BSMT: (ORIGIN AND IMPORTANCE OF GENETICS)
HISTORY Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor
8000 TO 1000BC
successful domestication
of animals and cultivation
of plants.
500 TO 400 BC
Hippocratic School of Medicine
384 TO 322 BC
Naturalist Aristotle (Plato)
active” Humors” in various parts of the
body served as the bearers of hereditary
traits (semen) according to Hippocrates.
the generative power of the semen
resided in a “vital heat” contained w/in it
that had the capacity to produce offspring of
the same “form” as the parent.
1600 TO 1850
Dawn of Modern Biology
1578 To 1657
William Harvey wrote a treatise on
reproduction and development patterned
from Aristotle’s work.
Theory of epigenesis- an organism is
derived from substances present in the egg
that differentiate into adult’s structures.
during embryonic development. Conflicted
w/ theory Preformation miniature.
1830
Schwan proposed the “Cell Theory”-
stating that all organisms are composed of
basic units called cells.
Schleiden was one of the first German
biologists to accept Charles Darwin’s
theory of evolution.
Later in the century Louis Pasteur
disproved the idea of spontaneous
generation.
According to him living organisms were
considered to be derived from preexisting
organisms and to consist cells.
FIXITY OF SPECIES
this doctrine says that animal and plant
groups have remained unchanged in form
since the moment of their appearance on
earth. father of modern taxonomy, and is
also considered one of the fathers of
modern ecology
CHARLES DARWIN AND EVOLUION
Theory of Natural Selection
based on the observation that populations
tend to consist of more offspring that the
environment can support leading to a
struggle for survival among them.
It gradually became clear that heredity and
development were dependent on genetic
information residing in genes contained on
chromosomes, which were then contributed
to each individual by gametes-
chromosomal theory of inheritance
1859 -Darwin's theory of evolution
is based on five key observations and
inferences drawn from them. These
observations and inferences have been
summarized by the great biologist
Ernst Mayr as follows:
1) Species have great fertility. They make
more offspring than can grow to adulthood.
2) Populations remain roughly the same
size, with modest fluctuations.
3) Food resources are limited, but are
relatively constant most of the time.
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 BSMT: (ORIGIN AND IMPORTANCE OF GENETICS)

From these three observations it may be Mitosis-chromosomes are copied and

inferred that in such an environment there
will be a struggle for survival among
individuals.
4) In sexually reproducing species,
generally no two individuals are identical.
Variation is rampant.
5) Much of this variation is heritable.
Darwin published his theory of evolution
distributed so that each daughter cell
receives a diploid set of chromosomes.
Meiosis- - associated with gamete
formation.
cells produced receive only one
chromosome from each chromosome pair,
and the resulting number of chromosomes
is called the haploid (n)number.

1860
Mendel’s work on transmission of Traits
Gregor Mendel an Augustinian Monk
(Pea plants)
based on the application of quantitative
Data analysis traits
are passed from parents to offspring in
predictable ways
foundation for Genetics- branch of
Biology concerned with the study of
heredity and variation.
Mendel's pioneer research into genetic
inheritance. This was long after his
death. He never received the public
acclaim that was eventually showered on
Darwin during his lifetime.
-"father of modern genetics",

20 YEARS AFTER MENDELS WORK

advance in microscopy
identify the chromosome
established that in most Eukaryotes,
members of each species have a
characteristic number of chromosomes
called diploid number (2n) in most of its
cells.
Ex. (Human have a diploid number of 46)
Chromosomes in diploid cells exist in
pairs called homologous chromosomes.
Members of a pair are identical in size
and location of the centromere, a structure
to which spindle fibers attach during cell
division.
19th century -description of chromosome
behavior during two forms of cell division.
20TH CENTURY WALTER SUTTON AND
THEODOR BOVERI
Chromosome theory of inheritance-
-states that inherited traits are controlled
by genes residing on chromosome faithfully
transmitted through gametes maintaining
genetic continuity from generation to
generation.
explains how genetic information
transmitted from generation to generation
Alleles – are defined as alternative forms
of a gene. Different alleles may produce
difference in the observable features, or
phenotypes, of an organism.
The set of alleles for a given trait carried
by an organism is called the genotype.

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1920s
scientist was aware that proteins and
DNA are the major chemical components of
chromosomes
1944
Oswald Avery Colin Macleod, and
Maclyn Mc Carty, research that the DNA was
the carrier of genetic information.
BACTERIOPHAGE
(Informally, phage) is a virus that infects
and replicates within bacteria.
are composed of proteins that
encapsulate
a DNA or RNA genome, and may have
relatively simple or elaborate structures
ERA OF MOLECULAR GENETICS
accepted DNA carries genetic
information.
study the structure of DNA Molecule and
the mechanism by which information
stored in it. is expressed to produce an
observable trait, called phenotype.
Recombinant DNA technology-
researchers learned how to isolate and
make copies of specific regions of DNA
molecules
Structure of DNA and RNA
DNA- long ladderlike macromolecule that
twist to form a double helix. Each strand of
the helix is a linear polymer made up of
subunits called nucleotides.
EACH DNA NUCLEOTIDES CONTAINS ONE OF
FOUR NITROGENOUS BASE
A- Adenine
G- Guanine
T- Thymine
C -Cytosine
in various sequence specify the amino
acid sequence of proteins. Genetic
information is encoded as a sequence of
nucleotides the backbone of the DNA strand
is made from alternating phosphate and
sugar residue.
(ORIGIN AND IMPORTANCE OF GENETICS)
1953
James Watson and Francis Crick
established that the two strands of DNA
are exact complement of one another, so
that the rungs of the ladder in the double
Helix always consist of A=T and G=C base
pairs.
Discoveries concerning the molecular
structure of nucleic acids and its
significance for information transfer in
living material".
1962
Maurice Wilkins, Watson and Crick
awarded the Nobel Prize for the structure of
DNA.
RNA
another nucleic acid is chemically similar
to DNA but contains a different sugar
(ribose rather than deoxyribose) in its
nucleotides and contains the nitrogenous
uracil in place of thymine
generally single stranded.
can form complementary structures
with strand of DNA.
is a ubiquitous family of large biological
molecules that perform multiple vital roles
in the
1. coding,
2. decoding,
3. regulation, and
4. expression of genes.
5.
Central Dogma of Genetics- DNA makes
RNA which most often makes protein.
Proteins and Biological function
Protein is the end product of gene
expression.
its diversity, biological functions they
can perform
made from combination of 20 different
amino acids
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 BSMT: (ORIGIN AND IMPORTANCE OF GENETICS)

ENZYMES SETS THE STAGE FOR CLONING

form the largest category of proteins
these molecules serve as biological
catalyst, essentially causing biochemical
reactions to proceed at rates necessary for
sustaining life.
by lowering the energy of activation in
reactions, enzymes enable cellular
metabolism to proceed in body
temperatures when otherwise those
reactions would require intense heat or
pressure in order to occur.
PROTEINS OTHER THAN ENZYMES ARE
CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF CELLS AND
ORGANISMS.
After the restriction enzymes produce by
specific DNA fragments methods were
developed to insert the fragments into
carrier DNA molecules called Vectors to
make a recombinant DNA molecules and
transfer to bacterial cells.
Cloning is the process of producing
similar populations of genetically identical
individuals that occurs in nature when
organisms such as bacteria, insects or
plants reproduce asexually.
Genome—the complete haploid DNA
content of a specific organism
collections of clones that contain an entire
genome are called genomes libraries

1. Hemoglobin, the Oxygen binding

pigment in RBC
2. Insulin, the pancreatic hormone
3. Collagen the connective tissue
molecule
4. Keratin, structural molecule in hair
5. Histones, proteins integral to
chromosome structure in the
eukaryotes
6. Actin and myosin, contractile
muscle proteins
7. Immunoglobulins, the antibody
molecule of the immune system

Protein shape and chemical behavior

are determined by its linear sequence of
amino acids which is dictated by the stored
information in the DNA of a gene that is
transferred to RNA, which then directs the
protein synthesis.

DNA MAKES RNA WHICH THEN MAKES

PROTEIN

DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMBINANT DNA

TECHNOLOGY BEGAN THE ERA OF
CLONING.

1970’s starts when researchers

discovered that bacteria protect themselves
from viral infection by producing enzymes
that cut viral DNA at specific sites. Because
of this the viral DNA cannot direct the
synthesis of phage particles ----Restriction
enzymes

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