Reviewer HA LECTURE

Musculoskeletal

1. This measures the angles of the joints.

2. This refers to the person's manner of walking.

3. It is a small joint located in front of the ear where the skull and lower jaw meet.

4. It is the junction between the manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle and has no obvious
movements.

5. It is a general term for age-related wear and tear affecting the spinal disks in your neck.

6. It is a fundamental maneuver during the physical examination of a patient with lower back pain. It
aims to assess for lumbosacral nerve root irritation. This test can be positive in a variety of conditions,
though lumbar disc herniation is the most common.

7. The hollow area on the back of the wrist at the base of the fully-extended thumb.

8. This results from the pressure on the median nerve due to repetitive movements of the hand.

9. In this test, the client is asked to place the back of both hands against each other while flexing the
wrist for 60 seconds.

10. It refers to any grinding, creaking, cracking, grating, crunching, or popping that occurs when moving a
joint.

11. This is a condition that affects the alignment of bones in a person's leg.

12. This is a technique used to detect fluid or floating body structures in the knee.

13. This test is used to evaluate individuals for tears in the meniscus of the knee.

14. They are small sacs filled with lubricating fluid present in joints of the body. They are usually found in
the synovial joints, between the tendons and bones.

15. Joints that are immovable.

16. A condition characterized by lateral curvature of the thoracic and lumbar spine.

17. A term for freely movable joints.

18. This refers to inflammation or swelling of one or more joints.

19. This refers to inward curvature of the lumbar spine.

20. A condition characterized by the outward curvature of the thoracic spine.

Abdominal

A. Ascites- Collection of fluid in the abdomen

B. Friction Rub- Grating sound that increases with inspiration and occurs with liver tumors, splenic
infarction, or peritoneal inflammation

C. Venous Hum- Soft pitched humming noise

D. Borborygmi- Refers to the characteristic growling or rumbling sounds that the stomach and intestines
make as food, fluids, and gas pass through them

E. Bruit- Swishing sound that indicates turbulent blood flow resulting from constriction or dilation of a
tortuous vessel

F. Blumberg Sign- Refers to pain upon removal of pressure rather than application of pressure to the
abdomen

G. Striae- Stretch Marks

H. McBurney's Point- The point on the lower right quadrant of the abdomen at which tenderness is
maximal in cases of acute appendicitis.

I. Rovsing's Sign- A sign of appendicitis

J. Murphy's Sign- Test for gall bladder disease

Respiratory

1. Pulmonary Emphysema is a type of - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

2. Pulmonary Emphysema- A condition in which chronic inflammation of the lungs leads to destruction
of alveoli and decreased elasticity of the lungs. As a result, air is trapped and lungs hyperinflate.

3. You as the nurse-in-charge of the day inspects the chest of Rico and finds out that his antero-posterior
and transverse diameters ratio is equal. What do you call this type of chest configuration that is usually
noted in patients with pulmonary emphysema? Barrel Chest

4. You do the percussion of the chest to confirm the condition of Rico. What percussion sound would you
likely to assess? – Hyperresonance

5. What do you think is the significance/reason of the percussion tone you heard in number 4? -
indicates too much air is present within the lung tissue

6. In assessing the tactile fremitus, what do you think would be the result?- decreased

7. You also measure Rico's diaphragmatic excursion. What result would you expect? - shortened
excursion
A. Bronchial Asthma- A chronic hyper-reactive condition resulting in bronchospasm, mucosal edema, and
increased mucus secretion. Usually occurs in response to inhaled irritants or allergens.

Inspection: dyspnea, increased respiratory rate, use of accessory muscles, anxiety, audible wheeze

Auscultation: breath sounds obscured by wheezes; in severe case, air movement may be so limited that
no breath sounds are heard

B. Atelectasis- A condition in which there is an obstruction of airflow. The alveoli or an entire lung
collapses from airway obstruction such as mucus plug, lack of surfactant, or a compressed chest wall.

C. Chronic Bronchitis- A chronic inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree that leads to increased mucus
production and blocked airways. A productive cough is present.

D. Lobar Pneumonia- An infection that causes fluid, bacteria, and cellular debris to fill the alveoli

Inspection: tachypnea, productive cough, chills

Palpation: increased tactile fremitus

Percussion: dullness over the affected area

Auscultation: (+) bronchophony, egophony, whispered pectoriloquy; crackles

E. Pleural Effusion- In this condition, fluid accumulates in the pleural space.

Inspection: dyspnea; in severe case, tracheal shift to the unaffected side

Palpation: decreased tactile fremitus and chest expansion on the affected side
Percussion: dullness over the fluid
Auscultation: breath sounds and voice sounds decreased or absent
F. Pneumothorax- A condition in which air moves into the pleural space and causes partial or complete
collapse of the lung. It can be spontaneous, traumatic, or tension.

Inspection: tachypnea, decreased expansion of the chest wall on the affected side, tracheal shift to the
unaffected side

Palpation: decreased tactile fremitus

Percussion: hyperresonance

Auscultation: breath sounds and voice sounds are decreased or absent

EENT

A. Strabismus- It is a condition in which the axes of the eyes cannot be directed at the same object. In
this condition, light can be seen to reflect in different axes.

B. Anisocoria- It is a condition characterized by unequal pupillary size. which may be a normal finding or
may indicate central nervous system disease.

C. Cataract- It is an opacity in the lens. It usually occurs in aging

D. Acute Glaucoma- It is a result of sudden increase in intraocular pressure resulting from blocked flow
of fluid from the anterior chamber.

E. Myopia- It is also known as nearsightedness and is generally inherited and occurs when the eye is
longer than normal. As a result, light rays focus in front of the retina.

F. Hyperopia- It is also known as farsightedness and an inherited condition in which the eye is shorter
than normal. In this case, the light rays focus behind the retina.

G. Presbyopia- It is an age-related condition in which the lens of the eye loses the ability to
accommodate. As a result, light is focused behind the retina, and focus on near objects becomes
difficult.

H. Conjunctivitis- It is an infection of the conjunctiva usually due to bacteria or virus but which may result
from chemical exposure.

I. Hordeolum (Stye)- It is a result of a staphylococcal infection of hair follicles on the margin of the lids.
The affected eye is swollen, red, and painful.

J. Ptosis- It refers to drooping of the eyelid. It occurs with cranial nerve damage or systemic
neuromuscular weakness.

Ears, Mouth and Throat

A. Otitis Externa- It is an infection of the outer ear and causes redness and swelling of the auricle and ear
canal. It is usually accompanied by itching, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes

B. Epistaxis- Is a nosebleed. This may follow trauma, such as a blow to the nose or it may accompany
another alteration in health, such as rhinitis, hypertension, or a blood coagulation disorder.

C. Otitis Media- It is an infection of the middle ear producing a red, bulging eardrum, fever, and hearing
loss. It is more common in children, whose auditory tubes are wider, shorter, and more horizontal than
those of adults, thus allowing easier access for infections ascending from the pharynx.

D. Rhinitis- It is a nasal inflammation usually due to a viral infection or allergy. It is accompanied by a

watery and often copious discharge, sneezing, and congestion. Acute case is caused by a virus, whereas
the allergic case results from contact with allergens such as pollen and dust
E. Ankyloglossia- It is a fixation of the tip of the tongue to the floor of the mouth due to a shortened
lingual frenulum. The condition is usually congenital and may be corrected surgically.

F. Aphthous Ulcers- They are commonly called as canker sores. They are round, white lesions occurring
singularly or in cluster on the oral mucosa. They commonly result from oral trauma, such as jabbing the
side of the mouth with a toothbrush, but they are also associated with stress, exhaustion, and allergies
to certain food.

G. Gingival Hyperplasia- It is an enlargement of the gums frequently seen in pregnancy, in leukemia, or

after prolonged use of a drug called phenytoin (Dilantin).

H. Gingivitis- It is the inflammation of the gums and may be caused by poor dental hygiene or a
deficiency of vitamin C. If left untreated, gingivitis may progress to periodontal disease and tooth loss.

I. Leukoplakia- It is a whitish thickening of the mucous membrane in the mouth or tongue. It cannot be
scraped off. Most often associated with heavy smoking or drinking, it can be a precancerous condition

J. Hemotympanum- It is a bluish tinge to the tympanic membrane indicating the presence of blood in the
middle ear. It is usually caused by head trauma.