DR - Gilany Slides (1-4)

Substation Planning
Mahmoud Gilany
1
2. Substation definition
The substation is an essential part of the electrical grid

which is considered as the interface between different
transmission networks and between transmission and
distribution networks as well, including transformers and
other several equipment to synchronize all networks
together.
Why interconnect ?
1- There are some excess power which is

generated in that area but is not used
there.
2- Higher reliability.
3- Interconnection helps in easy

expansion of the system as well as helps in
regulating the total system.
4- Necessary for Black Start
5-Stability (reserve power)

6- Economy
7-Continuity of service
11/1/2022
Egyptian Grid
Peak load 30705 MW. (2015)
TCap= 36000 MW
Peak Load 32000 MW (2021)
TCap = 60000 MW
Network losses 10.79% .

http://www.moee.gov.eg/english_new/home.aspx
11/1/2022
Rules of NCC
Egypt’s power grid control centre uses

advanced software and equipment to
monitor, manage and control extra-high
voltage (220 kV and 500 kV)
transmission networks and power
generation stations across the country,
The control centre features advanced

software and hardware that make
Egypt’s grid reliable and efficient
11/1/2022
National Control Center
11/1/2022
© 2006-2007 Jeff Patton, All rights reserved, www.agileproductdesign.com 7
Elements of Outdoor-Substation
1.Primary power lines

2.Ground wire
3.Overhead lines
4.Transformer for measurement of electric voltage
5.Disconnect switch 6.Circuit breaker

7.Current transformer 8.Lightning arrester
9.Main transformer 10.Control building
11.Security fence 12.Secondary power lines
9
Outdoor AIS

Indoor GIS

Substation Planning

Primary Design Engineer
•Substation general layout Arrangement (clearance, Phase spacing,

Insulation and bushing creep)
•Substation earthing
•Lightening system design (Maximum operating voltage)
•Cable Raceway design (and openings)

Raceway design (and openings)

Raceway design (and openings)

Secondary Design Engineer
•AC/DC load calculations ,
•Battery sizing.
•CT/VT sizing calculations.
•H.V, MV,& L.V cables sizing calculations
•Detail design of all substation panels (local , protection &common).
• Protective device co-ordination
• Insulation co-ordination
• Harmonic analysis and filter design
• Arc Flash
• Power quality
Generation / Transmission / Distribution
Substations
A step-up transmission substation receives electric power from a nearby
generating facility and uses a large power transformer to increase the voltage
for transmission to distant locations. A transmission bus is used to distribute
electric power to one or more transmission lines. There can also be a tap on
the incoming power feed from the generation plant to provide electric power
to operate equipment in the generation plant.
The specific voltages leaving a step-up transmission substation are

determined by the customer needs of the utility supplying power and to the
requirements of any connections to regional grids. Typical voltages are:
•High voltage (HV) ac: 69 kV, 115 kV, 138 kV, 161 kV, 230 kV
•Extra-high voltage (EHV) ac: 345 kV, 500 kV, 765 kV

Step-down transmission substations are located at
switching points in an electrical grid. They connect
different parts of a grid and are a source for
subtransmission lines or distribution lines. The step-down
substation can change the transmission voltage to a
subtransmission voltage, usually 69 kV. The
subtransmission voltage lines can then serve as a source
to distribution substations. Sometimes, power is tapped
from the subtransmission line for use in an industrial
facility along the way. Oterwise, the power goes to a
distribution substation.
Distribution substations are located near to the end-users.
Distribution substation transformers change the
transmission or subtransmission voltage to lower levels
for use by end-users. Typical distribution voltages vary
from 34,500Y/19,920 volts to 4,160Y/2400 volts.

Studies Required Before Installing a New PP
Grid impact studies (Effect of PP on the grid)
• Grid Impact Load flow study:
• Grid Impact Short circuit study
• Grid Impact Transient and dynamic Stability (F-V-rotor angle)
Grid Connection Studies (requirements for the PP before connected to the

grid)
▪ Grid Connected Short circuit study.
▪ Transient Stability Requirement (CFCT)
▪ Load Rejection study
▪ Reactive Power Cap
▪ Reliability Study
▪ Motor Starting study
20
Grid Impact Studies:
Study No. 1: Load flow study
Methodology:
• Min and max loading scenario with new PP included during:
i. N-0 (Normal operation)
ii. N-1 (Contingency Analysis: trip one TL or one TR in all the 220/500
kV networks)
iii. At important supply areas, the N-2 criteria may be applied

Then:
• Check for the voltage violation
• (V= 95-105% during normal N-0 , and V= 90-110% during emergency (N-1
or N-2)
• Check for loading violation
• 100% (N-0) and No more than 10% line overloading and 5% transformer
overloading during contingency (N-1 or N-2)
21
Study No. 2: Grid Impact Short circuit study
Objective of Grid Impact SC study:
This analysis is performed to evaluate the effect on the system equipment due to the
connection of new power plant and the connection of new transmission lines – used
for evacuation of new power plant generation – that modify the system circuit
configuration
The maximum short-circuit currents should be compared against the rating of the
existing substations at the 500 kV and 220 kV voltage levels
EETC grid code specifies that the 500 kV and 220 kV switchgears must be designed
with three phase short-circuit capacity of 50 kA or more.

Methodology for Grid-Impact SCC :
• In the grid impact studies, the focus of the studies is on the

impact that the power plant has on the transmission
system.
• The analyses were carried out with/without new PP

To obtain Max SC calculations:
When calculating maximum short-circuit currents, the following conditions are

considered:
• voltage factor max at 1.10
• maximum contribution from power plants,
• infeed from synchronized interconnected network
• short-circuit contribution of motors shall be included
• resistance of lines (overhead lines and cables) to be introduced at a

temperature of 20°C.

Study No. 3: Transient and dynamic Stability
Objective:
• The objective of the transient and dynamic stability study is :
to assess the dynamic behavior of the transmission system
in the vicinity of New PP
before, during and after a number of different events.

Methodology (different events)
The following cases have been simulated in PSS®E:
• Loss of one generator in New PP
o Without preceding fault

o With preceding 3-phase fault at PP (fault duration: 150 ms)
• Trip of transmission line connected to New PP
o Without preceding fault

o With preceding 3-phase fault at new PP (fault duration: 150 ms)
The total simulation time was 40 seconds. The events were initiated at t = 3 seconds.

• The transmission system is observed in terms of :
• Voltage: The post-event voltages shall stay within the

emergency range of ±10%.
• Active power: The active power oscillations shall be damped

and die out shortly after the event.
• Pole angle: All power plants shall maintain stability.
• Frequency: The steady-state frequency following the events

shall return to nominal frequency.

Grid Connection Studies:
In the grid connection studies, the focus of these studies is on:
requirements for the power plant to be connected to the grid.
▪ Grid Connected Short circuit study.

▪ Motor Starting study
▪ Reliability Study
▪ Transient stability (CFCT)

Study No. 1: Grid Connected Short circuit study
Step-1:
First, Apply a SC only at the new PP location without considering the new PP it
self. The estimated SC in this case represents the Grid SCC at this point.
Step-2: search for max and min SC (Why min Sc appears here?)
Apply a SC at the prospective location considering the new PP and

representing the grid as a generator with SCC as estimated in step-1.
The estimated SC in the different scenarios (SLG, 3LG, max/min Gen, etc)
represents the total SCC at this point.
The PP switchgear is designed based on max value.

Min and Max SCC:
• 1-phase may be larger than 3-phase in some situations
• Maximum values serve as basis for the selection of the switchgear

ratings.
• Min values serve as basis for the protective relay settings.

Importance of min SCC

Sub transient and SS SC
The maximum short-circuit

currents should be compared
against the rating of the
existing substations at the 500
kV and 220 kV voltage levels
regarding the
following two values:
• Ik” initial symmetrical short-

circuit current.
• ip peak short-circuit current

‫‪Make and Break :‬‬
‫‪Specification of CB:‬‬
‫السؤال األول‪ :‬إذا قلنا أن ‪ SC Capacity‬لقاطع معين‬

‫تساوى ‪ kA 50‬مثال‪ ،‬فهل هذه القيمة هي قيمة الميك أم‬
‫قيمة البريك؟ بالطبع هي قيمة البريك ‪ ،‬ألنه عند الوصول‬
‫إلى لحظة القطع تكون مركبة الــ ‪DC‬التي سببت ارتفاع‬
‫قيمة التيار في البداية قد انتهت‪ ،‬وبالتالي فالتيار عند لحظة‬
‫فتح القاطع هو تيار الــ ‪SS‬وليس تيار الــ ‪peak‬إال إذا‬
‫كانت الــ ‪X/R ratio‬عالية جدا كما سنذكر الحقا ‪.‬‬
‫السؤال الثانى ‪ :‬إذن لماذا يتم توصيف القاطع بالقيمتين‬

‫(ميك والبريك ) طالما أن القيمة األهم هي البريك؟ بالطبع‬
‫يجب توصيف القاطع على القيمتين ألن القاطع رغم أنه‬
‫"يفتح" على قيمة البريك ‪ ،‬لكن قد يغلق على عطل‬
‫أيضا ال تنس أن قيمة الميك تمر خالله لمدة زمنية تتوقف‬

‫على قيمة الــ ‪ X/R ratio‬والبد أن يتحمل القاطع "مرور"‬
‫هذه القيمة ‪.،‬‬
‫‪© 2006-2007 Jeff Patton, All rights reserved, www.agileproductdesign.com‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬

‫‪X/R ratio‬‬
‫السبب في ارتفاع قيمة تيار العطل في اللحظات األولى من العطل (تيار الــ ) ‪make‬مقارنة بالقيمة الثابتة النهائية لتيار العطل‬
‫( )‪ steady state‬هو فقط ظهور مركبة الــ ‪ DC component‬التى تتسبب بازاحة مركبة ‪AC‬اما لألعلى او لألسفل كما‬
‫في الصورة‪،‬‬
‫والقيمة القصوى لمركبة ‪ DC‬تعتمد على عنصر مهم وهو لحظة حدوث العطل‪ ..‬فأقصى قيمة تصل إليها هذه المركبة ( ‪)2√×2‬‬
‫تكون إذا تصادف حدوث العطل عند ‪ ،zero voltage‬بينما إذا حدث العطل عند ‪peak voltage‬فستختفى هذه المركبة ‪ ،‬وال‬
‫يبقى في تيار العطل إال مركبة الــ ‪AC‬التي تتوقف قيمتها على معاوقة العطل وقوة الشبكة ‪.‬للمزيد حول حسابات هذه القيمة‬
‫راجع تعليق م ابو صهيب فى المنشور السابق‬
‫وتكون مركبة الــ ‪DC‬متناقصة تدريجيا حتى تضمحل نهائيا كما في الشكل حسب قيمة !!‪X/R ratio‬فالمدة الزمنية التي تظهر‬
‫فيها مركبة الــ ‪DC‬تتوقف بشكل أساسي على قيمة الــ ‪X/R ratio‬كما هو واضح من الشكل فكلما كانت قيمة الــ ‪X/R‬عالية‬
‫كلما طالت مدة الــ ‪ ،DC component‬بل لو تخيلنا مثال أن ‪X/R=5000‬فستجد أن تيار الـ ‪SS‬هو نفسه الــ ‪peak current‬‬
‫التي بدأ بها العطل‪ ،‬وفى هذه الحالة تكون القيمة التي يفصل عندها القاطع هي قيمة الميك (القيمة الــ )‪Peak‬وهذا نادر جدا‪.‬‬
‫أيضا‪ ،‬معلوم أن أي عطل له تأثير الحرارى ‪ ،I2 t‬وهذه التأثير يجب أن يكون أقل من مقدرة التحمل الحرارية للعنصر المراد‬
‫حمايته ‪ ،‬وأحيانا يكون العطل تياره صغير لكن مدته طويلة ‪ ،‬فيكون أخطر بكثير من العطل األعلى في قيمة التيار لكن مدته‬
‫لحظية مثال ‪ ،‬وهنا تظهر أهمية معرفة المدة الزمنية للعطل في مرحلة الــ ‪transient‬ذات التيار المرتفع ‪ ،‬والتي تتوقف قيمتها‬
‫كما ذكرنا على قيمة الــ ‪X/R ratio.‬‬

Study No. 2: Motor Starting study
• Auxiliary loads during

starting
• The corresponding voltage

drop at the auxiliary busbar,
to which the starting motor
is connected, must be
evaluated.

Grid Connection Motor Starting
• Startup operation:
with the generator circuit breaker open, the auxiliary system is fed from
the main 500 kV grid connection through the unit transformer and the
normal auxiliary transformers.
• Island operation: the power plant is fully decoupled from the 500 kV grid and the
auxiliary system is fed entirely by the generator.
• Full backup operation: the auxiliary system is fed entirely through the standby
auxiliary transformers.
The voltage in the auxiliary system can drop by how much for each case.
Is such a voltage dip is allowable ? According to the manufacturer’s recommendation
an auxiliary voltage below 80% shall be avoided during motor start.
38
Grid Impact

‫حسابات الــ ‪Arc Flash‬‬
‫معلوم أنه من الممكن حدوث ‪ Short circuit‬داخل اى لوحة كهربية نتيجة أسباب عديدة منها بالتأكيد الخطأ‬
‫البشرى‪ ،‬وهذا شيء ال يجب استبعاد حدوثه ‪ ،‬وينتج عن حدوث مثل هذه األعطال شرارة عالية كما في الصورة‬
‫األولى ‪ ،‬وهذه الشرارة يصاحبها طاقة هائلة ‪، incident Energy , IE‬‬
‫فلو تصورنا وجود شخص بالقرب من هذه اللوحة فإن هذه الطاقة الهائلة ال تسبب فقط فى ارتفاع درجة‬
‫الحرارة للمنطقة أمام اللوحة (علما بأن هذه الحرارة من الممكن أن تذيب قضبان التوزيع !!) بل إن هذه الطاقة‬
‫يمكن أن تتسبب أيضا في ظهور ضوء شديد يمكن أن يسبب العمى!! كما يصاحبها صوت عالى جدا ‪arc‬‬
‫‪ blast‬يمكن أن يسبب صمم!! بل إن الموجات التضاغطية ‪ Blast pressure waves‬يمكن أن تجعل‬
‫الشخص الواقف أمام اللوحة " يطير" بالمعنى الحرفى للكلمة ‪ ،‬وبالتالي يصطدم بأى شيء وقد ينتج عن ذلك‬
‫أصابات خطيرة‪.‬‬
‫ومن هنا ظهرت أهمية هذا النوع من الدراسات التصميمية التي هي في األساس تدخل ضمن حسابات اآلمان‬
‫الكهربي‪.‬‬

‫الخطوة األولى في هذه الدراسات هو حساب الطاقة المتوقعة نتيجة حدوث القصر في هذه اللوحة (أحد أسباب‬
‫اهتمامنا بحسابات القصر)‪ ،‬وبالطبع هذه الطاقة تتوقف قيمتها على حجم الطاقة األصلية الداخلة للوحة ‪ ،‬وكلما‬
‫اقتربت هذه اللوحة من المصدر الرئيسي كلما كان الخطر الناتج عن عطل بداخلها كبيرا‬
‫لكن الخطورة تتوقف أيضا على المسافة التي كان يقف عندها الشخص قبل الحادثة مباشرة ‪ ،‬وعلى نوعية‬
‫المالبس التي كان يرتديها‪.‬‬
‫ولذا فإنه بناء على معرفة قيمة هذه الطاقة الناتجة عن العطل فالمصمم يمكنه أن يعرف ما هي المسافة اآلمنة‬
‫‪ Arc Flash Boundary‬التي يجب أال يتجاوزها أي شخص يتعامل مع هذه اللوحة ‪ ،‬كما يتحدد على أساسها‬
‫نوع المالبس الواقية ‪ Personal Protective Equipment , PPE‬التي يجب أن يرتديها الشخص الذى البد‬
‫له ‪ -‬نتيجة طبيعة عمله ‪ -‬من االقتراب بشدة من هذه اللوحة ‪،‬‬
‫وتنقسم هذه الــ ‪ PPE‬إلى فئات مختلفة كما في الصورة الثانية حسب الطاقة المتوقع انطالقها بعد حدوث العطل‪.‬‬
‫وبرنامج الــ ‪ ETAP‬يمكنه أن يقوم بكل هذه الحسابات ويقدم لك المقترحات المناسبة للمسافة ‪Arc Flash‬‬
‫‪ Boundary‬وللمالبس أيضا بتاء على مستوى الخطر ‪ !Level‬وكل ذلك بناء على قيمة الــ ‪short circuit‬‬

‫مثال من الواقع‪:‬‬
‫حدث ‪ fault‬علي دائرة ‪ 220‬كيلو ڤولت وفصلت الدائرة وهي بمكان قريب بمنطقة‬
‫زراعية ثم تبين فقدان مسار ربط الموصل‬
‫وبعد فترة وجيزة حدث حريق هائل في كوم قش يبعد حوالي نصف كيلو من مكان‬
‫العطل‬
‫وبالفحص وجدنا مسمار الربط المفقود وايضا وجدنا سور شبكي قريب من القش‬
‫المحروق وكأن طلقة عبرت من خالله‬
‫ولك أن تتخيل حجم الطاقة المهول الذي يجعل المسمار ينتقل كل هذه المسافة‬
‫ويتسبب في حريق بهذا المكان المحيط‬

‫?‪How to avoid it‬‬
‫هنالك اسلوب مبتكر يستخدم للتخفيف من تأثير الش اررة الكهربائية على معدات الجهد المتوسط او‬
‫المنخفض من خالل استخدام مفتاح تأريض خاص للقضبان فائق السرعة يطلق عليه احيانا ‪Ultra‬‬
‫‪ fast Earth switch‬او ‪ Arc quencher‬بحيث يتم التحكم في لحظة توصيله من خالل‬
‫مجموعة من الحساسات الضوئية موزعة على كامل اجزاء المعدة بهدف اكتشاف بدء الش اررة ويتم‬
‫التأكد بنفس الوقت من وجود تيار عطل باستخدام محول تيار )‪ (CT‬لتجنب اي اشتغال خاطئ‬
‫بحيث يتم توصيل مفتاح تأريض القضبان على الثالث فازات لحظيا عند اكتشاف اي ش اررة وذلك‬
‫بهدف ايجاد مسار بديل (على التوازي) ذو معاوقة صغيرة لتمرير تيار العطل من خالله‪ ،‬مما يعني‬
‫انخماد الش اررة وتقليل مقدار الطاقة الناجمة عنها‪..‬‬
‫وهذه العملية بمجملها من لحظة اكتشاف الش اررة وحتى اخمادها ال تتجاوز عدة ميلي ثانية ( عادة‬
‫‪ ms 5‬مما يعني التغلب على مشكلة الزمن الطويل نسبيا الشتغال القاطع الكهربائي والذي يصل‬
‫عادة الى عدة دورات كهربية )‪3-cycles or 40-50ms‬‬
‫والسبب في ذلك يرجع الى ان القاطع يقوم بإخماد الش اررة فقط عند لحظة تسمى '‪'zero crossing‬‬
‫بالتالي يحتاج الى عدة ‪ cycles‬للقيام باألمر‪..‬‬
New techniques
‫ كأحد الحلول‬ABB ‫هذه التقنية متوفرة من قبل شركة‬
‫' كما هو‬ABB UFES' ‫لمشكلة الش اررة تحت مسمى‬
..‫ظاهر في الفيديو المرفق‬
https://youtu.be/6oNNIP9YGR8
‫وايضا تقدمها شركة سمنس تحت مسمى‬

SIEMENS SIQUENCH ..
https://youtu.be/S3lD9khZf-M
‫ تحت مسمى‬Eaton ‫باالضافة الى شركة‬
Arc-Quenching Switchgear..
https://youtu.be/keQW_WXhKQ8
Study No. 4: Transient Stability study (Gen SS )
Study No.3 : Transient Stability study
What are the transient stability requirements for the PP before

connected to the grid?
Transient stability is the ability of a generator to remain stable and to

retain synchronism with the grid during and after large disturbances,
such as three-phase faults.
Such large disturbances must be cleared within a limited time span in

order to avoid angle instability and possibly damage to equipment.

Methodology
The most severe conditions for the generators regarding instability, i.e. loss of
synchronism, are:
• Short-circuit close to the power plant, i.e. low or zero residual voltage
• Three-phase short-circuit,
• Full load of generator, i.e. maximum accelerating torque
• Low reactive power output, i.e. low excitation level of the generator and therefore
high initial pole angle of the generator
• Minimum short-circuit power of network at terminals of unit transformer, i.e.
minimum synchronizing moment due to maximum network impedance

Transient Stability study (Basics.)
During a short-circuit in the network, the voltage at the connection

point of a generator instantaneously drops to a value depending on
the fault impedance and the distance of the fault to that connection
point.
Due to the reduced voltage, the active power output of the

generator is reduced or even zero. Thus, as the mechanical torque
produced by the turbine is initially maintained at the same level, the
generator accelerates, and the pole angle of the generator increases
until the fault is cleared.
After clearing the fault, we reach a situation where Pe> Pm which

means the gen will “de- acceleration” until Pe=Pm again

CFCT:
Depending on the fault-clearing time,

the generator maintains synchronism
with the grid or loses it.
The maximum fault time for 3-pole

short circuits, after which stability of
the generators can be maintained, is
called critical fault-clearing time.
The short-circuit has to be removed

before reaching the defined critical
clearing time.
The generator must withstand the

fault during this time
51

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Substation Planning

The substation is an essential part of the electrical grid

1- There are some excess power which is

3- Interconnection helps in easy

4- Necessary for Black Start

5-Stability (reserve power)

Peak load 30705 MW. (2015)

Peak Load 32000 MW (2021)

Network losses 10.79% .

Egypt’s power grid control centre uses

The control centre features advanced

1.Primary power lines

5.Disconnect switch 6.Circuit breaker

© 2006-2007 Jeff Patton, All rights reserved, www.agileproductdesign.com 10

© 2006-2007 Jeff Patton, All rights reserved, www.agileproductdesign.com 11

© 2006-2007 Jeff Patton, All rights reserved, www.agileproductdesign.com 12

•Substation general layout Arrangement (clearance, Phase spacing,

•Lightening system design (Maximum operating voltage)

•Cable Raceway design (and openings)

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•CT/VT sizing calculations.

•H.V, MV,& L.V cables sizing calculations

•Detail design of all substation panels (local , protection &common).

• Protective device co-ordination

• Harmonic analysis and filter design

The specific voltages leaving a step-up transmission substation are

•Extra-high voltage (EHV) ac: 345 kV, 500 kV, 765 kV

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Grid Connection Studies (requirements for the PP before connected to the

i. N-0 (Normal operation)

iii. At important supply areas, the N-2 criteria may be applied

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• In the grid impact studies, the focus of the studies is on the

• The analyses were carried out with/without new PP

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When calculating maximum short-circuit currents, the following conditions are

• voltage factor max at 1.10

• maximum contribution from power plants,

• infeed from synchronized interconnected network

• short-circuit contribution of motors shall be included

• resistance of lines (overhead lines and cables) to be introduced at a

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• The objective of the transient and dynamic stability study is :

to assess the dynamic behavior of the transmission system

in the vicinity of New PP

before, during and after a number of different events.

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• Loss of one generator in New PP

o Without preceding fault

• Trip of transmission line connected to New PP

o Without preceding fault

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• Voltage: The post-event voltages shall stay within the

• Active power: The active power oscillations shall be damped

• Pole angle: All power plants shall maintain stability.

• Frequency: The steady-state frequency following the events

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▪ Grid Connected Short circuit study.

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Apply a SC at the prospective location considering the new PP and