Faculty of Pharmacy

Department of physiology and pathophysiology

Assignment Topic : Angina

Course Title : Physiology and Pathophysiology

Course Code: PHO221

Lab Group :C2

Submitted to : Dr omnia

Prepared by: Malak Ahmed -232853

Hamdy saad – 234453
John
Due date: 9 / 11/ 2023
1) Normal physiology of the heart

Heart is consists of 2 verticals circulate blood through pulmonary and systemic capillary ,
removing CO2 and metabolic wastes and providing a meand delivaring of oxygen and
nutrients to the tissues . Deoxygeneted blood collected in the right atrium and pumped from
right verticle across the pulmonary capillary bed , CO2 is replace it with oxygen in the
alveoil . pulmonary venous turn back to the left atrium is circulated across the systemic
capillary bt the left ventricle .
 2) General introduction about anigna
The most popular type of cheast diseases is angina that caused due to minimize of the blood flow
to the heart and coronary artery disease occures as a symptoms of angina. It ia also called angina
pectoris. Angina pain is often characterize as squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness or pain in
the chest. It may feel like a heavy weight lying on the chest. Angina may be a new pain that
needs to be checked by a health care provider, or recurring pain that goes away with treatment.

3) Types of angina
There are many types of angina such as
Stable angina is the most common form of angina. It usually happens during activity and
disappear with rest or angina medication. For example pain occures when you are
walking in low tempreture .
Unstable angina is unpredictable and occurs at rest.The angina pain is worsening and
occurs with less physical effort and the pain doesn't go away with rest or the usual angina
medications it Intense and lasting longer than stable angina maybe 20 minutes or more it
is dangrous and needs emergency treatment .
variant angina It's caused by a spasm in the heart's arteries that temporarily reduces
blood flow , The main symptom is a severe chest pain.
Refractory angina angina attacks is repeated despite taking a combination of
medications and lifestyle changes.

4) pathophysiology of angina

Angina is often linked by the increases in intracellular sodium, thus lead to increases in
intracellular calcium. Calcium overload of myocardial cells is associated with an raise in oxygen
demand and electrical instability. Ultimately, myocardial cell injury and death may occur.
 5) Signs and symptoms

A pressing, squeezing, or crushing pain, usually in the chest under your breastbone / Pain
may also occur in your upper back, both arms, neck, or ear lobes / Pain radiating in your
arms, shoulders, jaw, neck, or back Shortness of breath / Weakness and fatigue / Feeling faint

6) Causes

Angina is caused due to decrease blood flow to the heart muscle. Blood hold oxygen, which the
heart muscle needs to survive. When the heart muscle isn't getting enough oxygen, it causes a
condition called ischemia and the most common cause of reduced blood flow to the heart muscle
is coronary artery disease and the heart (coronary) arteries can become narrowed by fatty
deposits called plaques. This is called atherosclerosis.If plaques in a blood vessel rupture or a
blood clot forms, it can quickly block or reduce flow through a narrowed artery. This can
suddenly and severely decrease blood flow to the heart muscle.During times of low oxygen
demand — when resting, for example — the heart muscle may still be able to work on the
reduced amount of blood flow without triggering angina symptoms. But when the demand for
oxygen goes up, such as when exercising, angina can result.

7) Risk factors
Hypertension / smoking / cholesterol levels / overweight / drinking alcohol / heavy meals

8) Non pharmaceutical treatment

Chronic angina is a debilitating disease condition that can hardly limit physical activity
and lead to depression. Patients whose angina is not amenability to acute surgical or
pharmacological drugs may be offered no further palliative solutions. Non-
pharmacological interventions such as TENS, spinal cord stimulation, music therapy,
relaxation and humour warrant further research and consideration as adjuvant therapies