SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION Prof. U.K.

Bhattacharya
INTRODUCTION TO SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION
Obtain k different random samples each of size n, from the designated population distribution.
For each such sample calculate the value of such statistic and construct a histogram of k
calculated values. This histogram gives the approximate sampling distribution of the statistic.
The larger the value of k, the better the approximation will tend to be ( the actual sampling
distribution emerges as k   ) in practice k=500 or 1000.
Example Q1: Suppose a small finite population consists of only N=8 numbers:
54 55 59 63 64 68 69 70
The shape of the distribution of this population data.

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PICTURE

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ALL POSSIBLE VALUES
Suppose we take all possible samples of size n=2 from the population with replacement. The result is the following pairs of data.
(54,54) (55,54) (59,54) (63,54)
(54,55) (`55,55) (59,55) (63,55)
(54,59)
(54,63)
(54,64)
(54,68)
(54,69)
(54,70)
(64,54)
(64,55)
(64,59)
(64,63)
(64,64)
(64,68)
(64,69)
(64,70) (68,70) (69,70) (70,70)

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MEANS OF EACH OF THESE SAMPLES

The means of each of these samples follow.

54 54.5 56.5 58.5 59 61 61.5 62
54.5 55 57 59 59.5 61.5 62 62.5
56.5 57 59 61 61.5 63.5 64 64.5
58.5 59 61 63 63.5 65.5 66 66.5
59 59.5 61.5 63.5 64 66 66.5 67
60 61.5 63.5 65.5 66 68 68.5 69
61.5 62 64 66 66.5 68.5 69 69.5
62 62.5 64.5 66.5 67 69 69.5 70

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HISTOGRAM

Histogram
20
0 Frequency

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1,800 Randomly Selected Values
from an Exponential Distribution

450
F
400
r
e 350

q 300
u 250
e 200
n 150
c 100
y 50
0
0 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
X

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Means of 60 Samples (n = 2)
from an Exponential Distribution

F 9
r 8
e
7
q
u 6
e 5
n
c 4
y 3

0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00
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x
Means of 60 Samples (n = 5)
from an Exponential Distribution

10
F
r 9
e 8
q 7
u
6
e
n 5

c 4
y 3
2
1
0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00
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x
Means of 60 Samples (n = 30)
from an Exponential Distribution
16
F
14
r
e 12
q
10
u
e 8
n
c 6
y 4

0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
x

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1,800 Randomly Selected Values
from a Uniform Distribution

F 250
r
e 200
q
u 150
e
n 100
c
y 50

0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
X

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Means of 60 Samples (n = 2)
from a Uniform Distribution

F 10
r 9
e 8
q 7
u
6
e
n 5
c 4
y 3
2
1
0
1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25
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x
Means of 60 Samples (n = 5)
from a Uniform Distribution

F 12
r
e 10
q
u 8
e
n 6
c
y 4

0
1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25
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x
Means of 60 Samples (n = 30)
from a Uniform Distribution

F 25
r
e 20
q
u 15
e
n
c 10
y
5

0
1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25
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 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

If the samples of size n are drawn randomly from a population that has a mean
 and a standard deviation  , the sample means, , are approximately normally
distributed for sufficiently large sample sizes ( n  30 ) regardless of the shape of
the population distribution.
 If the population is normally distributed , the sample means are normally
distributed for any size sample.
Also the mean of the sampling distribution is    . And the standard deviation
x

of the sample means ( called the standard error of the mean) is the standard
deviation of the population divided by the square root of the sample size    x
n

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Distribution of Sample Means
for Various Sample Sizes

Exponential n=2 n=5 n = 30

Population

Uniform n=2 n=5 n = 30

Population

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Distribution of Sample Means
for Various Sample Sizes

U Shaped n=2 n=5 n = 30

Population

Normal n=2 n=5 n = 30

Population

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Z FORMULA

Z formula for sample means(To find the probability of occurrences of sample

means)
x 
Z= where x 
x n

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FINITE POLULATION MULTIPLIER

X 


N n Where N=size of the population
n N 1 n=size of the sample

When the population is small in relation to the size of the sample, the finite
population multiplier reduces the size of the standard error. Any decrease in
the standard error increases the precision with which the sample mean can be
used to estimate the population mean.

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EXERCISE Q2

According to Nielsen Media Research, the average number of hours of TV viewing per
household per week in the United States is 50.4 hours. Suppose the standard deviation is 11.8
hours and a random sample of 42 is taken.
a. What is the probability that the sample average is more than 52 hours?
b. What is the probability that the sample average is less than 47.5 hours?
c. What is the probability that the sample average is less than 40 hours? If the sample
average actually is less than 40 hours, what would it mean in terms of the Nielsen Media
Research figures?
d. Suppose the population standard deviation is unknown. If 71% of all sample means are
greater than 49 hours and the population mean is still 50.4 hours , what is the value of the
population standard deviation?

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EXERCISE Q3
• A population has a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. If a random
sample of 64 is taken, what is the probability that the sample mean is each
of the following.
• (a) Greater than 52.
• (b) Less than 51
(c) Between 48.5 and 52.4.

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SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF PROPORTIONS p̂

If the research produces measurable data such as weight, distance, time and income, the
sample mean is often the statistics of choice. However, if research results in countable items
such as how many people in the sample have the flexible work schedule, the sample
proportion is the statistic of choice.
 Sample proportion is computed by dividing the frequency with which a given
characteristics occurs in a sample by the number of items in the sample.

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SAMPLE PROPORTION

x
pˆ 
n

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Z FORMULA FOR SAMPLE PROPORTION

pˆ  p
z
p.q
n

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EXERCISE Q4
According to survey by Accountents, 48% of executives believe that
employees are most productive on Tuesdays. Suppose 200 executives are
randomly surveyed
a. What is the probability that fewer than 90 of the executives believe
employees are most productive on Tuesdays.
b. What is the probability that more than 100 executives believe employees
are most productive in Tuesdays.
c. What is the probability that more than 80 of the executives believe
employees are most productive on Tuesdays
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EXERCISE Q5
The Travel Weekly International Air Transport Association survey asked business
travelers about the purpose for their most recent business trip. Nineteen percent
responded that it was for an internal company visit. Suppose 950 business travelers
are randomly selected.
a.What is the probability that more than 25% of the business travelers say that the
reason for their most recent business trip was an internal company visit?
b.What is the probability that between 15% and 20% of the business travelers say that
the reason for their most recent business trip was an internal company visit?
c.What is the probability that between 133 and 171 of the business travelers say that
the reason for their most recent business trip was an internal company visit?
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