Hello everyone! I'm Cyane (caudipteryx#0389).

Please DM or ping me if you have any suggestions or questions! I also left the comment option
available so feel free to leave a comment as well.

All contents of this document were either made by me, provided as classwork/resources by my
teacher, or compiled by my friends! Thank you to the two who have helped contribute to
Practice Paper 1s as well as Possible text types and features.

The paper 2 guide:

Cyane's Paper 2 Guide (M23 ENG A LangLit SL)

Paper 1 Exemplars!:
Good examples:
Example Essay 3 (19/20, 5|4|5|5) , Exemplar 2 (18/20, 5|4|4|5)

Examples you should aim to do better than:

Example Essay 1 (13/20, 3|4|3|3) , Example 4 (15/20, 4|3|4|4)

Terrible ones:
Example Essay 2 (6/20, 1|1|2|2)

0. Table of contents: e) Comics/graphic novels

f) Street art
I. Attack plan! g) Speech
a) Guiding question h) News articleBlog
b) The text itself i) Short stories/novel/prose fiction
c) Annotating the text j) Playscripts
d) Mindmap your answer k) Poems
e) Introduction and thesis statement l) Personal letters
f) PEEL Structure m) Infographics
g) Language of analysis n) Propaganda poster
h) Writing the conclusion o) Photography
II. Tips and Pitfalls of PAPER 1 p) Website
III. Possible text types and features q) Letter of complaint
a) Magazine cover/images I. Practice Paper 1s
b) Advertisement II. Pls dont be like stew dent
c) Film and commercials
d) Political cartoons
I. Attack plan!

a) Guiding Question:
Guiding question – Read the GQ and underline any keywords. Define those keywords so you
know what to look for in the texts

The following is a pretty good example of an annotated guiding question (albeit for a paper 2
essay)

Note. Mind Map created by me

b) The Text:
The text – Scan over the text and identify the text type (TIP: the blurbs that look a little
something like this hold a lot of important information that may be relevant to finding out what
the text type is - helpful for text-based text types)

This caption (KEY: The associated press) helps us identify that it's probably from an article!
People leave flowers and toys at an
entrance to The Covenant School in
Nashville on Monday following a mass
shooting. Speculation about the killer's
gender identity has resulted in some on
the right using the tragedy to inflame
anti-trans tensions as LGBTQ people in
the state are already facing new,
restrictive laws. (John Amis/The
Associated Press)

Taken from here

c) Annotate:
Annotate – annotate any points which you think might have any relevance to your guiding
question
TIP: Annotate with CAMPS in mind (context, audience, meaning, purpose, style)
Context: where and when do they write?
Audience: how do the readers read? Who is it for?
Meaning: what is the meaning of this text?
Purpose: why are they writing this? What is their goal?
Style: how do writers write?

Here's an example of an annotated paper 1 text that I did:

Note. Annotations done by me! Worksheet given by my teacher.

1) Practice Activity 1
If you think you have the gist of annotating, try give this one a shot~
Ping me and show me how you did, we can discuss it together :)
d) Mind Map
Mind map – mind map your points on any blank space on the question paper. This really helps
to plan out your points and structure the essay.

Here's a mind map that I made myself (though again, for a paper 2 question - feel free to use it
for reference however you like!)
● It's not exactly a mind map but this is how I brainstorm. I list points and all I want to say
as fast as i can so i can develop it later while i make this and make it sound nicer while
writing the essay without having to worry about the time.

Note. Mind map written by me.

e) Introduction and Thesis Statement
The thesis statement comes at the end of your introductory paragraph. It states the purpose of
the stimulus text in relation to the guiding question, and how that purpose is achieved through
several major stylistic features.

Here are some intro examples with the thesis statement underlined. (psst i wrote these)

Nice!: The text, which is a magazine cover, illustrated by Barry Blitt in October of 2011
features a monochromatic piece of hyper wealthy individuals demonstrating in front of a bank,
targeting the typically educated, affluent and politically engaged readers who are interested in
news. The cover is meant to provoke a response from the audience, utilizing various features
and techniques – caricature, choice of diction and juxtaposition – to build a humorous piece
and lead readers to think critically about the hyper wealthy class.

Good: The visual text is an advertisement about coca-cola's shift to using recycled plastic. It
touches on the topic of going green, highlighting this aspect to its viewers, but ultimately
convincing the viewers to buy coca-cola drinks in an effort to reduce plastic waste. This text
uses features from its visual narrative, its copy text, but also the main heading, to persuade
the audience to analyze the aforementioned features and how it is able to achieve the text's
purpose.

Meh: The text is an opinion column on a Politico Magazine article by Hanauer, addressing
those who are wealthy and criticizing that specific wealth bracket. Hanauer's use of language,
namely satire, imagery and logos, helps him bring awareness and share his views, warn
zillionaires of the consequences of their wealth and inform the public on inequality.
What do you notice about these three thesis statements? All thesis statements explain what
you're going to be discussing within the body of the essay.

Using the CAMPS abbreviation, you can write an introduction paragraph

A good introduction paragraph should include the following:
Context – author? date? medium? place?
Audience – who is the target audience?
Meaning – what is the meaning of the text (usually written with the purpose)
Purpose – what is the purpose of the author writing this text?
Style – what stylistic features were used to achieve the purpose?

The text, which is a magazine cover, illustrated by Barry Blitt in October of 2011
features a monochromatic piece of hyper wealthy individuals demonstrating in front
of a bank, targeting the typically educated, affluent and politically engaged readers
who are interested in news. The cover is meant to provoke a response from the
audience, utilizing various features and techniques – caricature, choice of diction
and juxtaposition – to build a humorous piece and lead readers to think crucially
about the hyper wealthy class.

Look back at your annotations or your mindmap. Identify the major features and see if you can
write a thesis statement like these!
2) Practice Activity 2
1. Take that text under the politico article which I linked earlier, see if you can create your
own mind map/brainstorm and thesis statement!

2. Here's your stimulus:

How does this text use both written and visual
language to call the reader to action?

Your task: create your own thesis statement

for this text.

Here's the worksheet pdf by my teacher.

Highlight the following section underneath to

see the thesis statement for this text. How
close did you get?
––––––––––––––––––––
"Meet the dumbest creature on the planet" is
an advertisement by The Hindu Group which
explores the plight of sea turtles against the
problem of plastic pollution in oceans. Noting
the importance of World Wildlife Day at the
time of writing, this text targets Indian
newspaper readers to rethink our role in the
extinction of marine animals. Through the use
of diction, syntax, and negative space, the
author inspires the audience to reduce plastic
pollution and save the sea turtles.
––––––––––––––––––––
f) PEEL
PEEL – Point, evidence, elaborate, link back to thesis

This is a paragraph with the peel structure for the text (wanted poster) in recap activity. Can you
identify the point, evidence, elaborate and link back to the thesis?
The use of diction of contrasting ideas repeatedly employed by the writer to allow the targeted
audience to understand the impact that humans have on the planet. For example. the
repeated diction of "idiots" and "geniuses" very clearly classified and generalizes turtles as
idiots and humans as geniuses,, exaggerating the contrast. By doing this, the writer is able to
show how much power mankind has over the environment, while stroking the audience's ego.
In turn, by calling humans geniuses, it does the opposite as it calls out the audience, evoking
feelings of guilt, showing how Ignorant one is being, thus harming such a powerless creature.
Moreover, the diction of adjectives like "God's blue-eyed boys and girls" and "shelled idiot"
further depicts the lack of intelligence of turtles and how powerless they are in an environment
filled with humans. Therefore, this continues to spotlight the concept of irresponsible
behavior displayed by such geniuses, or humans, on idiots (sea turtles). This
eventually motivates and persuades humans to do better and take action for plastic
pollution and waste.

Do you notice how the different formats correspond to each PEEL?

Try make a copy of the following text and identify the different PEEL structures on your own.
PEEL Practice

The negative space in the image and the text also adds to allowing the audience to visualize
the situation clearly. This is shown by how the text is warped around the turtle, which is at the
center of the page. This is done to represent the words as contaminants in the ocean and how
serious the situation might be, to the point where the creature is surrounded figuratively by
death from plastic pollution. In addition, this warping allows certain words and texts on the
sides to be focused on by the reader, bringing emphasis once more to the specific choice of
words. Furthermore, the way the writer selectively chooses the image of the turtle to be
centered may also figuratively symbolize how humans need to wake up and center their
attention to an urgent and pressing issue of plastic pollution in the ocean. As the audience
continues to read the text, the big image catches their attention first and the writer very
obviously states that turtles should be the center of attention from this point onwards. Hence,
successfully informing the audience of their lack of responsibility and the urgency to act and
save the turtles.

* What do you notice about this paragraph? It doesn't have a typical PEEL structure does it? It
goes: Point Evidence Elaborate Evidence Elaborate Link. This isn't a bad thing!

3) Practice Activity 3
Now try writing your own body paragraphs for paper 1 based on practice activity 1 and 2
 Function Description Example

Point Topic sentence makes a point or claim "The layout of this

about how a major stylistic feature
contributes to the author's purpose.
advertisement is essential in
constructing meaning and
making its audience aware of
the problem of racial
profiling."

Evidence Quotations, descriptions of images or "The two black and white

paraphrasing of the text help to prove the headshots, the weathered
point. edges of the poster and the
nails..."

Elaborate How effective are the author's choices in
achieving his/her purpose?
"...make the poster look like
something from a Wild West
scene, such as a ‘wanted’
poster. To suggest that Martin
Luther King is a criminal is a
false accusation, and this is
what shocks the readers."

Link Link back to the thesis statement and the
paragraph's topic sentence (point).
Evaluate the effectiveness of the author in
achieving a purpose through language.
"In effect the layout makes
readers think more about the
injustice of the police
stopping black and Hispanic
people without reason."

g) The Language of Analysis and structure

IB English: Paper One - Improving Our Academic Writing

Words that Illustrate

● For example / for instance…
● …, as can be seen in line X, "..."
● By depicting … in line X …
● … is evidenced by the writer's claim that "..." (line X)

Words that annalyse

● Through the use of... the author makes the reader feel...
● ... which suggests / implies that...
● ...has a... effect on the reader.
● establishes a ... mood for the reader.

Words that evaluate

● ... is effective in achieving the purpose of ...
● ... makes the reader understand the significance of...
● ... relates to the notion that...
f) Writing the conclusion
Another important aspect is the conclusion. You should NEVER skip the conclusion!

Here are three examples of a conclusion (from paper 1, BUT this applies to paper 2 as well!):

Nice!: Overall, the text has a negative connotation when linked with the culture. The dish is
more explained in terms of how to prepare it and what to watch out for instead of its
connection to the Indian culture. A tandoori dish may be made using Indian techniques,
however blindly saying is that it is just another way to make chicken taste good. Yet, the
author choosing descriptions upon the text shows and reveals a lot about Indian cooking
style. The author relies on the fact that imagery from the descriptions should convey the
reading into an Indian atmosphere. And from a positive point of view saying, this has been the
case, which implies that the author successfully managed to portray an Indian culture through
the use of imagery and descriptions.

Good: All in all, the UK government aims at conveying the importance of physical activity for
early years. Through the use of symbolism and contrast, text and images interplay and create
harmony which ultimately creates authenticity and appeals to multiple audiences. The
interesting aspect of this infographic is that the UK government made the choice of including
less statistics and numbers but show more visuals and tangible examples. This makes the
infographic accessible and comprehensive without overwhelming the audience with
information. As a result, more parents will most likely become aware of this important advice
by the government and change the lifestyle of their children for the better.

Meh: Finally, I believe that the author wanted to show off their culture which they are
seemingly quite proud of, and also spread a message against discrimination. Hence, to
conclude, the following article educated and spread awareness all while connecting with the
readers because of its clever use of literary techniques.

What you should say: What you should avoid:

● Summarize the main points of the
essay
● Link your points back to the thesis
statement
● Provide a concluding thought for the
essay (possibly relate it to a bigger
issue)
● (optional) Quotes to support your
concluding statement (VERY
SHORT!)
● Make the tone consistent with the rest
of the essay
● Don't introduce new arguments into
the essay
● Don't just plainly repeat your points
● Don't end it abruptly without providing
a concluding statement
● Avoid using sweeping or generic
statements that don't bring anything to
the table
● Refrain from using colloquial language
or first person pronouns that detracts
from the overall tone of the essay
II. Tips and Pitfalls of PAPER 1

IB English: Paper One: Top Ten Tips for Success

IB English - Paper One Exam - TEN Pitfalls to Avoid

III. Possible text types and features

For all these text types, see if you can find an example on your own and practice annotating.

a) Images and magazine covers

Key Explanation
features

Title Serif or sans serif font? The type of font and use of color comment on the
magazine and the context of its readers. Consider how some magazines place
their titles in front of the subject while some others don't.

Ears and The upper left and right corners are known as the ‘ears’ of the cover. Headlines
teasers: in the ears are also called ‘teasers’, as they invite the reader to look inside the
newspaper or magazine.

Headlines Headlines and captions are short phrases or sentences that grab the reader's
and attention and provide a brief overview of the article. They are meant to entice
captions: the reader to read further into the article. Effective headlines and captions
should be clear and concise, and should accurately represent the content of the
article. They should also be attention-grabbing and provocative, using strong
language and making bold statements to entice the reader.

Photograph: Photographs are a crucial element of magazine covers, and are often used to
convey a message or evoke a specific emotional response in the reader. The
camera angle used in a photograph can greatly impact the way a subject is
perceived. For example, looking down on a subject can make them appear
weak or submissive, while looking up at a subject can make them appear
strong and powerful. Additionally, the placement of the subject in the frame can
convey different messages. A subject placed off-center may create a sense of
imbalance or unease, while a subject placed centrally may convey a sense of
stability or symmetry.

Symbols: The use of symbols in magazine covers can greatly enhance the message and
impact of the cover. Objects used in the composition can often symbolize
abstract ideas, such as a broken chain representing freedom or a dove
representing peace. Effective use of symbols can help to create a deeper
meaning in the magazine cover and create an emotional connection with the
reader.

Lighting and Lighting and color can greatly impact the mood and emotional response of the
colour: reader. Brighter colors and warm lighting can create a sense of warmth and
friendliness, while darker colors and cooler lighting can create a sense of
tension or drama. Additionally, high contrast images can create a sense of
 depth and drama, while low contrast images may feel flatter and less dynamic.
The choice of lighting and color should be carefully considered to create the
desired emotional response in the reader.

b) Advertisements
Key feature Explanation

Visual Advertisements often include a photograph or image that tells a story, using
narrative: visuals to convey a message to the audience. Visual narratives are carefully
constructed to create a specific emotional response or connection with the
viewer. Effective visual narratives can be powerful tools for advertisers, as they
can quickly and easily communicate complex ideas or messages to the
audience.

Copy: Copy refers to the text or words used in an advertisement. The copy is
carefully crafted to support the visual narrative and convey the key message of
the advertisement. It is important for the copy to be clear and concise, using
simple language that is easy for the audience to understand. Effective copy
can greatly enhance the impact of an advertisement, by providing additional
information or context to the visual narrative.

Tagline: The tagline is a short, memorable catchphrase that leads the advertisement. It
is usually prominently displayed and is designed to stick in the viewer's mind,
creating a lasting impression. Taglines should be concise and effective,
conveying the key message or theme of the advertisement in a memorable
way.

Signature: The signature is the product's name and logo, which serves as a kind of
signature for the advertisement. It is usually prominently displayed and is
designed to be easily recognizable and memorable. The use of the signature
reinforces brand identity and can help to create a strong connection between
the product and the viewer.

Slogan: The slogan is a phrase used by a product or brand for all of its marketing
purposes. It is designed to be a memorable and catchy phrase that conveys
the essence of the product or brand. Effective slogans can be powerful tools
for advertisers, as they can quickly and easily communicate the key message
or theme of the product or brand to the audience. Slogans should be concise
and effective, using simple language that is easy to remember.
c) Film and commercials
Key features Explanation

Mise en This refers to everything that is included in the frame of a shot, including the
scene: subjects, backdrop, and props. It also includes the composition of the shot,
such as the lighting and positioning of everything within the frame.

Camera The camera angle refers to the position of the camera in relation to the
angle. subject being filmed. There are various angles to consider, such as bird's-eye
view, high angle, eye-level angle, low angle, or worm’s-eye view.

Camera shot: The camera shot is the distance between the camera and the subject being
filmed. There are different shot types to consider, such as extreme-close shot
(XCS), close shot (CS), medium shot (MS), long shot (LS), or extreme long
shot (XLS). The camera may also move or stay still, and there are different
techniques used, such as panning or zooming.

Diegetic and Diegetic sound refers to sounds that are created within the scene, such as
non-diegetic dialogue or sound effects. Non-diegetic sound refers to sounds that are
sound: added in post-production, such as music or voice-overs.

Montage: Montage refers to the process of editing shots together to create a specific
effect or sequence. This involves carefully selecting shots, deciding on the
pacing and order of shots, and often combining them with music or sound
effects to create a desired emotional response in the viewer.

d) Political cartoons
Key Feature Explanation

Caricature: Cartoonists often use caricature, a technique where they exaggerate the
facial features of political figures to comment on their character. This
technique is used to create a humorous or satirical effect.

Topical: Political cartoons are considered topical because they comment on current
affairs, recent events, or prominent political figures. They are meant to be
critical and comment on the news.

Symbolism: Political cartoons rely heavily on symbolism to succinctly communicate

abstract ideas through concrete objects. Symbols and icons are used to
represent political concepts or figures, making the message clear.

Labelling and Political cartoons often use labels and captions to provide additional context
captions: and to clarify any use of symbolism. These elements are used to guide the
viewer's interpretation of the cartoon's message.

Irony: Many political cartoons utilize irony to highlight the contradictions or

hypocrisies of a particular situation. Irony can be situational, where one's
actions have the opposite of the intended effect, or verbal, where one means
 the opposite of what they say. Political cartoonists use irony to create a
humorous or satirical effect, as well as to highlight the flaws or contradictions
in a political figure or concept.

e) Comics and graphic novels

Key feature Explanation

Negative In visual art, negative space or blank space refers to the areas around and
space: between the subjects in a piece. This space has a purpose and can be used
to create balance, emphasize the subject, or convey a certain mood or tone.

Speech In comics, speech bubbles are used to display a character's dialogue.

bubble: Thought bubbles, often depicted with cloud-like bubbles, can convey a
character's thoughts. Voice-over, a term used in film, can also be used in
comics, with a narrator's words appearing above or below the panel. Comics
have limited space for text, so speech bubbles and other text elements must
be used effectively to convey the story.

Panel: Comics are divided into multiple frames or panels, which help build a sense
of time and space. Some panels do not have a frame and can be used to
create a sense of continuity between panels. The size and shape of panels
can also convey a certain mood or tone.

Gutter: The space between panels in comics is known as the gutter. This space is
important because it requires the reader to actively "fill in the gap" and make
assumptions about what happens between panels. The gutter is a key
element in constructing meaning in comics.

Symbols: Symbols are used in comics to convey abstract ideas effectively. They can be
used to represent a character or idea and can convey emotions, actions, or
events in a single image.

Emanata: Emanata refers to the lines, dots, exclamation marks, tear drops, or other
drawings that can depict emotions, motion, or sound in comics. They are
used to convey information about the story or characters in a visual way.

Camera Cartoonists use camera angles to give readers a perspective on their

angle: characters, even though they are not using an actual camera. The angle of
the character can convey a certain mood or tone, and can be used to
emphasize a character's emotions or actions.

Punchline: Comic strips often build up to a single phrase or word which makes the
reader laugh. This is known as the punchline, and it is a typical feature of
comic strips. The punchline is used to convey humor or irony and can be a
memorable part of the comic.
f) Street art
Key Feature Explanation

Social Street art can be used as a tool for social commentary, allowing artists to
commentary: make a political or social statement through their work. This can include
themes such as inequality, environmental issues, or police brutality.

Situational Similar to political cartoons, street art often uses situational irony to convey a
irony: message. This can be achieved by using the physical space as a backdrop,
creating an unexpected or ironic contrast with the artwork.

Icons and Street art often uses icons and symbols to communicate its message in a
symbols: concise and easily recognizable way. This can include political or cultural
symbols, as well as more universal symbols such as hearts, stars, or peace
signs

Stencil: Many street artists use stencils and spray paint as a quick and efficient way
to create their work. Stencils allow artists to replicate their designs quickly
and easily, and can be used to create intricate details and patterns.

Trompe I'oeil: Some street artists use trompe l'oeil techniques to create the illusion of
three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface. This can include
creating the appearance of windows or doors, or using shadows and shading
to create the illusion of depth.

Guerrilla art: Street artists often use the surrounding environment and pre-existing objects
to create their work, blurring the line between the artwork and the
surrounding space. This can include using objects such as street signs, trash
cans, or abandoned buildings as a canvas for their art.

g) Speeches
Key features Explanation

Parallelisms: This device refers to the repetition of a grammatical structure in two or more
clauses or sentences. Parallelism can create a rhythmic effect and
emphasize important ideas in a speech.

Hypophora: This rhetorical device involves a speaker asking a question and then
immediately answering it. Hypophora can be used to engage the audience
and highlight key points.

Repetition: Repetition is a powerful tool in speechwriting. It can be used to emphasize a

point, create a memorable phrase, or establish a rhythm. Anaphora is a
specific type of repetition where the same word or phrase is repeated at the
beginning of successive clauses or sentences.

Antithesis: Antithesis is the contrasting of two ideas in a parallel structure. It can be

used to emphasize the differences between two things and create a
memorable phrase. The word "but" is often used to introduce the second,
 contrasting idea.

Figurative Figurative speech includes any language that is not meant to be taken
speech: literally. It can be used to create imagery, make comparisons, or add
emotion to a speech. Examples of figurative speech include metaphors,
similes, and hyperbole.

Tricolon and Tricolon refers to the use of three parallel clauses or phrases in a sentence
polysyndeton: or speech. It can create a sense of completeness and emphasize a point.
Polysyndeton involves the use of multiple conjunctions (such as "and" or
"or") to create a sense of urgency or emphasize the importance of a list.

Allusion: Allusion is a reference to a well-known person, place, or event. It can be

used to evoke emotion or establish a connection with the audience.
Allusions can be to literary works, historical events, or pop culture.

Varied Varying sentence length can create a natural rhythm and flow to a speech. It
sentence can be used to emphasize key points or create a sense of drama. Mixing
length: long and short sentences can keep the audience engaged and interested.

h) News Articles
Key feature Explanation

Photograph: A photograph is a visual element that accompanies news articles, especially

those on front pages. Headshots are particularly common. They are often
used to capture the reader's attention and provide a visual representation of
the news story.

Headlines and Headlines are a concise statement that captures the main sentiment of an
subheadings: article. Subheadings are used to outline key aspects of longer articles,
making them easier to read and understand.

Newsworthine This refers to the qualities that make a news story relevant and interesting to
ss: readers. These may include factors such as the story's relevance to the
reader's life, its extraordinary nature, or its negative aspects.

Quotations: Direct quotations from relevant people add credibility and legitimacy to the
news story, as it provides first-hand accounts and statements from those
involved in the events.

Source: Every news story needs a source to be deemed reliable. Sources can
include individuals, organizations, or official reports.

Facts: Numbers, statistics, dates, and names all help news articles build a factual
report of events. These provide the reader with specific details and
information about the news story.

Context: Most news stories go beyond facts and quotations to provide more
contextual information that accounts for events. This includes historical
background, social and cultural factors, and other relevant information that
 helps the reader understand the news story in its larger context.

i) Blogs
Key feature Explanation

Tip: These are online platforms where writers can share their thoughts and ideas
on a variety of topics. They can be personal, professional or a combination
of both.

Anecdote: Blogs can be like public diaries or journals in this sense. Anecdotes are
common.

Topical: Popular blogs are often topical, meaning they are about current affairs that
people care about.

Voice: The tone of a blog can vary widely depending on the topic and the blogger’s
personality. It can be serious, humorous, formal, informal, sarcastic, or any
other tone that the blogger wishes to convey.

Multimedia ​Blogs can include a variety of multimedia elements such as images, videos,
infographics, and links to other websites. These elements can help to
enhance the reader’s understanding and engagement with the topic.

Examples: For any opinions, blog readers will expect to learn about real-life examples
as evidence to support the arguments.

Opinion: Many blogs clearly state the writer’s opinion.Blogs often allow readers to
leave comments and feedback on the blog post. This can lead to further
discussion and engagement with the topic.

j) Short stories and novels/prose fiction

Key Features Example from text above

Conflict: Every story has a conflict, which can take several forms, such as individual
vs society, individual vs another individual, individual vs circumstances, and
individual vs themselves.

Character: Characters are an essential element of any story, with the protagonist driving
the plot, the antagonist standing in their way, and the foil highlighting their
defining traits.

Setting: The setting of a story reflects its atmosphere, can shape characters'
personalities, and may offer an escapist setting. It can also cause alienation,
which is a common conflict between character and setting

Exposition: The beginning of a story where the characters, setting, and conflict are
introduced.
Narrative The narrator's perspective, reliability, and use of verb tense and pronouns
technique: affect the story's telling. The narrator may use direct speech or reported
speech and rely on dialogue and objective accounts of the action.

Who is the storyteller or narrator? To whom is the narrator speaking? Is it a

reliable or unreliable narrator? Is it an all-knowing, omniscient narrator, a
single point of view limited narrator or a combination of the two, a limited-
omniscient narrator? How does the narrator tell the story? Which verb tense
is used (past, present or future)? Which pronouns are used (first-, second- or
third-person narration)? The narrator might retell the events in reported
speech, or the narrator may act as a fly on the wall and use direct speech,
relying heavily on dialogue and objective accounts of the action.

Characterisati How does the writer use language to bring the characters to life, so that they
on: live in the mind of the reader? Authors can show readers their characters’
thoughts, actions and words, besides physical descriptions of the characters.

Rising action: The part of the story where tension builds, and the characters become
embroiled in the conflict.

Climax: The point of highest tension and turning point of the story.

Falling action: The part of the story where the consequences of the climax become clear.

Denouement: The final part of a story where the conflict is resolved, lessons are learned,
and the reader experiences a sense of closure.

k) Playscripts
Key feature Explanation

Act and scene Plays are often divided into acts and scenes, which serve as significant units
for framing the dramatic action, dialogue and setting. Acts are larger
divisions, while scenes are smaller sections within each act.

Staging This refers to the way in which the performance is presented to the
audience, including the use of props, sets, lighting, costumes, and the
placement of characters in relation to each other and their surroundings.

Entrance and The way in which an actor enters and exits the stage can help to establish
exit of actors characterisation and provide important information about the plot.

Dialogue This is the exchange of words between characters. Monologues are long
speeches by one character, while a soliloquy is a speech delivered by a
character alone on stage, expressing their inner thoughts and feelings. A
dramatic aside is when a character speaks directly to the audience,
breaking the fourth wall.

Stage These are instructions for actors, which are not part of the dialogue. They
directions: may include details about character movements, gestures, facial
expressions, or positioning on stage.

Speech These are stage directions that give actors specific instructions about how to
directions deliver their lines, including tone, inflection, and volume.

Sound and Stage directions may include instructions for the use of music, sound
music effects, or other audio elements that help to create atmosphere or enhance
the performance.

Offstage Sometimes important actions or events occur offstage, which allows the
audience to imagine or infer what is happening. This can create suspense or
add to the overall effect of the performance.

l) Poems

Key feature Explanation

Imagery Poems often use vivid descriptions to create sensory experiences for the
reader.

Alliteration Poets use these techniques to create musical effects in their writing.
Alliteration is the repetition of the same sound at the beginning of words in a
line, while assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds, and consonance is
the repetition of consonant sounds in the middle or end of words.

Syllables and Syllables are the units of sound in a word that help to create the rhythm in a
metric feet poem. Poets use metric feet, which are patterns of stressed and unstressed
syllables, to create a particular rhythm or meter in their writing.

Verse and A verse is a line of poetry, and the rhythmic structure of each verse is called
metre meter. Poets use different types of meter to create a particular rhythm in
their writing.

Stanza and Stanzas are groups of lines in a poem that help to create structure and
rhyming organization. Rhyme can be used within a stanza or at the end of each line,
scheme and poets often use a particular rhyming scheme to create a musical effect.

Volta A volta is a turn or shift in the message or argument of a sonnet.

Caesura This is a pause or break in the middle of a line, often marked by punctuation
such as a comma or a dash. It can be used to create emphasis, suspense,
or contemplation in the reader.
m) Personal letters
Key feature Explanation

Direct opening Letters typically start with a direct and clear statement of the writer's
purpose, often in the opening lines. This helps to establish the context and
purpose of the letter, providing the reader with a clear understanding of
what to expect from the letter.

Message The message of a letter is the core content, representing the writer's
purpose and meaning. It can take various forms, from expressing gratitude
to making an argument or providing advice. The message should be
meaningful and impactful, resonating with readers around the world.

CTA The call to action is the writer's request or suggestion for the reader,
guiding them on what to do in response to the letter. It may involve a
request for a response, further action or simply encouraging the reader to
reflect on the letter's message.

Pronouns Personal letters typically use first- and second-person pronouns, such as
'me' and 'you', to establish a relationship between the reader and the writer.
This personal connection helps to create empathy and connect the reader
to the writer's message.

Tone The tone of a letter is the writer's attitude towards the subject or reader,
conveyed through their choice of words and language. It can be formal,
informal, friendly, persuasive or empathetic, and plays a critical role in
setting the mood and emotional response of the reader.

Structure Letters usually follow a conventional structure, comprising of a greeting, a

body and a salutation, or a beginning, middle and end. This structure helps
to organise the content of the letter, making it easier for the reader to follow
the writer's ideas and message.

n) Infographics
Key feature explanation

Title and Infographics usually have a catchy and concise title that captures the
lead-in reader's attention and provides a sense of focus. The lead-in is a brief text
that follows the title and gives more detail to the title while framing the
information within the infographic.

Heading and Headings are used to break down information into manageable sections.
font Different fonts can be used to help the reader distinguish between data and
interpretations. Contrasting serif and sans-serif fonts can aid in separating
detailed content from general headings. The use of different headings and
fonts is an essential feature of infographics that helps engage the reader.

Visual pathway Infographics have a specific sequence in which they should be read.
and story Arrows, lines, and numbers are used to direct the reader's attention to the
 information. The shape of the infographic is also crucial in determining the
reader's pathway. Good infographics use a visual pathway to convey a
story.

Blocks, colour Information blocks are typically framed and colored in a way that makes
and negative them stand out. Negative space, or 'white space,' is also used to direct the
space reader's attention to the relevant information. Effective infographics should
not feel cluttered, and color and negative space can be used to highlight
what's important, set a mood, and engage the reader.

Icons and Infographics use icons and symbols to convey meaning concisely and
symbols meaningfully. An icon is a graphic representation of a person or object,
while a symbol is an abstract sign that has come to represent something
through social agreement.

Pictograms, Pictograms use images and icons to represent data, while charts and
charts and graphs show changes over time or compare data. Maps are used to
maps represent demographic data, while mind maps show relationships between
data points. Good infographics use pictograms, charts, and maps to
visualize information and convey a story.

o) Propaganda poster
Key Feature explanation

Call to action A propaganda poster aims to persuade its audience to take a particular
action or adopt a certain perspective. The call to action is the key element
in this persuasive effort and usually involves the use of imperative verbs or
personal pronouns to make the message more compelling.

Font The choice of font in a propaganda poster is important as it can convey a

range of messages and emotions. The size, style, and color of the font can
all impact how the message is received and how it resonates with the
audience. The contrast between fonts can also be used to draw attention to
important elements of the message.

Symbols Symbols are powerful tools for conveying ideas and concepts in
propaganda posters. They can represent complex ideas and are often
culturally specific. Understanding the meaning behind these symbols is
crucial to decoding the message of the poster.

Idealisation An idealisation is a portrayal of something or someone in a way that

emphasizes their positive qualities and minimizes their negative aspects. In
propaganda posters, idealization is used to promote a particular vision of
the world or a specific ideology. It can also be used to inspire feelings of
loyalty and patriotism.

Style of artwork The style of artwork in a propaganda poster can have a significant impact
on how the message is received. The style can range from abstract to
realistic, and the use of different styles can evoke different emotions and
 meanings. Stylized artwork is often used to emphasize the idealized nature
of the subject matter.

Bandwagon The bandwagon effect is a propaganda technique that exploits the human
effect tendency to follow the crowd. By suggesting that everyone is doing
something, the audience is encouraged to do the same. This technique can
be used to promote products, political candidates, or ideologies.

Glittering Glittering generalities are vague and broad statements that are designed to
generalities appeal to the emotions of the audience. These statements are difficult to
disagree with, as they appeal to commonly held values such as freedom or
justice.

Plain folks The plain folks technique is used to make the speaker or message more
relatable to the audience. By presenting themselves as an average person,
the speaker hopes to gain the trust and support of the audience.

Name calling Name calling is a propaganda technique that uses derogatory language to
attack a person or group. The goal is to turn the audience against the
target by portraying them as negative or undesirable.

Association The association fallacy is a propaganda technique that creates a false

fallacy connection between two things, people, or ideas. By associating one thing
with another, the audience is encouraged to accept the message without
questioning its validity.

False dilemma ​The false dilemma is a propaganda technique that presents the audience
with a limited number of choices, often two, and implies that there are no
other options available. This technique is used to encourage the audience
to make a particular choice by making it seem like the only logical one.

Argument to The argument to authority is a propaganda technique that relies on the

authority credibility of the person or organization making the argument. By implying
that the argument is supported by an authority figure, the audience is
encouraged to accept the message without questioning its validity.

p) Photography
Key features

Object The object of a photograph is the main focus of the image, whether it is a
person, thing, or symbol representing an abstract idea. The analysis
should consider the body language, facial expressions, gestures, gaze,
position, and movement of the object, as well as its relationship to the
surroundings.

Focus The focus of a photograph refers to the sharpness of the object in relation
to other elements in the foreground and background. The analysis should
consider how the focus helps the viewer understand the object's
relationship to its surroundings, as well as the shutter speed and the visual
 narrative of the image.

Composition Composition refers to the arrangement of the object and other elements
within the frame, including setting, format, staging, juxtaposition, shapes,
lines, and negative space. The analysis should consider how the
composition creates a visual pathway for the viewer, suggesting
movement, hierarchy, and relationships, as well as the amount of negative
space and use of the rule of thirds.

Lighting Lighting sets the mood of the photograph and can come from natural or
artificial sources. The analysis should consider the use of backlighting or
front lighting, as well as the contrast created by different tones, textures,
highlights, shadows, colors, and clarity.

Color Color contrast, saturation, and palette contribute to the tone of the
photograph. The analysis should consider the use of black-and-white,
sepia, or monochrome, as well as the photographer's choice of color to
convey meaning.

Angle and The angle and distance of the camera affect the viewer's perspective and
distance understanding of the object. The analysis should consider the use of bird's
eye, worm's eye, or eye-level shots, as well as the distance of the camera
from the object, the use of zoom, and the use of close-up or long shots to
create intimacy or distance.

q) Website
Key feature explanation

Personalization/ Websites often ask users to create accounts in order to personalize the
mailing list content and place them on mailing lists for marketing purposes. This
allows websites to tailor their content to users and improve their user
experience.

Social media Websites often include social media icons that hyperlink to the
icons organization's social media pages. Users can like these pages to sign up
for notifications and subscribe to content.

Website Website design is based on research showing that users scan webpages
structure by moving their eyes up and down the left side of a page before making
one or two horizontal movements. Home buttons, left menus, top-level
drop-down menus, and breadcrumb navigation can help users navigate
the site. Responsive design allows sites to stack content on mobile
devices.

language Websites use imperative verbs, the second-person pronoun "you," and
punchy sentences to involve readers. Less is more, so headings should be
concise

Images Images are important for website usability, acting as illustrations to the
 text. People enjoy images of people, and head shots can help readers
identify with a message.

Color/theme Websites use colours to create a sense of atmosphere and to brand the
organization. The site's theme is a set of heading styles, font types,
structures, and colours that run throughout the pages of the site.

r) Letter of complaint
Key feature Explanation

Address Include your address, followed by the address of the organisation that you
are writing to.

Date Start your letter by including the date (if it's not an email) and addressing
the recipient by their name. If possible, try to address the letter to a
specific department or individual. This will make your letter more personal
and effective.

Direct opening Get straight to the point in the opening lines of your letter. State the
purpose of your letter and be clear and concise about what you want to
communicate

Concise Keep your letter focused and to the point. State your argument in a clear
argument and concise manner, using evidence to support your claims. Avoid
unnecessary details or lengthy explanations.

CTA End your letter with a call to action. What do you want the recipient to do
in response to your letter? Be clear and specific about the steps you want
them to take.

Salutation/signat Close your letter with a polite and professional salutation, such as
ure 'Sincerely' or 'Kind regards'. Sign the letter with your name and contact
information if necessary.
IV. Practice Paper 1s

Individual Texts
sea turtle.pdf Anti-slavery.pdf Politico.pdf New yorker.png
Humor at Work Infographic

Set Texts (set like paper 1 essay) (psst. Sorry i dont have much context, these are handouts)
2 TEXTS SET A
2 TEXTS - SET B

V. Pls dont be like stew dent

Happy studying folks!
Don't beat yourself up too much, at least you aren't Stew Dent-
(this is a very.. very bad one please dont do this T_T)