Chapter 1:

Introduction (P2)
Lecturer: Dr. Ebrahim Janahi
Computer Engineering

Lecture 3

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.1 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh
 Topics discussed in this lecture:
Characteristics
W of a data communication system.
Data
W Communication Components.
Data
W Representation.
Data
W Flow.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.2 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Characteristics
W of a data communication system.
The main characteristics that influence the effectiveness of a data
W
communications system are:

1. Delivery.
W
Data should be delivered to the accurate person and from the
accurate sender.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.3 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Characteristics
W of a data communication system.
The main characteristics that influence the effectiveness of a data
W
communications system are:

1. Delivery.
W
Data should be delivered to the accurate person and from the
accurate sender.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.4 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Characteristics
W of a data communication system.
The main characteristics that influence the effectiveness of a data
W
communications system are:

1. Delivery.
W
Data should be delivered to the accurate person and from the
accurate sender.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.5 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Characteristics
W of a data communication system.
The main characteristics that influence the effectiveness of a data
W
communications system are:

1. Delivery.
W
Data should be delivered to the accurate person and from the
accurate sender.
W
Spoofing or masquerading or Identity theft.

impersonating

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.6 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Characteristics
W of a data communication system.
The main characteristics that influence the effectiveness of a data
W
communications system are:

2. Accuracy.
W
The data goes to somebody and she manipulated the contents
and then sent it to the receiver.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.7 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Characteristics
W of a data communication system.
The main characteristics that influence the effectiveness of a data
W
communications system are:

2. Accuracy.
W
The data goes to somebody and she manipulated the contents
and then sent it to the receiver.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.8 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Characteristics
W of a data communication system.
The main characteristics that influence the effectiveness of a data
W
communications system are:

2. Accuracy.
W
The data goes to somebody and she manipulated the contents
and then sent it to the receiver.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.9 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Characteristics
W of a data communication system.
The main characteristics that influence the effectiveness of a data
W
communications system are:

2. Accuracy.
W
The data goes to somebody and she manipulated the contents
and then sent it to the receiver.
W
Communication problems causes an integrity problems.

W in the middle attack causes also causes an integrity problem.

Man

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.10 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Characteristics
W of a data communication system.
The main characteristics that influence the effectiveness of a data
W
communications system are:

3. Timelines
W & Jitter.
Variation in packet delay.
Causes:
1. Variation in packet lengths different transmission times.
(3)
2. Variation in path(2)lengths (1) no fixed path in the Internet.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.11 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Characteristics
W of a data communication system.
The main characteristics that influence the effectiveness of a data
W
communications system are:

3. Timelines
W & Jitter.
Variation in packet delay.
Causes:
Problem in real-time
1. Variation in packettransmission
lengths different transmission times.
(3) (2)
2. Variation in path lengths no fixed path(1)
in the Internet.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.12 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Characteristics
W of a data communication system.
The main characteristics that influence the effectiveness of a data
W
communications system are:

3. Timelines
W & Jitter.
Variation in packet delay.
Causes:
1. Variation in packet lengths different transmission times.
2. Variation in path lengths no fixed path in the Internet.
3. Variation in the load of traffic along the path during the
transmission of each packet.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.13 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Data
W communications has five components:

Text, Pictures

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

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 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Data
W communications has five components:

SENDER RECIEVER

Can be computer, workstation,

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

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 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Data
W communications has five components:

The agreement between the

communication devices i.e.,

SENDER RECIEVER

The physical path by which a message travels

from sender to receiver, e.g., twisted-pair cable,
coaxial cable, fiber optics cable, radio waves.
Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz
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 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Text: is represented as a sequence of bits (0s or 1s) . Prevalent

W
coding systems are called Unicode and ASCII coding.

SENDER Text, number, images RECIEVER

Audio, video

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

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 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Images: are also represented in bit patterns. They are composed of

aWmatrix of pixels where each pixel is a small dot. Each pixel is
assigned a bit pattern.

SENDER Text, number, images RECIEVER

Audio, video

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.18 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Images: are also represented in bit patterns. They are composed of

aWmatrix of pixels where each pixel is a small dot. Each pixel is
assigned a bit pattern.
Q: How many bits it requires to store a small image
represented by 250 x 250 pixels? If each of those
pixels requires multiple of 3 Bytes?

The image resolution is: pixel

The image resolution is: kilo pixel
Total required Bytes: Bytes
Total required Bytes: Million bits
Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz
1.19 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Images: are also represented in bit patterns. They are composed of

aWmatrix of pixels where each pixel is a small dot. Each pixel is
assigned a bit pattern.
Q: If a pixel consists of 2 bits, then how many tonal
levels it can represent?

1 bit 0
Each value represents a color

1
Can have only
2 values
Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz
1.20 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Images: are also represented in bit patterns. They are composed of

aWmatrix of pixels where each pixel is a small dot. Each pixel is
assigned a bit pattern.
Q: If a pixel consists of 2 bits, then how many tonal
levels it can represent?

1 bit 0 Zero represents black color pixel

1 One represents white color pixel

Can have only

2 values
Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz
1.21 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Images: are also represented in bit patterns. They are composed of

aWmatrix of pixels where each pixel is a small dot. Each pixel is
assigned a bit pattern.
Q: If a pixel consists of 2 bits, then how many tonal
levels it can represent?

1 bit 0

1
Can have only
2 values
Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz
1.22 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Images: are also represented in bit patterns. They are composed of

aWmatrix of pixels where each pixel is a small dot. Each pixel is
assigned a bit pattern.
Q: If a pixel consists of 2 bits, then how many tonal
levels it can represent?

0 0 Represents black color pixel

2 bits
0 1 Represents light grey pixel

1 0 Represents dark grey pixel

1 1 Represents white pixel

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.23 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Images: are also represented in bit patterns. They are composed of

aWmatrix of pixels where each pixel is a small dot. Each pixel is
assigned a bit pattern.
Q: If a pixel consists of 2 bits, then how many tonal
levels it can represent?

0 0
2 bits
0 1
1 0
1 1
Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz
1.24 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Images: are also represented in bit patterns. They are composed of

aWmatrix of pixels where each pixel is a small dot. Each pixel is
assigned a bit pattern.
Q: If a pixel consists of 2 bits, then how many tonal
levels it can represent?

16 bits

65,536 different color

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz
1.25 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Audio & video: are different from text, numbers, or images. They are
W
continues, not discrete and they need real-time transmissions.

SENDER Text, number, images RECIEVER

Audio, video

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.26 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

1. Simplex:
W The communication is unidirectional. One
device can only transmit and the other can only receive.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.27 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

2. Half-Duplex:
W Both devices can transmit and receive
but NOT at the same time.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.28 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

3. Full-Duplex:
W Both devices can transmit and receive
at the same time.

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz

1.29 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition
 Introduction Data Representation
Data Communication Components Data Flow

Practice
W questions:
Q1. A television broadcasts represent ----------------------- data flow.
Q2. Communications between two devices with Walkie-talkies
represent ---------------------------.
Q3. The information to be communicated in a data communications
system is the -------------------- component.
a. Medium. c. Transmission.
b. Protocol. d. Message.
Q4. Suppose that a digitized TV picture is to be transmitted from a
source that uses a matrix of 480 x 500 picture elements (pixels), and
each pixel can take on one of 32 intensity values (32 tonal levels).
Assume that 30 pictures are sent per second.
a) What is the source rate in Mega pixels/second?

b) What is the source rate in Mbps?

Dr. Ebrahim A. Hasan Janahi Based on: Behrouz
1.30 eabdulrahman@uob.edu.bh Fifth edition