Of Data Communications and Networking: DR - Gihan Naguib

10/18/1433
PART I
Overview of
Data Communications
and
Networking
Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 1
Overview
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Chapters
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Network Models
Chapter 1
Introduction
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1.1 Data Communication
Communication:
sharinginformation. Sharingcan be local (face to face) or
remote (over distance)
Tele communication:
(telephone,television,telegraphy) means communication at a
distanceremote communication. (tele:far)
Data communication:
exchange of data betweentwo devices via transmissionmedium
(wire cable)
Communicating devices
made up of : H.W( physical equipments)and S.W

Effectiveness of data communication depends on :
•Delivery :
System must deliver data to correctdestination. Data must be
received by only intendeddevice or user.
•Accuracy:
Thesystem must deliver data accurately
•Timeliness:
the system must deliver data in a timelymanner.Data
delivered later areuseless.
•Jitter:
Variationin thepacket arrivaltime. It is theuneven delay in the
delivery of audio or video packets.
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•Components
•Data Representation
•Direction of Data Flow
Components
Five components of data communication
Protocol: is a set of rulesthat governs data communications.It represents

an agreementbetween the communicating devices.Without a protocol two
devices may be connected but not communicating.
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Data representation
Text, numbers, images, audio, and video

Text:
•ASCII: 7-bit patteren(128different symbols)
•ExtendedASCII: 8-bit pattern
•Unicode: 32 bitspattern(65,536,216)symbols, which is definitely
enough to representany symbol in the world.
Numbers: representedby bit pattern(binarynumber)
Images : represented by matrix of pixels (picture element),
small dot.The size of pixel represent the resolution.
Audio: representsound by continuous (analog) signal
Video: can be analog or digitalsignal
Direction of data flow

Simplex, half duplex and full duplex
1. Simplex:
communication is unidirectional.(one-way-street).Only one of the
two devices on a link can transmit;the other can only receive
Ex: As Keyboard (only input) and monitors only

output)
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2. Half duplex:
Each station can both transmitandreceive , but not at the same time.
When one device is sendingthe other can receive and vice versa. one-
laneroad with two direction).
3. Full-Duplex:
Both stationscan transmitand receive simultaneously.( telephonenetwork)
Like two way streetwith traffic flowing in both directionsat the same time.
Signals going in eitherdirection share the capacity of the link in two

ways:
 Eitherthe linkmust contain two physically separatetransmissionpathsone
for sendingand other for receiving.
 Capacity of the channel is divided between signalstravelingin both direction
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1.2 Networks
is a set of devices (often referredto as

nodes) connected by communication links.
Anode can be a computer, printer, or any
other device capable of sending and/or
receiving data generatedby other nodes on
the network.
1.2 Networks
Network Criteria
Performance,
Reliabilityand
security
Physical Structures
Type of connection
physical topology
Categories of Networks
(LAN, MAN and WAN)
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Network criteria
1. Performance:
The performance dependson :
1. Number of user
2.Type of transmissionmedia,
3.Capabilitiesof connected H.Wand the efficiency of software.
2. Reliability
Measuredby frequency of failure,the time it takes to recover from
failure,and network’s robustnessin a catastrophe.
3. Security: Protecting data from unauthorizedaccess.
Physical Structures: Type of connection
1. Point –to-point
Dedicatedlink between two devices. Most of them usesan actual length of wire
or cable to connect the two ends but other options ,such as microwave satelliteare
possible.
change T.Vchannel by infraredremote control is

point- to -point connection
Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking
Dr.Gihan Naguib 16
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Physical Structures: Type of connection

2. Multipoint (multidrop) connection:
more than two devices sharea single line.The capacity is shared either
spatiallyor temporally.
Spatially: Severaldevices can use link simultaneously
Temporally: Users take turns, it is a timeshared
Physical Structures :physical topology
 Theway in which a network is laidout physically. .

 It is thegeometric representationof therelationshipof allthe
linksand linkingdevices (nods) to one another.
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Fully connected mesh topology (for five devices)

Every device has a dedicatedpoint-to-pointlink to every other devices
Fullyconnectedmesh network hasn(n-1)/2 physical connection to

link n devices.
Every device on the network must have n-1 input/output(I/O)ports
Mesh topology
Advantages:
Privacy or security (every message travels along a dedicated
line, only the intendedrecipientsees it. Physical boundaries prevents
other user from gainingaccess the message
eliminating the traffic problems Theuse of dedicated links
guaranteesthateach connection can carryits own data load; thatcan
occur when linksmust be sharedby multipledevices.
Amesh is robust. If one linkbecomes unusable, it does not
incapacitatetheentiresystem.
Fault identification and fault isolation easy. Thisenables
thenetwork managerto discover theprecise location of fault andaids
in findingits cause andsolution.
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Mesh topology
Disadvantages
Related to the amount of cabling devicesand the amount of I/O ports
required:
 Every device must be connected to every other device, installation
and reconnection are difficult
Thesheer bulk of thewiringcan be greater thantheavailablespace can
accommodate.
TheH.W requiredto connect each link(I/O ports and cable) expensive.
So a mesh topology is usuallyimplementedin a limitedfashion( as a
backbone connectingthe main computers of a hybrid network that can
includeseveral other topology
Star topology
Each device has a dedicatedpoint-to-pointlink only to a central

controller(hub)
Unlike a mesh , a startopology does not allow direct trafficbetween
devices,if one device want to send data to another , it send it to the hub,
which send it to other device
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Star topology
Advantages
1. Easy to install and reconfigure and less expensive
• each device need only one link and I/O port to connect it
to any other devices.)
2. Robustness:
• if one link fails, only that link affected and other links
remain active.
3. identification and fault isolation
Star topology
Disadvantages
 The dependency of the whole topology on one single point,
the hub.
If the hub goes down, the whole system is
dead.
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Tree topology : Is a variation of star
Not every device plugs directlyinto the centralhub. The majority of devicesconnect
to secondaryhub that in turn is connectedto the centralhub
The advantages and disadvantages of tree topology are generallythe

same as those of star .The addition of secondary hubs bring more advantage:
Allow more devices to be attachedto a singlecentralhub, therefore
increasethe distancea signalcan travel between devices.
Example of tree : Cable TV technology where the main cable from the main office is
divided into main branches and each branch divided into smaller branches and so on.
Bus topology
•Multipoint connection.Acts as a backbone to link all the devices

in a network.
There is a limiton the number of taps a bus can support and on the
distancebetweenthose taps
As a signaltravels along the backbone, some of its energy is transformed

into heat,therefore, it becomes weaker and weaker as it has travel farther
and farther
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Bus topology
Advantages
Easy of insulation, use less cabling than mesh or star
Disadvantages
Include difficult of reconnectionand fault isolation
1. Fault
Afault in bus cable (break) stops all transmissions
even between devices on thesame side of theproblem. The
damaged areareflects signalsback thedirection of origin,creating
noise in both directions
2. Reconnection
It can difficult to add new devices (adding more require
modification or replacement of the backbone).
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Ring topology
 Each device has a dedicatedpoint-to-pointconnection only
with the two devices on eitherside of it
 Asignal is passed along the ring in one directionfrom device
untilit reachesits destination.
 Each device in the ring incorporate as repeater
Repeater:regeneratesthe signal
 it receives a weakened signal,createsa copy, bit for bit, at
the original strength
Repeater Repeater
Repeater Repeater
Repeater
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Ring topology
Advantages:
 Easy to installand reconfigure.
Each device is linkedonly to its immediateneighbors.To add or deletea
device requireshanging only 2 connections
Fault isolation is simplified:

Asignal is circulatingat all times(token) if one device does not receive a
signal withinspecified period, it can issue an alarm.The alarmalertsthe
network operator to the problem and its location
Disadvantages
Unidirectional traffic.
Abreak in the ring (such as disabledstation) candisable
the entire network. This can be solved by usedual ring
Ahybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
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Networks categories
Network category is determinedby itssize, ownership,
thedistance it cover and itsphysical architecture.
Single building LAN
Used in business environments,linksa workgroup of

task-relatedcomputer.
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Multiple -building -LAN
LAN
Privatelyowned and links the devices in a singleoffice,buildingor

campus
LANs designedto allowresources to be shared between PCs or
workstations.The resources may be H.W(e.g.printer)or S.W(
applicationsprogram) or data.
In LANs one of the computers has a large capacitydrive and becomes a
server to other clients.
S/Wstored on server and used as neededby the whole group.
LAN size determinedby licensingrestrictions(No of users per copy of
S/W)
LAN use only one type of transmissionmedium.
The most common LAN topologies are bus, ring and star.
TraditionallyLAN have data rates in the 4 to 16 Mbps.Today Speed can
reach to 100Mbpsor 1000MBps(1G).
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MAN (metropolitan)
Owned by private company or it may be a service provided by

public company ( such as local tel.-company)
Extended over an entire city.
May be single network such as a cable television network, or it

may be connected number of LANs into a largenetwork so
that resources may be shared LAN-TO- LAN.
Examples:
• Company can use MAN to connect the LANs in all its
offices throughout the city.
•Apart of the telephone line network that can provide
DSLline to the customer
MAN
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WAN
Provides long distance transmission of data, voice , image

and video information over large areas ( country or whole
world)
In contrast to LAN, WAN may utilize public or private
communication equipments or combination
Interconnections of networks :internetwork
An internet(smalli) is two or more networks thatcan communicate with each other.
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The Internet
Internet is a collaboration of more than 100 of 1000
interconnected network.
Brief History ( self-reading)

In mid of 1960.:
TheAdvanced Research ProjectsAgency (ARPA) in the
department of defense was interested in finding a way to
connect computers so that the researchers they funded could
share their findings, to reduce costs and eliminating
duplication of effort.
Brief history
1n1967
ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET, smallnetwork of connected
computers (mainframe).
1n 1969,
ARPANET was reality. Four nodes at theUNV. Of California,(atlos
angles andSantaBarba), univ. of utah and SRI (Standford Research
Instituteconnected via IMPs computers to form a network.
Software called Network ControlProtocol (NCP) provided
communicationbetween thehosts.
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Brief history
1n 1972,
Protocol to achieve end -to-end delivery of packets, Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP).
Authorities madedecision to split TCPintotwo protocols:
IP: Internetworkingprotocol to handledatagramroutingand
TCP: responsible for higher-level-functionssuch as error
detection, segmentationand reassembly.
Internet today
Made up of manywide andlocal area networks joined by connecting
devices and switchingstations.Today most end users use the services
of internetservice providers (ISPs).
Protocols and Standards
Protocols
Standards
Standards Organization
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Protocols
Set of rules thatgoverns datacommunications.
Protocol defines :
•What is communicated?
•How it communicated?
•When it is communicated?
•Key elements of a protocol: Syntax, semantics and timing
•Syntax:
•Structureor format of thedata, meaningtheorder in which they
arepresented.
Example:
Asimple protocol mightexpect the first byte of data to be the
address of thesender, thesecond byte to be theaddress of the
receiver and thereset of thestreamto be themessage itself.
Protocols
Semantics:
•Refers to themeaningof each section of bits.
• Example:
does an address identifytheroute to be taken or thefinal
destinationof themessage.
•Timing:
•When data to should be sent?
•How fast they can be sent?
Example:
If a sender produces data at 100Mpbs but the receiver can
process data at only 1Mpbs, transmissionwill overload the
receiver and data will be largelylost.
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Standers
Provide guidelinesto manufactures, vendors, governmentagencies
and other service provides to ensurethekindof interconnectivity
necessary in today's marketplaceand international
communication.
Two categories:
1.
Have been adopted as standersthroughwidespread
use .Establishedby manufacturersthatdefine the
functionalityof a new product or technology
2.
officially recognized body.
Standers Organization
1. InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO)
• Multinationalbody
• OSI
2. InternationalTelecommunicationUnion Telecommunication
standardsector ( ITU-T)
 devoted to theresearch of standardsfor telecommunication

in generalandfor phoneand datasystem in particular
 Data transmission over telephone line Modems
standards :V- series(V32, V34,V90)
 X-series: data transmissionover public digitalnetwork (e-
mail)
Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 48

Dr.Gihan Naguib
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Standers Organization
3.American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
 completely private, nonprofitcorporation
4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE)
 Internationalin scoop
 In thefields of electricalengineering,electronics and allrelated
branchesof engineering
 Internationalstandardsfor computingand communications
LAN (project 802): IEEE Ethernet802.3
5. ElectronicIndustriesAssociation (EIA)
 Field of InformationTechnology (SONET)
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10/18/1433

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 2

Chapter 2 Network Models

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 3

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 4

1.1 Data Communication

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 5

1.1 Data Communication

1.1 Data Communication

•Direction of Data Flow

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 7

Five components of data communication

Protocol: is a set of rulesthat governs data communications.It represents

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 8

Text, numbers, images, audio, and video

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 9

Direction of data flow

Ex: As Keyboard (only input) and monitors only

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 10

Direction of data flow

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 11

Direction of data flow

Signals going in eitherdirection share the capacity of the link in two

 Capacity of the channel is divided between signalstravelingin both direction

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 12

is a set of devices (often referredto as

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 13

3. Security: Protecting data from unauthorizedaccess.

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 15

Physical Structures: Type of connection

change T.Vchannel by infraredremote control is

Physical Structures: Type of connection

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 17

Physical Structures :physical topology

 Theway in which a network is laidout physically. .

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 18

Fully connected mesh topology (for five devices)

Fullyconnectedmesh network hasn(n-1)/2 physical connection to

Every device on the network must have n-1 input/output(I/O)ports

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 19

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 20

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 21

Each device has a dedicatedpoint-to-pointlink only to a central

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 22

3. identification and fault isolation

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 23

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 24

Tree topology : Is a variation of star

The advantages and disadvantages of tree topology are generallythe

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 25

•Multipoint connection.Acts as a backbone to link all the devices

As a signaltravels along the backbone, some of its energy is transformed

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 26

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 27

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 28

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 29

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 30

Fault isolation is simplified:

Ahybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 32

Dr.Gihan Naguib Behrouz A. Forouzan”Data communications and Networking 33

Single building LAN

Used in business environments,linksa workgroup of