Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CPA Review Batch 42 October 2021 CPA Licensure Exam Week No. 14
Cost Accounting refers to recording, classifying, and reporting all cost aspects of company performance
during a particular period of time. It is therefore, a system that records, summarizes, analyzes, and interprets
the details of the cost of materials, labor and overhead necessary to produce and sell an article or a
product. Cost accounting is usually considered only as it applies to manufacturing and service
organizations as well.
Job order and process costing are the two most widely used cost accumulation methods, and they have
several aspects in common. Although, the ultimate cost object in both of these methods is the unit of
product, the two methods differ fundamentally in their approach to cost tracing. In job order costing, cost
is traced to an individual batch, specific units, lot or contract. In process costing, cost is traced to a
department, operation, or some other subdivision within the factory as long a it involves a continuous flow
rather than a series of separate jobs.
The most common cost accumulation methods or procedures are:
1. Job Order Costing
2. Process Costing
The fourth method was introduced because of Just-In-Time (JIT) Philosophy in Production,
4. JIT - Backflush Costing
The Usry Company uses a job order costing system which is based on normal costs, and overhead
is applied on machine hours. The inventories on October 1: direct materials,P2,000, finished
goods, P5,000 (Job Order No. 1000), work-in-process, Job Order No. 1001, the job had been
assigned P130 for direct materials, P165 for direct labor cost with 100 machine hours. Purchases
of direct materials, 30,000 pieces @ P1.40 per piece. Following are the additional costs incurred
during the month.
Direct Direct Machine
Job Order Nos. Materials Labor Cost Hours
1001 P 4,100 P 1,375 1,300
1002 9,150 7,250 3,700
1003 11,275 14,325 8,200
1004 3,225 2,800 1,500
1005 6,500 6,100 3,200
1006 2,750 1,650 980
Manufacturing overhead costs are charged to jobs on the basis of P1.50 per machine hour used.
The actual manufacturing overhead cost for the month totaled P30,350. During October, Job Order
Nos. 1001, 1002, 1004, and 1005 were completed. Jobs 1001 and 1002 were shipped out and the
customers were billed for P9,000 for Job No. 1001 and P20,000 for 1002.
1. The cost of goods manufactured amounted to:
A. P55,495 B. P55,500 C. P56,495 D. P57,500
2. The work-in-process on October 31 amounted to:
A. P25,675 B. P29,820 C. P43,770 D. P69,445
3. The cost of goods available for sale amounted to:
A. P55,495 B. P60,495 C. P60,500 D. P61,495
4. The finished goods on October 31 amounted to:
A. P 8,275 B. P17,400 C. P 30,675 D. P43,770
5. The cost of goods of goods sold amounted to:
A. P29,820 B. P29,375 C. P21,950 D. P7,870
6. The gross margins on Jobs 1001 and 1002 amounted to:
Job 1001 Job 1002 Job 1001 Job 1002
A. P1,200 P 1,850 C. P1,150 P1,850
B. 1,130 ( 1,950) D. 1,130 (1,850)
7. The direct materials on October 31 amounted to:
A. P 5,000 B. P 7,000 C. P 30,675 D. P43,770
IV – Manufacturing Cost Computations
The following account balances and other information for Barfield Company pertain to November
operations:
Account Balances
November 1 November 30
Finished goods P 70,000 P 60,000
Work in process 50,000 ?
Raw materials inventory 10,000 25,000
Accounts payable ? 15,000
Accrued payroll 10,000 20,000
Accumulated depreciation – factory equipment 80,000 90,000
Other information:
a. The company’s Raw Materials Inventory account contains both direct and indirect
materials, materials purchased on account during November, P55,000.
b. Rebecca Company applies factory overhead at a predetermined rate of P3 per direct
labor hour.
c. During November, direct labor employees worked 25,000 hours at a rate of P4 per
hour.
d. Jobs 385, 386, and 387 were still in process at the end of November. A total of
P5,000 of direct materials has been charged to these three jobs. To date, 5,000
direct labor hours have been worked on these jobs.
e. The accrued payroll account is used for factory employees only. Assuming no payroll
deductions, payment to factory employees during the month totaled P140,000.
f. Factory overhead was underapplied by P5,000.
g. Payments on account totaled P55,000.
Required: Determine the following -
1. Direct materials charged to operations
2. Indirect materials
3. Factory overhead applied during the month
4. Ending inventory of work in process
5. Cost of goods manufactured
6. Cost of goods sold before over-under applied
7. Indirect labor
8. Miscellaneous factory overhead
9. Accounts payable, November 1
V
Adams Co. uses a job order costing system and the following information is available from its
records. The company has 3 jobs in process: #5, #8, and #12.
Direct material was requisitioned as follows for each job respectively: 30 percent, 25 percent,
and 25 percent; the balance of the requisitions was considered indirect. Direct labor hours per
job are 2,500; 3,100; and 4,200; respectively. Indirect labor is P33,000. Other actual overhead
costs totaled P36,000.
1. Refer to Adams Co. What is the prime cost of Job #5?
A. P42,250 C. P73,250
B. P57,250 D. P82,750
2. Refer to Adams Co. What is the total amount of overhead applied to Job #8?
A. P18,250 C. P30,000
B. P26,350 D. P31,620
3. Refer to Adams Co. What is the total amount of actual overhead?
A. P36,000 C. P93,000
B. P69,000 D. P99,960
4. Refer to Adams Co. How much overhead is applied to Work in Process?
A. P69,000 C. P132,960
B. P99,960 D. P144,000
5. Refer to Adams Co. If Job #12 is completed and transferred, what is the balance in Work in
Process Inventory at the end of the period if overhead is applied at the end of the period?
A. P96,700 C. P170,720
B. P99,020 D. P139,540
6. Refer to Adams Co. Assume the balance in Work in Process Inventory was P18,500 on June 1 and
P25,297 on June 30. The balance on June 30 represents one job that contains direct material
of P11,250. How many direct labor hours have been worked on this job (rounded to the nearest
hour)?
A. 751 C. 1,653
B. 1,324 D. 2,976
VI
Brooke Corporation manufactures rattan furniture sets for export and uses job order cost system
in accounting for its costs. You obtained from the corporation’s books and records the following
information for the year ended December 31, 2021:
• The work-in-process inventory on January 1 was 20% less than the work-in-process inventory
on December 31.
• The total manufacturing costs added during 2019 was P900,000 based on actual direct
materials and direct labor but with manufacturing overhead applied on actual direct labor
pesos.
• The manufacturing overhead applied to process was 72% of the direct labor pesos, and it
was equal to 25% of the total manufacturing costs.
• The cost of goods manufactured, also based on actual direct materials, actual direct labor
and applied manufacturing overhead was P850,000.
The cost of direct materials used and the work-in-process inventory on December 31, 2021:
Direct Materials Work-In-Process
Used Inventory
A. P1,075,000 P200,000
B. P 362,500 P250,000
C. P 312,500 P250,000
D. P 312,500 P275,000
VII
Fusion Company has the following data on April 30, 2021:
April manufacturing overhead…………………………………………………… P30,101.80
Decrease in ending inventories:
Materials……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2,430.00
Goods in process…………………………………………………………………………… 590.00
Increase in ending inventory:
Finished goods………………………………………………………………………………… 1,320.40
The manufacturing overhead amounts to 50% of the direct labor and the direct labor and
manufacturing overhead combined equal 50% of the total costs of manufacturing. All materials are
purchased FOB shipping point. What is the costs of goods manufactured?
A. P180,610.80 C. P182,300.80
B. P181,200.80 D. P183,200.80
*The happiest persons don’t have the best of everything in life. Perhaps, they’re just good in making the best of everything that
life brings along their way.*
*The greatest use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it.*
There were no inventory of finished goods on June 1. During the month, Jobs 373, 374, 376, 378,
and 379 were started. Materials requisitioned for June totaled P26,000, direct labor cost,
P20,000, and actual factory overhead of P32,000. Factory overhead is applied at the rate of 150%
of direct labor cost. The only job still in process at the end of June is Job 379, with costs
of P2,800 for materials and P1,800 for direct labor. Job 376, the only finished job on hand at
the end of June, has a total cost of P4,000. The cost of goods sold at normal amounted to:
A. P76,600 C. P80,600
B. 78,600 D. 82,600
XI
The following data were taken from the records of Sharron Company:
March 1, 2021 March 31, 2021
Inventories:
Direct Materials……………………………………… P ? P 100,000
Work-in-Process………………………………………… 160,000 190,000
Finished Goods…………………………………………… 120,000 156,000
Materials purchases, P92,000.
Factory overhead, 75% of direct labor cost, P126,000.
Operating expenses, 12.5% of sales, P50,000.
Net income for the month, P50,000.
1. The cost of goods sold for the month amounted to:
A. P300,000 C. P336,000
B. P366,000 D. P175,000
2. The direct materials inventory on March 1, 2021 amounted to:
A. P 80,000 C. P 92,000
B. P146,000 D. P116,000
***************
**Never take direction from a crowd for your personal life. And never choose to quit just because somebody else
disagrees with you.**
**Don’t just make a living, design a life.**
“The will to persevere is often the difference between failure and success.” - David Sarnoff
The most essential factor is persistence – the determination never to allow your energy or enthusiasm to be
dampened by the discouragement that must inevitably come – James Whitcomb Riley
Wages are payments made on an hourly, daily, or piecework basis, whereas salaries are fixed payments
for managerial services. Other terms necessary for any discussion of labor costs are best defined by
equations, as follows:
Gross Earnings = Regular wage + Overtime Premium
1. Regular Wage = Total hours worked (including overtime) x Regular hourly rate
2. Overtime Premium = Overtime hours worked x Extra hourly compensation for overtime
Other Additional Compensation chargeable to Factory Overhead Control:
1. Overtime premium
2. Shift premium or differential
3. Bonus. Theoretically, a bonus is a direct cost of production. However, because the purpose of cost
accumulation is the establishment of a standard unit cost, bonuses are charged to factory
overhead.
4. Vacation and Holiday Pay
5. Pensions
6. Fringe costs. Vacation and pension plans are only two of the most common employee benefits.
Other fringe costs are listed below:
Employer’s share in (not employees’ share):
a. Social Security System
b. PhilHealth Contribution
7. Incentive Plans
XII – Overtime Premiums and Shift Differentials
Reagan Company operates its factory on w two-shift basis and pays a late-shift
differential of 15%. Reagan also pays a premium of 50% for overtime work. Since Reagan
manufactures only for stock, the cost system provides for uniform direct-labor hourly
charges for production done without regard to shift worked or work done on an overtime
basis. Overtime and late-shift differentials are included in Reagan’s factory overhead
application rate. The May payroll for production workers is as follows:
Wages at basis direct-labor rates…………………………………………………………………P 325,000
Shift differentials……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25,000
Overtime premiums…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10,000
For the month of May, what amount of direct labor should Reagan charge to work-in-
process?
A. P325,000 C. P350,000
B. P335,000 D. P360,000
Notes on Scrap:
Scrap includes:
1. the filings or excessive trimmings of materials after the manufacturing operations.
2. defective materials that cannot be returned to vendor or not suitable for
manufacturing operations, and
3. broken parts as a result of an employee error or machine breakdowns that causes
the product in a poor quality condition.
Furthermore, scrap should be treated as:
1. If the scrap has a salvage value, it should be collected and placed in the storage
and available for sale to scrap dealers or anybody who are willing to buy.
2. If the scrap is the result if filings, excessive trimmings or materials residue,
and the costs of scrap cannot be determinable then, the scrap, notwithstanding
that they cannot be eliminated in the production, a record of quality of scrap
should be maintained. The purpose is to keep track and periodically analyze to
determine if some of the waste is due to inefficient use of materials and if not
eliminated, at least minimize.
Waste as distinguish to scrap materials refers to any amount of raw materials left-
over from a production process or production cycle for which there is no further use.
Waste is not usually salable at any price and must be discarded.
Spoiled goods or spoilage differ from scrap, in the manner that they are either
partially or fully completed unit. For reason of being spoilage, they cannot be
corrected either because it is not technically possible to correct them or it is not
economical to correct them. For instance, a glass molded with different design cannot
be correctable since it will not be technically feasible because by changing it would
distort the original form or by changing the design to its original form would cost
more than the benefit to be derived.
XIV – Accounting for Spoilage or Spoiled Goods
Harper Company’s Job 501 for the manufacture of 2,200 units, which was completed during
August at the unit costs presented below:
Direct materials………………………………………………………………………………………................……P 20
Direct labor…………………………………………………………………………………………………................…… 18
Factory overhead (includes an allowance of P1 for spoiled work)………… 18
P 56
Final inspection of Job 501 disclosed 200 spoiled units which were sold to a local
jobber for P6,000.
1. Assume that spoilage loss is charged to all production or due to internal failure
during August. What would be the unit cost of the product produced on Job 501?
A. P53.00 C. P56.00
B. P55.00 D. P58.60
2. Assume that the spoilage loss is attributable to the exacting specifications of
Job 501 (or production run) and is charged to specific job. What would be the unit
cost of the product produced on Job 501?
A. P53.00 C. P57.50
B. P55.00 D. P58.60
XV - Accounting for Spoilage or Spoiled Goods
Grace Company manufactures picture frames of all sizes and shapes and uses a job-order
costing system. There is always some spoilage in each production run. The following
costs relate to the current run:
Estimated overhead (exclusive of spoilage) P160,000
Spoilage (estimated) P 25,000
Sales value of spoiled frames P 11,500
Labor hours 100,000
The actual cost of a spoiled picture frame is P7.00. During the year 170 frames are
considered spoiled. Each spoiled frame can be sold for P4. The spoilage is considered
a part of all jobs (factory overhead).
a. Labor hours are used to determine the predetermined overhead rate. What is the
predetermined overhead rate per direct labor hour
b. Prepare the journal entry needed to record the spoilage (factory overhead or to
all production.
c. Prepare the journal entry if the spoilage relates only to Job #12 (particular
job or exacting specifications) rather than being a part of all production
runs.
Answers:
a. Budgeted overhead………………………………………………………………………………………………………P 160,000
Budgeted labor……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25,000
Sales value of spoiled frames………………………………………………………………………( 11,500)
Budgeted costs………………………………………………………………………………………………………………P 173,500
Divided by: Budgeted labor hours……………………………………………………………… 100,000
Predetermined/Budgeted Direct Labor rate…………………………………………P 1.735/DLH
b. Spoiled Goods Inventory (P4 x 170)……………………………………………… 680
Factory Overhead Control (unrecoverable amount)…………… 510
Work-in-Process Inventory (P7 x 170)………………… 1,190
c. Spoiled Goods Inventory (P4 x 170)……………………………………………… 680
Work-in-Process Inventory……………………………………………… 680
Notes on Rework in Job Order Costing (Process of Reworking):
Rework is the process of correcting defective goods in order to bring them into a salable
condition. A defective unit normally arises when the product itself lacks materials, labor and
factory overhead.
By the end of the first month (January), all jobs but RX-115 were completed, and all completed jobs had
been delivered to customers except for SL-205.
Required: What was the balance in Finished Goods inventory at the end of January?
Ans: The Finished Goods inventory consists only of Job SL-205. The balance in the account is computed as
follows:
Beginning balance, Job SL-205................... P 34,350
November charges to Job SL-205:
Direct materials ......................................... 71,800
Direct labor ................................................ 32,175
Manufacturing overhead applied* ........ 54,000
Ending balance, Job SL-205 ........................ P192,325
* Predetermined overhead rate = P1,960,000 ÷ 98,000 MHs = P20 per MH
Overhead applied = 2,700 MHs × P20 per MH = P54,000
**If your determination is fixed, I do not counsel you to despair. Few things are impossible
to diligence and skill. Great works are performed not by strength, but
perseverance.**
**The difference between the impossible and the possible lies in a person’s determination**
**The greatest mistake you can make is to continually fear making mistakes.**
**We are never given guarantees in life. We are only given the opportunities and it is up to
us to make the BEST out of it.**
**When all else is lost, the future still remains.**
Costs Flow
Accounting for Materials:
Upon Purchase: (Direct materials and Indirect materials)
Materials (or Stores Control)…………………………………………….. xxx
Accounts payable………………………………………………… xxx
Budgeted FOH
----------------- = % x Actual DL Cost
Budgeted DL Cost
Budgeted FOH
----------------- = P / DLH x Actual DLH
Budgeted DLH/
Normal or Standard Capacity - DLH
Budgeted FOH
----------------- = P / MH x Actual MH
Budgeted MH/
Normal or Standard Capacity – MH
Budgeted FOH
----------------- = P /Actual Unit Produced x Actual Unit Produced
Budgeted Units
of production or Normal/Standard Capacity - Units
Sales…………………………………………………………………………….. P 400,000
Less: Cost of goods sold……………………………………………………… 300,000
Gross profit……………………………………………………………………… P 100,000
Less: Operating expenses……………………………………………………. 50,000 / 12.5%
Net income……………………………………………………………………… P 50,000