89o

ialall llai ud

(agwaaa a)
210 a l ;

() laiall (.) laill ase oy e de yuiay (li) inall isail s4 (ipiall alai 2à))

HCIO4 +H,O H,O)+ CIO4(a0) ( HCIO40 H,O Hw)t CIO (m

HF (00) t CN (a9 F (aq) t+ HCNqay (a
Zne)+4H,O0 Zn(H,0)1 (
S i l l igiall (HA HX HY HZ ) 4alayl ájaall gayasll JlLal ilal aelill
ij-T
Ka a lel agil yaaal j (A < Z < X < Y) S 4i

HX ( HY ( HZ(
HA
HSO3 HCOO ( H,CO (
HS
sCsHsNHCI Lll C5HN %ac lll i Sili Jslaall di I

CsHNH ( CsH,NH ( CH,NH ( CHNH

Jgla-o
gl(i J) JslaallS ds /Js(").xo) NO; s l s i i HNO J
xo
ACHNH2 NHA" Jeliilgi-1
CHNH NH3 ( NH3 CHNH,((
CH,NH NH4 ( CH,NH NH (
slgall ga dsll Xilaa Sl. CIO alel H,0 .Ll l - Y

NH3( OH ( NH: CsH,N

clis HCOONa suall l i l i

Ka caale 134()Jlsaa pH i i i ds/ë(1A) dpal

, fE (
 (') o/4il) aia

(Y11. 4) aliill je al jal lic

Jsla
53c / a (,V x -kw)J Lle
aU *1.xo=[H,0] A

HD ( HC ( B(
=pH B
H D Jl NaD l i alsl, ülal -1
VU*)xY=[OH1 HC
[OH ás (
=pH HD [HD) ( pH AA l i (c

g d pH is i ai/Js (, :) jsiB Jsa-11

4,T ( A,T(
S l Lagl NaD NaC n l l s l a a ilial a a l l ilall -1Y

NaC Jglsl pH aa ja Sl NaD Jsla pH i (

NaC Jsiyei il NaD dgl{()
se NaC Jsa Anay áuaas NaD Jla (z
HC Jsid Ka is j si HD J l Ka is (

NgHA Usld pH i r di CH,NH2 Jslal pH s (

CHNH" l s i [ NaHs"1 (
CH NH2 da lil Jaasl jn ssi N,H4 dsls l Ja ()
laal yluia [ OH 1(

KCIO4 NaCN ( NH CI
:LaA NaOClLll jusll iac ill uaal -1o
HOCI NaOH HOCI Na (z HCI NaOH (+ HCI Nao (

e l ë ie U i (

l alela ic Ujis (
Jslallale lü ie az» (a
 () o/tn Aaáal
4i Cale 5à «4sLsa a il uli JSe l4aaa Cd Cr Ni :Mg llal s l

Cd Cr Ni ) cjlall a icsias iila MgSO4 Uslas das i s

.Cr l iejiaa iila 4Sas Ka Y, Ni JSill ila CdSO4 Jslaa dai S
HCI iiäsli ysgnell iaa a Cd .Cr Ni Mg jlail Jeli aie sJulljle

(11 1A1v) láill je aldel elulaal uyoli

Cr/Cd ( Cr/Mg (a Ni/M Ni/Cd(

Cr li Jhisl hi llaial -}A
Cr M Ha( Cd(

NPCd <Cr2* < Mg* (

Mg2Ca2<Cr< Ni* (
N < Cr2< Cd <Mg (
Mg <Cr < Cd" < NF{()

g i s l LilS (1+) (

Al +NO3 AIO + NH

X là oles à HCl as bis jSa(

ja
X hi »las jpailgill ja iai (-

l Ji Jale X(
.. l aia
 (1) / iaial

Je lill

A+B B*+A ,YV+ g (B/CC)

+( A+ (
C2+A A +C ,1A+

2H+C
o+ ( ,r
C*+H2
H2( E) B( A

Y/H( YC ( Y/B Y/A

s l ilusli jlë ima ilya iay ie CO+ NO20) COg) +NO I Jelal Caa-Y1

J Lil e al ( cO s Ja (+
olisl dyial sLl Uaall i ilaia e X+ Y
alayi Jelkal

IX] IY]

1-x , , ,

x 1,TY|

x A,A
'YIX]k=G TX]k=
TYIX]k= (
gs (T) iyail (NU) Y slll iss-Y
(
A Y l Jalgal sL delil Xsslal Jlk -T
X ssLall l ieju aslj (
JLill slalil sc slj (a
sl le
as la inu iyla ia ie A 40KJ
+
B:ialiiyi Jelil-T

. Aualäl daial
 () /asil iaial
lall ie y a àe A sslll jss l iaieaà A Balial Jeli-TY

s k Jelil ieu Cyb i á i/Us ( , ) s d y a l A sslall jSs S 13js4

x11 ( XA (
Jelall Ae y Aai cik lilà áins ila p ie CH,CHO +CH4 + CO :Jll &a =rT

s ( U ) [CH,CHO] jSsi aJs x1 =Jelil icjag édsal S". xY,o =k

:2ABA,+B2 dell Lill ázall els i gil JK-TE

A...B..A...B ( B..B...A...A (1

Á...B
slalla l ciale 1f äina i a aya sic A +B+2C+ 40KJ a y I Jel

U ss (1.) Jia Jeall ahnl 2al Ciaisi JelLileleg e l l Jalll

(TA Y r i ro ) aljáall e el slaslaale Lie

.( .(

A(

Y.( Y.(

( r.

... s l 4aial
 () o/wsul aiall

( ) Al js s s a l

a l Je l l d e ( l l laslaill ac(

ljall s a l ilLll L i ( Jelicll layl 4s(

ds As( A ) l Jell i l l s li} 2AB+ 50KJA + B aliyi Jelkii

( 1) UÁil ce al Us sis (1V.) htiall sinalla lh,

Ua sis (o.) Jil AH ( ds ss (.) * si AH (

d sis (1Y.) s l tiall anal ay l (t

V.( .(

QH
Jel (A) gsanll S l iia-ir
Ni
A +H CH CHCH

CH,CH,OCH, ( CH,CCH E CH,CH,CHO ( CH,CH,CH,OH (

QH
Syall CH,CH,CHCH; Jsitist Sall a s ilglas i l enelil lil-i
CH,CH,CH,CH,CI S-
iLa iia -sb ( l J i i l -st(l
3ala i s -Jla ( st ila-Jlai (

CHCHO JutyI S ja CH,COH i y l Jaas aail ilillalesalal-io

HSO, ( HKCr-0 e) PCC ( KOH (
..
Aalall 4aisl i4
 (') 0/plull iaial
l sLsall al elaáiul iaaly ögaá CH,CH,CH,CH,OH Ji Sall a jK-i1

CH,CH,CH,CH,C(( CH,CH,CH=CH2 (
OH
CH,CH,CH,OCH, ( CH,CH,CHCH (

CH,CH,CH,CHO ( CH,CH,CH,CH,OH (
OH OH
CH,CH,CCH () CH,CH,CHCH; (a
CH3

KCr,O,/H OH 1) Na
CHCHCH
2) CHCI

C A Syall iilill iial-{A

CH,CH,CH,OCH3 ( CHCH,CCH, (
CH,OCHCH( CH,CH,OCH,CH (
CH3
BSall ailillii -4

CH,CH,OCH ( CH,CH,CHo (E CH,CCH CH,CH,COOH (

Csyall dlillia-o.
CH CH,COOH ( CH,CH-CHa (aCH,CH,CH,OH ( CH,CH,OCH, (