Good

Morning
Everyone!
Group 2
_______
A L T
N E R E
ETERNAL
A L T
N E R E
_________

N F
I T A
N I O L
INFLATION

N F
I T A
N I O L
______
E Y T
H R O
THEORY
E Y T
H R O
Eternal Inflation
Theory
Group 2
What is eternal inflation theory?

The eternal inflation theory is a concept in cosmology

that suggests our universe is just one of many
universes that are constantly inflating. It proposes that
the universe we observe is just a small region within a
larger "multiverse" where different physical laws and
constants may exist.
2
The theory of eternal inflation says that once
inflation starts, it never completely stops. Rather, it
ends in places, and universes form there. We call
them pocket universes because they're not
everything that exists.

2
 This theory was first
proposed by physicist Andrei
Linde in the 1980s and has
since been studied and
expanded upon by many
other scientists. It offers a
possible explanation for the
observed uniformity and
structure of our universe, as
well as the existence of
cosmic microwave
background radiation. 2
Paul Steinhardt, one
of the original
researchers of the
inflationary model,
introduced the first
example of eternal
inflation in 1983,

2
 “The Big Bang theory
says nothing about what
banged, why it banged,
or what happened
before it banged.“
- Alan Guth

2
 Development of the theory
In 1979, Alan Guth introduced the inflationary model of the
universe to explain why the universe is flat and
homogeneous (which refers to the smooth distribution of
matter and radiation on a large scale).The basic idea was
that the universe underwent a period of rapidly accelerating
expansion a few instants after the Big Bang. He offered a
mechanism for causing the inflation to begin: false vacuum
energy. Guth coined the term "inflation," and was the first to
discuss the theory with other scientists worldwide. 2
Guth's original formulation was problematic, as there was
no consistent way to end the inflationary epoch and end
up with the hot, isotropic, homogeneous universe
observed today. Although the false vacuum could decay
into empty "bubbles" of "true vacuum" that expanded at
the speed of light, The empty bubbles couldn't reheat the
universe due to their inflating nature.

2
In 1982, this "graceful exit problem" was solved
independently by Andrei Linde and by Andreas Albrecht and
Paul J. Steinhardt who showed how to end inflation without
making empty bubbles and, instead, end up with a hot
expanding universe. The basic idea was to have a continuous
"slow-roll" or slow evolution from false vacuum to true
without making any bubbles. The improved model was
called "new inflation."

2
 In 1983, Paul Steinhardt was the first to show that this "new
inflation" does not have to end everywhere. Instead, it might
only end in a finite patch or a hot bubble full of matter and
radiation, and that inflation continues in most of the universe
while producing hot bubble after hot bubble along the way.
Alexander Vilenkin showed that when quantum effects are
properly included, this is actually generic to all new inflation
models.

2
Quantum Fluctuations
Quantum fluctuations in the hypothetical inflaton field
produce changes in the rate of expansion that are
responsible for eternal inflation. Those regions with a higher
rate of inflation expand faster and dominate the universe,
despite the natural tendency of inflation to end in other
regions. This allows inflation to continue forever, to produce
future-eternal inflation.
 In an example of inflation, the natural decay rate of the
inflaton field is slow compared to quantum fluctuation. When
a mini-universe inflates and self-reproduces into twenty
smaller ones, nine of these new mini-universes have a larger
average inflaton field value. This results in nine mini-
universes with slightly larger inflaton values, restarting a
round of self-reproduction within itself. This process
continues indefinitely, leading to eternal inflation.
Conclusions
In 1983, it was shown that inflation could be eternal, leading
to a multiverse in which space is broken up into bubbles or
patches whose properties differ from patch to patch
spanning all physical possibilities.

Paul Steinhardt, who produced the first example of eternal

inflation, opposed eternal inflation, arguing that the
multiverse breaks the theory, as inflation cannot predict
outcomes and is untestable, failing a crucial scientific
condition.
 Both Linde and Guth, however, continued to support the
inflationary theory and the multiverse. Guth declared:

“It's hard to build models of inflation that don't lead to a

multiverse. It's not impossible, so I think there's still certainly
research that needs to be done. But most models of inflation
do lead to a multiverse, and evidence for inflation will be
pushing us in the direction of taking the idea of a multiverse
seriously.”
 According to Linde, "It's possible to invent models of
inflation that do not allow a multiverse, but it's difficult.
Every experiment that brings better credence to
inflationary theory brings us much closer to hints that the
multiverse is real."
Thank you
for listening!

Presented by: group 2 2023 Sept 4

 MEMBERS
Annika Torres
Carl Malto
Aprilyn Ordinado
Chelsea Audrey Carillo
Prince Raiven Quismundo
Voughn Nadera
Angelo Amigo
Hodge Nero Ilagan
Rhian Ramirez