I.

NTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES

FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSJDE DIMENSIONS
p = DESJGN PRESSURE OR MAX. ALLOWABLE WORKJNG PRESSURE PSI 11ESIGN DATA :
S = STRESS VALUE OF MATERIAL,I'SI.,I'AGE 131. 1' = 100 I'SI . DESIG N I' RESSURE
S = 17500 I'S I. STRii$ S VAL UF. OF SA S 1 S . 70 PI.ATF. (?) 65 0 ° F
E = JOINT EFFICJENCY, PAGE 118. E = O.t!S 1" ' 1-ll'IENCY O F SI' OT- EXA IIN I: O JUIN TS O F SH I:.L L ANO HI:: MJS. liEAD
R = INSIOE RADJUS, INCHES TO SHELL
E = 1.0 JOINT EFFJCIENCY OF SEAMLESS HEADS
D = JNSIDE DIAMETER, JNCHES R = 48 JNCHF.S JNSJDE RADIUS } IN CORRO DF.D CO N DJTJON G REATER
t = WALL THICKNESS, JNCHES D = 96 INCHES JNSIDE DIAMF.TER WITii THF.: CORROS ION ALLOWANCE
C.A.= CORROSJON ALLOWANCE, JNCHES 1 = REQUJRF.D WALL THICKNESS, JNCHES
C.A. = 0.125 INCHESCORROSION ALLOWANCE
A
CYLINDRICAL SHELL (LONG SEAMJ 1 SEE DESIGN DATA AUOVE SEF.: DESIGN DATA A UOVE
Decermine che req uired chic kness , Determine th e m:nimum all owa ble working
t or 3 shell pressure,P for 0.500 in. chick shell when lhe
t PR SE t 100x48.12S
vesse l is 1n new condition.
1 1 t =
~--!?
1 = 0 .325 in.
SE-0.6P P= R+0.6t 17500 X 0.85-0.6 100

~
X

+-·+-·
\-"\. w l. Usually lhe slress in lhe long seam is govern ing. Seo
+ C.A. 0.12Sin.
p = 17 500 ~ 0. 85 X 0. 500
48 + 0. 6 X 0. 500
= IS4PSJ.

preceding page. 0.450 in.

2. When che wall lhickness exceeds one half of che inside Use: 0.500 in. plale
radius or P exceeds 0.385 SE, lhe formulas given in
che Code UA 2 shall be applied.

B SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE SEE DESIGN DATA ABOYE
The hea d furn ished wichoul slra lghc Oange. Delerm ine the maximu m allow able work lng

.. ó
~~
.,.
-· .. . -·· - t-
PR
· -: 2SE-0.2P ...
p 2SE t
R+0.2t
Dete rmine l he req ui red lh ick ness,l of "
hemispherical head.

1 =2 X JOOx48.12S
17500 X 0.85-0.2 X 100 : 0 · 162 in.
pressure,P for 0.3125 in. thlck head, when
it is in new co ndition .

·p--;, 2 'x J7500x0.8Sx0.312S

48 + 0.2 X 0.JJ25
= J93PS I.

i R f
l. For heads wilhoul a scraighl nange, use che effi<iency
or Che head lo shell joinc if il is less'than che efficiency
o( lhe seams in che head.
+C.A.

2. When che wall thickness exceeds 0.356 R nr P exceeds .287 in.

0.665 SE, che formul3s given in lhe Code UA. J. shall
be applíed. Use 0.3125 in. MIN. THK. HEAD

e 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD SEE DESIGN DATA ABOYE SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE
Determine the required lhickness of a seam- Delermine the maximum allowable working
less ellipsoidal head. pressure, P for 0.275 in. chic k, seamless head
PD 2SEt

~Jlf
when it is in corroded condilion.
t= 2SE-0.2P P= 0+0.2t 100x96.2S
= 2 X 17500 X 1.0-0.2 X 100 : 0 ' 275 in. p 2 X17500 X 1.0 X 0.275
96.2 S+ 0.2 x 0.275
= 100 PSI.

[ D l. l'or dlipsoida l h c.u.Js . w h!! r.: th c r.tti u of lht: nuJn r +C.A. 0.125 in.
anc.J minnr axis ís n l hc:r l h.tn 2: l. scc C u le UA 4( (.' )
0.400 in.

Use 0.4375 in . MI N. TH K, HEAD

 INTERNAL PRESSURE EXAIYIPLES
FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENSIONS
p OESIGN PRESSURE OR MAX. ALLOWABLE WORKING I'RESSURE PSI. DI::SIGN DATA:
S
" ST RESS VALUE OF MATERIAL PSI . PAGE 131.
" 1' = 100 PSI. design pressure
E
" JOI NT EFFJCIENCY, PAGE 118. S = 17500 PSI. slress value or SA S 1S • 70 plale @ 6S0° F
R = INSIOE RADI US, INCHES E = 0.85, efficiency or spot examined join iS
o " INSIOE OIAMETE R, INCHES F. =
R =
1.00, joint erficie ncy or seamless heads
Ot 48 inchn lnside radius } in corroded condilio n gres ler
L
" OINSIOE
NE HALF OF THE JNCLUDEO (APEX) ANGLE, DEGREES
RADIUS OF OJSH , INCHES o " 96 inch es inslde d lameler with l he corrosio n allowance
"
r = JNSIOE KNUCKLE RADJUS, INCHES
Q = 30° o ne hal r or 1he apex angle
L = 96 inches lnside radius or d ish
1
" WALL THICKNESS, INCHES
C. A. " CO R ROSION ALLOWANCE, INCHES
1 = Rcq uired wall lhickness inches
C. A. = 0. 125 lnches corrosion allowance
D SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE SEE OES1GN DATA ABOVE
CONE ANO CONICAL SECTION
cos 30° = 0.866 Determine lhe maximum allowable workin&
pressure P ror o.soo in. thlck cone, when

r~~
Delcrmine lhe required th ickncss t ora cone
PD p 2SEtcos a the vessel is in new condltlon.
t

4=~~
2 cosa (SE-0.6P) D+ 1.2t cosa 1= t00 x96.25 =0 _375 in. P= 2 X 17500 X 0.85 X 0.500 X 0.866" 133 PSI.
2x0.866 ( 17500x0.8S·0.6x 1 00)
96 + 1.2 X 0.500 X 0.866

1· ~ l t J. The halfapex angle, Ot no l grealer lh a n 30° +c. -A. 0.125 in.

0.500 in.

Us~ 0.500 in . lhic k plal e

E ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE SEE OESIGN DATA ABOVE
(TORISI'HERICAL HEAD)
...,, =
16 2/3
Determine l he muimum allowable wor kin&
Whe n "L¡, = 16 2/3 D~l~rmine lhc r~quired thickness t or a
pressure P for a 0.6875 lhick seamlcss h ead,
s~oml~ss ASM F. n•n~ed 3nd dished hu d.
when the vessc1 is in new condilion.
J
~-- i -~ 0.885PL SEt .. _;.0:;:
.8:_::8:.::5,:x:....:..lO;;.O::....:.;x..,;9:..:6:.:.·:.:12:.;S:___ =
0.486 in. p = 17S00 X 1.0 X 0.6875 = 141 PSI.

~/¡y¡¡Jmi~
t 17SOO ~ 1.0- 0.1!'1 100
P= 0.885L+O.lt 0.88S X 96 + 0.1 X 0.6875
SE-0.1P +C. A. 0.125 in.

ti
L·
o . When Llr less th an
'

16 213
Use: 0.625 in . min. lhick hud

S EE Ot::SIGN DATA ABOVE

0.611 in.
SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE
\ Knuc kle t3dius r = 6 in. L¡, ::a = 16 '11 Knuc kle radius r "' 6 in. L¡,-
M = l. 7 S fr om table
Y= 16
M = 1.75 fr o m toble ·
PLM Dclcrmi nc lhc r~ qu i rc d thic k ness t or a Delerm ine t h ~ max imu m allowa bl e wor kin&
. t P= _ 2SEt seam less ASMF. n anged an d d ished he3d. pressure P for a 0.481 in. thic k seaml ess
2SE-0.2P LM+0.2t l :. 100 X 96.125 X 1.75 : 0. 481 in. h ea d whe n lh e vessel is in co rroded
2 X 17500- 0.2 X 100 cond itinn.
+C. A. O.llS in.
VALUES OF FACTOR "M" p = 2 X 17S OO X 1.0 X 0.481 - 100 PSI.
Us~ 0.62S in. m in. th ic:k h ead 0.606 in. 96.JlS X 1.75 + 0.2 X 0.481
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4 .50 5.50 6.50
L¡, 1.25 1.75 2.2 5 2.75 3.25 4.00 5.00 6.00
1.00 1.06 1.1 0 1. 15 1. 18 1.22 1.28 1.34 1.39
.
M NOTE: 1. In the exam ple.calculatlons for ellipsoidal and n anse d & dished heads ls assu med
11.03 1.08 1.13 1. 17 1.20 1.25 1.31 1.36 tha l lhe head to shell join t if fu lly radiosraphed. See table on pase 120.
7.00 8.00 9.00 10.0 11 .0 12.0 14.0 16.0
L¡, 7.50 8. 50 9.50 10.5 11.5 13.0 15.0 16t l . When the ratio of L/r is greater lhan 16 2/3, ( non.Code construc tion) t he values
of M may be calculated by t he fo rmula : M= I/4(J+'{[iij
1.41 1.46 1.50 1.54 1.58 1.62 1.69 1.75
.M 1.44 1.48 1.52 1.56
THF. MAX IMU M ALLOWEI> RATIO : L = O+ 2t
1.60 1.65 1.72 1 77
( !~>~ ~ n u te: l un f;ad n _.: ('l' a }.! c )
1
 EXTERNALPRESSURE EXAMPLES
FORMULAS
NOTATION
P = Externa) design pressure, psig. DESIGN DATA
Pa = Maximum allowable working pressure, psig. P '" IS psls. externa! design pressure
Do = Outside diameter, in.
L =
Length of a vessel section, taken as the largest of the following: inches Do = 96 in. outside diatmeter of the sheU
(see figures A and B) Length of the ~essel from tangent line to tangent line: 48 ft. O in.= 576 in.
l. Distance between the tangent lines of the heads plus one third of the Heads 2:1 ellipsoidal
depth of the heads if stiffening rings are not used. Material of shell SA- 285 C pi ate
2. The greatest distance between any two adjacent stiffener rings. Temperature 500° F
3. The distance from the center of the first stiffening ring to the head
tangent line plus one third of the depth of the head. E = Modulus of elasticity of material, 27,000,000 psi. @ SOO °F (se e chart
t = Minimum required wall thickness, in. on page 39)

A. CYLINDRICAL SHELL
Seamless or with Longitudinal Butt Joints Determine the required shell thickness.
When D0 /t equal to or greater than 1O Assume a shell thickness: t = 0.50 in. (see page 41)
the maximum allowable pressure: Length L = 592 in. (length of shell 576 in. and one third of the depth of
11
48 heads 16 in.)
Do P 11
3(D0 /t)
L/D0 = 592/96 = 6.17 D0 /t = 96/0.5 = 192
The value of 8 shall be determined by lhe fol-
lowing procedure: A=0.00007 from chart (page 38)determined by the procedure described on
l. Assume a value for t; (See pages 41-43) the facing page.
Determine L/D0 and D0 /t. Since the value of A is falling to lhe left of the applicable temperature-linc
2. Enter Fig. UG0-28.0 (Page 38) al lhe value in Fig. UCS-28.2 (page 39),
of L/D0 • En ter at 50 when L/D 0 is grealer P3 = 2AE/3(D0 /t) = 2 x 0.00007 x 27,000,000/3 X 192 = 6.56 psi.
than 50.
- · ···vt;SSEL 3. Move horizontally lo lhe line represenling
WITHOUT STIFFENJNG RJNG D0 /t. From lhe poinl of inlersection move · Since lhe maximum allowable pressure Pa is smaller lhan lhe design pressure
vertically lo determine the value of factor A. P, stiffening rings shall be provided.
B. 4. Enter Fig. UCS-28.2 (Page 39) al lhe value Using 2 sliffening rings equally spaced between the tange nl lines of the heads,
of A. Move vertically lo the applicable tem- =
Lenglh of one vesse1 section, L 200 in.(length of shell 192 in. plus one third
perature line•. of deplh of head 8 in.)
5. From the intersection move-horizontally and
read the value of B. =
L/00 200/96 2.08 = =
0 0 /t 96/0.5 =192
~:.===' l;o·-t-
. Compute the maximum allowable working pres-
sure, P3 • •00 =
A 0.00022 from chart (page 38)
Do lf the maximum allowable working pressure is
smaller than the design pressure, the design
..
e
!-
~
-
8 = 3000 from chart (page 39)
determined by the procedure described on
procedure must be repeated increasing the ves- ' facing page.
se! thickness or decreasing L by sliffening ring.
=48/3(00 /t) =4 x 3000/3 x 192 = 20.8 psi.
*For values of A fa lling to the lefl of the
applicable temperalure line, the value of P3
..
00
Pa

Since the maximum allowable pressure Pa is

can be calcula ted by lhe formul a: "Ce greater than the design pressure P, the assume d
~t---H------H-;r
2AE .!-:- thickness of shell using two stiffening rings,
.e ~ A..!:! p11 =3(D /t)0 is satisfactory .
.e
When the value of D0 /t ts less lh an 1O, lhe •-.:t
VESSEL N See pagc 36 for design of Sliffening ri ngs.
form ulas given in the Cude UG-2l:l(c)l2) shall
WITH STIFFENING RING be applicd.
 EXTERNALPRESSURE EXAMPLES
FORM\J.LAS

NOTATION
p = Externa! design pressurc psig. DES1GN DATA:
Pa = Maximum allowable working pressure psig. P = 1S psig extema1 design pressure
Do = Outside diameter of the head, in. D0 = 96 inches outside diameter of head
R = lnside radius of sphere or hemispherical head, 0.9 0 0 for ellipsoidal Ma terial of the head SA-28SC plate
heads, inside crown radius of flanged and dished heads, in. SQQOf design temperature
t = Minimum required wall thickness, inches.
E = Modulus of elasticity of material , psi. (page 39)
SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD Determine the required head thickness.
The maximum B SEE DES1GN DATA ABOYE
allowable pressure: P, =(R/t) Assume a head thickness: t = 0.25 in. R = 47.75 in.
The value of B shall be determined by the following
A= 0.125/(47.75/0.25) = 0.00065
procedure:

r '
-'- l. Assume the value for t and calculate the value of
1 A using the formula: A=0.12S/(R/t).(see page 41)
1 2. Enter Fig. UCS-28.2 at the value of A. Move ver-
tícal\y to the app\icab\e temperature \íne.•
3. From the intersection move horizontally and read
t
R R 1' the vatue of B.
Do •For values of A falling to the left of the appli-
cable temperature line, the value of P8 can be cal-
culated by the formula: P3 =0.062SE/(Rt) 2.
lf the maximum allowable working pressure Pa com-
puted by the formula above, is smaller than the design
pressure, a greater value for t must be selected and
the design procedure repeated.
2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD
The required thickness sh~l be the greater of the
From Fig. UCS-28.2 (page 39) B = 8500 determined by the procedure
described on the facing page.
Pa~ 8500/(47.75/0.25} = 44.5 psi.
Since the maximum allowable working pressure Pa is exceedingly greater than
the design pressure P, a lesser thickne.ss would be satisfactory.
For a second trial, assume a head thickness: t = 0.1875 in.
R = 47.8125 in.
A=:= 0.125/(47.8125/0.1875) = 0.0005 ...
= = =
B = 6700, from chart (page 39), Pá B/(R/t} 6700/255 26.2 psi.
=
The assumed thickness: t 0.1875 in. is satisfactory.
SEE DESIGN DATA ABOYE. Procedure (2.)

~
following thicknesses. Assume a head thickness: t =0.3125 in.. R =0.9 x 96 = 86.4 in.
(1) The tlúck.ness as computed by the formulas A = 0.125/(86.4/0.3125) = 0.00045

·t r .1 given for interna\ pressure using a design pres-

sure 1.67 times the externa! pressure and joint
efficiency E=l.OO.
(2) The thick.ness proofed by formula P3 =B/(R/t)
where R=0.9 D0 , and B to be determined as for
sphere .
B= 6100 from chart(page 39), Pa = B/{R/t} = 6100/276 = 22.1 psi.

Since the maximum allowable pressure Pa is greater than the design pressure
P, the assumed thickness is satisfactory.

.ASME FLANGED ANO DISHED HEAD SEE DESIGN DATA ABOYE. Procedure (2.)
r ~~ ~ (TORISPHERICAL HEAD)
Assume a head thickness: t = 0.3125 in., R = Do= 96 in.

,.. ~ }/ The required thickness and maximum allowable pres-

sure shall be computed by the procedures given for
eUipsoidal heads. (See above) R maximum=Do.
Do
A= 0.125/(96/0.3125) = 0.00q4
=
B = 5200 from chart (page 39}, Pa =B/(R/t) =5200/307 16.93 psi.
Sincc the maximum allowable pressure P3 is greater than the design pressure
P, the assumed thickness is satisfactory.
 EXTERNAL PRESSURE
FORMULAS
NOTATIONS
P "' Externel deslsn pressure, psi.
P1 ., Maxlmllm allo-ble worklns pressure, psi
t '" Mlnlmum requlred -n thlckneu, In.
Q = One·hatr or the lncluded (apex) anste. desrees
E Modulus of eJastlclty of material, psi. (pase 39)
CONE
L JO the maximum allowable pressure:
1 48
WHEN Q EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN 22 1/2°
L = As shown , or the dlstance between the
centen of the stlffenlns rlnp.
[\, = Outslde dlameter at the larse end of
the cone or seetlon belween stlffenlns
rinp .
WHEN a IS GREATER THAN 22 1f2o
AND NOT MORE THAN 60°
L The least of either the dist ance between
the eenten of stlffenlns rinp (lf used) or
the larsest lnslde dlameter or the section
or cone considerad;
[\, e The larsest outslde dlameter of the cone.
WHEN Q IS GREATER THAN 60°
EXAMPLES
DESIGN DATA
P = 15 psi externa! design pressure
Material of the cone SA 285-C plate
500 F design temperature
ANo CONICAL SECfiON
Seamless or with Butt J oin ls
CONICAL HEAD
When 0 0 / 1 equal lo or greater than
D0 = 96 in. a = 22.5 degrees
Determine the required thickness, t.
=3(D =
Length L = (D0 /2)/tana 48/0.4142 = 116 in.
p11 0
/t) =
Assume a head thickness: t 0.315 in.
The values of 8 shall h~ delermined
by the following proce dure:
=
L/D0 = 116/96 1.21 D0 /t = 96/0.375 = 256
A= 0.00029 from chart (page 38)
J. Assume a value for 1; (see char ls B = 3600 from chart (page 39) determined by the procedure described on
on pages 4J-43) Determine L/00 the facing page.
and 0 0 {1.
Pa = 48/3{D0 /t) =4 x 3600/3 x 256 = 18.75 psi.
l . Ent er Fig. UGO·l8 (page 38) al
the value of L/0 0 • Enter al SO
Since the maximum allowable pressure P3 is greater than the design pressure
P, the assumed thickness is satisfactory.
when L/Do ls greater t han so.
J. Move horizon tally tn lhe line rep·
resenling 0 0 {1. F'rnm t he point
nf in lerseclion move verl ically lo CONICAL SECTION (Reducer) See design data above.
determine the value of fac tor A.
. ·--b~ ;, 144 inches which is reduced to a~ ou·t~ld~ .diameter
4. Enter Fi¡:. UCS·28.2 ( page 39) al
the value of A. Move vertical! y to
of 96 inches a = 30 degrees
the applicable lempera lure line•. Determine the required thickness, t.
S. Fro m the intersect io n move hnri· Assume a thickness: t = 0.315 in.
zon tall y and read l he vaJues of 8.
Compu te the .noximum allowabJe
workin g pressure , P3 •
tf the maximum allow·dble working
n Length L = 24/tan 30o = 24/0.5773 = 41.6 in.
=
L/D0 41 .6/144 = 0.29
D0 /t = 144/0.375 = 384
pressu re is smaller !han lhe design
pressure, the design procedure must
be repeated increasin¡: the· vessel
thickne5.• or decreasin ~ l. hy sl iffen·
lng ring.
/i'SJ 1
A= 0.00065 from chart (page 38)
B = 8500 from chart (page 39)
determined by the procedure described on
the facing page.
•For valoes of A fallin g In lhe 24. 144-96
l
ld t of the applicable lemperalure Pa = 48/3{D0 /t) = 4 x 8500/3 x 384 = 29.5 psi.
Do •J44
line, the value of Pa can be calco·
Jate d by the formula :
P1 =2AE/3(D0 /t) Since the maximum allowable pressure Pa is greater than the design pressure
P, the assumed thickness is satisfactory.
T he thickness of lhe cone shall be
t he same as required for a n at head
under ex terna! prnsure , the diame ter EXAMPLES FOR CONICAL HEAD, WHEN Q IS GREATER TiiAN 60°
of which equaJs lhe lar¡:est outside ARE GIVEN AT FLAT HEADS
diam~t e r of the cone.
 EXTERNALPRESSURE
DESIGN OF STIFFENING RINGS
EXAMPLES
NOTATION DESIGN DATA:
A = Factor determined from the chart (pagc 38) for the material used
in the stiffening ring. P = 15 psi. , externa! design pressure.
As = Cross sectiona1 area of the stiffening rLng, sq. in. 00 = 96 in., outside diameter oC the shell.
Do = Outside diameter of shell, in. Length oC the vessel from tangent line to tangent line: 48 ft. O in. = 576 in.
E = Modulus of e1asticity of material, (see chart on page 39) Heads 2: 1 ellipsoidal
1s = Required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring about its neutral Material oC the stiffening ring SA - 36
axis parallel to the axis of the shell, in.4 Temperature 5QQO F
l's = Requ ired moment of inertia of the stiffcning ring combined with E = Modulus or e1asticity or material, 27 ,000,000 psi. @ 500 °F (see chart
the shell section which is taken as contributing to the moment of on page 39)
inertia. The width of the shell section 1.1 OVD0 /t, in~ t = 0.500 in. thickness or shell
Ls = The sum of one-half of the distances on both sides ~f the stiffening
ring from the centerline of the ring to the ( 1) next stiffening ring,
(2) to the head line at 1/3 dcpth, or (3) toa jacket connection .. in. Determine the required moment of
P = Externa! design pressure, psi. inertia of the stiffening rings.
t = Mínimum required wall thickness of shell, in. 96"
Using 2 stiffening rings symmetrica\ly
located as shown:
The required moment of inertia of a circumferential stiffening ring shall not One half of the distance between the
be less than determined by one of thc following formulas:
center of rings 96 in .
l ,_ Dn2 L,(t+A,fL,)A l _ D..~L,(t+A,/L,)A o. One half of the distance to 1/3 of
•- 10.9 .- 14 depth ofhead 100 in.
-e ] :~
--·-- f-·'
The moment.()f inertia of a.-stiffening ring shall be.determined by the -e -
~
' Then Ls == 196 in .
following procedure:
l. Select a stiffening ring and determine its cross sectional area As and
.
¡!:
e:
o o
~

11
Select an angle of 6 x 4 x 5/16
The cross sectional area of angle
¡!:
moment of inertia 1 ' ~----~-·-e .:f =
As 3.03 sq. in.
Calculate factor 8: 8=3/4[ PDo ]
t + As/Ls]
o. -
óo
~
The mowent of inertiaof the angle
11.4 in.
~
'
2. Enter the chart (page 39) at the value of 8 • o B"' 3/4 [PD0 / ( t +As/Ls )] =
3. Move horizontally to the material/temperature line for the design '
temperature. -
~
3/4~5x96/(0.5+3.03/196B = 2095
4. From this intersection move vertically to the bottom of the chart and
Since the value of 8 is less than 2500
read the value of A.
in chart (page 39), A = 28/E =
S. Compute the value of the required moment of inertia ls and rs by the
formulas g~ven above.
2 X 2095/27,000,000 =0.00015
lf the moment of inertia of the ring or the ring combincd with the shell 1 _lDti2L,(t + A/LI)A]- 96 1 X 196 X (0.5 + 3.03 /196) X 0.00015 ~¡.{~
section is greater than the required moment of inertia. the stiffening of the 1 14 - 14 =9.97 pst.
shell is satisfactory. Otherwise stiffening ring with largcr moment or inertia
must be se1ected, or the number of rings sha\l be incrised. Since the required moment of inertia (9.98 in. 4 ) is smaller than the
• 1f the value of 8 is less than 2500. calculate thc value of A by the moment of inertia of the selected angle (11.4 in .4 ) the vessel is ad-
formula: A= 28/E equately stiffened.
Stiffening ring for jackcted vessel : Code UG-~9 (1)
 PROPERTIES OF 1\IATERIALS PROPERTI ES OF MATERIAL (con t.)
eA,RBON & LOW ALLOY STEEL *
Specification Spec1 fication p Tensile Yield Se e
Form · Nominal Form
eomposition APPLieATION Number Strength Point Notes
Number Grade Number Grade 1,000 psi. 1,000 psi .
SA-283 e Structural ~uality. For pressure vessel SA-283 e 1 55 .0 30.0 1
may be use with limitatJOns se e note : 1
SA-285 e Boilers for stationary service and other SA-285 e 1 55.0 30.0 2,6
pressure vcssels
SA-515 55 1 55.0 30.0 3
e- si SA-515 55 Primarily for intermediate and high
tcmperature service SA-515 60 1 60.0 32.0 3
., e -Si SA-515 60 -
.- UJ
SA-515 65
- . -
~ 1- 1 65.0 35.0 3
e: e- Si SA-515 65
<
...J

- . -
Q.. SA-515 70 1 70 .0 38 .0 3
e- Si SA-515 70
SA-516 55 1 55 .0 30.0 3
e- Si SA-516 55 For moderate and lower temperature
service SA-516 60 1 60.0 32.0 3,8
e- Si SA-516 60 - .. - SA-516 65 1 65.0 35.0
e -Si SA-516 65 - .- 3

- .. -
SA-516 70 1 70.0 38 .0 3
e- Si SA-516 70
UJ ~
SA-105 1 70.0 36.0 2,3
~.5 SA-105 For high temperature service <.:> 0 z
e:-
·¡:¡:LL. -- · ·- ....
~::::
SA-181.- 1 For general service ~zf:
...J ·< -
SA-181 1 1 60.0 30.0 2,3
(.1., t.:. LF1 60.0 30.0
"C LFI SA-350 1 -
...
e: SA-350
LF2
For low temperature servico: LF2 70.0 36.0

...c.. SA-53 B For general service ~t.t.l

-c.
SA-53 B 1 60.0 35 .0 2,3,4,7
e-
0: SA-106 B For high temperature service .,
¡¡c. SA-106 B l 60.0 35 .0 3

Ier-1/5 Mo. SA-193 87 For hif,h temperature service (.)

z
SA-193 L37 - 125 .0 105 .0 DIM1. á 2W' -
C() Bolt 2~ in. d1am. or less
.§ ¡:: SA-194 2H - 55.0 - -
...J
o
c::Q
SA-194 2H For high temperature service nut oc::Q
SA-307 B Machine bolt for general use
SA-307 B - 55 .0 - 5

• Data of the most frcc¡ucntly used materials from ASME Code Scction 11 and Vlll.
 PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL (cont.) PROPERTlES OF MATERlALS eARBON & LOW ALLOY STEF.L
~bximum Allowable Stress Values in Tension 1000 psi. •

NOTES: Spccitication For Metal Temperaturl' Not Exceedin~ Deg. F.

· 2010
Number Grade 650 700 7SO 800 850 900 950 lOSO 1100 liSO 1200
l. SA-283 e plate may be used for pressure parts in pressure vessels provided
all of the following requirements are met: SA-283 e 12.7 - - - - - - - - - -
(1) The vessels are not used to contain lethal substances, either liquid SA-285 e 13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 8.4 6.5 - - - - -
or gaseous;
(2) The material is not used in the construction of untired steam
SA-515 55 13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 8.4 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
boilers (see Par. U-1 (g)); SA-515 60 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
(3) The design temperature at which the material is used in between SA-515 65 16.3 15.5 13.9 11.4 9.0 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
-20 F and 650 F;
SA-515 70 17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
{4) For shells, heads, and nozzles only the thickness of plates on
which strength welding is applied does not exceed 5/8 in.; SA-516 55 13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 8.4 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
(5) The steel is manufactured by the electric furnace or open hearth SA-516 60 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 . - -
process, or by the basic oxygen process. SA-516 65 16.3 15.5 13.9 11.4 9.0 6.5 4.5 2.5 . - .
2. For service temperatures above 850 F it is recommended that killed steels SA-516 70 17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.5 - . .
containing not Jess than 0.10% residual silicon be used. Killed steels which
have been deoxidized with large amounts of aluminum and rimmed steels
SA-105 JI 17.5 16.6 14.7 12.0 9.2 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
may have creep and stress-rupture properties in the temperature range
above 850 F, wlúch are somewhat less than those on which the values in
SA-181 1 15.0 14.3 12.9 10.8 8.6 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
15.0
the table are based. SA-350
I:H 17.5 - - - - - - - - - -
3. Upon prolonged exposure ·to temperatures above about·800 F, the carbide -·
SA-53 8 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 - - - - -
phase of carbon steel may be converted to graphite. SA-106 8 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 - - -
4. Only k.illed steel shall be used above 850 F. SA-193 B7á2W 25.0 25.0 23.6 21.0 17.0 12.5 8.5 4.5 - - -
S. Not permitted above 450 F; allowable stress value 7000 psi.
SA-194 2H - - - - - - - - - - -
'
SA-307 8 - - - - - - - - - -
6. The material shall not be used in thicknesses above 2 in.

7. For welded pipe the maximum allowable stress values are 15% less. No
increase in these stress values shall be allowed for the performance of
radiography.

8. The stress values to be used for temperatures below -20 F when steels are
made to conform with supplement (5) SA-20 shall be those that are given
in the column for -20 to 650 F.

MODULI OF ELASTielTY OF eARBON STEEL MJLLION PSI.

AT TEMPERATURE, F
70 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
29.0 211 .7 28.2 27.6 26.8 25.9 24.5 23.0 21.0 1~.1 • Thc Stress Valucs in this tablc may be interpolated to determine values for
intermcdiate temperatures.
 Flgs. S-UCS-28.1-S-UCS-28.2 S ECTION Vfll - DIVISION 1

20.000
1 1 1 1
NOTE : See Tabl~ S-UCS -28 .1 for tabular valu~~
1 1 '· 1 1 J 18.000
~P ~~
1
to 16.000
V l L
-_
14.000
~
¡.-
~Joo~
1 1
12.000
V ¡..... ... ........ 700 F
:..- """" 10.000
1/ k--" ........ t-800 F
v ...... ,.,...
¡..--- 9,000 •
~ ....... r- 1 1
8.000
1/ ¡....- -900F
V ...... V CD

,,"
1/ 1/
,.,....

V
.......
....-:
,.,...
.,.. 7.000

6,000
.....
a:
o
u
<l
11 V V
s.ooo
E • 29.011 lO' 111 ¡..... V
E • 27.011 108 r---..
!:o.. 1 'I/ ....
E • 24 .511 106 r---..
!"--. ~ v. . .V 4,000
J.SOO
E • 22.811 106
F • 20.811 10 6
['... l?í ~ 3.000
r¡
~~ 2.SOO

~ lj
2.000
2 3456789 2 3 4 S 6 7 89 2 3456789 2 3 4 S 6789
.00001 .0001 .001 .01 .1
FACTOR A

FIG. 5-UCS-28.1 CHART FOR OETERMINJNG SHELL THICKNESS OF CYLINORICAL ANO SPHERICAL
VESSELS UNOER EXTERNAL PRESSURE WHEN CONSTRUCTEO OF CARBON OR LOW-ALLOY STEELS
CSPECIFIEO YJELO STRENGTH 24,000 psi TO, BUT NOT INCLUOING, 30,000 psi) [NOTE Cl>]

2S.OOO
! 1 1 .! 1 ·' ~ ,_,_, ·' 1 1 .1 1
NOTE : See Table S· UCS-28 .2 for tabular valu~ 1 1 _1_1
up ID 3~ ~- 20.000
soo ~- 18.000
¡....-V 11
700 F- 16.000
V
--
...... ......... ~ 1 1

- ¡......- ¡.....- 8~~- 14.000

/ ¡...-- ~ ~ 900 F

- -- -
.....-::""" 12.000
1 . ........... .......... ~
¡..... :.--- ¡.....- ¡....-V
10.000
1/ ¡...... CD
...... ¡....- 9.000
r¡ / ...... ,.,.. ¡..... ¡... a:
8.000 ~
!) . . . . / ...,...!--" u
7.000 ...<l

1/, ./ 6,000
rtJV
/¡ rtt / s.ooo
E • 29.0 • 10 6
1//, v.v
E · :n.o. 10 6
1'"--- ...... V//,
....... 4.000
E • 24.S a 10 6 ~'""-- 7/ 'f/1_ 3,500
E • 22.8 • 10 6 ........... ))
'!/' 3.000
E • 20.8 • 10 6
1 1111 r;, r7j V 1
2.SOO
7 3456789 2 3 4 S 6 789 2 34S6789 2 3 4 S 6 7 89
00001 .0001 .001 01 .1

FACTOR A

FIG. 5-UCS-28.2 CHART FOR OETERMINING SHELL THICKNESS OF CYLINORICAL ANO SPHERICAL
VESSELS UNOER EXTERNAL PRESSURE WHEN CONSTRUCTEO OF CARBON OR LOW-ALLOY STEELS
CSPECIFIEO MINIMUM YIELO STRENGTH 30,000 psi ANO OVER~ANO TYPE 405 ANO
TYPE 410 STAINLESS STEELS [NOTE C2>~
 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES IN TENSION FOR HIGH-ALLOY STEEL
(CAUTION: See UW-12 for vessels constructed under ~art UW
Maximum Allowable Stress, ksi (Multiply by 1000 to Obtain psi),
Specification for Metal Temp., °F, Not Exceeding
-20 to
Number Grade
100 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950

SA-240 304 18,8 17,8 16,6 16,2 15,9 15,9 15,9 15,9 15,5 15,2 14,9 14,7 14,4
SA-240 304L 15,7 15,7 15,3 14,7 14,4 14 13,7 13,5 13,3 13
SA-240 316 18,8 18,8 18,4 18,1 18,0 17,0 16,7 16,3 16,1 15,9 15,7 15,5 15,4
SA-240 316L 15,7 15,7 15,7 15,5 14,4 13,5 13,2 12,9 12,6 12,4 12,1
 Figs. 5-UNF-28.38-5-UHA-28.1 SECTION VIII - DIVISJON 1

25,000
1/;up,lo l f ~.
--
20.000
., 200F

- --
18,000

~ -- r-
L400F
16.000

L-- -- -- f-
1--
:- 1-- 1-'
¡.....-

~K
600 F r- 14,000

12,000

-
¡..- ' 1000 F
1---
~ ¡.-
¡..-
10.000
l/¡
9,000

e • 30.4 " 10~...._

/J/ 8,000 "'a:
e· 29.1 x 106 :-r-......;~ ~ ,, 7,000
...uo
e· 26.o" 10~~ ~~ r¡,
,, 6,000
...
e(

i'- . 5,000
111
1/1 4,000
VI 3,500
!J. 3,000
_/j V 2,500
2 3456789 2 3 456789 2 3 4 5 6789 2 3 456789
.00001 .0001 .001 .01 .1

FACTOR A

FIG. 5-UNF-28.38 CHART rOR DETERMINING SHELL THICKNESS OF CYLINDRICAL ANO SP:iERICAL
VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE WHEN CONSTRUCTED OF NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM
ALLOY, GRADE C-4

20,000
11 111 18,000
up~'lr 16,000

V
- -~-

¡, í 11
14,0ÓO
12,000

10,000
V
·v
/
-- ~ocU
r -,, 9,000

--
1
,; ./
V

.....
v
~
f-1-'
- ¡--

¡...-
900 F
........., 1,200 F
8,000
7,000

6,000
"'a:
o
1-
u

1/ /' 1-"
...
e(

5,000
JI ........
rl/ ~ /
4,000
e• 2s.o x lo&-.... ,...., lf¡ V/ ¡....
3,500
e• 25.9 " 1o& -
V
.__ E • 23.8 x lo&-.... ri, fJJ / 3.000

" 1o&........t ~'!

E • 22.4 x ~~-....
e • 20.3 2.500

11 1 ~ r¡ 2.000
2 3 4 5 6789 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 2 3 4 5 6789 2 3 4 5 6 789
.0001)1 .0001 .001 .01
FACTOR A

FIG. 5-UHA-28.1 CHART FOR DETERMINING SHELL THICKN ESS OF CYLINDRICAL ANO SPHERICAL
VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE WHEN CONSTRUCTED OF AUSTENITIC STEEL
(18Cr-8Ni, TYPE 304) [NOTE (8)]
 APPENDJX S- MANDATORY Figs. 5-UHA-28.2-5-UHA-28.3

25.000

20.000
18,000
up lO 100 f 16,000

---
-11

----- --
,4~ ,f,- 14.000
¡..- f-
'
-· -.100 F
12.000
·,
. V -~ ¡..- 1-
~

- 1-- ~
./ f1F1I
10.000
. ............ ~ ¡..-

-
1,200 F m
9.000 a:
~ / ..... V Lo-- 1- 8,000 o
1-
//~ / ~ u
7,000 ...
e(

L /~ ./ 6.000
'h /
IW_ ~ 5,000
E • 28.0 x 1o& i""'- JIJ rh
x 1()6~ r--,~/11
E
E
E
•
•
•
25.9
23.8
22.4
x 1~--t---. ~
X lo&~
W! ' 4,000
3,500
E • 20.3 • to&-.LJA V 3,000

2 3 4 5 6789
IJ 11 !lli/
2 3 4 5 6 7 89 2 3 4 5 6 7 89
2,500
2 3 " 5 6 7 á9
.00001 .0001 .OOJ .01 .1

FACTOR A

FIG. 5-UHA-28.2 CHART FOR OETERMINING SHELL THICKNESS OF CYLINDRICAL ANO SPHERICAL
VESSELS UNOER EXTERNAL PRESSURE WHEN CONSTRUCTED OF AUSTENITIC STEEL
[18Cr-8Ni-Mo, TYPE 316; 18Cr-8Ni-Ti, TYPE 321; 18Cr-8Ni-Cb, TYPE 347¡
25Cr-12Ni, TYPE 309 CTHROUGH llOO"f ONLY>; 25Cr-20Ni, TYPE 310; ANO 17Cr, TYPE 4308
STAINLESS STEEL CTHROUGH 700°F ONLY>] [NOTE (8)]

20.000
1 1 111
18,000
111 16,000
up lO 100 F
~~

.. ._- 14.000

¡_...... ¡....-
..- 12,000

10.000
.,.....r-- ¡....... _.,. 400 F
_.....
-
9.000

Ir"
_.... _..... ~600 F
800 F
8,000
m

1 !-"'"
...- ..... ..-
_..... 7,000 a:
o
1-
_.....

-.. -
6.000 u
.......... ~
...
e(

1 ¡_.......- ¡....... !-"'"

5.000
v
I!J
'(/
/,
..... .......
_..
-- 4,000

E • 28.0 X 106~ 3.500

E • 25.9 x t o& -1 ~ V
3,000

~
E • 24.5 x to&-..,
E • 23.1 x to&-J.,
2,500

1 j 1 }@ 2.000
2 3456789 2 3 456789 2 =l 456789 2 3 4 5 6789
.00001 0001 .001 .01 .1

FACTOR A

FIG. 5-UHA-28.3 CHART FOR DETERMINING SHELL THICKNESS OF CYLINORICAL ANO SPHERICAL
VESSELS UNOER EXTERNAL PRESSURE WHEN CONSTRUCTED OF AUSTENITIC STEEL
Cl8C~-8Ni-0.03 MAXIMUM CARBON, TYPE 304L [NOTE C8>]
 Figs. 5-UHA-28.4-5-UCI-28 SECTION VUI- DI VIS ION 1

20.000
1 1 1 11 18,000

----
up to 100 F
16.000
r-
14,000

.......
,..... ~ f-""
.,.....¡..-

~
:....-- -
~~ocU
1-- 4~IF
12.000

,__. 10.000
¡....-
~
,.....r--
...... ~
-
f-~
Jool Fl-
rrr
9,000

--
8,000
V V - ,..... ~"' ~¡....~
k- ...-1--
~BOOF ...
.... ,.....
l,..oo-"' 77000 a:
o
Ir 1-
.... ........ ¡....- 6,000 u
...
11
"l.
, L .... . .........
....... 5,000
e(

'1/ ,..... 4,000

E• 28.0 X lo& -..

IJ.v ' 3,500
E. 26.4 X lo&- ~ 3,000
E•
E•
24.5 • lo&....:
23.1 X lOS- ""
b~ 2,500

111 ~ 2,000
2 3 4 5 6789 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 2 3456789 2 3 456789
.00001 .0001 .001 .01 .1
FACTOR A

FIG. 5-UHA-28.4 CHART FOR OETERMINING SHELL THICKNESS OF CYLINORICAL ANO SPHERICAL
VESSELS UNOER EXTERNAL PRESSURE WHEN CONSTRUCTEO OF AUSTENITIC STEEL
Cl8Cr-8Ni-Mo-0.03 MAXIMUM CARBON, JYPES 3lól ANO 317L) [NOTE {8)]

25,000

Class 60, up to 650 F

111 20,000
18,000
c\.J so. 1 upl to1 6~l J 16,000
l. 14.000
11 das: 40, 1up 1to16~0 ~ 1

12,000

VL
il Class JO, up to 650 F
111 10,000

1
9,000 "'a:
o1-
8,000
11 V u

Class 20, up to 650 F

7,000 ...<
6,000
1
N 5,000
E• 22.0 X lo&
1/11/
E• 20.0 X lo& ,r"!V. 4,000
E• 17.5 X •OS·-IJl. V lf 1
E• 14.5 X lo& 3,500
E• 12.0 X lo& ../ff i/
~/ 3,000

11 Vf¡ i7 1 l
2.500
2 3456789 2 3 4 56 789 2 3 4 5 6789 2 3 4 5 6789
.00001 .0001 .001 .01 .1

FACTOR A

FIG. 5-UCI-28 CHART FOR OETERMINING SHELL THICKNESS OF CYLINORICAL ANO SPHERICAL
VESSELS UNOER EXTERNAL PRESSURE WHEN CONSTRUCTEO OF CAST IRON [NOTE {9)]
~o o ,..._..,.._-.-rr-l='TTT~--r1 -"T""-T"TI11n.~T"--T~
0 0 0 _ r,_-~rTTI~"TTT_r
lTTr---1_1-
0 0
1 1_-:.~rnr_~TITT_--r_l~-oTt-TTT_T~..~Trl__ ~rT1"1""T1jiT'~t'":._r1_J¡J:l
0
400 --!.__ - -~-~ '::'r-~ r-'f-~
r-·
'
0
~ -~ _, ,__-
1-" r-~t-
~- ~ -s - ~-, ~-,
.r--. f--;
J5 o - ¡-- .... "' f-- - ¡-- ~ i-"1-" _.. 1-" •¡----. ¡--
JOO¡-..--~ 1- 8 f--~r-~ 8 ~ ~l!) ~ :::~ ~ \1' Ó CD 0>"'.'•

:100 e\
180 ~U-\~~-+~~H44-+++1-r-H~~+r~rHr+#-;-r++++H~~-+~+T~~
160 \
140\~~\~~~,~~~~~~~~~~H+~~-r~r;-HH++r~~~-r~~~
17 o

100 ~i\ l\ ~ 1\\1\ \

9.0
80
~ 1\ \ 1\ ' \
70
~-e>\ 1\ 1\\ 1\'\ 1\ 1\\ 1\\ 1\ \
6.0 t-, ~ 1\ 1\ ~ 1'1 \ \ 1\
\ 1\ \ \ 1\ \ ' ~
5.0 \\ \ ll 1 \ \ \ 1\.
~
- ~~~,~~,~1\~~~1\~1\~~~hM~~~~,,~~\+*++~~~~n-rH~

JO

75

20
18

~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~r~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~
2 3 4 5 6789 2 J 4 56 789 7 3 4 56 789 7 J 4 56 789
()()(X)1 0001 .001 01

, .FACTOR A

Fig. 5-UG0-28.0 Geometric Chart for Cylindrical Vessels Under External or Compressive loading <For all Materials)