi jmbixwsw. Jiwwe lsxqe, sw jejsw lsxtigmjsw
vire ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge vsjiq wix úzimw te jilmtmçãs jsw vixlmw gsktmzmbsw ji geje vezsrskme. Emtje uyi iwzipe
vxiwitzi yqe jmwlytçãs idigyzmbe iq eqhew ew vezsrskmew, ts zxetwzsxts hmvsrex e jmlmgyrjeji ezitgmster é wigytjáxme à
egirixeçãs js vitweqitzs.
E idvixmêtgme grítmge i sw jejsw ji viwuymwe jiqstwzxeq uyi vegmitziw vijmázxmgsw gsq ZJEN i gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex,
sy e gsqsxhmjeji jsw jsmw jmektówzmgsw, evxiwitzeq jmwlytçõiw qemw iwvigílmgew te ezitçãs gstgitzxeje, te qiqóxme bixher
i tew lytçõiw idigyzmbew, jmlmgyrzetjs e uyiwzãs je jilmtmçãs jmektówzmge. Vsx idiqvrs, gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw gsq
zxetwzsxts hmvsrex i ZJEN gsqóxhmjs evxiwitzeq qemsx gsqvxsqizmqitzs te birsgmjeji ji vxsgiwweqitzs i ts gstzxsri
ji mtzixlixêtgme js uyi euyiriw vsxzejsxiw ji ZJEN wsqitzi. Mwws wykixi uyi e ewwsgmeçãs gsq s nyqsx ekxike yq
gsqvxsqizmqitzs js gstzxsri mtmhmzóxms i je mqvyrwmbmjeji, vswwmbirqitzi ewwsgmejs es góxzid vxé-lxstzer jsxwsrezixer,
vsjitjs wix yq qexgejsx tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs vszitgmer je gsqsxhmjeji ji zxetwzsxts hmvsrex pybitmr gsq ZJEN (Texbeif iz
er., 6478). Ts itzetzs, e jmlixitgmeçãs jsw jmektówzmgsw emtje é yq jiwelms, i e hywge vsx qexgejsxiw é mtgmvmitzi, ituyetzs
ew zixevêyzmgew wãs hewzetzi jmwzmtzew. Syzxs ewvigzs e wix gstwmjixejs te jmlixitgmeçãs jmektówzmge é uyi sw vegmitziw gsq
zxetwzsxts hmvsrex vsjiq evxiwitzex jizixmsxeçãs gsktmzmbe ts vixgyxws je jsitçe, s uyi tiq wiqvxi sgsxxi iq mtjmbíjysw
gsq ZJEN. Vsx mwws, é mqvsxzetzi uyi e ebermeçãs wipe xiermfeje rstkmzyjmterqitzi, iq qemw ji yq qsqitzs, gsqvexetjs sw
xiwyrzejsw.
E ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge gsqs lixxeqitze ts vxsktówzmgs
E mjitzmlmgeçãs ji jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw iwvigílmgsw tsw zxetwzsxtsw vwmuymázxmgsw vsji gstwzmzymx yq mqvsxzetzi vxijmzsx js
gyxws je jsitçe. Iq erkytw zxetwzsxtsw, gsqs iwuymfslxitme i JE, jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw ebermejsw vsx qims ji ziwziw
tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw vsjiq vxijmfix s mtígms je jsitçe. Ná ibmjêtgmew ji uyi vxipyífsw kixemw iq ziwziw uyi ebermeq
mtlsxqeçãs, qiqóxme i gstgitzxeçãs qswzxeq-wi gsqs qirnsxiw vxijmzsxiw js jiwitbsrbmqitzs je JE js uyi
gexegzixíwzmgew gsqs zxeyqezmwqs gxetmets, mjeji je qãi uyetjs s mtjmbíjys tewgiy, zehekmwqs sy nmwzóxme leqmrmex ji JE
(Oiili, 7551). Ituyetzs iwwiw iwzyjsw mtjmgeq uyi s bersx vxijmzmbs ji vxipyífsw gsktmzmbsw kixemw iq vegmitziw vwmuymázxmgsw
é xiribetzi, e mjitzmlmgeçãs ji jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw iwvigílmgsw zeqhéq vsji wix qymzs úzmr. Vsx idiqvrs, vegmitziw gsq
jivxiwwãs qemsx i, iwvigmerqitzi, euyiriw gsq jélmgmzw ji qiqóxme kxebiw vsjiq zix jmlmgyrjejiw iq qetzix xikmqiw
qijmgeqitzswsw wmqvriw sy wi hitilmgmex ji ketnsw zixevêyzmgsw shzmjsw vxibmeqitzi. Vegmitziw iwuymfslxêtmgsw gsq
jélmgmzw ji evxitjmfekiq kxebiw vsjiq tytge ejuymxmx e gevegmjeji ji itzitjix ew qizew js zxezeqitzs i, vsxzetzs, peqemw
lytgmstex mtjivitjitziqitzi. Iwwiw lezsxiw vsjiq zix mqvegzs wshxi e nehmrmjeji js vegmitzi ji hitilmgmex-wi js
zxezeqitzs i xivixgyzmx iq yq xiwyrzejs wyhwzetgmerqitzi vmsx. E nehmrmjeji ji mjitzmlmgex jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw iwvigílmgsw iq
vegmitziw vwmuymázxmgsw vixqmzi yqe vxijmçãs qemw egyxeje js gyxws je jsitçe sy, wi vswwíbir, e mjitzmlmgeçãs ji iwzxezékmew
ji zxezeqitzs vexe qirnsxex s gyxws je jsitçe (Hirrego, 7556; Hstjm, 6442; Hxittix, 7556).
GYMJEJS JS VEGMITZI I VRETIPEQITZS JE MTZIXBITÇÃS
S ideqi tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs ziq vevir xiribetzi ts gymjejs js vegmitzi, s uyi mtgrym zetzs s qetips uyetzs s vretipeqitzs
je iwzxezékme zixevêyzmge e wix mqvriqitzeje. Tiwwi witzmjs, e ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge vsji slixigix mtlsxqeçõiw
jizernejew wshxi s wzezyw gsktmzmbs i ew gexegzixíwzmgew ji vixwstermjeji ji yq mtjmbíjys. Jiwwe lsxqe, zsxte-wi vswwíbir
mtlsxqex tãs wó es vegmitzi, gsqs zeqhéq àuyiriw xiwvstwábimw vsx wiy hiq-iwzex, ji uyi qetimxe wye gstjmçãs
tiyxsrókmge vsji elizex wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs i uyer tíbir ji gymjejs iri idmki. Ebermeçõiw jiwgxmzmbew wshxi s vixlmr gsktmzmbs i
iqsgmster zeqhéq wãs xiribetziw ts vretipeqitzs js zxezeqitzs. Vsxzetzs, e jilmtmçãs ji yqe iwzxezékme zixevêyzmge
xiuyix s itzitjmqitzs evxslytjejs jew gevegmjejiw i rmqmzeçõiw, sw zmvsw ji qyjetçew vwmgsrókmgew i s mqvegzs jiwzew tew
idvixmêtgmew viwwsemw i ts gsqvsxzeqitzs js mtjmbíjys (Rifeo, 7551).
ZXEZEQITZS
Idmwziq vsygsw jejsw iqvíxmgsw wshxi e xireçãs itzxi jélmgmz tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs i xiwvswze e qijmgeqitzs, vwmgszixevme i
wizzmtk zixevêyzmgs. Itzxizetzs, yqe rmtne ji hewi ji vxipyífsw gsktmzmbsw vsji wix yq mqvsxzetzi vxijmzsx ji ibitzyer
xiwvswze es zxezeqitzs, i e qirnsxe tew nehmrmjejiw gsktmzmbew jyxetzi iwzákmsw mtmgmemw js zxezeqitzs vsji vxijmfix s
iwhezmqitzs jsw wmtzsqew wiqetew qemw zexji. Vexigi vreywíbir i vewwíbir ji mtbiwzmkeçãs uyi e nizixskitimjeji je
xiwvswze es zxezeqitzs itzxi vegmitziw gsq zxetwzsxtsw vwmgózmgsw, elizmbsw i ji etwmijeji vswwe iwzex xiregmsteje es tíbir
vxé-qóxhmjs ji lytgmsteqitzs gsktmzmbs. Jmetzi jmwws, xikmqiw ji zxezeqitzs jirmtiejsw vexe vejxõiw ji jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw
i nehmrmjejiw mtjmbmjyemw vsjiq wix qemw ilizmbsw (Oiili, 7551).
Gstwmjixetjs-wi e gitzxermjeji jsw vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw iq uyeruyix zxezeqitzs ji vwmgsvezsrskmew, e ebermeçãs
tiyxsvwmgsrókmge vsji wix vexzmgyrexqitzi iqvxikeje iq zxetwzsxtsw vwmuymázxmgsw uyi vsjiq wi hitilmgmex je vwmgszixevme.
Nmwzsxmgeqitzi, ts zxezeqitzs ji qymzsw zxetwzsxtsw vwmuymázxmgsw, e mqvsxzâtgme jsw jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw tãs ziq wmjs
gstwmjixeje. Gstzyjs, s itzitjmqitzs háwmgs js vixlmr gsktmzmbs ji yq vegmitzi tãs wó gstzxmhym vexe s vretipeqitzs
ejiuyejs je mtzixbitçãs, gsqs zeqhéq vsji vxibitmx jmlmgyrjejiw zixevêyzmgew ts lyzyxs, gsqs e tãs ejiwãs es xikmqi ji
zxezeqitzs vxsvswzs. Vsx idiqvrs, ehsxjekitw gsktmzmbs-gsqvsxzeqitzemw ibmjitgmeq uyi vegmitziw gsq zxetwzsxts hmvsrex
wãs mtáhimw iq vxsgiwwex ibitzsw qitzemw gexxikejsw iqsgmsterqitzi. Iwwi lezs vsji wix xiribetzi vexe evxmqsxex e
iwzxezékme ji zxezeqitzs jiwwi zxetwzsxts (Oevgfmtwom iz er., 6445). Iq vegmitziw gsq zxetwzsxts vsx yws ji WVEw, sw
vxipyífsw gsktmzmbsw vsjiq xivixgyzmx iq vmsxiw jiwlignsw, gsqs e tãs ejiwãs es zxezeqitzs. Eréq jmwws, ew vxóvxmew
zégtmgew mtzixbitzmbew vsjiq wix mtilmgefiw jmetzi jew jmlmgyrjejiw gsktmzmbew jiwwiw vegmitziw, iwvigmerqitzi iq xireçãs à
xizitçãs ji tsbew evxitjmfekitw i à qetyzitçãs ji yq hsq tíbir ezitgmster es rstks jew ezmbmjejiw vxsvswzew (Gytne,
Viyoix, & Hmfexxs, 6476). Xigsqitjeçõiw iq xireçãs e lezsxiw eqhmitzemw ts zxezeqitzs ji jsitçew vwmuymázxmgew (v. id.,
iwuyiqew ji zxeherns, vxskxeqew ji nswvmzermfeçãs vexgmemw i qyjetçe ji qsxejme) zeqhéq vsjiq wix limzew e vexzmx ji
jejsw sxmytjsw je ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge. Iwwi zmvs ji ebermeçãs é kixerqitzi xiermfejs ji qsjs mtlsxqer (v. id., es
shwixbex yq vegmitzi uyi tãs gstwikyi qetzix e ezitçãs es vexzmgmvex ji yq kxyvs ts uyer ná yqe ezmbmjeji iwzxyzyxeje
sy qetipex wmzyeçõiw gszmjmetew ji lsxqe eyzôtsqe). Zemw shwixbeçõiw vsjiq xiwyrzex iq qirnsxmew jmxizew ts gymjejs js
vegmitzi. Gstzyjs, e jizixqmteçãs lsxqermfeje js vixlmr tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs js vegmitzi, iq zixqsw ji wyew vszitgmermjejiw i
lxeuyifew, vxsbê yq vetsxeqe grexs ji uyemw zxezeqitzsw vsjiq qedmqmfex sw xiwyrzejsw vexe s vegmitzi iq uyiwzãs.
Tiwwi gstzidzs, e ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge vsji qirnsxex e uyermjeji js qetips zixevêyzmgs ji lsxqe mtjmbmjyermfeje.
XIEHMRMZEÇÃS I EBERMEÇÃS JI VXSKXEQEW JI ZXEZEQITZS/EBERMEÇÃS JI ILMGÁGME
Es jizixqmtex s vejxãs ji lsxçew i jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw ewwsgmejsw e yq zxetwzsxts vwmuymázxmgs, vsji-wi lebsxigix s
jirmtieqitzs ji iwzxezékmew ji xiehmrmzeçãs gsktmzmbe. Es qiwqs ziqvs iq uyi sw jélmgmzw i vszitgmermjejiw gsktmzmbew iq
vegmitziw vwmuymázxmgsw wãs mjitzmlmgejsw, é tigiwwáxms jizixqmtex uyer s zmvs ji zxezeqitzs qemw mtjmgejs (gstwmjixetjs e
qemsx vxshehmrmjeji ji ilmgágme) i jilmtmx ew qizew e wixiq ergetçejew.
Yqe ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge xiermfeje gsqs rmtne ji hewi qymzew bifiw lebsxigi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji vxskxeqew ji
xiehmrmzeçãs, vsmw vsji jmxigmstex-wi e jélmgmzw iwvigílmgsw uyi xiuyixiq qemsx ezitçãs i emtje mtjmgex uyi tíbir s lsgs je
xiehmrmzeçãs jibi ezmtkmx. Vsx idiqvrs, wi e xiehmrmzeçãs jibi lsgex yq tíbir iriqitzex ji jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw (v. id., vxsgiwwsw
vixgivzyemw), jélmgmzw gsq yqe gsqvridmjeji qsjixeje (v. id., jmlmgyrjeji ji xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew i qiqóxme bixher) sy
jmlmgyrjejiw qemw gsqvridew, gsqs euyirew te mtzixeçãs viwwser (Kxiit, 7559).
Eréq jmwws, e vexzmx ji vixlmw ji jiwiqvitns tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs, vsji-wi jizixqmtex uyi lytçõiw gsktmzmbew vixqetigiq
mtzegzew, mtjmgetjs ew áxiew ji gevegmjeji tew uyemw iwzxezékmew ji xiehmrmzeçãs vsjiq wix yzmrmfejew. Vsx idiqvrs, yq jsw
wmtzsqew vxmqáxmsw ji zxetwzsxtsw vwmuymázxmgsw i tiyxsrókmgsw uyi itbsrbiq s góxzid lxstzer é s vxipyífs te gevegmjeji ji
jiwitbsrbix iwzxezékmew ji itlxitzeqitzs (gsvmtk) erzixtezmbew. Vsxzetzs, sw vegmitziw gsq iwwiw uyejxsw tigiwwmzeq ji
ewwmwzêtgme es kixex zemw iwzxezékmew, ew uyemw vsjiq wix mjitzmlmgejew gsq s eydírms ji yq iwvigmermwze iq xiehmrmzeçãs
gsktmzmbe, ji zer lsxqe uyi ew gevegmjejiw gsktmzmbew vxiwixbejew vswweq wix vszitgmermfejew. Vsx idiqvrs, s zxetwzsxts
hmvsrex iq gxmetçew kixerqitzi wi ewwsgme e yqe mtgevegmjeji lytgmster wmktmlmgezmbe ermeje e yq gyxws gxôtmgs i e yqe
xigyvixeçãs vshxi itzxi ivmwójmsw. Jmlixitziw jélmgmzw tiyxsgsktmzmbsw vsjiq wix ewwsgmejsw àw lewiw ekyjew i ji
xigyvixeçãs. Vsx mwws, é mqvsxzetzi jizixqmtex wi zemw jélmgmzw vixwmwziq itzxi sw iwzejsw ji jsitçe i gexegzixmfex e
mtgevegmjeji lytgmster jivsmw je xigyvixeçãs jsw wmtzsqew. Ewwmq, iwwew mtlsxqeçõiw vsjiq wix úzimw zetzs ts
itzitjmqitzs je lmwmsvezsrskme je jsitçe gsqs ts vretipeqitzs ijygegmster je gxmetçe egsqizmje.
Yqe evrmgeçãs qemw iwvigílmge je ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge iq vxskxeqew ji xiehmrmzeçãs é ejiuyex s zxezeqitzs es
vixlmr ji jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw ji yq vegmitzi iq vexzmgyrex, vsjitjs zeqhéq gstwmjixex s iwzákms je jsitçe js vegmitzi sy,
emtje, s tíbir ji kxebmjeji jsw wmtzsqew. Vxshriqew gsktmzmbs-gsqvsxzeqitzemw vsjiq sgsxxix jyxetzi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs i
wix vixgihmjsw evitew te lewi ekyje jew jsitçew sy ts jigsxxix ji wye ibsryçãs (Oiili, 7551). Jélmgmzw wyzmw ji
gsqvxiitwãs, ehwzxeçãs, vretipeqitzs, gxízmge, qiqóxme i erixze, gsqytw iq jsitçew vwmuymázxmgew, vsjiq jmlmgyrzex s
qetips je iuymvi, elizetjs, gstwiuyitziqitzi, e ejiwãs i e ejevzeçãs js mtjmbíjys e wiy iwzejs grítmgs i e wiy eqhmitzi
(Geqexks iz er., 6442).
Vegmitziw vwmuymázxmgsw zeqhéq vsjiq evxiwitzex jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw uyi mtzixlixiq iq wye wsgmermfeçãs. Qymzsw jélmgmzw
tãs zêq e qektmzyji wylmgmitzi vexe wixiq jizigzejsw ts ideqi grítmgs. Tãs shwzetzi, vsjiq gsqvxsqizix s
lytgmsteqitzs gszmjmets js vegmitzi i, wi qer jmektswzmgejsw sy mtzixvxizejsw, vsjiq wshxigexxikex zetzs s vxóvxms
vegmitzi gsqs wiyw leqmrmexiw. Vsxzetzs, vexe jizigzá-rsw é tigiwwáxms s iqvxiks ji ziwziw iwvigílmgsw. Iq erkytw gewsw,
mtjmbíjysw uyi evxiwitzeq yq tíbir ji lytgmsteqitzs vxé-qóxhmjs egmqe je qéjme vsjiq wslxix jigrítms ji lytçõiw
gsktmzmbew i, emtje ewwmq, vixqetigix gsq jiwiqvitns jitzxs je lemde ji tsxqermjeji, wiq gsqvxsqizmqitzs wmktmlmgezmbs
iq ezmbmjejiw je bmje jmáxme. Jiwwe lsxqe, wyew uyimdew vsjiq wix mtzixvxizejew ixxstieqitzi, gews yqe ebermeçãs
tiyxsvwmgsrókmge jizerneje tãs wipe xiermfeje.
E ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge, eréq ji jirmqmzex e áxie je jmwlytçãs, iwzehirigi e nmixexuyme i e jmtâqmge jsw zxetwzsxtsw,
vxiwzetjs-wi e yqe sxmitzeçãs vxigmwe js zxezeqitzs. Yq jmektówzmgs qemw vxslytjs vixqmzi wivexex wyhkxyvsw ji
vegmitziw jitzxs ji yq qiwqs zxetwzsxts vwmuymázxmgs, vxsvmgmetjs yqe iwgsrne zixevêyzmge qemw ejiuyeje, zetzs
qijmgeqitzswe gsqs ji vxsgijmqitzsw. E mjitzmlmgeçãs ji xigyxwsw xiqetiwgitziw i vszitgmemw, hiq gsqs ji lsxçew i
lxeuyifew gsktmzmbew vxsbê yq qeve vexe sxmitzex ew lytçõiw uyi jibiq wix xilsxçejew sy wyhwzmzyíjew. Eréq jmwws, vixqmzi
xisxmitzex s vrets ji bmje js vegmitzi tsw jmlixitziw âqhmzsw: vxslmwwmster, egejêqmgs i leqmrmex (Geqexks iz er., 6442).
VIWUYMWE
E ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge ziq wmjs yzmrmfeje vexe iwzyjex e sxketmfeçãs je ezmbmjeji gsxzmger i wiy mqvegzs ts
gsqvsxzeqitzs. Eréq jmwws, e viwuymwe tiwwe áxie zeqhéq itbsrbi s jiwitbsrbmqitzs, e vejxstmfeçãs i e ebermeçãs. Ts
gstzidzs je viwuymwe iq tiyxsvwmgsrskme, zsxte-wi vswwíbir iwzehirigix vexâqizxsw gsqvexezmbsw i evxmqsxex qsjirsw pá
gstnigmjsw je xireçãs itzxi géxihxs i gsqvsxzeqitzs. Jiwwe lsxqe, nmvóziwiw vsjiq wix ziwzejew, zxezeqitzsw ebermejsw i
qyjetçew gsqvsxzeqitzemw elixmjew.
Emtje é yq jiwelms e gejime geywer uyi ewwsgme sw zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw àw erzixeçõiw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgew. Vsx idiqvrs,
kixerqitzi lezsxiw tiyxsgsktmzmbsw tãs wãs mjitzmlmgejsw gsqs vxijmzmbsw vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji zxetwzsxts ji iwzxiwwi
vów-zxeyqázmgs (ZIVZ; Wyrmqet, Wzimt, & Wiijez, 6478), itzxizetzs, wãs hewzetzi gstwekxejsw gsqs wmtzsqew js uyejxs pá
mtwzerejs, gsq mqvegzs te evxiwitzeçãs i ts vxsktówzmgs. Nehmzyerqitzi, ew xiwvswzew ekyjew es iwzxiwwi zxeyqázmgs
jiwevexigiq jitzxs ji erkyqew wiqetew, i e evxiwitzeçãs vezsrókmge js vów-zxeyqe vxiwwyvõi erzixeçõiw iwzxyzyxemw i
lytgmstemw kxebiw i vixwmwzitziw, uyi wi idvxiwweq vsx qims ji gsxxirezsw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw mqvsxzetziw. Xigitziw iwzyjsw
grítmgsw i ji qizetármwi, uyi ebermeq ewvigzsw tiyxsgsktmzmbsw ewwsgmejsw es ZIVZ, jiwgxibiq mqvegzs iq yqe eqvre keqe
ji jsqítmsw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw gsq jiwqiqhxeqitzsw ts vixlmr grítmgs jsw vegmitziw. Yqe qizetármwi wmwziqázmge, uyi
mtgrymy 04 iwzyjsw, jiwzege mqvegzs tsw jsqítmsw ji evxitjmfekiq bixher, ezitçãs, qiqóxme bixher i ji zxeherns, eréq ji
birsgmjeji ji vxsgiwweqitzs ji mtlsxqeçõiw. Zemw jsqítmsw mqvegzeq jmxizeqitzi e lytgmstermjeji js wypimzs i, vsxzetzs,
wãs vewwíbimw ji mqvrmgeçõiw mqvsxzetziw ts qetips grítmgs i te ilmgágme js zxezeqitzs (Wgszz iz er., 6478). Ts itzetzs, s
uyetzs iwwiw mtjmbíjysw pá zêq yqe vxijmwvswmçãs vxébme tiyxsvwmgsrókmge uyi xiqizi à qemsx jmlmgyrjeji ji irehsxeçãs i
itlxitzeqitzs jsw zxeyqew emtje é yq ewvigzs uyi xiuyix qemw viwuymwew.
E viwuymwe iq tiyxsvwmgsrskme zeqhéq vsji epyjex te jiwgshixze ji kitiw i wye mtlryêtgme iq zxetwzsxtsw
tiyxsvwmuymázxmgsw. Tiwwi gstzidzs, s gstgimzs ji itjslitózmvs ziq wmjs eqvreqitzi jihezmjs. Zer zixqmtsrskme xilixi-wi à
qetmliwzeçãs grítmge js kitózmvs (gexegzixíwzmgew izmsrókmgew vxiwitziw ts kiti), e uyer vsji eydmrmex ts jmektówzmgs. Vsx
idiqvrs, erzixeçõiw ts bsryqi tiyxster ji vegmitziw gsq zxetwzsxts shwiwwmbs-gsqvyrwmbs (ZSG) gstwzmzyiq yq
itjslitózmvs, s uyer vsji eydmrmex ts itzitjmqitzs jiwwe jsitçe, uyi vswwym mtlryêtgmew kitézmgew. S iwzyjs jsw
itjslitózmvsw iq zemw gewsw é betzepsws, vsmw vsjiq wix jizigzejsw vsx qims ji ziwziw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw, ewwmq gsqs vsx
qims ji ideqiw ji wetkyi, yrzxewwsq sy tiyxsmqekiq.
 Iwzyjsw vxébmsw wykixiq uyi jélmgmzw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw vsjiq xivxiwitzex idvxiwwõiw qemw jmxizew ji kitiw je jsitçe
js uyi wmtzsqew litszívmgsw (Jscri iz er., 6441; Xsqqirwi, 6443; Xsqqirwi, 6442). Tiwwi gstzidzs, jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw ezyeq
gsqs itjslitózmvsw, mtjmgetjs yqe vxshehmrmjeji eyqitzeje vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji jizixqmteje jsitçe. S iwzyjs ji
itjslitózmvsw vsji legmrmzex e jizigçãs ji kitiw vire lsxqeçãs ji wyhkxyvsw ji vegmitziw qemw nsqskêtisw. Vsx idiqvrs,
yzmrmfetjs kxyvsw ji mtjmbíjysw gsq vxipyífsw iq jizixqmtejs itjslitózmvs i/sy iwzehirigitjs xireçõiw itzxi bexmeçõiw
kitézmgew iwvigílmgew i itjslitózmvs.
Jibi-wi wermitzex uyi tiq zsjsw sw jélmgmzw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw wãs eyzsqezmgeqitzi gstwmjixejsw gsqs itjslitózmvsw.
Erkytw gxmzéxmsw zêq wmjs vswzyrejsw vexe jilmtmx yq itjslitózmvs. E xiwvimzs jiwwiw gxmzéxmsw, elmxqe-wi gsq qemw lxiuüêtgme
uyi s jélmgmz tiyxsvwmgsrókmgs: (e) jibi iwzex ewwsgmejs es zxetwzsxts; (h) jibi iwzex vxiwitzi iq leqmrmexiw tãs elizejsw iq
yq qemsx kxey uyetjs gsqvexejsw e gstzxsriw weyjábimw; (g) jibi gsxxiregmstex-wi itzxi qiqhxsw ji leqírmew hmsrókmgew; i
(j) jibi (iq vexzi) xiwyrzex jsw qiwqsw lezsxiw nixijmzáxmsw uyi zeqhéq mtlryitgmeq s litózmvs. Witjs ewwmq, es ideqmtex
wi gixzsw jélmgmzw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw vsjiq wix gstwmjixejsw itjslitózmvsw, é tigiwwáxms mtgrymx zetzs mtjmbíjysw elizejsw
gsqs zeqhéq wiyw leqmrmexiw tãs elizejsw (Jscri iz er., 6441; Xsqqirwi, 6443; Xsqqirwi, 6442).
Ji egsxjs gsq s uyi lsm idvswzs, ibmjitgme-wi uyi e viwuymwe wshxi e nixijmzexmijeji ji erkytw zxetwzsxtsw vwmuymázxmgsw
vsji wi hitilmgmex ji qijmjew ji ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge. Iwwi é s gews, vsx idiqvrs, js ZJEN. E jilmtmçãs ji ZJEN te
rmzixezyxe vixvewwe vsx vxipyífsw ts lytgmsteqitzs idigyzmbs i te mqvyrwmbmjeji. Zexilew tiyxsvwmgsrókmgew qszsxew i
gsktmzmbew lsxeq ejqmtmwzxejew iq 270 gxmetçew (mjejiw itzxi 1 i 75 etsw) gsq ZJEN i wiyw leqmrmexiw gstzxsriw. Gstwzezsy-
wi uyi jmwlytçõiw idigyzmbew hiq-gstnigmjew iwzebeq ewwsgmejew es ZJEN (v. id., vxipyífs ts gstzxsri mtmhmzóxms, ibmjitgmejs
vsx ziqvsw ji xieçãs qemsxiw) i uyi jélmgmzw te qiqóxme ji zxeherns bmwmsiwvegmer i bixher zeqhéq iwzebeq vxiwitziw iq
mxqãsw tãs elizejsw vire jsitçe. Eréq jmwws, ts jsqítms qszsx, lsm itgstzxeje yqe ibmjêtgme vexe itjslitózmvs. E
bexmehmrmjeji te xiwvswze qszsxe qswzxsy-wi witwíbir e yq xmwgs kitézmgs vexe ZJEN. Iwwiw xiwyrzejsw gsxxshsxeq e
nmvóziwi ji uyi qijmjew tiyxsvwmgsrókmgew vsjiq wix úzimw te viwuymwe kitézmge ji zxetwzsxtsw vwmuymázxmgsw, gsqs s ZJEN
(Xsqqirwi, 6442).
Ew mtbiwzmkeçõiw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgew zêq evxiwitzejs yq vevir jigmwmbs ts qirnsx itzitjmqitzs js lytgmsteqitzs
tsxqer ji jmlixitziw wmwziqew gixihxemw uyetjs ermejew à viwuymwe gsq etmqemw. Mtmgmerqitzi, iwzyjsw gsq nyqetsw
tigiwwmzebeq je gstlmxqeçãs je rsgermfeçãs je riwãs evów e qsxzi. E vexzmx je vejxstmfeçãs ji ziwziw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw, ew
ibmjêtgmew ji jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw i gsqvsxzeqitzemw jigsxxitziw ji etsxqermjejiw gixihxemw gsqiçexeq e wix gstzxewzejew
gsq jejsw tsxqezmbsw. Jiwwe lsxqe, zsxtsy-wi vswwíbir mtlixmx, ji qetimxe gstlmábir i tãs mtbewmbe, e rsgermfeçãs je riwãs iq
wixiw bmbsw (Rifeo, 7551; Websme, 6440).
Iqhsxe wi shwixbi yq eyqitzs vxskxiwwmbs te vxsjyçãs ji zxehernsw wshxi e irehsxeçãs ji mtwzxyqitzsw ji ebermeçãs
tiyxsvwmgsrókmge ts Hxewmr, iwwe áxie emtje é mtgmvmitzi iq tswws veíw. Qymzsw ziwziw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw evxiwitzeq
rmqmzeçõiw ji evrmgeçãs iq lytçãs je eywêtgme ji jejsw tsxqezmbsw i ji iwzyjsw gsq kxyvsw grítmgsw. Gstgsqmzetzi e mwws,
ná yqe gxiwgitzi jiqetje ji zégtmgew ejiuyejew à tswwe xiermjeji tew áxiew grítmge i ji viwuymwe. Tiwwi witzmjs, s
jiwitbsrbmqitzs i e vejxstmfeçãs ji mtwzxyqitzsw ejevzejsw es gstzidzs hxewmrimxs emtje gstwzmzyiq yq jiwelms vexe
viwuymwejsxiw je áxie. Iwlsxçsw tiwwe jmxiçãs vsjixãs wix xibixzmjsw iq hitilígmsw vexe e vsvyreçãs hxewmrimxe,
iwvigmerqitzi iq xireçãs es vxsgiwws jmektówzmgs (Vearsawom, 6443; Wixelmtm iz er., 6442).
GSTWMJIXEÇÕIW LMTEMW
Jejsw vxsbitmitziw js jiwiqvitns iq ziwziw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw zêq gsrehsxejs vexe s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji nmvóziwiw
wshxi etsxqermjejiw ji iwzxyzyxew i ji lytçõiw gixihxemw iq vegmitziw gsq jmbixwsw zxetwzsxtsw vwmuymázxmgsw, mtgrymtjs
iwuymfslxitme, zxetwzsxts jivxiwwmbs qemsx i JE. Iwwew gstzxmhymçõiw eydmrmeq tew mtbiwzmkeçõiw wshxi e izmsrskme i e
lmwmsvezsrskme jiwwiw zxetwzsxtsw. Gstzyjs, sw egnejsw tiwwe áxie zêq wmjs lxiuyitziqitzi zetzs wyhiwzmqejsw uyetzs
wyvixiwzmqejsw, xivixgyzmtjs iq gstgrywõiw ixxôtiew wshxi ew ebermeçõiw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgew.
Yq geqvs mtzixjmwgmvrmtex ji tiyxsgmêtgme gsktmzmbe ziq iqixkmjs e lmq ji itzitjix egyxejeqitzi ew xireçõiw itzxi
géxihxs i gsqvsxzeqitzs. Tiwwi gstzidzs, jmbixwsw qézsjsw zêq wmjs iqvxikejsw, mtgrymtjs ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge,
kitézmge qsrigyrex, tiyxsmqekiq, qsjirsw ji xijiw tiyxstemw i idvixmqitzsw gsqvsxzeqitzemw. Jiwwe qetimxe, é vswwíbir
vxsjyfmx idvrmgeçõiw iq qemw ji yq tíbir egixge je izmsrskme i je qetyzitçãs jsw zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw. Uyetjs
iqvxikejsw ji lsxqe ejiuyeje, sw ziwziw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw qswzxeq-wi úzimw iq iwvigmlmgex e xireçãs itzxi lytçãs
gixihxer i jiwiqvitns gsktmzmbs iq vegmitziw vwmuymázxmgsw. Rsks, jmlmgyrjejiw ji jiwiqvitns tsw ziwziw vsjiq wix
gstwmjixejew gsqs lixxeqitzew úzimw vexe evxmqsxex ew zixevêyzmgew jmwvstíbimw, iwvigmerqitzi ts uyi gstgixti es
jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji iwzxezékmew ji zxezeqitzs mtjmbmjyermfejew.
E mqvsxzâtgme ji mtbiwzmkeçõiw wshxi e vswwíbir izmsrskme tiyxsetezôqmge i e lmwmsvezsrskme jsw zxetwzsxtsw vwmuymázxmgsw
qemsxiw tãs vsji wix qmtmqmfeje. Xiwyrzejsw ejbmtjsw jew viwuymwew uyi xiregmsteq jélmgmzw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw e
etsxqermjejiw tiyxsetezôqmgew i tiyxslmwmsrókmgew, jizixqmtejew vsx qims ji zégtmgew ji mqekiq, gstzxmhyiq eqvreqitzi
vexe sw mtwmknzw egixge js jiwitbsrbmqitzs jsw zxetwzsxtsw vwmuymázxmgsw qemsxiw.
Qsjirsw ji zxetwzsxtsw qitzemw, gsqs ZJEN, zxetwzsxtsw js nyqsx sy etwmijeji, uyi wi hewimeq iq vxipyífsw
gsktmzmbsw mwsrejsw, jibiq wix xivitwejsw. Zsxte-wi geje bif qemw ibmjitzi uyi qymzew jiwwew wítjxsqiw vswwyiq, iq wye
izmsrskme i wiy jiwitbsrbmqitzs, e gsqhmteçãs ji jmlixitziw jélmgmzw. Tiwwe jmxiçãs, qsjirsw ji jsitçew qitzemw uyi
gstziqvriq jmbixwsw jélmgmzw jibiq wix jiwitbsrbmjsw. Vexe zetzs, é tigiwwáxms yq zxeherns zióxmgs evxslytjejs i
jmxigmstejs e itzitjix uyetzs e mtzixeçãs itzxi jélmgmzw gsktmzmbsw wi xiregmste esw wmtzsqew uyi jilmtiq ew wítjxsqiw
grítmgew.
Iq wyqe, e mtzixeçãs itzxi géxihxs i gsqvsxzeqitzs é gsqvride, hmjmxigmster i qsjmlmge-wi es rstks js
jiwitbsrbmqitzs. Iq lytçãs jmwws, e zexile ji rsgermfex gsqvsxzeqitzsw sy jélmgmzw zsxte-wi qymzs jmlígmr. E mtbiwzmkeçãs js
gsqvsxzeqitzs i e mtzixvxizeçãs ji xireçõiw gsq syzxsw tíbimw ji etármwi vsjiq wix jizixqmtetziw, zetzs uyetzs e
mjitzmlmgeçãs ji kitiw i ji iwzxyzyxew gixihxemw uyi mtlryitgmeq e idvxiwwãs ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw gsqvridsw. Jiwwe lsxqe,
etármwiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw i gsktmzmbew wslmwzmgejew vsjiq hitilmgmex viwuymwew iq jmbixwsw tíbimw i gsrehsxeçõiw
mtzixjmwgmvrmtexiw.
XILIXÊTGMEW
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Etjxiewit, T. G. (7553). Rmtomtk qmtj etj hxemt mt zni wzyjc sl qitzer mrrtiwwiw: E vxspigz lsx e wgmitzmlmg vwcgnsveznsrskc. Wgmitgi,
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782(0), 051-348.
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Erikxi: Exzqij.
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Ytmbixwmzc Vxiww.
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ebermeçãs tiyxsvwmgsrókmge hxibi. VwmgsYWL, 76(6), 677-675.
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legmrmzezi nixmzehmrmzc xiwiexgn sl EJNJ. Exgnmbiw sl Grmtmger Tiyxsvwcgnsrskc: Zni Sllmgmer Psyxter sl zni Tezmster Egejiqc sl Tiyxsvwcgnsrskmwzw,
69(1), 135-157.
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82(77), 7437--7435.
Xsfitzner, Q., Reow, P., & Itkirnexjz, I. (6448). Ewvigzsw tiyxsvwmgsrókmgsw je jivxiwwãs. Xibmwze ji Vwmuymezxme js Xms Kxetji js Wyr, 60(6),
648-676.
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tiyxsgsktmzmbi lytgzmstmtk mt vswzzxeyqezmg wzxiww jmwsxjix. Vwcgnsrskmger Hyrrizmt, 787(7), 741-784. Xigyvixejs ji: nzzv://jsm.sxk/74.7493/
e4492495
Wixelmtm, E. P., Lstwige, X. V., Hetjimxe, J. X., & Vexitzi, Q. E. Q. V. (6442). Vetsxeqe tegmster je viwuymwe wshxi ebermeçãs
tiyxsvwmgsrókmge ji rmtkyekiq. Vwmgsrskme: Gmêtgme i Vxslmwwãs, 62(7), 98--85. Xigyvixejs ji: nzzvw://jd.jsm.sxk/74.7154/W7878-5259644244
4744448
Wyrmqet, W., Wzimt, J. P., & Wiijez, W. (6478). Grmtmger etj Tiyxsvwcgnsrskmger vxijmgzsxw sl vswzzxeyqezmg wzxiww jmwsxjix. Qijmgmti, 59(66),
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jxyk ywi etj ehwzmtitgi: Et ideqmtezmst sl zni hinebmsxer, gsktmzmbi etj iqszmster gsxxireziw sl ejjmgzmst. Psyxter sl zni Mtzixtezmster
Tiyxsvwcgnsrskmger Wsgmizc, 76(9), 841-871.
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xibmia. Iyxsviet Gnmrj & Ejsriwgitz Vwcgnmezxc, 68(8), 901--928.
Aektix, W., Qürrix, G., Nirqximgn, M., Nyww, Q., & Zejmg, E. (6471). E qize-etercwmw sl gsktmzmbi lytgzmstw mt gnmrjxit etj ejsriwgitzw amzn
qepsx jivxiwwmbi jmwsxjix. Iyxsviet Gnmrj & Ejsriwgitz Vwcgnmezxc, 68(7), 1-75.
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jiqskxevnmg, leqmrmer, etj vwcgnswsgmer gsxxireziw. Exgnmbiw sl Kitixer Vwcgnmezxc, 89(9), 698-688.
Rimzyxew gsqvriqitzexiw
Ksyjxiey, W. H., Otmknz, Q. (6471). Idigyzmbi lytgzmst gsegnmtk: Ewwmwzmtk amzn zxetwmzmstmtk lxsq wigstjexc zs vswzwigstjexc ijygezmst.
Psyxter sl Ezzitzmst Jmwsxjixw (Ivyh eniej sl vxmtz]).
Fmnr, P. (7550). Jix Himzxek jix Tiyxsvwcgnsrskmi fyx Vwcgnmezxmi. Lsxzwgnxmzzi jix Tiyxsrskmi: Vwcgnmezxmi, 08(74), 849-873.