MTH327-05 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

Dr. M. Mushtaq
March 07, 2023

Convergence in a Normed Space

A subset fx1 ; x2 ; ; xn g of a normed space N is said to be linearly indepen-
dent if for every choice of scalars 1 ; 2 ; ; n ; the equation
X
n

i xi =0
i=1

implies i = 0; i = 1; 2; ; n.
A subset fx1 ; x2 ; ; xn g of a normed space N is said to be linearly dependent
if it is not linearly independent.
An in…nite subset A of a normed space N is said to be linearly independent
if every …nite subset of A is linearly independent.
An in…nite subset A of a normed space N is said to be linearly dependent if
it is not linearly independent.
An element x of a normed space N is said to be a linear combination of the
elements x1 ; x2 ; ; xn of N if there are scalars 1 ; 2 ; ; n such that
X
n
x= i xi :
i=1

In the general theory of vector spaces, sum of an in…nite number of terms is

not de…ned. However, in the theory of normed spaces, we can de…ne such a
sum as follows:
Let fxi g be a sequence in a nomred space N . We put
X
n
sn = xi :
i=1

1
Then fsn g is also a sequence in N .
If fsn g converges to x 2 N , then given any > 0; there is a natural number
n0 such that
ksn xk < ; 8n n0 :
We then write
X
1
x = lim sn = xi
n!1
i=1

so that an element x of a normed space N may be expressed as an in…nite

sum.
A series
X
1
x i ; xi 2 N
i=1

is said to be absolutely convergent if the series

X
1
kxi k
i=1

is convergent.
An absolutely convergent series may not be itself convergent.
P1
Theorem. PLet i=1 xi be an absolutely convergent series in a Banach space
N . Then 1 x
i=1 i is convergent in N .
Proof.
P
Let 1 i=1 xi be an absolutely convergent series in a Banach space N .
Given any > 0, there is a natural number n0 such that
X
m
kxi k < ; 8m > n n0 :
i=n+1

Put sn = x1 + x2 + + xn . Then fsn g is a sequence in N .

For m > n n0
X
m
ksm sn k = xi
i=n+1
X
m
kxi k <
i=n+1

2
Therefore fsn g is a Cauchy sequence in N .
Since N is a Banach space, fsn g converges to x 2 N so that

X
1
x = lim sn = xi
n!1
i=1
P1
Hence i=1 xi is convergent in N .
In the next theorem we show that a sort of converse of the above theorem is
also true.
[Theorem 5.1.6: A Cauchy sequence in a metric space (X; d) converges if
and only if it has a convergent subsequence.]
Theorem. If every absolutely convergent series converges in a normed space
N . Then N is a Banach space.
Proof.
Let fxn g be a Cauchy sequence in N .
Then for each natural number k, there is an integer nk such that

kxm xn k < 2 k ; 8m>n nk :

Without any loss of generality we can assume that for k = 1; 2;

n1 < n 2 < n 3 <

Now we form a subsequence fxnk g of fxn g as follows:

Let
sk = xnk
and
y 1 = s1 ; y k = sk sk 1 for k 2:
Then

y 2 = s2 s1 = s2 y 1 ) s2 = y 1 + y 2
y 3 = s3 s2 = s3 (y1 + y2 ) ) s3 = y1 + y2 + y3

so that
sk = y 1 + y 2 + + yk :

3
Now

kyk k = ksk sk 1 k
= xnk xnk 1
(k 1)
< 2 :

Thus
X
1 X
1
(k 1)
kyk k < 2 < 1:
k=1 k=1
P
This shows that 1 k=1 yk is absolutely convergent in N .
P
By our assumption 1 k=1 yk is convergent in N .
Consequently, fsk g is convergent in N .
Let
x = lim sk :
k!1

Then
x = lim sk = lim xnk :
k!1 k!1

So that fxnk g converges to x.

Therefore Cauchy sequence fxn g has a convergent subsequence fxnk g.
Thus Cauchy sequence fxn g converges, consequently N is complete.
Hence N is a Banach space.