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Integrated Review Week 10 The Teaching Profession

Bachelor of Secondary Education (Metro Manila College)

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INTEGRATED REVIEW
TEACHING PROFESSION
November 20, 2021 (SAT)

TIME ACTIVITY
12:30 – 1:00 Pre-test
1:00 – 4:00 Lecture
4:00 – 4:30 Post test

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Philosophies of Education

Eastern Philosophies
INDIAN PHILOSOPHIES
Hinduism
• Believes hat one should be able to control and regulate his desires, not to devote
life to sensual pleasure or worldly success.
• Emphasizes a commitment to an ideal way of life called Dharma, characterized
by honesty, courage, service, fiath, self-control, purity and non-violence.
• God is truth and the best way to seek the truth is practicing non-violence
(ahimsa).
Buddhism
• Believes that personal gratification is the root of sufferings in the world.
• The teaching of Buddha centered on four noble truths.
• Stressed non-attachment, concern for humanity, desire to become Buddha-like
and to live in harmony with the natural flow of the universe.
CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES
Confucianism
• Teaches moral life through devotion to the family, loyalty to elders, love of
learning, brotherhood, civil service, and universal love and justice.
• Education should build moral character instead of merely teaching skills or
information.
• Every person should strive for the continual development of self until excellence
is achieved.
Taoism
• Advocates simplicity, frugality, and the joys of being close to nature and being
in harmony with the whole universe.
• Simplicity is the key to knowledge as patience is to understanding.
JAPANESE PHILOSOPHY
Zen Buddhism
• Has no savior/s, paradise, faith in God, no scriptures.
• Emphasizes a dependence on oneself rather than an outside source for answer
and wisdom.

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• Emphasizes silent meditation, aiming to awaken the mind in each person.

Enlightenment comes through an immediate and intuitive understanding of
reality that awakens out Buddha’s nature (through rational thinking).
MUSLIM PHILOSOPHY
Islam
• Emphasizes a total commitment in faith, obedience, and trust to one and only
God.
• No intermediate between God and humans. Any person, no matter how sinful,
can bring a plea before God.
• Each person will be tried on the last judgment when Allah will judge all souls.
CHRISTIANITY PHILOSOPHY
• Believe that:
o God is the creater of all things
o There life after death
o The soul is immortal
o The Old Testament and the New Testament are the guides to ideal
Christian life.

Western Philosophies
IDEALISM
Philosophy
• It holds that knowledge is independent of sense perception or experience.
• Universe is made up of infinite mind or spirit.
Goals
• It claims that education must provide for the developemtn of the mind of every
pupil.
Methods
• The students are passive.
• Provision for thinking and application of criteria for moral evaluation.

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Role of Teachers
• The teachers are role models of intellectual, moral, aesthetics and vocational
excellence to their students.
• They should teach by example.
Role of School
• Promote the intellectual, moral, and aesthetic development of the students.
PRAGMATISM
Philosophy
• It is derived from the Greek word pragma meaning <a thing done, a fact that is
practiced.=
• Reality is determined by individual’s sense of experience.
• The proponents of Pragmatism are credited to John Dewey, Charles Pierce and
William James Topo.

Educational philisophies of John Dewey as pioneer thinkers of education:

• Education is life.
• Education is growth.
• Education is a social process.
• Education is a continuous reconstruction of experience.

Goals
• The total development of the child through experiencing or though self-acivity
or the <learning by doing=.
• Belief that learner must be made the center of all educative processes as
postulated by John Dewey.
Methods
• Experimental method
• Learning is an individual matter.
Role of Teachers
• The teacher is tasked to plan with the class in order to solve individual or group
problems.

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Role of School
• Being specialized institution designd to represent society to the child in a
simplified form.
• The school is in a position to exercise value judgments in representing society.
• Responsible in giving the child a balanced and genuinely representative
acquaintance with society.
PROGRESSIVISM
Philosophy
• Adheres to the ideas that thinking and reasoning should be emphasized, and
that good and successful teaching utilizes the principle of self-activity, and
stimulates thinking and reasoning.
• The advocate of progressivism in education was John Dewey, after his death,
William H. Kilpatrick.
Goals
• Emphasizes that educational concern must be on the learner’s interests, desires.
Ad freedom as an individual rather thatn the subject-matter area.
• The curriculum focused around the experiences, interests, and abilities of
students.
Methods
• Child-centered
Role of Teachers
• Teacher is only a facilitator, group leader and consultant.
Role of School
• An institution to develop the abilities of the child.
PERENNIALISM
Philosophy
• The philosophy of Perennialism was derived from the word perennial which
means everlasting. In other words, the ideas that have lasted over the centuries
are relevant today and those ideas should be the focus of education.
• The roots of perennialism lie in the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle, and St. Thomas
Aquinas.

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Educational philisophies as pioneer thinkers of education:

Plato
• Each person should devote his life to that which he is best fit to do.
• The function of education is to determine what each individual is by
nature fir to do.
• Social justive (give what is due to whom it is due)
• Intellectual aristocracy (rule of the intellectual elite)
Aristotle
• Virtue is not possession of knowledge but state of the will.
• The end of education is not knowledge alone, but the union of the
intellectual and the will, or knowledge expressed in action.
• Reality, not ideas, but the performance, is the highest function.
• Adaptation of education to the form of government.
• Objective and scientific, not introspective method of education.

Goals
• Seek to help students discover those ideas most insightful and timeless in
understanding the human condition.
• Develop all studens’s intellectual powers and moral qualities.
Methods
• Socratic dialogue or question-and-answer method.
• Perennialists recommend that students learn directly from reading and analyzing
the Great Books.
Role of Teachers
• Student-centered
• Teacher is only a facilitator.
Role of School
• Schools for perennialist exist primarily to reveal reason by teaching eternal
truths.

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EXISTENTIALISM
Philosophy
• It is a doctrine which emphasizes the freedom of human beings to make choices.
• Man has no fixed nature and he shapes his beings as he lives.
• This doctrine is primarily attributed to Soren Kierkegaard (1813 – 1855) and
Friedrich Nietzsche (1811 – 1900).
Goals
• The individuals are responsible for determining for themselves what is true or
false, right or wrong; each of us has the freewill to develop as we see fit.
• To train the indivudal for significant and meaningful existence.
Methods
• Subject-matter takes second place to enable man to make choices for his life.
• The classroom should be a market of free ideas that would guarantee complete
freedom.
Role of Teachers
• The role of the teacher is to teach <hor the student thinks but not what to think.=
• The teacher should only act as facilitator of learning.
Role of School
• The school assists students in knowing themselves and learning their place in
the society.
ESSENTIALISM
Philosophy
• The basic idea is that there are certain essentials that all men ought to know.
• Individuals should be able to distinguish between the essentials and non-
essentials in one’s existence.
Goals
• To promote the intellectual growth of the individual learners.
Methods
• Deductive method.
• Recitation
Role of Teachers
• Disciplinarian
• Provide stimulating activities for learning.

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Role of School
• The school inculcates into the minds and hearts of the students the values that
are hailed and are considered important by society.
RECONSTRUCTIONISM
Philosophy
• Believes that man to a significant degree, plans and controls his society; that in
a democratic society, this should be done in the public interest.
Goals
• Quest for better society
• Conscious of students’s role in nation-building
Methods
• Focus/conference
• Problem-solving method
Role of Teachers
• Teacher serves as an agent of change and reform in order to help the students
become aware of problems confronting mankind.
Role of School
• School adapts approaches that seek a variety of methods to make education
more responsive to human/social needs.
BEHAVIORISM
Philosophy
• Believes that human beings are shaped entirely by their external environment.
If you alter a person’s environment, you will alter his or her thoughts, feelings,
and behavior.
Methods
• The system is based on rewards and punishments. If teachers provide positive
reinforcement, or rewards, whenever students perform a desired behavior, they
will learn to perform the behavior on their own. The same concept applies to
punishments.

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PRACTICE TEST QUESTIONS

Practice Test: Read each question carefully. Choost the letter which corresponds
to the best answer for each question.

1. John Dewey’s major contribution to the sociological foundations of education

which are still very much recognized today are the following EXCEPT ONE.

A. <True education= is transmission of knowledge.

B. Education is a social process beginning unconsciously at birth.

C. School is a continuation of home; activities at home continue at school.

D. Facilitating education means being aware of the social condition of the child.

2. Principal A tells his teachers to employ more cooperative learning to help

students develop social virtues like cooperation. Which philosophy governs
Principal A’s thinking?

A. Essentialism C. Existentialism

B. Perennialism D. Progressivism

3. Teacher A is convinced that she should teach her students to appreciate

themselves for who they are and to accept the responsibility for their thoughts,
feelings and actions. Which philosophy governs Teacher A’s thought?

A. Existentialism C. Perennialism

B. Realism D. Naturalism

4. Which group of philosophers has opposite views from rationalists?

A. Empiricists C. Naturalists

B. Existentialist D. Idealist

5. You regard the classroom as a small democracy where you help your children
live the democratic way of life. To which educational philosophy do you
adhere?

A. Reconstructionism C. Existentialism

B. Progressivism D. Realism

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6. Education entrepreneurs are beginning to realize the significance of preschool

education in terms of their influence to later training. Hence, they try to make
learning as meaningful to the learner as possible. Whose philosophy of
education is most apt in this particular situation?

A. Plato’s C. Emmanuel Kant’s

B. Aritotle’s D. John Dewey’s

7. Teacher R asserts that he needs to make his students get interested in the
subject whether they like it or not or may not get interested at all. This is more
the thinking of a/an _____.

A. reconstructionist C. perennialist

B. essentialist D. behaviorist

8. <Specialization is knowing more and more about less and less.= Then it is
better to be generalist, claims Teacher Rita. On which philosophy does Teacher
Rita lean?

A. Essentialism C. Perennialism

B. Progressivism D. Existentialism

9. Which philosophy emphasizes the authority of the teachers and the value of
subject matter curriculum?

A. Essentialism C. Perennialism

B. Idealism D. Realism

10. Which emphasized on non-violence as the path to true peace as discussed in

peace education?

A. Confucianism C. Shintoism

B. Hinduism D. Taoism

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