240-56030575 Steam Turbine Protection Functions - Requirements and Control

Standard Technology
Title: Steam Turbine Protection Unique Identifier: 240-56030575

Functions - Requirements and
Control Standard
Alternative Reference Number: N/A
Area of Applicability: Engineering
Documentation Type: Standard
Revision: 2
Total Pages: 22
Next Review Date: October 2020
Disclosure Classification: CONTROLLED

DISCLOSURE
Compiled by Approved by Authorised by
………………………………….. ………………………………….. …………………………………..

N. Lecordier K. Sukhnandan V. Pather
Senior Consultant Steam Manager (Acting): Senior Manager:
Turbines
Turbine Plant CoE Power Plant
Date: …………………………… Date: …………………………… Date: ……………………………
Supported by SCOT
…………………………………..
J. Roy-Aikins
Chairman
Turbine Study Committee
Date: ……………………………
PCM Reference : 240-53458931

SCOT Study Committee Number/Name : Turbine Study Committee
Steam Turbine Protection Functions - Requirements and Unique Identifier: 240-56030575
Control Standard Revision: 2
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CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
2. SUPPORTING CLAUSES ........................................................................................................................................ 4
2.1 SCOPE .............................................................................................................................................................. 4
2.1.1 Purpose ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Applicability................................................................................................................................................ 4
2.2 NORMATIVE/INFORMATIVE REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 4
2.2.1 Normative .................................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2.2 Informative ................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.3 DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.3.1 Disclosure Classification ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.4 ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 5
2.5 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES .................................................................................................................... 6
2.6 PROCESS FOR MONITORING ........................................................................................................................ 6
2.7 RELATED/SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS ......................................................................................................... 6
3. STEAM TURBINE PROTECTION FUNCTION STANDARD .................................................................................. 6
3.1 STEAM TURBINE PROTECTION DOCUMENT ............................................................................................... 6
3.1.1 Front cover ................................................................................................................................................ 6
3.1.2 Protection functions implemented at the subject PS ................................................................................. 6
3.1.3 Plant Information (Optional) ...................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 STEAM TURBINE PROTECTION DOCUMENT CONTROL ............................................................................ 7
3.3 GENERAL PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES .................................................................................................. 7
3.3.1 Procedures: ............................................................................................................................................... 8
3.4 TESTING ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.5 PROTECTION FUNCTIONS ............................................................................................................................. 9
3.5.1 Primary functions ....................................................................................................................................... 9
3.5.1.1 Emergency push button: ................................................................................................................... 9
3.5.1.2 Overspeed: ........................................................................................................................................ 9
3.5.1.3 Low bearing oil pressure: .................................................................................................................. 9
3.5.1.4 High LP exhaust pressure/ Low vacuum: ......................................................................................... 9
3.5.1.5 High turbine rotor bearing temperatures: ........................................................................................ 10
3.5.1.6 High generator hydrogen seal temperature: ................................................................................... 10
3.5.1.7 Steam and water ingress from feed heaters: .................................................................................. 10
3.5.1.8 Water carry-over or rapid reduction in temperature from main steam systems: ............................. 10
3.5.1.9 Reverse power protection: .............................................................................................................. 11
3.5.1.10 HP turbine ventilation: ................................................................................................................... 11
3.5.1.11 Steam Generator (Boiler) inter-trip: ............................................................................................... 11
3.5.1.12 LP exhaust temperature: ............................................................................................................... 11
3.5.1.13 Turbine differential temperatures (A): ........................................................................................... 11
3.5.1.14 Shaft and pedestal vibration: ......................................................................................................... 11
3.5.1.15 Axial shaft position: ....................................................................................................................... 11
3.5.1.16 Rotor-casing differential expansion: .............................................................................................. 11
3.5.1.17 Lubricating and seal oil pump auto cut-in on low pressure: .......................................................... 11
3.5.1.18 Governor failure: ........................................................................................................................... 11
3.5.1.19 Seal oil (or oil-gas differential) pressure low: ................................................................................ 12
3.5.2 Secondary functions ................................................................................................................................ 12
3.5.2.1 Oil tank level very low: .................................................................................................................... 12
3.5.2.2 Control fluid pressure low: ............................................................................................................... 12
3.5.2.3 Fire Protection: ................................................................................................................................ 12
3.5.2.4 Oil pipe culvert/ tunnel level high: ................................................................................................... 12
3.5.2.5 Condenser level high: ..................................................................................................................... 12
3.5.2.6 Turbine differential temperatures (B): ............................................................................................. 12
3.5.2.7 High backpressure (BFPT):............................................................................................................. 12
CONTROLLED DISCLOSURE
When downloaded from the EDMS, this document is uncontrolled and the responsibility rests with the user to ensure it is in line
with the authorised version on the system.
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3.6 RECORDS ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
4. AUTHORISATION .................................................................................................................................................. 13
5. REVISIONS ............................................................................................................................................................ 13
6. DEVELOPMENT TEAM ......................................................................................................................................... 13
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................................... 13
APPENDIX A : SUMMARY OF PROTECTION FUNCTIONS FOR MAIN TURBINES............................................. 14
APPENDIX B : SUMMARY OF PROTECTION FUNCTIONS FOR BFPT(S) ........................................................... 16
APPENDIX C : EXTRACT FROM VGB-R 103ME [1] ............................................................................................... 18
TABLES
Table 1: Summary of Protection Functions for Main Turbines ................................................................................... 14
Table 2: Summary of Protection Functions For BPFTs .............................................................................................. 16
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1. INTRODUCTION
Adequate turbine protection is essential to safeguard the plant and prevent catastrophic damage.
However, the benefits of such protection must be balanced against the inevitable reduction in reliability
associated with the protective equipment and systems. This Standard strives to achieve such a balance,
and to ensure the documentation and control of the protection requirements and settings at each
relevant Eskom Power Station (PS).
This document content was originally compiled jointly by a working group of turbine engineers from
representative Eskom PSs, incorporating input from relevant international documents and experience
where relevant, and considering protection philosophies and systems already existing on Eskom’s
machines. VGB Guideline document VGB-R 103M has been particularly useful in this regard, and was
used extensively as guidance
2. SUPPORTING CLAUSES
2.1 SCOPE
2.1.1 Purpose
This Standard has the following objectives:
 Define the minimum protection requirements with which all relevant Eskom steam turbine plant must
comply;
 Provide guidance on the requirements and settings for this protection, as well as for additional non-
statutory protection functions;
 Define the mechanisms required at all relevant Eskom generating sites to manage the settings and
documentation associated with the subject protection functions;
 Promote review by each PS of the existing functions and settings to achieve optimum arrangement;
 Through the above ensure consistent, adequate and documented protection of steam turbine plant
in Eskom with qualified controlled revision of these requirements in future.
2.1.2 Applicability
This Standard is applicable to all operating steam turbines in Eskom.
This document shall apply throughout Eskom Holdings Limited Divisions.
2.2 NORMATIVE/INFORMATIVE REFERENCES

The following documents contain provisions that, through reference in the text, constitute requirements
of this document. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. These documents are
subject to revision and users are responsible to ensure that the most recent editions of the documents
listed below are referenced.
2.2.1 Normative
[1] VGB-R 103Me: VGB Guideline for Monitoring, Limiting and Protective Equipment on Steam
Turbine Plant
[2] ASME TDP-1-2006: Recommended Practices for the Prevention of Water Damage to Steam
Turbines used for Electric Power Generation – Fossil Fuelled Plants
[3] 240-56030556: Routine Overspeed Testing of Main and Boiler Feed Pump Steam Turbines
Standard
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[4] 240-53114002: Engineering Change Management Procedure
[5] 36-661: Plant Asset Management Policy
[6] ISO 9001: Quality Management Systems – Requirements
[7] 36-716: Reverse Power Protection Standard (GGS 0770)
2.2.2 Informative
[8] ISO 7919-2: Mechanical vibration -- Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on
rotating shafts -- Part 2: Land-based steam turbines and generators in excess of 50 MW with
normal operating speeds of 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min and 3 600 r/min
[9] ISO 10816-2: Mechanical vibration -- Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-
rotating parts -- Part 2: Land-based steam turbines and generators in excess of 50 MW with
normal operating speeds of 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min and 3 600 r/min
2.3 DEFINITIONS
Definition Description
Protection functions: Those functions that trip the turbine, or initiate actions to prevent gross
turbine damage, when a predetermined level is exceeded. The trip may be
initiated automatically or via an instruction to the operator to manually trip.
Primary protection functions: Those functions considered the minimum protection for Eskom's steam
turbines, which shall be installed on all machines and comply with the
requirements of this Standard.
Secondary protection functions: Those functions, which may or may not already be installed on Eskom's
steam turbines, which are not mandatory but are included for information and
possible installation.
2.3.1 Disclosure Classification

Controlled Disclosure: Controlled Disclosure to External Parties (either enforced by law, or
discretionary).
2.4 ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviation Description
1oo1, 1oo2, 2oo3 1 out of 1, 1 out of 2, 2 out of 3 (trip philosophy)
a.c. Alternating current
BFPT Boiler Feed Pump Turbine
CV Control Valve
d.c. Direct current
ESV Emergency Stop Valve
HP High Pressure
IP Intermediate Pressure
LP Low Pressure
NRV Non-return Valve
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Abbreviation Description
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
PEIC Production Engineering Integration Coal
PS Power Station
PSM Power Station Manager
SM Senior Manager
2.5 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

None
2.6 PROCESS FOR MONITORING

The PEIC Turbine Care Forums are established to address the implementation of the respective
standards. Monitoring and reporting form a part of the proceedings of these meetings to ensure effective
management of compliance to the applicable standards.
The application of the principles of this Standard are monitored and enforced through the applicable
Study Committees.
2.7 RELATED/SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS

This standard supersedes GGS1017 and 36-738, both entitled ‘Standard for Steam Turbine Protection
Functions – Requirements and Control.’
3. STEAM TURBINE PROTECTION FUNCTION STANDARD
3.1 STEAM TURBINE PROTECTION DOCUMENT
Each relevant PS shall compile and maintain a document with the following content:
3.1.1 Front cover
The cover shall include:

a. the name of the PS;
b. relevant units at the PS. Where machines on the same PS incorporate different philosophies, a
separate document shall be compiled and authorised for each group of machines. Where machines
use different settings for the same function, both shall be specified in the document;
c. authorisation signatures from the relevant PS Engineering Manager (or PS Manager) and Production
Engineering Integration Coal (PEIC) Senior Manager (SM);
d. revision status of the document.
3.1.2 Protection functions implemented at the subject PS
This section shall include all installed Primary and Secondary functions and specify for each function:
a. Alarm and trip settings;
b. Testing requirements and frequency, both on- and off-load where applicable;
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c. Brief summary of the mechanism(s), actions initiated and degree of redundancy used to implement
the protection;
d. Test reporting/ recording requirements.
The section may be in the format of tables, descriptive text or other suitable means to adequately display
the necessary information.
3.1.3 Plant Information (Optional)
Supporting information, for example OEM descriptions, drawings and other information, may at the
discretion of the PS management be attached to the document as an appendix.
3.2 STEAM TURBINE PROTECTION DOCUMENT CONTROL
a. The document shall be compiled by the relevant PS Engineering department and authorised by the
GFTM and either PS Engineering Manager or Power Station Manager (PSM).
b. The alarm and trip settings, protection function mechanisms and levels of redundancy initially
entered in the Protection Document shall be those existing on the plant at the time of compiling the
document. Any modification to this shall be processed only after authorisation of the initial
document, through the above process.
c. Modifications to the PS steam turbine protection philosophy or trip settings contained in this
document shall be controlled as for a Level 1 Classification component (Refer to the Change
Management Procedure [4].)
d. Alarm levels only may be revised with the approval of the PS Engineering Manager, and in the case
of permanent modification the PS Steam Turbine Protection Document amended accordingly. This
does not apply to manual or automatic trip settings (See previous point).
e. There may be individual, isolated cases where existing plant does not require the stipulated Primary
Protection function due to specific design characteristics. In this case the relevant PS Engineering
Manager shall provide written motivation for non-compliance to the PEIC SM. This will then be
reviewed, and if acceptable authorised, by the PEIC SM. This ensures adequate consideration of
the recommended protection.
f. Where modification to existing equipment is required to meet the requirements of this Standard, a
programme to implement will be agreed between the PEIC SM and relevant PSM.
3.3 GENERAL PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES
a. Each protection function listed in this Standard shall incorporate predetermined levels for alarm and
machine trip (or protection action where the machine is not tripped – e.g. 3.5.1.7; 3.5.1.9; 3.5.1.17).
The alarm level should be set such that maximum advance warning of an excursion is transmitted to
the operator. This can normally be accomplished by setting this level slightly above the normal
maximum operating level. Where a number of similar devices are used for the protection function
(e.g. several individual bearing temperatures), these may use the same setting for simplicity, but
more effective warning and protection is afforded by individual settings for each device.
b. The trip function may, subject to the requirements of Table 1 and Table 2 of this Standard, be
accomplished by either a direct automatic trip, or by a manual trip of the machine by the operator at
the specified level. The latter is only permissible if a permanent documented site instruction is in
place directing the operator to trip the machine when the appropriate level is reached.
Automatic trip is preferred and should be incorporated in protection system upgrades when
appropriate.
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3.3.1 Procedures:
a. Each alarm and trip setting for every protection function shall have an associated site procedure
listing actions to be taken by the operator.
b. Each protection function shall have documented procedures for testing.
c. Procedures shall include an emergency procedure to address and rectify the situation where:
 the turbine trips but the electrical breaker fails to separate the turbine from the Grid, and the turbine
continues to operate driven by the generator (i.e. “motors”), and;
 Faults in the protection system prevent the transmission of trip signals from either the protection
system or emergency push button, and other means of tripping the machine are required. (Although
highly improbable, this situation has occurred in Eskom in 2009 and is sufficiently critical to be
addressed.)
The procedures in 3.3.1 may be incorporated in the Steam Turbine Protection Document or elsewhere in
a controlled site documentation system.
d. Appropriate protection system response times and redundancy levels shall be incorporated with due
consideration of OEM recommendations and existing equipment and philosophies.
e. Protection devices and systems should, as far as possible, operate on a “fail-safe” basis: i.e. failure
of any protection component should result in the safe condition of the protection function and turbine.
Where this cannot be accomplished this shall be agreed with the PEIC SM.
f. It is important to note that the generator breaker should always be tripped indirectly via the reverse
power relay after a turbine trip. The operation of this relay ensures that the steam supply to the
turbine has been effectively isolated and prevents the possibility of a disastrous runaway of the
turbine, should the breaker be opened without full steam isolation.
g. Electronic protection systems typically operate on a ‘2-out-of-3’ (2oo3) or ‘1-out-of-2’ (1oo2) or ‘1-
out-of-1’ (1oo1) channel trip philosophy basis, with fault detection for each channel to differentiate
system fault conditions from true protection initiation. In this case:
 Any ‘Fault’ indication shall only be treated as a fault if the instrument conditioning system is
adequate to reliably determine this, and
 Fault detection in 1 channel of the 2oo3 or 1oo2 system shall cause revision of the trip philosophy to:
i. 1oo2 on the remaining channels of a 2oo3 system
ii. 1oo1 on the remaining channels of a 1oo2 system.
iii. Fault detection in 2 channels of the 2oo3 or 1oo2 system, or 1 channel of the 1oo1 system shall
cause trip of the turbine
 Subject to approval by the PEIC SM, the previous point may be modified to allow temporary
operation until fault correction without automatic protection if:
i. operator alarms are initiated on rejection of first and second channels, with appropriate
documented operator response procedures
ii. the response procedures on loss of final channel ensure protection:
is continued by manual (ie operator) monitoring and protection of the equipment

utilising remaining alternative indications, and
include speedy correction of the problems and limited operation in this condition;
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 Any fault condition shall inhibit the release for start-up;
 Any fault condition on the overspeed protection system shall inhibit resetting of the turbine.
3.4 TESTING
a. Protection devices and systems: Testing of the protection equipment shall be carried out generally
according to Annexure C of this Standard (which is principally based on [1] VGB-R 103Me
Section 10.2), or the OEM recommendation. This may be adapted where necessary to suit existing
outage schedules, but such adaptation should be kept to a minimum. However, where on-load
testing equipment is installed on any protection function, this shall be tested at least every month
while the machine is in operation (not quarterly as advised in Appendix C).
Calibration of the alarm and trip settings shall be carried out at least at every major outage or
approximately 5-6 years.
b. Turbine Emergency Stop Valve (ESV) leak tightness: The isolation of all turbine ESVs on all
relevant cylinders shall be tested during start-up or shut down at least annually, or at the first
available opportunity after this if this period is exceeded without shut-down. The test will confirm that
no speed rise occurs with ESVs closed against steam pressure. The test procedure shall be defined
by the relevant PS and incorporated with test procedures as in 6.3 above.
c. Turbine inlet valve stroke testing: Where facilities exist for on-load valve stroking/ testing this shall be
carried out at least monthly on every valve (ie HP and IP CV and ESV).
3.5 PROTECTION FUNCTIONS
Table 1 lists the protection functions for the main and BFP turbines, together with the principal
requirements of this Standard: whether Primary or Secondary; auto or manual; sources for settings
where applicable; and other significant requirements or remarks. The following is for information
purposes and summarises the function of each with additional requirements or supportive information
where applicable:
3.5.1 Primary functions
3.5.1.1 Emergency push button:
Manual trip of the machine. This should be readily accessible and easily identified at all locations, with
protection to prevent inadvertent operation but allow easy operation when necessary.
3.5.1.2 Overspeed:
Prevents excessive overspeeding of the machine. The Eskom Standard [3] governs requirements,
testing, etc. for this protection.
3.5.1.3 Low bearing oil pressure:
Prevents excessively low bearing supply pressures and resultant damage to bearings and rotors.
3.5.1.4 High LP exhaust pressure/ Low vacuum:
Prevents excessive loading and temperature rise, and resulting potential damage, to the long last stage
blades.
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3.5.1.5 High turbine rotor bearing temperatures:
Detects excessive bearing white metal temperatures and resultant damage to bearings and rotors.
Experience and measurement has shown that measurement of temperature in the top bearing half white
metal or oil outlet is inaccurate as an indicator of maximum white metal temperature. Measurement is
strongly recommended in the white metal close to the load area (i.e. bottom bearing half), due to the high
localised temperatures and gradients.
3.5.1.6 High generator hydrogen seal temperature:
Detects excessive hydrogen seal bearing metal temperatures and resultant damage to seals, with
potential dangerous release of hydrogen gas.
3.5.1.7 Steam and water ingress from feed heaters:
This function does not trip the turbine but operates on the feedheating system to prevent the back-flow of
steam or water from the feed heaters, particularly under the following circumstances:
a. Heater tube failure or heater condensate level control system malfunction, to prevent water rising
into the turbine and causing distortion of casings and damage to blading;
b. Reverse flow of steam from the feedheater to the turbine, particularly on tripping the turbine when
the pressure in the turbine suddenly collapses. This reduces the ensuing overspeeding of the
turbine from the entrained bled steam, and prevents cold steam entering the turbine with resultant
distortion of casings and damage to blading. (The cold steam results from the heater condensate
flashing due to reduced pressure).
The systems incorporated to protect the turbine may be complex and differ in detail between machines.
Table 1 gives international references which may be used as a guide to requirements, but existing
systems will generally be those appropriate to the relevant original OEM philosophies. The following
summarises the principal elements of a suitable protection system:
c. No single failure of protection equipment should result in water entering the turbine;
d. An automatic heater condensate level control system, incorporating an additional emergency drain
on high level;
e. Automatic isolation valves between the heater and turbine, actuated on heater high level. This
normally incorporates a non-return valve (NRV) to isolate steam as well as a separate isolating
valve, since the NRV on such large diameter pipes may not adequately seal against water;
f. Automatic isolation of all sources of water entering the heater on high level. This includes feedwater
and condensate from other heaters. Heater level should be below turbine extraction point level;
g. For HP heaters, tripping of the feed pumps on very high level is often included;
h. Redundant sensing devices are preferred to initiate the above actions.
3.5.1.8 Water carry-over or rapid reduction in temperature from main steam systems:
This prevents the entry of cold steam or water into the turbine, with resultant distortion of casings and
damage to blading, etc. There are several alternative mechanisms utilised to accomplish this, including:
a. Measurement of differential temperature between steam at the boiler outlet and turbine metal at a
suitable location;
b. Direct measurement of steam temperature, with trip initiation on temperature and/or rate of
temperature decrease.
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3.5.1.9 Reverse power protection:
Although this is primarily an electrical plant protection, it is included here due to its importance in
preventing a turbine runaway (see 3.3.1f)
3.5.1.10 HP turbine ventilation:
Prevents overheating of the HP turbine blades due to windage heating under low flow conditions. This
can cause direct damage to the blades by metallurgical change, or degrade the shroud tensioning
mechanism by deforming areas of the blades. The former results in immediate blade damage or failure,
while the latter may cause longer-term damage to the blades through vibration in operation.
3.5.1.11 Steam Generator (Boiler) inter-trip:
Secures the turbine against the ingress of poor quality steam when heating source is lost.
3.5.1.12 LP exhaust temperature:
Prevents overheating of the latter stages of LP turbine blades due to windage heating at low steam
flows. A water spray system at the LP exhaust (and occasionally at the LP inlet also) is normally
employed to cool the blades under such conditions. The former effects cooling by recirculation of the
spray water flow into the last and penultimate stage blades.
3.5.1.13 Turbine differential temperatures (A):
Protects against immediate or short-term distortion and damage of casings, etc. due to excessive
differentials across components: e.g. casing top-bottom, flange inner-outer. If left to progress, such
distortion may cause more extensive damage by causing contact between stationary and rotating parts.
3.5.1.14 Shaft and pedestal vibration:
Prevents damage to the machine from excessive vibration, particularly contact between rotating and
stationary components.
3.5.1.15 Axial shaft position:
Prevents or reduces axial contact of rotating and stationary elements of the turbine due to failure of the
thrust bearing.
3.5.1.16 Rotor-casing differential expansion:
Prevents axial contact of rotating and stationary elements of the turbine due to differential expansion,
regardless of the cause.
3.5.1.17 Lubricating and seal oil pump auto cut-in on low pressure:
This function does not trip the turbine, but ensures the starting in succession of standby a.c. and d.c. oil
pumps to maintain oil supply on failure of the main pumps.
3.5.1.18 Governor failure:
Provides protection against dangerous unstable turbine operation as a result of loss of control function.
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3.5.1.19 Seal oil (or oil-gas differential) pressure low:
Prevents damage to Generator seal and leakage of hydrogen through ineffective sealing.
3.5.2 Secondary functions
3.5.2.1 Oil tank level very low:
This has a number of functions:

a. provides sufficient advance tripping of the machine to allow the pumps to adequately supply oil
during the subsequent run-down;
b. limits oil spillage and subsequent fire risk in cases of broken oil pipes, etc;
c. prevents damage to the oil pumps.
3.5.2.2 Control fluid pressure low:
Provides protection against dangerous unstable turbine operation as a result of loss of control function.
3.5.2.3 Fire Protection:
Provides a (normally manual) trip facility in the case of fire detection in the turbine area. The resultant
functions vary, but generally include at least tripping of the turbine.
3.5.2.4 Oil pipe culvert/ tunnel level high:
Indicates loss of oil due to broken flanges, pipes, etc.
3.5.2.5 Condenser level high:
Prevents rise of level to such an extent that it could contact the rotating blades. Normally this is not a
realistic scenario on the main condenser due to the large condenser volumes, but this poses a higher
risk on the smaller BFPT condensers.
3.5.2.6 Turbine differential temperatures (B):
Protects against longer-term damage to turbine components by thermal fatigue: e.g. casing inner-mid
wall.
3.5.2.7 High backpressure (BFPT):
Protects backpressure BFPTs against excessive exhaust pressure, and subsequent potential damage to
rotating blades.
3.6 RECORDS
PS management shall compile, maintain and store the Protection Document (all revisions) and
associated documents for the lifetime of plant.
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4. AUTHORISATION
This document has been seen and accepted by:
Name & Surname Designation

N.P. Lecordier Senior Consultant (Steam Turbines)
K. Sukhnandan Manager (Acting):Turbine Plant CoE
V. Pather Senior Manager: Power Plant
J. Roy-Aikins Chairman: Turbine Study Committee
5. REVISIONS
Date Rev. Compiler Remarks
November 2012 0 N Lecordier Draft document for Review created from GPL 36-738
May 2013 1 N Lecordier Final Document for Publication
June 2016 2 N Lecordier Final Rev 2 for Authorisation and Approval after Review
Date Extension
6. DEVELOPMENT TEAM
 None
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 The author acknowledges the work of KR Mathwin in development of previous turbine protection
standards, upon which this document is based.
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APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF PROTECTION FUNCTIONS FOR MAIN TURBINES
Table 1: Summary of Protection Functions for Main Turbines
Protection Function Primary/ Auto/Man Sources for Settings Remarks

Secondary (Note 1) and Philosophy
(Note 2)
Emergency Push P M Minimum of 1 in control room

button and 1 at machine
Overspeed P A 240-56030556 [3] Minimum of 2 separate

devices and circuits
Low turbine Bearing P A

Oil Pressure
High Exhaust Pressure P A Pressure at final exhaust in

(Low vacuum) condenser
Turbine/ Generator P M Strongly recommended that

Bearing Temperatures monitoring probe is installed
in bottom bearing white metal
(Note 4)
in the load area
H2 Seal Temperature P M
High
Steam and Water P A ASME TDP-1-2006 [2] See this Standard Section
Ingress from 3.5.1.7
VGB-R 103 Me [1]
Feedheaters
NB this does not trip the
turbine directly
Water Carry Over or P A
Rapid Temperature
Drop , Main Steam
Reverse Power P A Eskom Generation See this Standard Section

Standard GGS 0770 / 3.5.1.9
36-716
HP Turbine Ventilation P A Koeberg and non-reheat

units not required
Steam Generator P A Trips turbine on loss of heat

(Boiler) Inter-Trip source
LP Exhaust P M Trip on individual flow

Temperature exhaust temperature
Turbine Differential P M
Temperatures
(3.5.1.13)
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Secondary and Philosophy
(Note 1) (Note 2)
Shaft and Pedestal P M ISO 7919 (Shaft) [8] 2 orthogonal shaft probes on
Vibration every journal bearing
ISO 10816 (Bearing)
(Notes 3, 4 & 5)
[9]
Generator Hydrogen P A
Seal Oil (or Oil-Gas
Differential) Pressure
Low
Shaft position (thrust P A Electronic system preferred

wear) to oil jet
Rotor-casing P M
differential expansion:
HP, IP & LP
Lube and seal oil P A

pump cut-in on low
pressure
Governor Failure P A Electronic governor systems

only
Control Fluid Pressure S M

Low
Oil Tank Level Very S M

Low
Fire protection S M
Oil pipe culvert level S M

high
Turbine Differential S M
Temperatures (3.5.2.6)
Condenser level high S M
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APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF PROTECTION FUNCTIONS FOR BFPT(S)
Table 2: Summary of Protection Functions For BPFTs

Secondary and Philosophy
(Note 1) (Note 2)
Emergency Push P M Minimum of 1 in control room

Button and 1 at machine
Overspeed P A 240-56030556 [3]
Low bearing oil P A

pressure
Low vacuum P A Only for condensing turbines.

Pressure at final exhaust in
condenser
High back pressure S M Only for back-pressure

turbines
Bearing Temperatures P M Strongly recommended that

monitoring probe is installed in
(Note 4)
bottom bearing white metal in
the load area
Shaft and Pedestal P M 2 orthogonal shaft probes on

Vibration every journal bearing
(Notes 3, 4 & 5)
Shaft position (thrust P A Electronic system preferred to

wear) oil jet
Rotor-casing P M
differential expansion
Condenser level high S M
Note 1: Any function requiring “manual” trip (M) may be replaced by “automatic” trip (A)
Note 2: In most cases the settings and philosophies will be those of the relevant OEM at the time of
construction. The references in this column provide additional sources of guidance.
Note 3: For PSs presently employing “manual” trip from vibration, this shall be modified to “auto” when
turbine protection system is upgraded.
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Note 4: Tripping philosophy shall be EITHER:
4.1 (For vibration only): Trip on any two measuring device exceeding limit, OR:
4.2 (For vibration or bearing temperature):Trip on single measuring device exceeding limit
with:
4.2.1 measuring device configured to fail to “low” condition in the event of a measurement
disturbance (i.e. device fault such as open/ short circuit), and/ or
4.2.2 protection system to be configured to reject the signal in the event of a measurement
disturbance.
In either case, an urgent alarm shall alert the operator of the fault(s) and corrective action urgently
implemented.
Note 5: Protection may be implemented on either shaft vibration only, or shaft and pedestal vibration.
Where pedestal probes are fitted, these shall be utilised for protection.
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APPENDIX C: EXTRACT FROM VGB-R 103ME [1]
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240-56030575 Steam Turbine Protection Functions - Requirements and Control

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240-56030575 Steam Turbine Protection Functions - Requirements and Control

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Standard Technology

Title: Steam Turbine Protection Unique Identifier: 240-56030575

Area of Applicability: Engineering

Documentation Type: Standard

Next Review Date: October 2020

Disclosure Classification: CONTROLLED

Compiled by Approved by Authorised by

………………………………….. ………………………………….. …………………………………..

Date: …………………………… Date: …………………………… Date: ……………………………

PCM Reference : 240-53458931

2.2 NORMATIVE/INFORMATIVE REFERENCES

2.3.1 Disclosure Classification

a.c. Alternating current

BFPT Boiler Feed Pump Turbine

d.c. Direct current

ESV Emergency Stop Valve

NRV Non-return Valve

PEIC Production Engineering Integration Coal

PSM Power Station Manager

2.5 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

2.6 PROCESS FOR MONITORING

2.7 RELATED/SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS

3. STEAM TURBINE PROTECTION FUNCTION STANDARD

3.1 STEAM TURBINE PROTECTION DOCUMENT

3.1.1 Front cover

The cover shall include:

3.1.2 Protection functions implemented at the subject PS

3.1.3 Plant Information (Optional)

3.2 STEAM TURBINE PROTECTION DOCUMENT CONTROL

3.3 GENERAL PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES

ii. the response procedures on loss of final channel ensure protection:

is continued by manual (ie operator) monitoring and protection of the equipment

3.5 PROTECTION FUNCTIONS

3.5.1 Primary functions

3.5.1.1 Emergency push button:

3.5.1.3 Low bearing oil pressure:

3.5.1.4 High LP exhaust pressure/ Low vacuum:

3.5.1.6 High generator hydrogen seal temperature:

3.5.1.7 Steam and water ingress from feed heaters:

3.5.1.10 HP turbine ventilation:

3.5.1.11 Steam Generator (Boiler) inter-trip:

3.5.1.12 LP exhaust temperature:

3.5.1.13 Turbine differential temperatures (A):

3.5.1.14 Shaft and pedestal vibration:

3.5.1.15 Axial shaft position:

3.5.1.16 Rotor-casing differential expansion:

3.5.1.18 Governor failure:

3.5.2 Secondary functions

3.5.2.1 Oil tank level very low:

This has a number of functions:

3.5.2.2 Control fluid pressure low:

3.5.2.3 Fire Protection:

3.5.2.4 Oil pipe culvert/ tunnel level high:

Indicates loss of oil due to broken flanges, pipes, etc.

3.5.2.5 Condenser level high:

3.5.2.6 Turbine differential temperatures (B):

3.5.2.7 High backpressure (BFPT):

Name & Surname Designation

Table 1: Summary of Protection Functions for Main Turbines

Protection Function Primary/ Auto/Man Sources for Settings Remarks

Emergency Push P M Minimum of 1 in control room

Overspeed P A 240-56030556 [3] Minimum of 2 separate

Low turbine Bearing P A