Fundamentals & Overview of Foam Suppression System For Aircraft Hangar, Petrochemical Industries & Chemical Storage Warehouses

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For Internal Use Only

SAFETY
TALK…

FUNDAMENTALS, and
OVERVIEW OF FOAM
SUPPRESSION EQUIPMENT FOR
AIRCRAFT HANGAR

• OBJECTIVES:
• TO KNOW THE FUNDAMENTALS ON FOAM SUPPRESSION OF AIRCRAFT HANGAR:
• Overview of Aircraft Hangar construction.
• Overview of Fire Protection & Detection system for Aircraft Hangars.
• NFPA 409- Standard on Aircraft Hangars, provides the specifications and requirements for
the construction and fire protection of buildings or structures intended to house aircraft.

FUNDAMENTALS and
OVERVIEW OF FOAM
SUPPRESSION EQUIPMENT FOR
PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

• OBJECTIVES:
• TO KNOW THE FUNDAMENTALS ON FOAM SUPPRESSION OF PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES:
 What are the processes involved in Petroleum Refineries?
 What are the Fire Hazards in a Petroleum Refineries?
 What are fire protection system in Petroleum Refineries?

FUNDAMENTALS, and
OVERVIEW OF DRY CHEMICAL
SYSTEM FOR WAREHOUSES OF
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

• OBJECTIVES:
• TO KNOW THE FUNDAMENTALS ON FOAM SUPPRESSION OF WAREHOUSES FOR HAZARDOUS

MATERIALS:
 What is hazardous material storage?
 What are the chemical hazards in a warehouse?
• What is the most important aspect of hazardous material storage?
• What is the NFPA code that governs storage and handling of hazardous materials?

 Graduate of Bachelors of Science in Mechanical Engineering at SLU-BAGUIO
 Registered Mechanical Engineer, PRC#0053801
 IFE(Institute of Fire Engineers) London- Singapore Chapter
 NFPA Member(Individual)
 PSME 69th Chapter Singapore
 Deputy VP- PSME Northern Luzon
 Chairman- PSME Fire Protection Technical Division
 VPE- PIFPO QCC
 20+ years of work experience in Mechanical Engineering field
 Involved in various projects in Dubai, Qatar, Indonesia, Vietnam, Singapore &
Philippines
Projects: LNG plant, Power Plants, Chemical Plants, Paint Factories, MRT,
Engr. James D. Abarca- RMEE, AlFireE
Mixed Development, Hospitals, Airport and Commercial Buildings
 PROJECT MANAGER- Deluge Fire Protection SEA Ptd Ltd-Singapore
 BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT MANAGER- Firetech-Asia(ASEAN Countries)
 Currently on training in INDIA for CFPS-CERTIFIED FIRE PROTECTION SPECIALIST
International Certification Exam by NFPA

MEETING WITH THE TOP OFFICIALS OF BFP:
AGENDA:
 Proposed enhancement technical
training for all BFP personnel
nationwide.
 SIGNED MOA between BFP & PSME.

 SIGNED MOA between BFP & PSME.

PSME FIREPRO TD:
VISION:
》To have a strong foundation in educating & implementation of fire protection
standards
》To have PROFESSIONAL & CERTIFIED(International & Local) FPTD members
》To have PSME students be skilled & knowledgeable in Fire Protection field of
expertise
MISSION:
》To educate all PSME CHAPTERS with the knowledge & skills in Design,
Installation & Maintenance of all FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
》To establish mentorship to ME students in the field of Fire Protection




Who we are?
• A team of passionate engineers committed to solve customer challenges with expertise since 25 years
• Designed and installed more than 5000 foam, water and dry chemical based systems
• ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and ISO 45001 certification by Bureau Veritas
• State of art design, engineering, manufacturing and testing infrastructure
– Equipped with latest tools like Pipenet, Solidworks and CAD/CAM software
– Team of expert welders, high precision CNC shop
– Testing facility complying to UL and FM requirements
⦁ Asia’s largest manufacturer of UL listed foam fire suppression equipment; exporting to North America, Europe,
Africa, Middle East and South East Asia
⦁ First in Asia to obtain UL listing on bladder tanks with AFFF and AR-AFFF foams

CURRENTLY, our
presence is felt in
these regions
globally…

SOON:
FIRETECH- CAMBODIA
FIRETECH- THAILAND
FIRETECH- MYANMAR

REVIEW OF BASIC FUNDAMENTALS:
Fire Tetrahedron – Heat, Fuel, Oxygen and Chemical

Reaction
• Fuel - Material that burns
• Oxygen – Oxidize the fuel to release energy
• Heat – Initiates and sustains oxidation process
• Chain reaction – Sustains and propagates energy
release
Take any of these four things away

and fire will be extinguished

In order for a fire to start there must be a material to burn – and this is referred to as the fuel. Fuel is any
kind of combustible material, including paper, oils, wood, gases, fabrics, liquids, plastics and rubber.
PYROLYSIS:
The pyrolysis
(or devolatilization) process
is the thermal
decomposition of materials
at elevated temperatures
in an inert atmosphere.[1] It
involves a change
of chemical composition.


The temperature at which it gives off sufficient vapor
to ignite in air is the flash point. The lowest
temperature at which a volatile liquid, after its vapors
have been ignited, will give off vapors at a rate
sufficient to sustain combustion is the fire point.
The lower the flash point, the easier it is to ignite

a liquid solvent.
The fire point is usually a few degrees above

the flash point.

A Common combustibles Wood, Paper, Cloth etc.
Flammable liquids and Gasoline, Propane and Foam

B
gases solvents
C Live electrical equipment Computers, machinery
D Combustible metals Magnesium, Lithium
K Cooking media Cooking oil, Fats

Foam
Water Air (Agitation) Foam
Concentrate
chemical
Foam Solution

What are types of foam?
Protein Foam(FP)
contain natural proteins as the foaming agents. Protein foams are bio-degradable. They are made
of natural protein products such as soybeans, chicken beaks, fish bones & animal hooves along
with some other stabilizing additives. They flow and spread slower, but provide a foam blanket that
is more heat-resistant and more durable.
Fluoroprotein Foam(FFP)
combination of protein based foam derived from protein foam concentrates &
fluorochemical surfactants(reduce the surface tension, thus allows more fluid movement)

• AFFF- Aqueous Film Forming Foam

a synthetic foam consisting of fluorochemical & hydrocarbon surfactants combined
with high boiling point solvents & water. Replaces protein based foam. Designed for
rapid knockdown but sacrifices heat resistance & long term stability.
• FFFP- Film Forming Fluoroprotein

is a protein based foam with the more advance fluorochemical surfactants of AFFF.
Combine the burn back resistance of fluoroprotein foam and the knockdown power
of AFFF foam.

AR-FFF- Alcohol Resistant Aqueous Film Forming Foam
Is a combination of synthetic stabilizer, foaming agents, Fluorochemicals and synthetic polymers designed to use
on Polar solvents. The chemical make up of this foam, prevents the chemical solvents from destroying them.
TODAY’s MOST MODERN AR-FFF FOAMS CAN BE USED FOR BOTH POLAR SOLVENTS & HYDRO CARBONS.

When AFFF is applied to Polar Solvents, the

solvent destroys foam blanket
AR-AFFF resists the solvent from destroying the foam blanket

Foam application rate
Low expansion (Up to 20x) Medium Expansion (21x to 200 x) High Expansion (More than 200x)
1. Foam solution application rate 1. Expanded foam output of the 1. Expanded foam output of the
(LPM/Sq.M or GPM/sq.ft) generator (CMM or CFM) generator (CMM or CFM)
2. Fuel type (hydrocarbon / polar 2. Class of fuel & test data 2. Class of fuel & test data
solvent) 3. Sprinklered / Un-sprinklered 3. Sprinklered / Un-sprinklered
3. Flash Point of fuel enclosure enclosure
4. Foam breakdown rate by 4. Foam breakdown rate by
sprinklers sprinklers
5. Leakage through enclosure 5. Leakage through enclosure
6. Foam filling height in specific time 6. Foam filling height in specific time

Firefighting foam
Organic Synthetic
Low and Medium expansion High expansion
• FP 3% • AFFF 1% • Hi Expansion 2%
• FP 6% • AFFF 3% • Hi Expansion 3%
• FFFP 3% • AR-AFFF 3×3%
• FFFP 6% • AR-AFFF 3×6%
• AR-FFFP 3%

Foam expansion
(times volume of foam solution)
Expansion ratio of foam:

Expansion is the ratio between the Foam Volume obtained and the Volume of Foaming Solution used to
produce it. For example: 100 litres of water + foam concentrate pre-mix give 1000 litres of foam. Expansion is
therefore 1000/100 = 10.

Foam expansion
• Storage Tank Protection • Dike / Bund areas • LNG Drain Pits

• Dyke / Bund Area Protection • Indoor Process Rooms • LPG / LNG tank dykes
• Warehouse Protection • Process areas • Warehouse protection
• Process Platforms / Areas • Rubber storage facility
• Helipad Protection (ref. NFPA 418) • Solid waste recycling plants
• Aircraft Protection (ref. NFPA 409) • Incineration plants
• Offshore Platforms
• Oil / LNG Jetty
• Tanker / Truck Loading facility
• Pump stations / sheds

Hi-ex foam is a distant cousin regular fire fighting foam
Foam expansion
(times volume of foam solution)
Dense and wet Light and dry
Expansion ratio of foam:

Expansion is the ratio between Expanded foam volume obtained and Volume of Foaming Solution used to produce it.
For example: 100 litres of water + foam concentrate pre-mix creates 1000 litres of expanded foam; Expansion is 1000/100 = 10

Hi-expansion foam system is a versatile system that has several applications
• Warehouses
• Aircraft hangers
• Machinery spaces esp. in ships
• LNG Drain Pits
• Voluminous – Fills void faster
• LPG / LNG tank dykes
• Rubber storage facility
• Solid waste recycling plants
• Incineration plants

Difference between low expansion (AR-AFFF) and high expansion foam
Low expansion foam High expansion foam
1. Low ex foams expand up to 20 times the 1. Hi-ex are expand from 200 to 1000 times.
volume. Devices like monitors expand However, for all practical purposes, hi-ex
the foam approx. 5-10 times the original foam expansion upwards of 500 is
volume considered for typical applications
2. Low-ex foam is denser and wetter due 2. Hi-ex foam is lighter and drier due to
to higher water content negligible water content
3. It is spread on the fluid surface and foam 3. Hi-ex foam fills up all the available space
a thick (few inches) blanket in the void thus smothering ignited
content to extinguish fire
4. Low-ex foam - 2D fire extinguishment
4. High-ex foam - 3D fire extinguishment

Low expansion foam Entire void is filled High expansion foam

with foam
Foam crawls slowly to

cover complete fuel
surface
Few inches thick

foam blanket

Low expansion foam High expansion foam
• 1m3 of low-ex foam solution (foam + water) can • 1m3 of hi-ex foam solution (foam + water) can expand
practically only expand 10m3 of foam (expansion 10) to 1000m3 of foam (expansion 1000)

Key points to consider while designing / installing high expansion
system
It is a very sensitive system hence designing is very crucial

Foam quality is impacted by –
Water quality (TDS)
Selection of foam and its quality
Type of generator (with motor or without motor)
Inlet pressure at the generator

How are foam equipment UL Listed?
Clause 4.1.1* All components shall be listed for their intended use.)
40
FOAM CONDUCTIVITY TEST:
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How to dispose of firefighting foam?
When disposal of a fluorinated foam concentrate is required (end of life), it is

recommended that it be sent for thermal destruction (high temperature
incineration) to a facility capable of handling halogenated waste or the
equivalent.
How do you get rid of fire foam?
"There are two main options," said State Fire Marshal Kevin Sehlmeyer. "When the
military properly disposed of their foam, they used incineration. The next method
is what they call solidification, which is putting foam into a medium such as
concrete and taking the concrete blocks to a hazardous material landfill."
42
Main Components of Foam Suppression
Type of Proportioning (mixing of water &

Storage Discharge Devices
equipment foam concentrate)
To ensure foam generation with

Purpose Storage of foam concentrate with To ensure accurate mixing of foam
required quality (expansion & drainage
minimal deterioration concentrate with water
values)
• Self-inducting monitor nozzles

• Foam sprinklers
• Foam branch pipe with pick-up
• Foam makers
tube
• Atmospheric storage tanks • Foam chambers
Examples • Inline Inductor
• Bladder Tanks • Foam monitors
• ILBP (inline foam proportioner)
• Medium expansion foam generators
• Ratio controllers / foam
• High expansion foam generators
proportioner

UL listed products Clause 4.1.1* All components shall be listed for their intended use.)
Foam Chamber + Deflector Monitors Foam concentrates Bladder tank

Foam maker + Pourer
Foam sprinkler
MV spray Nozzle Deluge valve
www.firetechindia.com For Internal Use Only

Industries where foam system is applicable…
Oil & Gas Chemical Fertilizer Power
Marine Defense Aviation Warehouse


FUNDAMENTALS and OVERVIEW OF FOAM
SUPPRESSION EQUIPMENT FOR AIRCRAFT HANGAR

CODE & STANDARD:
NFPA 409, Standard on Aircraft Hangars, provides the
specifications and requirements for the construction and
fire protection of buildings or structures intended to house
aircraft. The standard covers all sizes and varieties of
aircraft hangars utilized for storage, maintenance, and
other applications.

OVERVIEW SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM :Aircraft Hangar Protection:
Oscillating
Bladder Tank Hose Reel
Reel Monitor
Bladder Tank Hose
Station
Station
Deluge
WaterSupply
Water Supply
Valve
Detector
Proportioner
Proportioner
Detection and
Detection and
Actuation
Actuation
System
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To Alarms Etc.


6.2.3.4.4 The foam generators shall be located at the ceiling or on exterior walls in such a way that only air from outside the aircraft storage and servicing area
can be used for foam generation. Roof vents shall be located to avoid recirculation of combustion products into the air inlets of the foam generators.

AIRCRAFT
HANGAR
GROUPS

WHAT IS AIRCRAFT HANGAR USED
FOR?
Hangars are used for protection from

the weather, direct sunlight and for
maintenance, repair, manufacture,
assembly and storage of aircraft.

Aircraft hangars are typically provided with highly sophisticated levels of fire protection, simply
because of the significant value of today’s aircraft.
Servicing, maintenance and painting can be hazardous and as a result, the fire protection
system must give a high degree of control and extinguishment of any Class A or B fire in the
facility.
Most fire protection systems for aircraft handling facilities are designed in accordance with
NFPA 409 Standard on Aircraft Hangars. Within this code, there are also clauses that refers to
NFPA11, NFPA13, NFPA14, NFPA20, etc…
Most commercial aircraft hangars throughout the world are designed in accordance with NFPA
409. A review of this standard shows that there are four basic aircraft hangar designs, which
can be classified as follows:

Chapter 4 (NFPA 409) Aircraft Hangar Groups ..
GROUP I AIRCRAFT HANGAR:
A hangar having at least one of the following features and operating conditions:
• An aircraft access door height over 28 ft. (8.5 m).

• A single fire area in excess of 40,000 sq. ft. (3,716 sq.m).
• Provision for housing an aircraft with a tail height over 28 ft. (8.5 m).
• Provision for housing strategically important military aircraft as determined by
the Department of Defense

GROUP II AIRCRAFT HANGAR:
A hangar having both of the following features:

• An aircraft access door height of 28 ft. (8.5 m)
or less.
A single fire area not larger than 40,000 sq. ft.

(3,716 sq. m) per hangar construction type
as defined by NFPA 409. (See table below).

GROUP III AIRCRAFT HANGAR:
A Group III hangar shall have both of the

following features:
• An aircraft access door height of 28 ft. (8.5
m) or less.
• A single fire area that measures up to the
maximum square footage permitted for
specific types of construction in accordance
with NFPA 409. (See table below).

GROUP IV AIRCRAFT HANGAR:
A hangar constructed of a membrane covered, rigid steel frame.
A membrane-covered frame
structure is defined in the
International Building Code
(IBC) in Chapter 2: Definitions
as a “non-pressurized
building wherein the structure
is composed of a rigid
framework to support a
tensioned membrane which
provides the weather barrier.”

9.1.1 When membrane-covered rigid-steel-frame structures are used for the construction of
aircraft hangars, they shall be constructed in accordance with Chapter 9.
9.1.2 The hangar shall be limited to one story.
9.1.3 The hangar shall be limited to a single hangar fire area.
9.1.5 Membrane Materials.

9.1.5.1 Testing of membrane materials for compliance with the use of the categories of
noncombustible and limited combustible materials in accordance with 9.1.5 shall be
performed on weathered membrane material. 9.1.5.2 Flame spread of all membrane materials
exposed within the structure shall be Class A as defined in NFPA 101,etc…
9.1.5.3 Flame Resistance. All membrane structure fabric shall meet the requirements of both
the small-scale and large-scale tests contained in NFPA 701.

FIRE PROTECTION OPTIONS:
Once the aircraft hangar classification has been determined, a suitable fire protection system can
be established. There are four types of foam fire protection systems suitable for the protection of an
aircraft hangar. These systems may be used separately or they may be combined.
• Overhead Foam/Water Sprinkler System.

• Deluge system. (Group I & II)
• Closed head pre-action system. (Group I)
• Standard wet pipe.
In the case for deluge system, it is applicable to all group of hangers. (Check 8.8.1.2)

If used with either Protein or Fluoroprotein type foam concentrate, the foam water sprinkler heads
shall be the air aspirating type. When used with A.F.F.F., the sprinkler heads can be the standard
non air aspirating type.

• FOAM MONITOR SYSTEM.
Monitor Systems may be of the oscillating or fixed nozzle type. Oscillating Monitor Systems consist of
monitors that automatically oscillate from side to side when discharging foam onto the hangar floor.
They are normally preset to oscillate over a given arc to provide the correct application rate over a
specific area. The unit is typically driven by a water turbine, which requires no external power
source, other than a pressurized flowing water supply. For special applications, electric powered
oscillating monitors are also available
Fixed Monitor Systems have nozzles that are typically mounted on a manifold or as single units
approximately 3 feet (0.9 meter) above the hangar floor. They are preset for angle of elevation
and discharge pattern to achieve the best possible stream pattern and range while keeping the
stream low enough to flow under the wing of any aircraft. This type of monitor system is often
used where aircraft or maintenance equipment in the hangar could interfere in the normal
operation of an oscillating monitor.

Water-Powered Oscillating Monitors are
designed to automatically oscillate over a
preset arc upon system activation, allowing
discharge over a wide design area without
manual intervention or the use of electrical
power. These are intended for use in firefighting
foam systems according to NFPA 11, NFPA 409,
and/or NFPA 418, typically found in high risk
areas such as tank farm facilities, refineries,
aircraft hangars, and heliports.





Chapter 6 Protection of Group I Aircraft Hangars
6.1.1 The protection of aircraft storage and servicing areas for Group I aircraft hangars shall be in
accordance with any one of the following:
(1) A foam-water deluge system, as specified in 6.2.2. In addition, supplementary protection

systems as specified in 6.2.3 shall be provided in hangars housing single aircraft having wing
areas greater than 279 m2 (3000 ft2 ).
6.2.3 Supplementary Protection Systems. 6.2.3.1* Hangars protected in accordance with 6.1.1(1) and housing aircraft having wing
areas in excess of 279 m2 (3000 ft2 ) shall be protected with a listed supplementary protection system.
(2) A combination of automatic sprinkler protection in accordance with 6.2.4 and an automatic
low-level low expansion foam system in accordance with 6.2.5.
(3) A combination of automatic sprinkler protection in accordance with 6.2.4 and an automatic
low-level high expansion foam system in accordance with 6.2.5.

6.2.2 Deluge Foam-Water Sprinkler System Design and Performance.
6.2.2.1 In aircraft storage and servicing areas, each sprinkler system shall be designed in
accordance with NFPA 13 and NFPA 16, as applicable, and in accordance with this chapter.
6.2.2.2* In aircraft storage and servicing areas, the maximum projected floor area under an
individual deluge system shall not exceed 1394 m2 (15,000 ft2 ).
6.2.2.3 In aircraft storage and servicing areas, the protection area as projected on the floor
shall be limited to 12 m2 (130 ft2 ). The maximum distance between sprinklers either on branch
lines or between branch lines shall be 3.7 m (12 ft). In buildings with storage bays 7.6 m (25 ft)
wide, a distance of 3.8 m (12 ft 6 in.) shall be permitted.

6.2.2.8 Foam-water deluge systems discharge devices shall be either air-aspirating or non-air-
aspirating and shall have deflectors designed to produce water discharge patterns closely
comparable to those of spray sprinklers as defined in NFPA 13 when discharging at the same rates
of flow.
6.2.2.10 The discharge devices shall have a minimum nominal 6.4 mm (1 ∕4 in.) orifice and shall be
listed for use with the particular type of foam concentrate to be used in the system.
6.2.2.12 The discharge density from air-aspirating discharge devices using protein foam, fluoroprotein
foam, or aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) solutions shall be a minimum of 8.1 L/min/m2 (0.20
gpm/ft2 ) of floor area
6.2.2.13 The discharge density from non-air-aspirating discharge devices using AFFF solution shall be
a minimum of 6.5 L/min/m2 (0.16 gpm/ft2 ) of floor area.

6.2.3 Supplementary Protection Systems
6.2.3.1* Hangars protected in accordance with 6.1.1(1) and housing aircraft having wing areas in
excess of 279 m2 (3000 ft2 ) shall be protected with a listed supplementary protection system
6.2.3.2* Each system shall be designed to cover a specified floor area beneath the aircraft being
protected. The design objective shall be to achieve control of the fire within the protected area
within 30 seconds of system actuation and extinguishment of the fire within 60 seconds.
6.2.3.3 Supplementary Low-Expansion Foam Systems
6.2.3.3.1 Supplementary low-expansion foam systems shall employ AFFF, protein, or fluoroprotein
foam–liquid concentrates and shall be designed for local application.
6.2.3.3.3 Where protein or fluoroprotein-based concentrates are used, the minimum
application rate of foam solution shall be 6.5 L/min/m2 (0.16 gpm/ft2 ) of floor area beneath
the wings and wing center section of the aircraft. Where AFFF concentrate is used, the
minimum application rate shall be 4.1 L/min/m2 (0.10 gpm/ft2 ) of floor area beneath the wings
and wing center section of the aircraft.

6.2.3.4 Supplementary High-Expansion Foam Systems.
6.2.3.4.2* These systems shall be designed to discharge at a rate to cover the protected area to a
depth of at least 0.9 m (3 ft) within 1 minute.
6.2.3.4.3 Discharge rates shall take into consideration the sprinkler breakdown factor required in
6.12.8.2.2(2) of NFPA 11.
6.2.3.4.4 The foam generators shall be located at the ceiling or on exterior walls in such a way that
only air from outside the aircraft storage and servicing area can be used for foam generation. Roof
vents shall be located to avoid recirculation of combustion products into the air inlets of the foam
generators.

6.2.4 Closed-Head Water Sprinkler Systems for Aircraft Storage and Servicing Areas.
6.2.4.1* Sprinkler systems shall be either wet pipe or preaction, designed and installed in
accordance with the applicable sections of NFPA 13 and the provisions of this chapter.
6.2.4.2 Sprinkler piping shall be hydraulically sized in accordance with NFPA 13. The
maximum system size shall not exceed 4831 m2 (52,000 ft2.)
6.2.4.3 Sprinkler spacing shall be as specified in 6.2.2.3.
6.2.4.5 The design density of water from sprinkler systems shall be a minimum of 6.9 L/min/m2
(0.17 gpm/ft2 ) over any 1394 m2 (15,000 ft2 ) area, including the hydraulically most demanding
area as defined in NFPA 13.
6.2.4.6 Sprinklers shall be nominal K-80 (K-5.6) or K-115 (K-8.0) sprinklers.

6.2.4.7 Quick-response sprinklers having a temperature rating of 79.4°C (175°F) shall be used.
Quick-response sprinklers having a temperature rating of 93.3°C (200°F) shall be permitted in areas
subject to high ambient temperatures.

6.2.5 Low-Level Foam Protection Systems.
6.2.5.1 Hangars protected in accordance with 6.1.1(2) or 6.1.1(3) shall be protected with a listed
low-level foam protection system.
6.2.5.2.1 The design objective shall be to achieve coverage of the entire aircraft storage and
servicing area to within 1.5 m (5 ft) of the perimeter walls and doors within 3 minutes of system
actuation when all foam discharge devices of the system are activated.
6.2.5.3 Low-Level Low-Expansion Foam Systems. Foam systems shall be of the fixed type and
shall be designed and installed in accordance with the requirements for fixed-type systems in
NFPA 11.
6.2.5.3.1 Where AFFF concentrate is used, the minimum application rate of foam solution shall be
4.1 L/min/m2(0.10 gpm/ft2 ). The minimum application rate of foam solution shall be 6.5 L/min/m2
(0.16 gpm/ft2 ) where proteinbased or fluoroprotein-based concentrate is used.

6.2.5.3.3 The foam system shall use low-level discharge nozzles. Where monitor nozzles are used,
they shall be provided with individual manual shutoff valves for each nozzle. The discharge
nozzles shall be arranged to achieve initial foam coverage in the expected aircraft parking area.
6.2.5.4 Low-Level High-Expansion Foam Systems.
6.2.5.4.5 Foam generators shall be supplied with air from outside the aircraft storage and servicing
area. Roof vents shall be located to avoid recirculation of combustion products into the air inlets
of the foam generators.
6.2.6.1* The quantities of low-expansion foam concentrate, either protein foam, fluoroprotein, or
AFFF, shall be large enough for a 10-minute foam discharge based on the supply calculation in
6.2.2.4.

6.2.6.2* The quantity of high-expansion foam concentrate shall be large enough for a 12-minute
discharge at the water flow rate based on the supply calculation method required in 6.2.2.4.
6.2.6.3 A reserve supply of foam concentrate shall be provided in accordance with 4.3.2.5.2 of
NFPA 11.
6.2.6.4 Control valves, foam concentrate liquid storage tanks, concentrate pumps, controllers,
and bypass balancing equipment shall be located outside the aircraft storage and service
area
6.2.8.2.1 Detectors for actuating the deluge foam-water sprinkler systems shall be rate-of-rise,
fixed-temperature, or rate compensation types.
6.2.8.2.2* Manual actuation stations shall be located so that each system can be individually
operated from both inside and outside the aircraft storage and servicing area. The manual
stations shall be installed so that they are unobstructed, readily accessible, and located in the
normal paths of exit from the area.

6.2.9* Hand Hose Systems.
6.2.9.1 Hand hose systems shall be installed in every hangar to provide for manual fire control.
6.2.9.2 The hand hose systems shall be arranged to permit application of water or other
extinguishing agents on each side and into the interior of the aircraft located in each aircraft
storage and servicing area. At least two hose lines shall be designed to be operated
simultaneously.
6.2.9.3.4 Each hand hose connection shall be a minimum of 38 mm (11∕2 in.) in size and fitted
with a control valve. The hose shall be of a diameter to provide a minimum flow of 227 L/min
(60 gpm).
6.2.9.3.7 The minimum supply of foam–liquid concentrate shall be large enough to provide
operation of at least two hand hose lines for a period of 20 minutes at a foam solution
discharge rate of 227 L/min (60 gpm) each.

Chapter 7 Protection of Group II Aircraft Hangars
7.1.1 The protection of aircraft storage and servicing areas of Group II aircraft hangars shall be in
accordance with any one of the following:
(1) The provisions of Chapter 6, unless foam-water deluge systems utilizing air-aspirating
discharge devices are installed for the protection of Group II aircraft hangars, in which case
the discharge rate specified in 6.2.2.12 of this standard is permitted to be reduced to a
minimum of 6.5 L/min/m2 (0.16 gpm/ft2 ) of floor area
(2) A combination of automatic sprinkler protection in accordance with Section 7.2 and an
automatic, low-level, low-expansion foam system in accordance with Sections 7.3 and 7.4
(3) A combination of automatic sprinkler protection in accordance with Section 7.2 and an
automatic, highexpansion foam system in accordance with Sections 7.3 and 7.5
(4) A closed-head foam-water sprinkler system in accordance with Section 7.6

7.2 Closed-Head Water Sprinkler System for Aircraft Storage and Servicing Areas.
7.2.1* Sprinkler systems shall be either wet pipe or preaction, designed and installed in accordance with the
applicable sections of NFPA 13 and the provisions of this chapter.
7.2.2 Sprinkler piping shall be hydraulically sized in accord‐ ance with NFPA 13. 7.2.3 Sprinkler spacing shall be
as specified in 6.2.2.3
7.2.5 The design density of water from sprinkler systems shall be a minimum of 6.9 L/min/m2 (0.17 gpm/ft2 )
over any 464.5 m2 (5000 ft2 ) area, including the hydraulically most demanding area as defined in NFPA 13.
7.2.6 Sprinklers shall be nominal K-80 (K-5.6) or K-115 (K-8.0) sprinklers
7.2.7 Sprinklers shall have a temperature rating of 162°C to 190°C (325°F to 375°F).
7.3.2 A reserve supply of foam concentrate shall be provided in accordance with 4.3.2.5.2 of NFPA 11.

Chapter 8 Group III Aircraft Hangars
8.1.6 Group III hangars protected with the fire protection specified in Chapter 7 shall be provided
with floor drainage in accordance with Section 5.11.
5.11 Drainage of Aprons and Hangar Floors.
5.11.1 Apron Drainage.
5.11.1.1 The apron or approach at the entrance to the hangar shall slope away from the hangar with a minimum grade of
0.5 percent (1:200) for the first 15 m (50 ft).
8.8 Fire Protection for Group III Hangars

8.8.1.1* Fixed fire protection systems shall be installed where required by and in accordance with
locally adopted building codes.
8.8.1.2* In addition to the requirement of 8.8.1.1, where hazardous operations, including fuel transfer,
welding, torch cutting, torch soldering, doping, and spray painting, are performed in any Group III
hangar, the Group III hangar shall be protected with the fire protection specified in Chapter 7 and
also shall meet the requirements specified in 5.4.2

Chapter 9 Group IV Aircraft Hangars
9.14 Fire Protection for Membrane-Covered Rigid-SteelFrame-Structure Hangars.
9.14.1 The protection of aircraft storage and servicing areas for membrane-covered rigid-steel-
frame-structure hangars having a hangar fire area greater than 1115 m2 (12,000 ft2 ) and
housing fueled aircraft shall be in accordance with any of the following:
(1) A low-expansion foam system as specified in 9.14.7.4
9.14.7.4 Low-Level Low-Expansion Foam Systems. Foam systems shall be of the fixed type and shall be designed and installed in
accordance with the requirements for fixed-type systems in NFPA 11.
(1) A high-expansion foam system as specified in 9.14.7.5
9.14.7.5 Low-Level High-Expansion Foam Systems.
9.14.7.5.1 Low-level high-expansion foam systems shall bedesigned and installed in accordance with the requirements for local
application systems of NFPA 11

(d) Where open hangar doors result in interference with the distribution of water from the hangar
sprinkler systems, additional sprinklers shall be provided to ensure required floor coverage.
(e) The design density of water from sprinkler systems shall be a minimum of 6.9 L/min/m2 (0.17
gpm/ ft2 ) over any 464.5 m2 (5000 ft2 ) area, including the hydraulically most demanding area as
defined in NFPA 13.
(f) Sprinklers shall have a nominal orifice size of 12.7 mm (1 ∕2 in.) or 13.5 mm (17∕32 in.).
(g) Quick-response sprinklers having a temperature rating of 79.4ºC (175ºF) shall be used. Quick
response sprinklers having a temperature rating of 93.3ºC (200ºF) or 28ºC (50ºF) above the highest
ambient temperature shall be permitted in areas subject to high ambient temperatures.

A reserve supply of foam concentrate shall be provided in accordance with 4.3.2.5.2 of NFPA 11.

9.14.10 Detection and Actuation System Design.
9.14.10.1 General. Actuation systems shall be provided with complete circuit supervision and shall
be arranged in accordance with 9.14.15. & 9.14.10.2 Foam Fire Protection Systems.
9.14.15* Protection System Alarms. In addition to local alarmservice, alarms shall be transmitted to a constantly attended
location.
A.9.14.10.2.1 Additional guidance pertaining to detection systems can be found in NFPA 72. The selection of fire detectors should
take into account factors such as the following: (1) The anticipated fuel (2) The ability of the detectors to sense fire in the fire
zone (3) The speed at which the detector will sense the fire (4) Potential sources of stimuli that could be falsely detected as a
fire Detection systems for low-level systems should be either a radiation (infrared or ultraviolet) or a heat-responsive
(continuous strip–type or thermistor-type) system. Spacing of detection devices should be no greater than the maximum
recommended by the manufacturer

Safety Factors:
The following “approximate” safety factors are applied to the design calculations. Shrinkage is the
normal effect of the foam collapsing under its own weight. Sprinklers discharging water directly
on to the foam bubbles will affect the foam blanket. Leakage is as a result of open windows, doors
or other non-closing openings.
Shrinkage 1.15 (1.10)
Effect of Sprinklers 1.19 (1.10)
Leakage: 3.00 (1.15)

SYSTEM DESIGN &
SELECTION OF
EQUIPMENT


SYSTEM DESIGN & SELECTION OF FOAM SUPPRESSION EQUIPMENT
6.2.2.2* In aircraft storage and servicing areas, the maximum
projected floor area under an individual deluge system shall not
SAMPLE CALCULATION: exceed 1394 m2 (15,000 ft2 ).
DIMENSION OF AIRCRAFT HANGAR: 6.2.2.3 In aircraft storage and servicing areas, the protection area as
projected on the floor shall be limited to 12 m2 (130 ft2 ). The
LENGTH= 30.03m & WIDTH= 21.1m maximum distance between sprinklers either on branch lines or
AREA= 633.633 sq.m. between branch lines shall be 3.7 m (12 ft). In buildings with storage
bays 7.6 m (25 ft) wide, a distance of 3.8 m (12 ft 6 in.) shall be
permitted.
1. For Automatic sprinkler system:
6.2.4.5 The design density of water from sprinkler
Area considered for calculation= 1394 sq.m. TYPE I systems shall be a minimum of 6.9 L/min/m2 (0.17
gpm/ft2 ) over any 1394 m2 (15,000 ft2 ) area,
Application rate(density)= 6.9 L/min/sq.m. NFPA409 Clause 6.2.4.5 including the hydraulically most demanding area as
defined in NFPA 13.
Area to be covered per sprinkler= 12 sq.m. as per NFPA 409 - 6.2.2.3
No. of sprinklers reqd (theoretical)= 633.633/ 12=53 Nos.
Dist. Between sprinklers= 3.7 m

6.2.2.3 In aircraft storage and servicing areas, the
LENGTHWISE sprinklers= 30.03/ 3.7= 8.68, say 9 Nos. protection area as projected on the floor shall be
limited to 12 m2 (130 ft2 ). The maximum distance
WIDTHWISE sprinklers=21.1/3.7= 6.10, say 6Nos. between sprinklers either on branch lines or between
branch lines shall be 3.7 m (12 ft). In buildings with
No. of sprinklers reqd (actual)= 9 X 6= 54 Nos. storage bays 7.6 m (25 ft) wide, a distance of 3.8 m (12
ft 6 in.) shall be permitted.
Actual sprinkler to be put= 54 Nos.

7.2.5 The design density of water from sprinkler systems
shall be a minimum of 6.9 L/min/m2 (0.17 gpm/ft2 )
Flow from each sprinkler= 6.9 x 12= 82.8 LPM over any 464.5 m2 (5000 ft2 ) area, including the
hydraulically most demanding area as defined in NFPA
Sprinklers to be used k= 80LPM/sq.m. 13.
k=q/(p^1/2)
pressure at sprinkler inlet= (82.8/80)^2= 1.07 bar
Total water requirement= 633.33 x 6.9= 4,372 LPM

2. High expansion system
Min. application density= 0.9 CMM/Min. as per NFPA 409 - 6.2.5.4.2 6.2.5.4.2 The application rate shall be a
minimum of 0.9 m3/min/m2
TOTAL EXPANDED FOAM= R x Duration (3ft3/min/ft2).
R = (V/T + Rs) x Cn x CA= rate of discharge in m3 /min (ft3 /min) 7.5.3 The discharge rate of the system shall
be based on the application rate multiplied
Rs = S x Q as per NFPA 409 7.5.3 & NFPA 11 - 6.12.8.2.3 by the entire aircraft storage and servicing
S= foam breakdown in m3/min· L/min (ft3/min· gpm) of sprinkler floor area. The application total discharge
discharge. S shall be 0.0748 m3/min· L/min (10 ft3/min · gpm) rate shall include the sprinkler breakdown
factor specified in 6.12.8.2.3.2 of NFPA 11
Q= Total water requirement= 4,372 LPM
estimated total discharge from maximum number of sprinklers
expected to operate in L/min (gpm)
Rs = rate of foam breakdown by sprinklers in m3 /min (ft3 /min)
Rs = S x Q = 327.03 m3/min


R = (V/T + Rs) x Cn x CA= rate of discharge in m3 /min (ft3 /min)
CA= compensation for air inside(1.2) 6.2.6.2* The quantity of high-expansion
foam concentrate shall be large enough for a
Cn= safety factor(1.15) 12-minute discharge at the water flow rate
based on the supply calculation method
R= 1,238.27 m3/min required in 6.2.2.4
Time duration=12 min as per NFPA 409 6.2.6.2
TOTAL EXPANDED FOAM= R x duration = 1,238.27 m3/min x 12 min

= 14,859 m3

Generator selection:
Hi Ex 600 @6.25 bar
S= 0.0748
Foam generator capacity available=300 m3/min
No. of generators= R(Rate of discharge)

= 1,238.27/ 300 = 4.1
Rounded up no. of generators= 6 Nos.
Flow at the desired pressure=750LPM, Refer firetech datasheet
Expansion ratio= 300 x 1000/ 750= 400times

Flow through proportioner = Rounded up no. of generators X Flow at the desired pressure
= 750 x 6 = 4500 LPM
Foam solution required= Flow through proportioner X duration= 4500 X 12

= 54,000 L
Foam required @ 3%
Safety Factor - 1.15 i.e. 15%
Final Capacity of Bladder Tank= 54,000 X 0.03 X 1.15 = 1,863.00 L
Bladder Tank Required= 2000 L, 2Nos (refer to FIRETECH DATA SHEETS)


Flow through proportioner= 4500LPM

A reserve supply of foam concentrate shall be provided in accordance with 4.3.2.5.2 of NFPA 11.

Mandatory - Foam Water Hand Hose system:
Foam shall be AFFF 3% - UL Listed with each Bladder Tank Hose Reel Station
duration discharge= 20min 6.2.9.3.7 The minimum supply of foam–liquid concentrate shall be large
RATE of discharge= 227 LPM enough to provide operation of at least two hand hose lines for a
period of 20 minutes at a foam solution discharge rate of 227 L/min (60
RATE of discharge= 4540 L-foam solution gpm) each.
Thus, Foam concentrate= 4540 *0.03= 136.2 Li
Selected FIRETCH equipment:

36 Gal (136 Litres ) Bladder Tank Hose Reel Station - with Spacing of 30 meter along the perimeter of the 3 walls
(not the hangar door)
6.2.9.2 The hand hose systems shall be arranged to permit application of water or other extinguishing agents on each side and into
the interior of the aircraft located in each aircraft storage and servicing area. At least two hose lines shall be designed to be
operated simultaneously.

Automatic Air Intake Vent = 1 at each HEG
6.2.3.4.4 The foam generators shall be located at the ceiling or on exterior walls
in such a way that only air from outside the aircraft storage and servicing area can
be used for foam genera‐ tion. Roof vents shall be located to avoid recirculation
of combustion products into the air inlets of the foam generators.

SUMMARY BOQ:

FUNDAMENTALS and OVERVIEW OF FOAM
SUPPRESSION EQUIPMENT FOR PETROCHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES


Petroleum refineries are most hazards industries due to their characteristic of handling,
processing and storing different types flammables materials at or above flash point and ignition
temperature. There are number of hazards including flammability, toxicity, explosion, physical
hazard, noise, ergonomics, electrical hazard, etc.
Amongst all the type of hazards, fire, explosion and toxicity hazard are the major concerns in
the petroleum refineries. Petroleum refineries fire and explosion can cause massive damage
to company installations, loss of life and health hazards to the neighborhood.

SPECIAL fire and explosion hazards in oil refinery:
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE):

It is an explosion of container (sphere, vessel, tanker, cylinder, etc) containing flammable
liquid/liquified gas caused by over pressurization due to boiling of the liquid. This usually occurs
due to the prolonged heating of the container and liquid/ liquified material reached at its boiling
point.
Three main factors responsible for BLEVE, one is the over pressurization due to the boiling of liquid,
the second vaporization rate is more than venting and the third is material loose it’s tensile strain
due to prolong heating by an external flame.


Unconfined vapour cloud explosion (UVCE):
It is a delayed explosion of released flammable vapor/ gas away from point of leak source after the
formation of flammable mixture in an unconfined area.
UVCE occurred when flammable gas released into the atmosphere, after some delay, forms a
vapour cloud and ignited by ignition source away from its point of leak source resulted into
deflagration.


Fire due to spontaneous ignition:
When pyrophoric material exposed to air, it starts burning without any external ignition source, this
fire called as fire due to spontaneous ignition.
During shutdown activities in refinery and petrochemical, pyrophoric material (iron sulfide) can be
found accumulated at inner surface of equipment, columns and vessels handling oil with sulfur
contains. When it exposed to air, spontaneous ignition occurs even at low temperatures.


Ground fire due to refinery flares:
During process upset, a heavy load of hydrocarbon vapours is diverted to the flare system, knock
out drum (KOD) gets overfilled with condensed liquid as well as water seal system can be failed
thus liquid reaches at the tip of the flare and burning liquid spreads near the flare area causing
ground fire.


Fire safety in refinery and petrochemical industries:
National and international standards are available for refinery and petrochemical fire safety systems
which provides the detail guideline on designing and installation of complex.
There are two types of fire safety systems, passive and active.
Passive fire protection system is as-built system which prevent the occurrence of unwanted events
or minimizes the consequences without much human intervention. Active fire safety system may
be automated or manual and comes into action after the occurrences of event. Typically,
passive fire safety system is for prevention and active fire safety system is for protection.

Typically, passive fire protection system is provided to protect the system or structures from
failure, for example, fire proofing of steel structures, columns, pipe rack, vessels, etc. Separation
barrier or fire wall is provided to prevent the spread of fire and to protect the nearby facility/
equipment from thermal radiation.
Dyke wall around the storage tanks is also an important passive fire protection system in oil
refinery. Dyke wall is provided for storage tanks to contain the leaked oil.
Compartmentation provided in building area to prevent the spread of fire and smoke.
Trip interlock is also one of the types of passive fire protection system provided in process
units for various systems and equipment to safely isolating or shutdown the equipment. It is
also provided in HVAC system to activate the dampers.

Active fire protection system is broadly divided into four categories and can be used to control
the fire, extinguish the fire, and/ or provide exposure protection to prevent domino effects. Active
firefighting system in oil and gas industry is maintained by dedicated company fire department.
1. Portable firefighting equipment:
It includes portable fire extinguishers, fire buckets, hose reel, foam trolley, etc. Adequacy and
placement can be done with reference of NFPA-10.
2. Fixed fire protection systems:
here are the fixed fire protection systems widely used in refinery and petrochemical industries:
2.1 Water based fixed fire protection system:
It includes, Fire water pumps with fire hydrants and fire monitors, medium velocity water spray
system (MVWS) for exposure protection, high velocity water spray system (HVWS) for
extinguishing the fire, sprinkler system is for exposure protection as well as extinguishing the fire,
fixed foam injection and pouring system, water mist system, etc. Deluge system is not a separate
system, it is component of water spray system. Deluge valve is provided in water spray system to
activate the system automatically or remote manually. API 2030 provides the detail guideline on
water spray system.

2.2 Clean gas fire protection fixed system:
It can be total flooding type or/and local application system type. These systems are suitable for
protecting control rooms, satellite buildings, generator rooms, battery rooms, cable cellars, etc.
NFPA 2001 provides detail guideline of clean agent fire extinguishing system.

2.3 DCP based fixed protection system:
This type of system can be used to protect transformers, electrical motors and pumps, hot oil
pumps, reactors flanges, heat exchanger flanges and other hot equipment where application of
water is restricted to prevent thermal effect.

2.5 Rim seal fire protection system:
It is a fixed type automatic fire protection system intended to protect the rim seal area of the
floating roof tank, the detection ring and the foam pouring nozzles are placed between the primary
and secondary seal of the floating roof and foam modules are mounted on the roof.

3. Semi-fixed fire protection system:
This type of system has fixed piping but requires supply of fire extinguishing media from external
sources, for example, the foam pourer system on floating roof and fixed roof storage tank have
fixed piping with collecting head at outside the dike wall. In the event of a fire, fire vehicles are
used to feed the foam solution into the system in order to apply it to the surface of the hot oil in the
tanks or in the area of the rim seal of the floating roof tank.

4. Mobile fire protection system:
It includes fire engines/ tender (fire trucks), Trailer mounted pumps, Trailer mounted high-volume
long-range monitors, Trolley mounted DCP units and foam units.
Fire trucks are of various type like Foam fire tender, water tender, water bowser, Foam nurser,
Combine fire tender, crash fire tender, DCP fire tender, etc.

FUNDAMENTALS, and OVERVIEW OF FOAM
SUPPRESSION EQUIPMENT FOR WAREHOUSES OF
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

• OBJECTIVES:
• TO KNOW THE FUNDAMENTALS ON FOAM SUPPRESSION OF WAREHOUSES FOR HAZARDOUS

MATERIALS:
 What is hazardous material storage?
 What are the chemical hazards in a warehouse?
• What is the most important aspect of hazardous material storage?
• What is the NFPA code that governs storage and handling of hazardous materials?

What is hazardous material storage?
Hazardous material (HAZMAT) storage refers to the storage of controlled chemicals and other
hazardous materials.

Basic hazard groups include: acids, bases, flammables, oxidizers, toxics, peroxide forming
chemicals, pyrophoric forming substances, water reactive chemicals, and explosives.
One of the most important aspects of hazardous material storage is ventilation. Make sure all
chemical materials are being stored based on their specific requirements, including regards to
ventilation. One great example of a material needing ventilation are gas cylinders.
NFPA 400 consolidates fundamental safeguards for the storage, use, and handling of
hazardous materials in all occupancies and facilities.

What Constitutes a Hazardous Material?
According to the Institute of Hazardous Materials Management (IHMM), a hazardous material is
“is any item or agent (biological, chemical, radiological, and/or physical), which has the
potential to cause harm to humans, animals, or the environment, either by itself or through
interaction with other factors.”
Such materials include chemicals and toxic

substances, and can be classified as physical
hazards (e.g., flammable and corrosive
chemicals) and/or health hazards (exposure to
the material can cause acute or chronic
health effects).

Hazardous Materials Code
NFPA 400 consolidates fundamental safeguards for
the storage, use, and handling of hazardous
materials in all occupancies and facilities. The Code
does not apply to storage or use of hazardous
materials for individual use on the premises of one-
and two-family dwellings.

1.1.1* Applicability.
This code shall apply to the storage, use, and handling of the following
hazardous materials in all occupancies and facilities:
(1) Ammonium nitrate solids and liquids
(2) Corrosive solids and liquids
(3) Flammable solids
(4) Organic peroxide formulations
(5) Oxidizer — solids and liquids
(6) Pyrophoric solids and liquids
(7) Toxic and highly toxic solids and liquids
(8) Unstable (reactive) solids and liquids
(9) Water-reactive solids and liquids
(10)*Compressed gases and cryogenic fluids as included within the context
of NFPA 55, Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code A.1.1.1

Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code:
Enforceable under OSHA and many state and local

regulations, NFPA 30 provides safeguards to reduce
the hazards associated with the storage, handling,
and use of flammable and combustible liquids.

CHEMICAL WAREHOUSING REQUIREMENTS:
Each chemical class is like an industry

unto itself, with specific rules and
regulations for safe storage and
handling. The chart displays just a few
examples:
According toNFPA 400:
1.1.1.2 Multiple Hazards.

Hazardous materials that are classified
in more than one hazard category, as
set forth in Section 4.1, shall conform
to the code requirements for each
hazard category.

Within each class, each specific chemical also has its own requirements. OSHA’s Hazard
Communication Standard requires chemical manufacturers and importers to prepare labels and
Safety Data Sheets (SDS) to “convey the hazard information to their downstream customers.”
These SDS sheets contain information on the specific hazard so workers handling these products
can be informed and take the relevant precautions. In general, best practices related to a given
chemical can be maintained by following the guidelines outlined in the SDS sheet for handling,
storage and transportation.

PREVENTING CROSS CONTACT:
Several of the requirements specific to a given chemical or chemical class have to do with other
chemicals – preventing them from coming into contact with one another.
For example, if an oxidizer is exposed to a flammable solvent, a fire can occur. Likewise, an acid
that encounters metal dust can create hydrogen gas.
Because of this volatility, chemical classes must be stored independently of one another in clearly
marked areas. These areas must be separated by approved non-combustible partitions and/or by
a distance of 20 feet or greater.
A facility that handles more than one hazardous chemical not only must meet the requirements of
each independent chemical class but must fully understand the relationships between all stored
chemicals and classes. Appropriate steps must then be taken to prevent cross contact at all times.
As shown above, this includes the potentially hazardous relationships between chemicals within the
same class.

Fire Suppression for Hazardous Materials Storage:
For buildings storing hazardous materials that need a total flood application, the Pre-Engineered
Dry Chemical System is recommended.
The system utilizes a dry chemical extinguishing agent, which suppresses more fire than any other
agent and meets NFPA Standard 17 for dry chemical extinguishing systems and NFPA Standard
30 for flammable and combustible liquid codes.

What are fire hazards and extinguishing media for ammonia?
Flammable Properties: FLAMMABLE GAS. High airborne concentrations can be ignited and pose
a significant fire and explosion hazard, especially in a confined space. A large and intense
energy source is necessary to ignite ammonia gas.
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Carbon dioxide, dry chemical powder, appropriate foam. Carbon
dioxide is dangerous to human as it drecrease the oxygen content. Foam, water & fog requires
fire water pumping system. Only Dry chemical is a standalone system where it doesn't need
water and not dangerous to humans as it doesn't reduce oxygen inside the protected area. It
only isolates the oxygen form the existing fire.
Specific Hazards Arising from the Chemical: Heat from fire can cause a rapid build-up of pressure
inside cylinders. Explosive rupture and a sudden release of large amounts of gas may result.
Cylinder may rocket. In a fire, the following hazardous materials may be generated: flammable
hydrogen


How does Dry Chemical System Operate?
STORAGE
ACTIVATION
PANEL NITROGEN
Main Reserve
Storage Storage
Nitrogen at
200 BARS
DETECTION SYSTEM
DISCHARGE DEVICES
Nozzles, Monitors,
Why Nitrogen is used as Expellant? Nitrogen (N2) is extensively used for pressuring Hose reels
STP fire extinguishers as it is a dry gas and will not contaminate a dry powder 134
extinguishing medium For Internal Use Only
SUMMARY:
1. AIRCRAFT HANGAR:
- NFPA 409, NFPA11, NFPA16
- FOAM SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
- TYPE I,II,III,IV OF HANGAR
2. PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES:
- SEVERAL HAZARDS & PROTECTION(NFPA 13, NFPA 14, NFPA 16, NFPA11, NFPA2001, NFPA17
- There are two types of fire safety systems, passive and active.
- Passive fire safety system is for prevention and active fire safety system is for protection.

SUMMARY:
3. WAREHOUSE FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS:

- SEVERAL HAZARDS & PROTECTION (NFPA 400, NFPA 17, NFPA 11, NFPA 30)
- Standard requires chemical manufacturers and importers to prepare labels
and Safety Data Sheets (SDS) to “convey the hazard information to their downstream
customers.”
- For buildings storing hazardous materials that need a total flood application, the Pre-
Engineered Dry Chemical System is recommended

Thank You!
People...you can rely on!
Contact – Q&A
James.abarca@firetechindia.com
info@firetechindia.com

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• TO KNOW THE FUNDAMENTALS ON FOAM SUPPRESSION OF AIRCRAFT HANGAR:

• Overview of Aircraft Hangar construction.

• Overview of Fire Protection & Detection system for Aircraft Hangars.

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• TO KNOW THE FUNDAMENTALS ON FOAM SUPPRESSION OF PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES:

 What are the processes involved in Petroleum Refineries?

 What are the Fire Hazards in a Petroleum Refineries?

 What are fire protection system in Petroleum Refineries?

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For Internal Use Only

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For Internal Use Only

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For Internal Use Only

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For Internal Use Only

Fire Tetrahedron – Heat, Fuel, Oxygen and Chemical

Take any of these four things away

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For Internal Use Only

For Internal Use Only

The lower the flash point, the easier it is to ignite

The fire point is usually a few degrees above

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Flammable liquids and Gasoline, Propane and Foam

C Live electrical equipment Computers, machinery

D Combustible metals Magnesium, Lithium

K Cooking media Cooking oil, Fats

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is more heat-resistant and more durable.

For Internal Use Only

• AFFF- Aqueous Film Forming Foam

• FFFP- Film Forming Fluoroprotein

For Internal Use Only