Topic: “PSYCHOLOGY”

Designed by: ROSENE C. CAMANCE Grade: 11

Semester: 1st Week: 7

QUEST:
Distinguish Social and Natural Sciences and Humanities. HUMSS_DISN 11-IIIa-d-3
Compare and Contrast the various Social Science disciplines and their fields,
main areas of inquiry, and methods. HUMSS_DIS 11-IIIb-d-3

ACTIVITY 1. PICTURE ANALYSIS

Obeserve the picture below (1)

What comes into your mind when you see this picture?

PSYCHOLOGY
The word psychology basically come from the two Greek words “PSYCHE” which
means “soul or mind” and “LOGOS” which means “to study”, therefore, literally
psychology means the study of the “soul” or “mind”. (3)

In present times, psychology is defined as the scientific study of

behavior and mental processes (Santrock, 2000). There are three important
aspects given in the definition namely: science, behavior, and mental processes.
(3)

The History of Psychology is the history thought about consciousness and

conduct. It has its roots in ancient Greek Philosophy, such as epistemology (the
philosophy of knowing), metaphysics, religion, and oriental philosophy.
The philosopher - physician William Wundt joined the field of philosophy and
natural science to create academic discipline of psychology. Wilhelm Wundt is
credited with developing the first scientific laboratory in psychology; he was also
known to be the father of modern psychology. (3)

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Activity no. 2
CONCEPT MAP
Directions: Explain your understanding about the Id, Ego, and Super Ego using a
concept map. Be creative! (20pts.) (2)

parts of the
psychic

P
What is the id?
The id is the primitive and instinctive component of personality. It consists of all
the inherited (i.e., biological) components of personality present at birth,
including the sex (life) instinct – Eros (which contains the libido), and the
aggressive (death) instinct - Thanatos. (3)
The id is the impulsive (and unconscious) part of our psyche which responds
directly and immediately to basic urges, needs, and desires. The personality of
the newborn child is all id and only later does it develop an ego and super-ego. (3)
The id remains infantile in its function throughout a person's life and does not
change with time or experience, as it is not in touch with the external world. The
id is not affected by reality, logic or the everyday world, as it operates within the
unconscious part of the mind. (3)

The id operates on the pleasure principle (Freud, 1920) which is the idea that
every wishful impulse should be satisfied immediately, regardless of the
consequences. When the id achieves its demands, we experience pleasure when
it is denied we experience ‘unpleasure’ or tension. (2)
The id engages in primary process thinking, which is primitive, illogical,
irrational, and fantasy oriented. This form of process thinking has no
comprehension of objective reality, and is selfish and wishful in nature. (2)

What is the Ego?

The ego is 'that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of
the external world.'(2)
(Freud, 1923, p. 25)
The ego develops to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real
world. It is the decision-making component of personality. Ideally, the ego works
by reason, whereas the id is chaotic and unreasonable. (2)
The ego operates according to the reality principle, working out realistic ways of
satisfying the id’s demands, often compromising or postponing satisfaction to
avoid negative consequences of society. The ego considers social realities and
norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how to behave. (2)

Like the id, the ego seeks pleasure (i.e., tension reduction) and avoids pain, but
unlike the id, the ego is concerned with devising a realistic strategy to obtain

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pleasure. The ego has no concept of right or wrong; something is good simply if
it achieves its end of satisfying without causing harm to itself or the id. (2)
Often the ego is weak relative to the headstrong id, and the best the ego can do is
stay on, pointing the id in the right direction and claiming some credit at the end
as if the action were its own. (2)
Freud made the analogy of the id being a horse while the ego is the rider. The ego
is 'like a man on horseback, who has to hold in check the superiour strength of
the horse.'
(Freud, 1923, p. 15) (2)
If the ego fails in its attempt to use the reality principle, and anxiety is
experienced, unconscious defense mechanisms are employed, to help ward off
unpleasant feelings (i.e., anxiety) or make good things feel better for the
individual. (2)
The ego engages in secondary process thinking, which is rational, realistic, and
orientated towards problem-solving. If a plan of action does not work, then it is
thought through again until a solution is found. This is known as reality testing
and enables the person to control their impulses and demonstrate self-control,
via mastery of the ego. (2)
An important feature of clinical and social work is to enhance ego functioning
and help the client test reality through assisting the client to think through their
options. (1) (2)

What is the superego?

The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned
from one's parents and others. It develops around the age of 3 – 5 years during
the phallic stage of psychosexual development. (2)
The superego's function is to control the id's impulses, especially those which
society forbids, such as sex and aggression. It also has the function of
persuading the ego to turn to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones
and to strive for perfection. (2)

The superego consists of two systems: The conscience and the ideal self. The
conscience can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt. For example, if
the ego gives in to the id's demands, the superego may make the person feel bad
through guilt. (2)
The ideal self (or ego-ideal) is an imaginary picture of how you ought to be, and
represents career aspirations, how to treat other people, and how to behave as a
member of society. (2)
Behavior which falls short of the ideal self may be punished by the superego
through guilt. The super-ego can also reward us through the ideal self when we
behave ‘properly’ by making us feel proud.
If a person’s ideal self is too high a standard, then whatever the person does will
represent failure. The ideal self and conscience are largely determined
in childhood from parental values and how you were brought up. (2)

METHODS USED IN PSYCHOLOGY

1. INSPECTION METHOD
Psychologists obtain data from the subject or participant’s feelings and
experiences. Data are the analyzed and interpreted. (4)
2. OBSERVATIONAL METHOD
-This is both visual and oral. Psychologists applying this method examine
the subject in the laboratory, classroom or institution. He records his
observations and later analyzes them.
3. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

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 -This is testing a theory by accurate trial of controlled situation;
psychological experiment rechecked how certain belief is.
4. SURVEY METHOD
-These method utilizes questionnaire to obtain data from a large group of
sample. Interview is also applied in this method when sources or respondents are
not large.
5. EMPIRICAL METHOD
-This is obtaining data by way of direct or indirect experience. Recorded
data is analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively.
BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY

1. GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
-This concerns the basic principle of human behavior. It attempts to explain
the why and how people believe in a way under situation.
2. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
-This is also called COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY. It deals with a scientific
solution to a psychological problem. This particular branch also includes control
and prevention of some problems by a process called psychotherapy or
counseling.
3.ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
-It is called abnormal because it primarily deals with abnormalities. It
includes determining of a person who has abnormalities so that practitioners of
this branch are usually found in Human Resource Department.
4. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY
-This focuses on psychological stimuli in human being. It is about the ability
in acquiring linguistic skills, person’s state of mind. It works on how children get
cue from the stimuli.
5. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
-It basically deals with the capability to solve problem, which also includes
process like thinking, analyzing, memorizing and many more.
6. LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY
-Like the clinical and cognitive psychology, legal psychology deals with
handling psychological issues. It only differs on the legal point of view. Legal
psychologists assist investigators to analyze testimonies of witnesses and
victims. (4)
7. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
-This is the branch of Psychology taught in colleges. It deals with usual
student problems like learning disorders, sex education, problems on
adolescence particularly shyness and many more. (4)
8. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
-Development as the word suggests this branch of Psychology deals
primarily with human growth and changes. Early childhood development and
later changes in human are concern of this branch. This branch seeks to identify
developmental disorders and prescribes treatment of them. (4)

9. PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
-This is the branch deals with personality as determined using the subject’s
I.Q. Psychologist applies I.Q. test to gauge understanding. This commonly used
in interviews to text a performance. (4)

PERFORMANCE TASKS:
Pretending that you are a Psychologist.
What branches of psychology are you going to choose and why?

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REFERENCES:
 https://sirdenzmodules.blogspot.com/2019/07/diss-discipline-and-ideas-
in-social.html (1)
 https://www.simplypsychology.org/psyche.html
 htt://esrc.ukri.org, www.bestcollege.com, htts://slideshare.net.

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Topic: “SOCIOLOGY & DEMOGRAPHY”
Prepared by: ROSENE C. CAMANCE Grade: 11
Semester: 1st Week: 8

QUEST:
Distinguish Social and Natural Sciences and Humanities. HUMSS_DISN 11-IIIa-d-3
Compare and Contrast the various Social Science disciplines and their fields,
main areas of inquiry, and methods. HUMSS_DIS 11-IIIb-d-3

LET’S EXPLORE!
Present your ideas when you hear the word Sociology using the diagram
below.(1)

SOCIOLOGY

IT’S TIME TO LEARN!

WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?
- Scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction,
and culture of everyday life.
• Sociology is an attempt to understand how membership in one's social group
affects individual behavior.
Hess, Markson and Stein (1990) - sociology is: 1. The systematic study of human
behaviour, 2. The groups to which one belongs, 3. And the societies that human
beings create, 4. and within which their lives unfold .
Social Sciences study patterns of behaviour • A Quest to understand patterns of
behaviour-found in other disciplines 1. Psychology, 2. Anthropology, 3. Political
science, 4. CriminologySociology is: 1. Concerned 2. Scientific - 3. Systematic 4.
Informed
Emergence OF SOCIOLOGY as a Discipline • Sociology originated in the wake of
the French Revolution. • Late eighteenth/ Early nineteenth centuries=TURMOIL… •
SOC Emerged in Europe during a period of profound social change.
Sociology Emerges…
Three revolutions had to take place before the sociological imagination could
crystallize:
Sociology is an attempt to understand how membership in one's social group
affects individual behavior. •
Sociology relies upon paradigms-to investigate society: Theory, Data, Analysis.
WHAT IS A SOCIOLOGIST?
He/she is an academic who studies human society from a scientific point of view.
THE SOCIOLOGIST -Operationalizes:
1. Concepts
2. Theories
3. Paradigms

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4. Methods
3 Revolution
1. The scientific revolution (16th c.) encouraged the use of evidence to
substantiate theories.
2. The democratic revolution (18th c.) encouraged the view that human action
can change society.
3. The industrial revolution (19th c.) gave sociologists their subject matter.
Sociological Thought see Marx, Weber, Durkheim • Late 18c and 19thc -
URBANIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION =
1. Impersonal
2. Competitive
3. Contractual
4. Superficial
Specialized August Comte (1798-1857) •
WAS SOCIOLOGY’s FOUNDING FATHER •
He believed society can be studied in the same way as the natural
world…(empirically)
He called Sociology –social physics.
COMTE
Divided mankind’s progess into three historical stages:
1.Theological: relies on supernatural agencies to explain what man can't explain
otherwise.
2.Metaphysical: man attributes effects to abstract but poorly understood causes.
3."Positive": because man now understands the scientific laws which control the
world. Sociology an

Sociology and Science • Nigel (1961) posits

7 differences between science and commonsense:

1. Commonsense refers to one set of methods science another

2. Science grows out of commonsense concerns for daily life, but science has
more involved Science vs. Common Sense
3. Science seeks to provide generalizations regarding disparate types of
phenomena
4. Science seeks to remove inconsistencies incompleteness (valid and reliable) •
5. Scientific theories tend to last for shorter periods-subjected to criticism
Science vs. Common Sense
6. Sciences seeks explanation of wide range of phenomena-not immediate, short-
term
7. Science seek repeated criticism - nothing is `taken for granted’ like common
sense Positivism-the sociological root
1. Sociology uses an approach called Positivism –August Comte
2. Society should be studied by empirical proof.
3. The scientific method includes: Objective, hypothesis, methodology, analysis,
conclusion.

TWO KEY SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

1. EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917)- SUICIDE
2. C. WRIGHT MILLS (1916-1962)- SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION According to
Durkheim: Suicide rates
Are determined by group’s level of social solidarity: 1.the frequency with which
its members interact & 2.the degree to which they share beliefs, values and
morals

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Durkheim’s Theory of Suicide Suicide rate High egoistic and anomic suicide
altruistic suicide Social solidarity Low High Suicide rate Low Intermediate
Suicide: A study of Social Forms Suicide rates= Lowest at intermediate levels of
social solidarity
Highest at low and high levels of social solidarity. C. Wright Mill (1959) • C.
Wright Mill (1959) maintained that good sociologists require a sociological
imagination •

SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION IS… an awareness of the relationship between

personal experience and the wider society.
Sociology vs. Psychology • Psychology has more differences between academic
and applied branches
1. Therapy more pronounced in psychology
2. Psychology places more emphasis on understanding the individual Sociology
vs. Psychology
3. Some psychologists place emphasis on animal behavior
4. Psychology is more concerned with the physiology of the brain –
5. It shares with sociology a branch known as social psychology but moves
towards
new social problems. Sociology is the systematic study of human action in social
context. It is based on the idea that our relations with other people create
opportunities for us to think and act but also set limits on our thoughts and
action.
DIFFERENT AREAS OF SOCIOLOGY
 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
-This area deals with social institutions, social stratification and mobility,
social groups and social relationship.
 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
-This area focuses on collective and deviant behavior, socialization and social
influences on personality.
 SOCIAL CHANGE
-This area studies the underlying principles, processes and dynamics of social
change and its social implications.
 HUMAN ECOLOGY
-It is an area of study that deals with the relationship and integration of human
population with the natural environment.
 POPULATION STUDIES OR DEMOGRAPHY
-It deals with the study of the characteristics and growth of a population and
its social implications.
 SOCIAL THEORY AND METHOD
-The area in which social theories are formulated and advances for explaining
social phenomena and for useful applications.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF SOCIOLOGY

 EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH
-The earliest theoretical approach was based on the work of Auguste Comte
(1798-1897) and Herbert Spencer (1820-1903). This approach seemed to offer a
satisfying explanation of how human groups come to exist, grow and develop.
Sociologists using the evolutionary approach as frame of reference look for
patterns of change. The change may be seen in the context of the development
cycle or in terms of levels or stages of completeness.
 INTERACTIONIST APPROACH
-The second approach is the interactionist approach which suggests no
grand theories of society since society, and social and political institutions are

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conceptual abstractions, and only people and their interactions can be studied
directly. George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) and Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)
stressed the social origin of personality. Mead concentrated on how important
symbolic communication is to personalities and social systems as well as on how
roles interrelate and become the centers of subsystem of personality. He noted
that people interact mainly through symbols, which include signs, gestures and
most importantly, written and spoken words. The interactionist approach has
produced greater depth into personality development and human behavior. (3)
 FUNCTIONALIST APPROACH
-The functionalist views society as an organized network of cooperating
groups operating orderly according to generally accepted norms. For him,
society tends to maintain a balanced and harmonious equating system because
most members share a set of rules and values.
*Talcott Parsons (1937) and Robert Merton (1957), prominent contemporary
sociologists, maintained that every institution fulfills certain functions and
persists because it is functional. Thus, the school educated in their respective
communities.

 CONFLICT APPROACH
-The conflict approach stems from the work of different scholars but is
mostly directly based from the book of Karl Marx(1818-1893), a German
revolutionary leader and a socialist whose writings were mostly on political
economy, who saw class conflict and class exploitation as the prime moving
forces in the history of men.
DEMOGRAPHY,
statistical study of human populations, especially with reference to size and
density, distribution, and vital statistics (births, marriages, deaths, etc.).

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YOUR COMPREHENSION!
Read and answer each questions briefly and comprehensively. Write your answer
in 1 whole sheet of intermediate paper.

1. Why do we need to study Sociology and Demography?

2. Why do we consider the areas of sociology in studying sociology?
3. How is sociology related to Demography?

APPLY IT!
VENN DIAGRAM. Find at least 3 comparison and differences between Sociology
and Demography. Write your answer in short size of bond paper. Use the format
below.

REFERENCES:
 https://sirdenzmodules.blogspot.com/2019/07/diss-discipline-and-ideas-
in-social.html
 https://www.simplypsychology.org/psyche.html
 ABULENCIA, A. ET AL. , SADERA, J. ARABIT –ZAPATOS, MA. ET AL
(DEPED. BLR)

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