Yearly Revision Science

Life Goes On
Evidence of Evolution

 Theory of Evolution
is a theory that states the species adapt overtime in relation to the changing
environment
 Historical treatment of evolution:
- Jean baptise de Lemark – he proposed that organisms can develop characteristics
to sustain to the environment
- Charles Darwin – stated that evolution occurs by natural selection because of
competition between induvial in a population with different traits
- Wallace’s Line – worked on Darwin’s theory connecting it to biogeography and
continental drift

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection

 Darwin’s theory of evolution is the concept that species can change overtime and that
new spices originate from pre-existing species, meaning all species have the same
ancestors
 Natural selection is the process in which living organism adapt and change. These
changes are specifically in regard to the survival capability and its reproductions
 Changes in population can arise from natural selection as the trait that is deemed more
dominant is passed through the next generations
 The theory of evolution is related to natural selection as natural selection leads to
change in species, which leads to change in population, also known as evolution.
 Example of natural selection relates to population: in the development of resistance of
bacteria to antibiotics and insects to pesticides.

Reproduction

 Reproduction is the production of an offspring . it is aa characteristic of living things

to ensure the continuation of a species.
 Sexual Reproduction – it occurs between the male and female gamete. Producing an
offspring with that is genetically different from both parents
 Asexual Reproduction – it is when an offspring is produced from a single parent. It
DOESN’T involve sex cells or fertilization
  Sequence of human reproduction:
1. Gamete formation
2. Fertilization
3. Zygote
4. Embryo

Mitosis and Meiosis

 Meiosis is the sex cells

 Mitosis is something that all body cells must reproduce to heal damaged cells

DNA

 The transfer from one characteristic into another use’s genes and DNA during
reproduction
 Structure of DNA: Phosphate and sugar – the leader(double helix) and A+T- making a
pair and C+G making a pair
 It is made in pairings of A-T and G-C

Structure of a Cell

 Cell wall
 Cell membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Nucleus
 Cell organelles

Role of Nucleus

 The role is to store the DNA cells

 Facilitate its replication and transcription

Chromosomes

 Their nature is to contain genetic material

 In relation to genes, DNA and Chromosomes, they work together to create our body.
Chromosomes are the carrier of the DNA in our body. Whilst DNA is made up of
genes

Discovery of DNA
  Watson and Creek were the first people known to come up with a model of DNA

Importance of Exact DNA Replication

 It ensures that each daughter cell gets a copy of genome, making it have a successful
inheritance of genetic traits

DNA Replication

 It occurs when there is an opening in the double helix and a separation in the DNA
stand, allowing an assembly of new DNA segments. This process replicates the DNA.

Genetics

 Genetic information is transferred as genes in the DNA of chromosomes

 Genetics is the study of heredity passed on from one generation into another in terms
of qualities and characteristics

Inheritance

 A trait of variant passed in a form of DNA from parents to their offspring

 Genes as the basic unit of inheritance

Genotype

 It is the unique sequence of DNA

Phenotype

 It is a trait that can be seen or observed

Homozygous

 Having two identical alleles

Heterozygous

 Having to non-identical alleles

Dominant

 The trait is overpowering

Recessive

 The trait is overpowered by the dominant trait in most cases

Pedigree

 It shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes

 It is a chart that shows the inheritance of a trait or health condition throughout a
family

Effects of the Environment

 Organisms adapt to certain environments by the consist changing in phenotypes

Mutations

 They are errors in DNA replication during cell divisions often occurring because of
infections
 In the Watson and crick model that explain that a base occurring very occasionally in
one of the less likely tautomeric forms, at the moment when the complementary chain
is being formed.

Star Wars
Features of Galaxies

 Galaxies
 Groups of stars – different types of stars
 Nebulae
  Planets
 Blackholes

Technology used to discover the solar system

 Telescopes (light)
 Radio (heat) telescopes
 Electromagnetic (infer red) telescope
 Microwaves

The discovery of other things in the unaversive were unknown until the help of technological
advances. For example

Scales Sizes and Distances

 It is measured in light years of astronomical units

Gravity and Newtons Third Law

 The third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction
 In terms of graviety when the earth is pulling the moon, the moon is pulling the earth
giving it an opposite as well as an equal reaction

Big Bang Theory

 The evidence that supports the big bang is red shift(the lights in the universe are
stretching towards the red scale, that signifies that the universe is expanding).
 Cosmic microwave background radiation(CMBR) is evidence that supports the big
bang as the beginning of the universe had a release of energy in all directions that can
be found in many areas of the universe
 The big bang theory is a theory that scientists believe about how the universe started.
 It is 13.8 billion years ago the universe

Before the big bang theory

 People used to believe in cultural theories regarding qqthe universe that has changed
overtime due to the expansion of scientific knowledge
Cultural explanation of cosmology

 What gives its members their fundamental sense of where they come from, who they
are, and what their personal role in life’s larger picture might be.

Steady State Theory - at the same time as the Big Bang

 It states that universe is constantly expanding but it remains in the same density

Formation of A Star

 The stars are made of gas and dust particles, which fuse together due to gravity,
allowing stars to be formed