BIOLOGY UNIT BIOLOGY 1 SB015

SEMESTER 1
KOLEJ MATRIKULASI MELAKA SESSION 2022/2023

CHAPTER 5: POPULATION GENETICS

5.1 GENE POOL CONCEPT

5.2 HARDY-WEINBERG LAW

UPS 2 PSPM
3 marks 6 marks
 CHAPTER 5 : BIOLOGY 1 SB015
SEMESTER 1
POPULATION GENETICS SESSION 2022/2023

5.1 : GENE POOL CONCEPT

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Explain population genetics, gene pool,

allele frequencies, genotype frequencies
and genetic equilibrium.
 POPULATION GENETICS

The study of how populations change genetically

over time
 POPULATION

DEFINITION:
▪ A group of individuals of the same species that live
in the same area and able to interbreed (sexually),
producing fertile offspring.
 GENE POOL

▪ Consist of all alleles at all gene loci in all

individuals of the population
▪ For diploid species, there are 2 alleles for every
gene
 GENE POOL

▪ For these homologous loci, an individual can be

❖ Homozygous
⮚ Have two identical alleles for a given
character
❖ Heterozygous
⮚ Have two different alleles for the character
 GENE POOL

▪ Suppose there are 320 plants with red flowers, 160

plants with pink flowers and 20 with white flowers
▪ Total = 500 plants
▪ Because these are diploid organisms, so each plant
carries 2 alleles. (1 gene = 2 alleles)
Gene pool = Total number of alleles in all
individuals of the population
= 2 alleles x 500 plants
= 1000 alleles
 ALLELE FREQUENCY

DEFINITION:
Ratio of total number of a particular allele to the
total number of all alleles in the gene pool.

▪ Frequency of dominant allele,

= Total no. of dominant alleles in gene pool
Total no. of all alleles in gene pool
▪ Frequency of recessive allele,
= Total no. of recessive alleles in gene pool
Total no. of all alleles in gene pool
 ALLELE FREQUENCY

Example
A population of diploid organism consists of 2000
individuals. The table below shows the genotypes in
the population.
Genotype No. of organism
RR 980
Rr 840
rr 180

a) Calculate the frequency for allele R.

b) Calculate the frequency for allele r.
 ALLELE FREQUENCY

Answer Genotype No. of organism

RR 980
a) Calculate the
Rr 840
frequency for
rr 180
allele R.
Step 1 Find total no. of alleles in gene pool
= 2000 X 2 alleles
= 4000 alleles

Step 2 Find total no. of R alleles in gene pool

Total R alleles in RR individuals = 980 X 2 = 1960
Total R alleles in Rr individuals = 840 X 1 = 840 2800
 ALLELE FREQUENCY

Answer Genotype No. of organism

RR 980
a) Calculate the
Rr 840
frequency for
rr 180
allele R.
Step 3 Find frequency for R alleles in gene
pool
= Total no. of dominant (R) alleles in gene pool
Total no. of all alleles in gene pool
= 2800
4000
= 0.7
 ALLELE FREQUENCY

Answer Genotype No. of organism

RR 980
b) Calculate the
Rr 840
frequency for
rr 180
allele r.
Step 1 Find total no. of alleles in gene pool
= 2000 X 2 alleles
= 4000 alleles

Step 2 Find total no. of r alleles in gene pool

Total R alleles in Rr individuals = 840 X 1 = 840
1200
Total R alleles in rr individuals = 180 X 2 = 360
 ALLELE FREQUENCY

Answer Genotype No. of organism

RR 980
b) Calculate the
Rr 840
frequency for
rr 180
allele r.
Step 3 Find frequency for r alleles in gene pool
= Total no. of recessive (r) alleles in gene pool
Total no. of all alleles in gene pool
= 1200
4000
= 0.3
 GENOTYPE FREQUENCY

DEFINITION:
Ratio of total number of individuals with a
particular genotype to the total number of all
individuals in a population.
▪ Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype,
= Total no. of homozygous dominant individual
Total no. of all individuals in a population
▪ Frequency of homozygous recessive genotype,
= Total no. of homozygous recessive individual
Total no. of all individuals in a population
▪ Frequency of heterozygous genotype,
= Total no. of heterozygous individual
Total no. of all individuals in a population
 GENOTYPE FREQUENCY

Example
A population of diploid organism consists of 2000
individuals. The table below shows the genotypes in
the population.
Genotype No. of organism
RR 980
Rr 840
rr 180

a) If sexual reproduction occur at random, calculate

the frequency for the RR, Rr and rr genotype in the
next generation.
 GENOTYPE FREQUENCY

Answer Genotype No. of organism

RR 980
a) Calculate the
Rr 840
frequency for RR,
rr 180
Rr and rr
genotype.
Step 1 Find total no. of individual
= 2000
Step 2 Find total no. of individual with RR, Rr
and rr genotype
Total no. of homozygous dominant, RR individuals = 980
Total no. of heterozygous, Rr individuals = 360
Total no. of homozygous recessive, rr individuals = 180
 GENOTYPE FREQUENCY

Answer Genotype No. of organism

RR 980
a) Calculate the
Rr 840
frequency for RR,
rr 180
Rr and rr
genotype.
Step 3 Find frequency for RR, Rr and rr genotype.
e.g; RR
= Total no. of homozygous dominant, RR individual
Total no. of all individuals in a population
= 980
2000
= 0.49
 GENOTYPE FREQUENCY

Answer Genotype No. of organism

RR 980
a) Calculate the
Rr 840
frequency for RR,
rr 180
Rr and rr
genotype.
Step 3 Find frequency for RR, Rr and rr genotype.
e.g; Rr
= Total no. of heterozygous, Rr individual
Total no. of all individuals in a population
= 840
2000
= 0.42
 GENOTYPE FREQUENCY

Answer Genotype No. of organism

RR 980
a) Calculate the
Rr 840
frequency for RR,
rr 180
Rr and rr
genotype.
Step 3 Find frequency for RR, Rr and rr genotype.
e.g; rr
= Total no. of homozygous recessive, rr individual
Total no. of all individuals in a population
= 180
2000
= 0.09
 GENOTYPE FREQUENCY

CRC W
 ALLELE FREQUENCY AND GENETIC
EQUILIBRIUM
▪ Genetic equilibrium: The condition of a population
in which allele frequency and genotype frequency
remain constant (do not change) from one
generation to the next.
▪ Population does not *evolving

Evolution:
The changes in allele
frequency in a population
Genes are like the story and DNA is the
language that the story is written in.
- Sam Kean -