1

Classical Electromagnetism
1. Mathematical Preliminaries
a. Quantities, Dimensions, and Units
• Quantities and Measurements
* Mathematical Representation of Real World
* Uncertainties in Measurements
• Modeling Reality
* Modeling Process
* Conventional Terms
• Dimension, Scaling, and Units of Measurements
* Dimension
* Dependent and Independent Dimensions
* Scaling and Units
* Base and Derived Units
• Buckingham Pi Theorem
* Statement
* Dimensionless Quantities and Similarity
• Dimensional Analysis
* Solving Problems
• Unit Systems
* The International System of Units
* Planck Units
b. Vector and Scalar Quantities
• Scalar
• Vector Space
* Axioms
* Algebraic Definition of Vector
* Basis and Component
* Linear Independence
• Point in Space: Position Vector
* Distance
* Vector and Scalar Fields
* Source Point, Field Point and Separation Vector
• Vector Products
* Dot Product and Norm
* Cross Product
* Geometric Interpretation
 2

* Vector Product Identities

• Time Derivatives of Vectors and Scalars
 Definition and Dot Notation
• Derivatives of Position Vector
 Velocity
 Acceleration
 Jerk
 Jounce
• Derivative Identities
c. Partial Differentiation
• Fundamental Definition
* Forward Differentiation
* Backward Differentiation
* Central Differentiation
• Multivariable Chain Rule
* Directional Derivative
* Exact Differential
d. Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates
• General Curvilinear Coordinate System
* Transformation Relations
* Coordinate Curves
* Coordinate Surfaces
* Tangent Vectors to the Coordinate Curves
* Scaling Factors
* Unit Tangent Vectors
* Infinitesimal Displacement Vector
* The Volume Element
* Surface Elements on the Coordinate Surfaces
• Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Transformation Relations
* Coordinate Curves
* Coordinate Surfaces
* Tangent Vectors to the Coordinate Curves
* Scaling Factors
* Unit Tangent Vectors
* Infinitesimal Displacement Vector
* The Volume Element
* Surface Elements on the Coordinate Surfaces
 3

• Spherical Polar Coordinates

* Transformation Relations
* Coordinate Curves
* Coordinate Surfaces
* Tangent Vectors to the Coordinate Curves
* Scaling Factors
* Unit Tangent Vectors
* Infinitesimal Displacement Vector
* The Volume Element
* Surface Elements on the Coordinate Surfaces
• Parabolic Cylindrical Coordinates
* Transformation Relations
* Scaling Factors and Unit Tangent Vectors
* Infinitesimal Displacement Vector
* The Volume Element
• Paraboloidal Coordinates
* Transformation Relations
* Scaling Factors and Unit Tangent Vectors
* Infinitesimal Displacement Vector
* The Volume Element
• Elliptic Cylindrical Coordinates
* Transformation Relations
* Scaling Factors and Unit Tangent Vectors
* Infinitesimal Displacement Vector
* The Volume Element
• Ellipsoidal Coordinates
* Transformation Relations
* Scaling Factors and Unit Tangent Vectors
* Infinitesimal Displacement Vector
* The Volume Element
• Other Curvilinear Coordinates
* Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates
* Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates
* Bispherical Coordinates
* Conical Coordinates
* Toroidal Coordinates
e. Gradient of a Scalar Field
• Definition
* Geometric Interpretation
 4

• Del Operator: The Vector Operator

* 𝜵𝑓(𝒓 − 𝒓′ ) = −𝜵′ 𝑓(𝒓 − 𝒓′ )
1 (𝒓−𝒓′ )
* 𝜵 |𝒓−𝒓′| = − |𝒓−𝒓′|3
• Gradient in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
• Convective Derivative
• Extremization Problems
* Relative Extrema
* Second Partial Test
* Lagrange Multiplier Technique
f. Taylor Expansion
• Single Variable Taylor Expansion
* Operator Form
• Taylor Expansion of Elementary Functions
* Sinusoidal Functions
* Exponential Functions
* Logarithmic Functions
• Euler’s Formula: 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
* Interpretation
* Hyperbolic Functions
• Local Linear Approximation
• Multivariable Taylor Expansion
* Operator Form
* Index Form
g. Integration of Vectors
• Line Integral
* Work Integral
* Flux Integral
• Surface Integral
* Flux Integral
• Volume Integral
* Change of Variable
* Jacobian Determinant
• Integration in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
h. Divergence of a Vector Field
 5

• Definition
* Physical Interpretation
* Del Operator Notation
• Divergence in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
(𝒓−𝒓′ )
• Problem in Evaluating 𝛁 · |𝒓−𝒓′|3
• Laplace Operator
* Geometric Interpretation
• Laplace Operator in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
i. Curl of a Vector Field
• Definition
* Physical Interpretation
* Del Operator Notation
• Curl in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
(𝒓−𝒓′ )
• 𝛁 × |𝒓−𝒓′|3 = 𝟎
j. Vector Operator Identities
• Identities in Cartesian Coordinates
• Vector Products in Component Form
* Dot Product and Kronecker Delta Symbol
* Cross Product and Levi-Cività Symbol
* Divergence and Curl in Component Form
• Kronecker Delta and Levi-Cività Identities
* Vector Operator Identities in Component Form
* Einstein Summation Convention
• Identities in Curvilinear Coordinates
k. Integral Theorems
• Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
* Statement and Proof
* Interpretation
• Green’s Theorem in Plane
* Statement and Proof
* Interpretation
 6

• Divergence Theorem
* Statement and Proof
* Interpretation
• Special Forms of Divergence Theorem
• Green’s Identities
• Stokes’ Theorem
* Statement and Proof
* Interpretation
• Special Forms of Stokes’ Theorem
• Time Derivative of a Flux Integral
* Interpretation
l. Dirac Delta Function
• Step Function
* Derivative of Step Function
• One-Dimensional Delta Function
* Definition
* Representations
* Properties
∞ ′
* ∫−∞ 𝑒 𝑖𝑘(𝑥−𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑘 = 2𝜋𝛿(𝑥 − 𝑥 ′ )
• Three-Dimensional Delta Function
* Definition and Notation
* Relation to One-Dimensional Delta Function
• Delta Function in Curvilinear Coordinates
* Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
* Spherical Polar Coordinates
• Delta Function Identities
(𝒓−𝒓′ )
* 𝛁 · |𝒓−𝒓′|3 = 4𝜋𝛿 3 (𝒓 − 𝒓′ )
m. Theory of Vector Fields
• The Helmholtz Theorem
* Statement
* Potential Representation of a Vector Field
* Proof of the Theorem
• Boundary Condition
* Uniqueness of a Vector Field
n. Linear Transformations
• Linear Transformations Between Vector Spaces
* Definition
 7

* Matrix Representation
* Invertible Linear Transformations
• Orthogonal Transformation
* Definition
* Reflection
* Inversion
* Two-Dimensional Rotation and Direction Cosines
• Rotation in Three Dimension
* Active and Passive Point of View
* Effect of Rotation on Vectors
* Direction Cosines in Three-Dimensional Rotation
* Finite Rotation of a Vector and Non-Commutativity
• Infinitesimal Rotation
* Matrix Representation
* Commutativity
* Vector Representation
* Angular Velocity Vector
* Operator Equation
• Eigenvalue Equation
* Eigenvector and Eigenvalue
* Eigenvalue Equation
* Characteristic Equation
* Finding Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
• Orthogonal Diagonalization
* Definition
* Existence of Orthogonal Diagonalizing Matrix
* Reality of Eigenvalues
* Change of Basis
* Similarity Transformation
* Recipe for Diagonalizing a Real Symmetric Matrix
* Simultaneous Diagonalization of Two Matrices
o. Cartesian Tensors
• Modern Definition of Scalar and Vector
* Pseudovector
* Pseudoscalar
• Definition of Tensor
* Dimension and Rank of a Tensor
* Zero and First Rank Tensors
* Isotropic Tensors
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* Pseudotensor
• Tensor Algebra
* Addition
* Direct Product
* Contraction and Kronecker Delta Tensor
* Generalization of Dot Product
* The Quotient Theorem
* Symmetry of a Tensor
* Wedge Product
* Hodge Star Operation and Levi-Cività Tensor
* Generalization of Cross Product
• Derivatives of Tensor Fields
* Gradient
* Divergence
* Curl
• Integral Theorems of Tensor Fields
* Divergence Theorem
* Stokes’ Theorem
• Force per Unit Area: Stress
* The Stress Tensor
* Elements of Stress Tensor

2. Electrostatics
a. Introduction
• History
* Timeline of Electrostatics
• The Scope of Electrostatics
b. Coulomb’s Law
• Electric Field of Point Charges
* Coulomb’s Law
• Electric Fields of Continuous Charge Distributions
* Line Charge Distribution
* Surface Charge Distribution
* Volume Charge Distribution: Generalized Coulomb’s Law
• Computing Electric Fields of Charge Configurations
* Uniformly Charged Rod
* Uniformly Charged Ring
* Uniformly Charged Disc
 9

* Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell: Electrostatic Shell

Theorem
* Uniformly Charged Solid Sphere
• Superposition of Charge Distributions to Compute Electric Fields
* Uniformly Charged Solid Sphere with a Spherical Hole
* Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell with a Circular Hole
c. Electrostatic Field Equations
• Gauss’ Law
* Flux of Electric Field
* Solid Angle
* Gauss’ Law: Integral Form
* Gauss’ Law: Differential Form
• Application of Gauss’ Law: Computing Electric Fields
* Uniformly Charged Infinite Rod
* Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane
* Uniformly Charged Sphere
• Divergence of Electrostatic Field
* Differential Form of Gauss’ Law
• Curl of Electrostatic Field
* Electrostatic Field is Conservative
• Matching Conditions for 𝑬(𝒓)
d. The Electrostatic Potential
• Definition, Validity and Usefulness
* Applying Helmholtz Theorem
* Applying Stokes’ Theorem
* Computing Electric Field from Potential: 𝑬(𝒓) = −𝛁𝜑(𝒓)
• Electric Potential of Point Charges
• Electric Potential of Continuous Charge Distributions
* Line Charge Distribution
* Surface Charge Distribution
* Volume Charge Distribution
• Computing Electric Potential of Charge Configurations
* Uniformly Charged Ring
* Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell
* Uniformly Charged Solid Sphere
• Equipotential Surfaces and Field Lines
* A Point Charge
* A Charged Line Segment
 10

* A Point Charge in a Uniform Electric Field

𝜌(𝒓)
• Poisson’s Equation: 𝛻 2 𝜑(𝒓) = −
𝜖0
* Laplace’s Equation
• Earnshaw’s Theorem
* Statement and Proof
• Matching Condition for 𝜑(𝒓)
e. Electrostatic Force
• Coulomb Force Law
* Force on a Volume Charge Distribution
* Torque on a Volume Charge Distribution
* Force on a Charged Surface
• Force per Unit Area: The Stress Tensor
⃡ (𝑬) = 𝜖0 [𝑬𝑬 − 1 ⃡
* Electric Stress Tensor: 𝐓 𝑰𝐸 2 ]
2
* Component Form and Properties
• Application of Electric Stress Tensor
* Force Between Two Point Charges: Coulomb Force Law
f. Stored Energy in Electrostatic Field
• Work-done Under Electrostatic Force
* Electrostatic Potential Energy
* Path Independence
* Green’s Reciprocity Relation
* Mean Electrostatic Potential Theorem
• Coulomb Force from Variation of Potential Energy
• Stored Energy in Electric Field
1
* Energy Density: 𝓊𝐸 = 𝜖0 𝐸 2
2
* Energy Density is Positive-Definite
* Total Stored Energy of an Electron
• Interaction Potential Energy
* Ionization Potential Energy of a Metal Cluster

3. Theory of Orthogonal Functions

a. Introduction
4. Electric Multipoles
a. Introduction
• Electric Cartesian Multipoles
* Primitive Multipoles
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* Traceless Multipoles
• Scope of Electric Multipole Expansion
b. Electric Primitive Multipole Expansion
• Expansion of Electrostatic Potential
1
* Taylor Expansion of |𝒓−𝒓′|
* Multipole Potentials
* Primitive Multipole Moments
• Physical Multipoles
* Geometric Construction
c. Electric Traceless Multipole Expansion
• Expansion of Electrostatic Potential
1
* Binomial Expansion of |𝒓−𝒓′|
* Legendre Polynomials
* Multipole Potentials
* Traceless Multipole Moments
• Physical Multipoles
* Geometric Construction
d. Electric Monopole
• Electric Monopole Moment
e. Electric Dipole
• Electric Dipole Moment
* Electric Dipole Potential
* Electric Dipole Field
* Field Lines of an Electric Dipole
• Physical Electric Dipole
* Approximate Potential at a Large Distance
* Charge Density
• Point Electric Dipole
• Singularity at the Origin
• Dipole Force
• Dipole Torque
• Dipole Potential Energy
• Dipole-Dipole Interaction
f. Electric Dipole Layers
• The Potential of a Dipole Layer
• Matching Conditions at a Dipole Layer
g. The Electric Quadrupole
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• The Traceless Quadrupole Tensor

• Force and Torque on a Quadrupole
h. The Electric Octupole
•
i. Spherical Mathematics
• Legendre Polynomials
• Spherical Harmonics
• The Inverse Distance
j. Spherical and Azimuthal Multipole
• The Exterior Spherical Expansion
• The Interior Spherical Expansion
• Azimuthal Multipoles
• Preview: Connection Potential Theory
k. Primitive and Traceless Multipole Moments
• Counting Multipole Moments

5. Conducting Matter
a. Introduction
b. Electrostatic Induction
• Thomson’s Theorem of Electrostatics
• The Surface Charge Density
c. Screening and Shielding
d. Capacitance
• Self-capacitance
• What Does It Means to “Ground” a Conductor?
• The Capacitance Matrix
• The Two-Conductor Capacitor
e. The Energy of a System of Conductors
f. Force on Conductors
• Charges Held Constant
• Potentials Held Constant
• Why UE Differs from 𝑈̂𝐸
g. Real Conductors
• Debye-Hückel and Thomas-Fermi Screening

6. Dielectric Matter
a. Introduction
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b. Polarization
• The Volume Integral of 𝑃(𝑟)
• The Lorentz Method
• The Modern Theory of Polarization
c. The Field Produced by Polarized Matter
• Polarized Matter as a Superposition of Point Dipole
d. The Total Electric Field
• The Auxiliary Field 𝐷(𝑟)
• Matching Conditions
• Constitutive Relations
e. Simple Dielectric Matter
• Fields and Sources in Simple Dielectric Matter
• Simple Dielectric Response to Free Charge
• Polarization Charge of a Simple Interface
• Simple Dielectric Response to Fixed Fields
*A Parallel Plate Capacitor with Fixed Potential
• Potential Theory for a Simple Dielectric
f. The Physics of the Dielectric Constant
• The Electric Polarizability
• The Clausius-Masootti Formula
• Polar Liquids and Solids
• The Limit 𝑘 → ∞
g. The Energy of Dielectric Matter
• The Total Energy UE
• UE for a Simple Dielectric
• The Energy to Polarize Simple Matter
• The Physical Origin of ∆𝑈𝐸
• The Energy Functional 𝑈 ̂𝐸
h. Force on Dielectric Matter
• An Isolated Dielectric Body
• A Simple Dielectric Sub-Volume
• The Role of Short Range Force
• Force from Variation of Energy for a Simple Dielectric
• The Electric Stress Tensor for a Simple Dielectric

7. Laplace’s Equation
a. Introduction
 14

b. Potential Theory
c. Uniqueness
• Dirichlet Boundary
• Neumann Boundary
• Uniqueness When Conductors Are Present
d. Separation of Variable
• Complete and Orthogonal Sets of Function
e. Cartesian Symmetry
• Faraday’s Cage
• The Electrostatic Potential Has Zero Current
f. Azimuthal Symmetry
• A uniformly Charged Ring
g. Spherical Symmetry
h. Cylindrical Symmetry
• Bessel Function
• Fourier-Bessel Series
i. Polar Co-ordinate
• The Electric Field near A Sharp Cannon or Edge
j. The complex Potential
• A Uniform Electric Field
• A Qudrapole Potential
• A Conducting Strip in an External Field
• Conformal Mapping
• The Potential Inside a Split Cylinder
• The Fringing Field of a Capacitor
k. A Variational Principle

8. Poisson’s Equation
a. Introduction
b. The Key Idea Superposition
c. The Method of Image
• A Point Charge and A Conducting Plane
• Image Theory from Potential Theory
• Dielectric Boundaries
• Multiple Image
• A Point Outside A Conducting Sphere
• Other Sphere Problems
 15

• A Line Charge Outside A Conducting Cylinder

• A Dielectric Cylinder
d. The Green Function Method
• Dirichlet Boundary Conditions
• Neumann Boundary Condition
e. The Dirichlet Green Function
• The Magic Rule
• Calculation of Green Function
• The Method of Eigen Function Expansion
• The Method of Direct Integration
• The Method of Splitting
f. The Complex Logarithm Potential
g. The Poisson-Boltzman Equation

9. Steady Current
a. Introduction
• The Steady Current Condition
b. Current in Vacuum
c. Current in Matter
• The Filament-Wire Limit
d. Potential Theory for Ohmic Matter
• Matching Conditions for Ohmic Matter
e. Electrical Resistance
f. Joule Heating
• The Current Density That Minimizes ????
g. Electromotive Force
• Voltage Difference
• The Physical Meaning of EMF
• Kirchhoff’s Laws
𝐽
• The charges that produce 𝐸 =
𝜎
h. Current Source
i. Diffusion Currents Fick’s law
10. Magnetostatics
a. Introduction
• The Scope of Magnetostatics
• Magnetostatics Fields ???? Steady Current
• Magnetic Monopole Do Not Exist
 16

• Thomson’s Theory of MagnetoStatics

b. The Law of Biot And Savert
• A Circular Current Loop
• An Infinitely Long Solenoid
c. Ampere’s Law
• An Infinite Line of Current
• A Uniform Sheet of Current
• Matching Conditions for 𝐵(𝑟)
• The Force on A Sheet of Current
d. The Magnetic Scaler Potential
• A Uniform Ring of Current
• The Helmholtz Coil
• Topological Aspects of 𝜓(𝒓)
•
• Solid Angle Representation
e. The Vector Potential
• The Non-uniqueness of 𝐴(𝑟)
• The Vector Poisson Equation
• An Instructive Example
• The Double-curl Equation
f. The topology of Magnetic Field Lines
• Magnetic Reconnection
11. Magnetic Multipole
a. Introduction
• The Magnetic Multipole Expansion
• The Magnetic Monopole
b. The Magnetic Dipole
• The Magnetic Dipole Moment
• Orbital and Spin Magnetic Moments
• The Point Magnetic Dipole
c. Magnetic Dipole Layers
d. Exterior Multipoles
• Cartesian Expansion for 𝐴(𝑟)
• Spherical Expansion for ???(𝑟)
• Alternative Forms for ????
• Spherical Expansion for 𝐴(𝑟)
• Azimuthal Expansions
 17

• Currents That Produce Pure Multipole Fields

e. Interior Multipoles
• Interior Expansion for Two Dimensional Fields
• 2N Parallel Current-carrying wires
f. Axially Symmetric Magnetic Fields

12. Magnetic Force and Energy

a. Introduction
b. Charged Particle Motion
• The Lorentz Force Does No Work
• Helical Motion in A Uniform Magnetic Field
• Larmor’s Theorem
c. The Force Between Steady Currents
• A Magnetic Work Paradox
d. The Magnetic Dipole
• The Dipole Force
• Dipole Potential Energy
• The Dipole-Dipole Interaction Potential ???
• The Dipole Torque
• Larmor Precession for Microscopic System
e. The Magnetic Stress Tensor
• Magnetic Stress Tensor and Magnetic Pressure
f. Magnetostatic Total Energy
• Explicit Formula for UB
• Interaction Total Energy And Reciprocity
• ???? Is Not A Potential Energy for ?????? Current
• UB Is A Natural Function of Magnetic Flux
g. Magnetostatic Potential Energy
• UB Is A Natural Function of Current
• Explicit Formula for 𝑈̂𝐵
• Force from Variation of Potential Energy
• The Meaning of The Minus sign in 𝑈 ̂𝐵
h. Inductance
• The Self-Inductance of a Wire Loop
• Mutual Inductance
• Magnetic Force in Terms of Inductance
13. Magnetic Matter
 18

a. Introduction
b. Magnetization
• Spin Magnetization
• Orbital Magnetization
• Total Magnetization
• The Volume Integral of 𝑀(𝑟)
• The Lorentz Model
• The Non-uniqueness of 𝑀(𝑟)
c. The Field Production by Magnetized Matter???
• Magnetized Matter As A Superposition of ???????
d. Fictitious Magnetic Charge
• Potential Theory for 𝐻𝑚 (𝑟)
• The Demagnetization Field
e. The Magnetic Field
• Matching Condition
• Constitutive Relations
f. Simple Magnetic Matter
• Fields and Sources in Simple Magnetic Matter
• Simple Magnetic Response to Free Current
• Simple Magnetic Response to A Fizxed Field
• Potential Theory for A Simple Magnet
• The Method of Image for Magnetic Matter
• Limiting Cases for The Permrability by µ
* The Perfect Ferromagnet
* The Superconductor
* The Perfect Conductor
g. The Energy of Magnetic Matter
• The Total Energy UB
• UB for A Simple Magnet
• The Energy to Magnetize Simple Matter
• The Potential Energy 𝑈 ̂𝐵
• The Potential Energy of A Simple Magnet
h. Forces on Magnetic Matter
• Coulomb’s Law for Magnetism
• An Isolated Magnetic Body
• A Simple Magnetic Sub-volume
• Force from Variation of Energy for A Simple Magnet
• The Magnetic Stress tensor for A Simple Magnet
 19

i. Permanent Magnetic Matter

• Magnetic Domains
• Magnetic Hysteresis
14. Dynamic and Quasi-static Fields
a. Introduction
b. The Ampere-Maxwell Law
• Displacement Current
• Polarization Current
c. Faraday’s Law
• The Betatron
d. Electromagnetic Induction
• Faraday Electromotive Force
e. Slowly Time-varying Charge in Vacuum
• Quasi-electrostatic Fields in Vacuum
f. Slowly Time-varying Current in Vacuum
• Quasi Magnetostatic Fields in Vacuum
g. Quasistatic Fields in Matter
• Charge Relaxation
h. Poor Conductors: Quasi-Electrostatics
i. Good Conductors: Quasi-Magnetostatics
j. The Skin Effect
• The Physical Origin of The Skin Effect
k. The Magnetic Diffusion
l. Eddy Current Phenomena
• Qualitative Estimates for Force And ??????
m. AC Circuit Theory
• The RLC Circuit: A Damped Oscillator
• The Complex Impedence 𝑍̂(𝜔)
• Network Circuit
15. The Maxwell Equations
a. Introduction
• Timeline of Electromagnetism
• Electric Charge
* Charge Density
• Electric Current
* Current Density
• Conservation of Charge
* Continuity Equation
 20

* Current of Moving Point Charges

b. The Maxwell Equations in Vacuum
• The Field Concept
• Electrostatics
* Coulomb’s Law
* Gauss’ Law
• Magnetostatics
* Biot-Savart Law
* Ampère’s Law
• Electrodynamics
* Faraday’s Law
* The Displacement Current
* Putting It All Together
c. Macroscopic Vs. Microscopic
• Lorentz Averaging
• The Macroscopic Surface
•
• Matching Conditions
d. The Maxwell Equations in Matter
• Macroscopic Sources
* Polarization
* Magnetization
• Microscopic Fields
* Auxiliary Fields
* Matching Conditions
e. Quantum Limits and New Physics
• First Quantization
* Quantized Matter
• Second Quantization
* Vacuum Polarization
* Quantum Fluctuation
• New Physics
* Magnetic Charge
f. Unit Systems
• The International System of Units
* Fundamental Constants
• Gaussian Units
* Electrostatic Units
 21

* Electromagnetic Units
• Heaviside–Lorentz Units
g. A Heuristic Derivation of Maxwell Equations
• An Educated Guess

16. General Electromagnetic Fields

a. Introduction
b. Symmetry
• Discrete Symmetry
• Dual Symmetry
• Continuous Symmetry
c. Electromagnetic Potential
• Gauge Invariance
• The Coulomb Gauge
• The Lorentz Gauge
d. Conservation of Energy
• The Poynting Vector And Field ???? Density
• Energy Flow in Resistive Wires
• Non-uniqueness of The Poynting Vector
e. Conservation of Linear Momentum
• The Mechanical Force on A Volume
• Momentum Density and Momentum Current Density
• The Physical Significance of A Vector Potential
f. Conservation of Angular Momentum
• Angular Momentum Current Density
g. The Center of Energy
h. Conservation Laws in Matter
• Conservation of Energy in Simple Matter
• Conservation of Momentum in Simple Matter
• The Abraham-Minkowski Controversy
i. The Force on Isolated Matter
• The Force on A Classical Atom
17. Wave in Vacuum
a. Introduction
b. The Wave Equation
• Lorentz Gauge Potentials
• Coulomb Gauge Potentials
 22

c. Plane Wave
• Transverse Electromagnetic Waves
• Phase Velocity
• Mechanical Properties
• Monochromatic Plane Wave
• Wave Intensity
d. Polarization
• The Polarization Ellipse
• Linear Polarization
• Circular Polarization
• Stokes Parameters and The Poincare Sphere
• Elliptical Polarization
• Partially Polarized and Unpolarized Waves
e. Wave Packets
• The Total Energy
• Scaler Wave Packets
• Complementarity
• Group Velocity
• Free Space Diffraction
f. The Helmholtz Equation
• The Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves
g. Beam Like Waves
• The Paraxial Approximation
• The Gaussian beam
• The Meaning of The Paraxial Approximation
• Paraxial Electromagnetic Waves
• The Angular Momentum of A Paraxial Beam
• Orbital And Spin Angular Momentum
h. Spherical Waves
• TE And TM Vector Waves
• Scaler Waves
i. Hertz vectors
• The Magnetic Hertz vector
• The Electric Hertz vector
j. Force on Particles in Free Fields
• Charged particle motion in A Plane ???????
• The Pondermotive Force on A Charged Particle
• Optical Tweezers: The Force on A Polarizable Particle
 23

18. Waves in Simple Matter

a. Introduction
b. Plane Wave
• Monochromatic Plane Wave
• Energy Balance in Simple Matter
c. Reflection And Refraction
• Specular Reflection And Snell’s Law
• The Fresnel Equation
• Remarks
• Energy Transport
• Polarization by Reflection
• Total Internal Reflection
• Non-uniform And Evanescent Plane Wave
d. Radiation Pressure
• An Incident Time-Harmonic Plane Wave
e. Layered Matter
• The Fabry-Perot Geometry
• Waves in A Multiplayer
f. Simple Conducting Matter
• Monochromatic Plane Wave
• The Skin Depth And Reflection into A Good Conductor
• Joule Heating in A Good Conductor
• Reflection from A Good Conductor
g. Anisotropic Matter
• Fresnel’s Equation

19. Waves in Dispersive Matter

a. Introduction
b. Frequency Disparsion
• The Equivalance
c. Energy in Dispersive Matter
• Quasi-Monochromatic Fields
d. Transverse And Longitudinal Waves
e. Classical Models for Frequency Dispersion
• The Drude Model of Conducting Matter
• Transverse Waves
• Longitudinal Waves
 24

• The Lorentz model for Dielectric Matter

• The Appleton Model of A Magnetized ??????
• The Split Ring Model for Negative Index Matter
f. Wave Packets in Dispersive Matter
• The Group Velocity Approximation
• Group Velocity Dispersion
g. The Consequences of Casuality
• The Kramers-Kronig Relations: Derivation
• The Kramers-Kronig Relations: Meaning And Uses
• The Analytic Properties of ??????
• Consistency with Special Relativity
h. Spatial Dispersion

20. Guided And Confined Waves

a. Introduction
b. Transmission Lines
• The Coaxial Line
• TEM Waves
• The Telegraph Equation
c. Planer Conductors
• One Conducting Plane
• Two Parallel Planes
d. Conducting Tube
• No TEM Waves in Conducting Tubes
• Boundary Conditions for TE And TM ?????
• General Properties of Modes in Conducting Tube
• Circular Tube Waveguides
• The Energy Velocity
• Energy Loss by Ohmic Heating
e. Dielectric Waveguides
• Waves Guided by Total Internal Reflection
• Wave Fields in Inhomogeneous Dielectric ??????
• Guided Modes of A Planer Wave Guide
• Radiation Modes And Hybrid Modes
f. Conducting Cavities
• General Properties of Cavity Modes
• Conducting Tube Cavities
• Spherical Cavities
 25

• The Density of Modes

• Energy exchange in ??????? Cavities
• Energy loss in Ohmic Cavities
• Excitation of Cavity Modes
g. Dielectric Resonators

21. Retardation And Radiation

a. Introduction
b. Inhomogeneous Waves Equation
c. Retardation
• General Solution of The Inhomogeneous Wave Equation
• Advanced And Retarded Waves
• Retarded Waves from Time-Harmonic Source
• Retarded Potential And Fields
d. The Time-dependent Electric Dipole
e. Radiation
• The Definition of Radiation
• The Birth of Radiation
• Radiation Fields in The Time Domain
• Summary of Radiation-zone Results
• Larmor’s Formula
• Radiation Fields in The Frequency Domain
f. Thin-wire Antennas
• The Dipole Antenna Frequency Domain
• The Dipole Antenna: Time Domain
• Antenna Arrays
g. Cartesian Multipole Radiation
• Electric Dipole Radiation
• Magnetic Dipole Radiation
• Electric Quadrupole Radiation
h. Spherical Multipole Radiation
• A Slotted Conducting Sphere
• Multipole Expansions for 𝐸 (𝑟, 𝑡) And 𝐵(𝑟, 𝑡)
• Explicit Multipole Radiation of Energy
• Electric Multipole Radiation of Angular Momentum
• Radiation from Atoms And Nuclei
i. Radiation in Matter
 26

• The Ewald-Oseen Extinction Theorem

22. Scattering and Diffraction

a. Introduction
b. The Scattering Cross Section
c. Thomson Scattering
d. Rayleigh Scattering
• Atmospheric Color
e. Two Exactly Solvable Problems
• Scattering from A Conducting Cylinder
• Mie Scattering from A Dielectric Sphere
f. Two Approximation Schemes
• The Born Approximation
• The Physical Optics Approximation
g. The Total Cross Section
• The Optical Theorem
• The Extinction Paradox
h. Diffraction by A Planer Aperture
• Scaler Diffraction Theory
• Vector Diffraction Theory
• The Krichhoff Approximation
• Fraunhofer Diffraction
i. Generalized Optical Principles
• ??????? Principle for Vector Field
• Huygen’s Principle for Vector Field

23. Special Relativity

a. Introduction
b. Galileo’s Relativity
• Particle Motion
• Wave Motion
c. Einstein’s Relativity
• The Relativity of Simultaneity
d. The Lorentz Transformation
• ????????? The Standard Configuration
• Time Dilation And Length Contraction
• The Invariant Interval
• Proper Time
 27

• ???????? A General Configuration

e. Four Vectors
• The Four Velocity And Four Acceleration
f. Electromagnetic Quantities
• The Continuity Equation
• Lorentz Gauge Potentials
• Field Transformation Laws
• A Point Charge in Uniform Motion
• Plane Waves
g. Covariant Electrodynamics
• Lorentz Tensors
• The Maxwell Equations
• Conservation Laws
*Energy And Linear Momentum
*Angular Momentum And Center of Energy
• A Particle Like Properties of free Fields
*Monochromatic Radiation Fields
*Localized Wave Packets
h. Matter in Uniform Motion
• Minkowski Electrodynamics
• Slowly Moving Matter

24. Fields from Moving Charge

a. Introduction
b. The Linard-Wiechart Problem
• The Linard-Wiechart Potentials
• A Heuristic Discussion
• A Covariant Derivation
• The Linard-Wiechart Fields
• The Heaviside Feynman Fields
c. Radiation in The Time Domain
• Non-Relativistic Motion
• Acceleration ‖ Velocity
• Acceleration ⏊ Velocity
• Larmor's Formula Generalized
d. Radiation in The Frequency Domain
• The Angle-resolved Frequency Spectrum
• The Spectrum of an Arbitrary Current density
 28

• The Spectrum of a Moving Point Charge

• The Lienard-Wiechart Spectrum
• The Heaviside-Feynman Spectrum
e. Synchrotron Radiation
• The Electric Field Pulse
• Polarization and Temporal Shape
• The Cyclotron-Synchrotron Transition
• The Continuous Spectrum
• The Discrete Spectrum
f. Radiation reaction
• Background
• The Force on A Slowly Varying Source
• The Lorentz-Abraham Equation
• The Landau-Lifsshitz Equation
g. Cherenkov Radiation
• Potential and Fields
• The Frequency Spectrum

25. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Methods

a. Introduction
b. Hamilton’s Principle
c. Lagrangian Description
• A Look Ahead
• A Charged Particle in A Specified Field
• The Free Electromagnetic Field
• The Lagrange Equation for Fields
• The Coulomb-Lorentz and Maxwell Equations
• Covariant Formulation
d. Invariance and Conservation Laws
• Conservation of Charge
• Noether’s Theorem
• Conservation of Energy-Momentum
• Conservation of Angular Momentum
e. Hamiltonian Description
• The Coulomb-Lorentz Equations
• Hamilton’s Equations for Fields
• The Maxwell Equations
 29

• Dirac’s Method of Constraints

• A Heuristic Approach to Gauge Fixing