The Biology of Human Behaviour

Behavioural Evolution
Dr. Karzan Mohammad

Associate Professor
Biomedical Science

Director General Assistant Professor Research Fellow GBD Expert

Research Centre Department of Biology Manchester Fungal Infection Group Global Burden of Disease
The University of Manchester IHME Institute
Salahaddin University College of Education
Institute of Inflammation and Repair Health Metrics and Evaluation
Erbil-Iraq Salahaddin University 2nd Floor Office (2.3) University of Washington
Erbil-Iraq Core Technology Facility
2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600
46 Grafton Street
Seattle, WA 98121,
M13 9NT
USA
Manchester UK
Outlines to cover
n Individual Selection and Gene Passing

n Kin Selection (Relativeness)

n Reciprocal Alturism
Evidences of Big Bang

Universe is
expanding

CMB detection
(Noble prize 1978)

Gravitational wave and red shift quantification (2014)

Einstein theory of relativity and quantification of gravity

Element abundance

Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian

Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts,
and Peter Walt 2004
14 Billion Years Ago the Universe is emerged

4.5 Billion Years Ago Earth Created

Living organisms on earth first arose about

3.5 billion years ago

• Prokaryotic
• Anaerobic
n Cambrian Explosion
n Fossils = 450 million years ago
n 99.9 % of species been distinct.
Evolutionary Principles

n Optimization of life
n Optimization of Behaviour
Nash Equillibrium
n 1975-1979
SocioBiology (Principles of Evolution is same for social
behaviour)
n 1985-1989
Evolutionary Psychology
Evolution
n Traits (Genes) are changing in a
population over time.
n May lead to speciation
Evolution
Evidence
n Comparative anatomy
n Embryo Development
n Fossil Record
n DNA Comparison
n Species Distribution
Evolution of behavior
n Just like passing over traits to new
generation
n Some behaviors are passed through
inheritance.
n Some are adaptive
n Sometimes mutation occurs
Evolution of Behavior
n Edward-Wynne
(animal sacrifice for the good of
the group)

Animals works toward passing

genes to new generation ✓

1- Selections to guarantee gene pass
n Individual n Sexual
Selection Selection

Sometimes its detrimental

 2- Relative Selections (Kin Selection)

n Twins 100% gene

n Siblings 50%

= behaving by decreasing the success of an individual in

order to enhance the success of a relative.
Cooperative Behavior with relatives
are different.
n Dorothy Cheney & Robert
Seyfarth
n Departments of Biology and Psychology,
University of Pennsylvania

n Child Sound
n Child Revenge
3- Competition
n Branden Bohanen, 2016
Bacteria lives in equillibrium if no one harms.

n Karzan Mohammad 2016

Quorum Sensing Biofilms

n Human Scinario
Sniper
 Why should human be cooperative?

n Marc Hauser
n Monkeys Experiment

n Recoprocal Alturism

- In vertebrates, mamales (Including Human)

- Also in Bacteria and Fungi (Normal Flora of
human gut)
 Reciprocal Alturism
n Cooperation for cooperation
n Cooperation for reward
n Cooperation for Kindness
n Cooperation but Punishment
n Cooperation but Loss

n Cheating is more detected than kindness

75% to 25% (even in Chimpanzee)
 Optimal Behavior
n When to cooperate, when to cheat (Behavioural
Evolution)

n Game Theory (Prisoner’s Dilema)

Robert Axlord 1970

 Tit for Tat
n Experiments in 3 rounds
You cooperate at first, second, but in the
third the opponent defect.

You lost a battle, but you will win the war.

General Rule
If you are being nice, being forgiving, being
retaliate…. Makes other behaviours extinct
 Vulnerability of Tit for Tat
n Signal errors (Rumors, Third Party involvement)
n FTFT
Cooperate, cooperate, cooperate,
Vulnerable to Explaoitation

TFT--à FTFT
Building Trust
nPavlov Theory
Winning is the purpose, even if it exploitation.

n Daniel Elsberg (CIA) 1970

The Optimal Benefits of Precieved Madness
 Is it the same in Animals
n Yes
n Vampire bats

n Stickle Back fish

MIRROR EXPERIMENT
 Exception of tit for tat
n Craig Packer (University of Minnesota)
1995

- Scaredy one, stayed behind à Not Punished

- WHY?
- - May be they didn’t notice
- May be there is another game (not tit for tat)
- May be eats less meat

- Real World Complexity

 Naked Mole Rats
n Some are not working at all
 James Holland 1958 University of Michigan

n Sudden Strategy Changes

n Mutation
n Shocks
n Disappointments
n ----
n -----
Behavioural Evolution

n Aggression
n Variability (No. of kids)
n Female Choice
n Life span
n Fatherhood behaviour
n Twins
n Kid Abandon (Cheating)
Tournament Species

Pair Species

Human (in Between)

Monogamy
Polygamy (Economic, Politic, Demographic)