Research Methods in Practice

Strategies for Description and

Causation 2nd Edition Remler Test
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Chapter 10

1. An agency analyst seeks to utilize multiple regression analysis for a study on health
care. She wants to specifically determine if the outcome of a policy is explained by other
factors (such as staffing, budgets, technical resources). In this research design, policy
outcome is the ______variable, while the other factors represent the ________variables.
*A. Dependent, independent
B. Independent, dependent
C. Cross-tab, functional
D. Intermediate, Advanced

2. An example of a statistical software package that can be used to run multiple

regressions would be:
A. SAS
B. SPSS
C. Stata
*D. All of the above

3. Professor Jones wants to adjust for the number of variables in her multiple regression
equation so as to increase the predictive power of her newly added variable. To do so,
she will use the:
A. Multiplied R-squared
B. Reactive R-squared
*C. Adjusted R-squared
D. Enhanced R-squared

4. In measuring the outputs of her program, an analyst found that one of the independent
variables she is using is a perfectly correlated to another, forcing her to use only one of
the two in her multiple regression analysis. This is an example of:
*A. Perfect multicollinearity
B. Perfect magnitude
C. Extreme correlation
D. Flawless relatedness

5. In conducting multiple regression analysis, a researcher must be aware that other

factors and influences may also affect the standard error, such as:
A. How spread out the data are from the best-fit regression line
B. The amount of variation in the independent variable
C. Whether the independent variables are highly correlated with one another
*D. All of the above

6. Professor Nguyen is interested in studying the effects of gender on shopping practices.

In her study, she distinguishes between gender by having a variable which takes on the
value of 1 for females and takes on the value of 0 for males. This is an example of using
a(n):
*A. Dummy variable
B. Coded variable
C. Imperfect variable
D. Identified variable

7. In order to distinguish between a set of dummy variables that have multiple categories
so that the regression coefficients produce contrasts, the research may use what is
referred to as:
A. Seamless coding
B. Linear coding
*C. Effect coding
D. Relative coding

8. Professor Hernandez is interested in comparing the means of a dependent variable

across treatment categories for an experimental research project she has conducted. She
can use the method:
A. Evaluation of change
B. Assessment of rate
*C. Analysis of variance
D. Analysis of indicators

9. An ____ variable is the product of two other variables, such as the product of the
variables, hypertension and diabetes.
*A. Interaction
B. Interrelated
C. Interface
D. Encompassing

10. The _______ is the most easily interpretable method for doing a multiple regression
with a dummy dependent variable.
A. Curvilinear regression fit
*B. Linear probability model
C. Sequential fit model
D. Allocated effects model

11. Researchers use ___ equations where the log odds of an event are predicted, and
_______ equations where the probability is predicted.
A. Surface, interface
B. Decimal, cyclical
C. Focal, prospect
*D. Logit, probit

12. ____ estimates the pattern of relationships between variables in a presumed causal
structure.
a. Exploratory factor analysis
b. Principal components analysis
*c. Path analysis
d. Confirmatory factor analysis
13. In his research on college students, Professor Gupta is interested in grouping several
of his variables on study habits into a smaller set of underlying factors which measure
student success in college. He is using the method of:
*A. Factor analysis
B. Reduction analysis
C. Diminishment analysis
D. None of the above

14. ____ is a method that uses data from time series in the past to predict future values of
the dependent variable.

a. Panel data methods

*b. Forecasting
c. Spatial analysis
d. Survival analysis

15. ________ combines both factor and path analysis into one estimation method.
A. Effective attribute modeling
*B. Structural equation modeling
C. Systematic formula modeling
D. Core equation modeling

16.____ often consist of repeated measures of the same variable from the same
individuals over time.

*a. Panel data

b. Time series data
c. Cross sectional data
d. Forecasted data

17. To compare the relative importance of independent variables in predicting dependent

variable variation, you should look at the

a. Standard deviations
b. Standard errors
c. Coefficients
*d. Standardized coefficients

18. Professor Goldman is interested in looking at education at the individual level,

training at the organizational level, and industry growth at the national level. She is
creating a:
A. Integrated design model
B. Cross-perspective model
C. Multitiered model
*D. Multilevel model
19. A researcher is examining weight in relation to exercise patterns. Since weight cannot
take on negative values below zero, it is considered to be a:
A. Bounded dependent variable
B. Capped dependent variable
*C. Limited dependent variable
D. Constrained dependent variable

20. A researcher wanted to know whether contracting out government services improves
municipal efficiency. The political party in charge is unrelated to its government’s
efficiency but strongly correlated with contracting out. If political party were added as a
control variable in this model, the standard error would most likely . . .

*A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Remain the same
D. Impossible to say

The table on the next page is taken from “Maternal Employment and Teenage
Childbearing” by Leonard Lopoo in the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
24(1) 2004. We will only consider the OLS regression results. The unit of analysis is the
mother. The variable “daughter has a birth at age 17 or 18” is a dummy variable with the
meaning implied. “Mother’s education” refers to the years of education that a mother has.
“Mother’s annual work hours” is the hours worked during the year. Use the table to
answer the following questions:

21. Which of the following statements are true:

a. “Whether daughter has a birth at 17 or 18” is statistically significant at the 1% level
b. “Whether daughter has a birth at 17 or 18” is statistically significant at the 5% level
c. “Whether daughter has a birth at 17 or 18” is statistically significant at the 10% level
*d. “Whether daughter has a birth at 17 or 18” is not statistically significant at any of
these levels

22. Which of the following statements are true:

a. Holding constant all other independent variables, for every additional year old a
mother was when giving birth, her annual work hours are predicted to increase by 6.79.
*b. Holding constant all other independent variables, for every additional year of
education a mother has, her annual work hours are predicted to increase by 28.38.
c. Both A and B
d. None of the above
23. A simple regression is run with the log of annual income in dollars as the dependent
variable and the number of years of education as the independent variable. The
coefficient of education will provide the following information:

a. The percent change in income predicted for a one percent increase in education.
*b. The percent change in income predicted for a one-year increase in education.
c. The dollar change in income predicted for a one percent increase in education.
d. The dollar change in income predicted for a one-year increase in education.
e. None of the above
24. In a survey, an individual’s health insurance status is reported as being in one of the
following categories: Medicare, Medicaid, Employer provided insurance, Individual
private insurance, Other insurance or Uninsured. If health insurance status is to be used as
an independent variable in a regression, the following are acceptable combinations of
dummy variables:

a. Medicare, Medicaid, Employer, Individual, Other, Uninsured

b. Medicare, Medicaid, Employer, Individual, Other
c. Medicare, Medicaid, Employer, Individual, Uninsured
*d. B and C
e. All of the above

Please read the descriptions of the following hypothetical research findings, look at the
regression tables, and answer the questions.

A study focused on factors influencing state spending on social services per capita (in
dollars per capita)

b Std. error
Constant 500 3.71
Per capita 200 .256
income (tens of
thousands)
Democratic 500 .024
governor
R-squared .35

25. Per capita income and governor’s political party explain what percent of the variation
in per capita spending on social services?
a. 35%

26. Interpret in words understandable to a policy audience the coefficient of Democratic

governor.
a. Per capita spending on social services is predicted to be $500 higher in a state with a
Democratic governor than in a state without a Democratic governor and with the same
per capita income.

27. Interpret in words understandable to a policy audience the coefficient of per capita
income.
A. For each $10,000 more in per capita income that a state has, its per capita spending on
social services is predicted to rise by $200, if the party of the Governor stays constant.
28. What would per capita spending be in a state with a governor who is not a Democrat
with a per capita income of $40,000?
a. $1300

A survey asked people to rate their feelings toward paying taxes on a scale of 0 to 100,
with 0 being cold or unfavorable and 100 being very warm or favorable. In this model,
income and age are quantitative variables, and homeowner is a dummy variable with 1
representing owning a home.

B
Constant 90
Income (tens of thousands of -0.5
dollars)
Homeowner -4
Income x homeowner -2
Age -0.5

29. For someone who does not own a home, what value does the interaction term take
on?
a. 0

30. What would the expected rating be for someone who is 40 years old who owns a
home and earns $60,000 per year?
a. 51

31. How are feelings towards paying taxes predicted to change when age increases by
one year, with income and homeownership status staying constant?
a. They are predicted to decrease by 0.5.

A regression analysis considered predictors of getting a mammogram among women.

The dependent variable was set up such that getting a mammogram in the past year=1,
otherwise=0.

Adjusted Odds Lower Bound Upper Bound

Ratio
Family history of 1.1 1.0 1.3
breast cancer
Type of
insurance
Private 1.2 .6 2.3
No insurance .3 .1 .8
Medicare 2.8 1.2 6.4
Pseudo R-squared .10
32. Describe how well the model fits the data.
a. Answers will vary.

33. Women who had Medicaid insurance were also included in the study. Why was this
category not included as a dummy variable?
a. Answers will vary.

34. How would you interpret the number .3 in the table?

a. Answers will vary.

35. With 95% confidence, what is the true odds ratio for getting a mammogram among
women with Medicare insurance?
a. Answers will vary.

36. What are the odds of getting a mammogram among women with a family history of
breast cancer?
a. Answers will vary.